Problem:

A certain object weighs 300N at earth’s surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kg) and its
weight (¿ Newton)whenlocated on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal t o 4 ft /s 2

Solution:

W= 300N

W= m x g

w
m=
g

300 kg−m/s2
m=
9.81 m/s 2

m= 30.5810kg

WA= m (gA)

4 ft 1m
WA= 30.581kg ( 2 )( )
s 3.28 ft

WA= 37.2939 N

A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weigh 8N when occurring a volume
of 500mL. Determine its specific weight, density and specific gravity.

Solution:

8N 1 kg 1mL 100 cm 3
= ( )( )( )
500 mL 9.81 N 1 cc 1m

= 1630.9888 kg/m3

m
=
v

8 kg−m/s 2
m=
9.81m/s 2

m= 0.8155kg

0.8155 kg
= 1m3
500 mL( )
100 mL
 = 1.6310 kg/m3

1630.9888 kg/ m 3
Sg=
100 kg/ m 3

Sg= 1.630

FLUID PROPERTIES:

Problem:

Glycerine has a total mass of 1120kg and a volume of 0.952m 3. Compute the specific gravity of
the glycerine.

Solution:

m= 1120kg

v= 0.952m3

L Lg
Sg = =
W Wg

1120 kg
L=
0.952m3

kg
L= 1176.47
m3

1176.47 kh /m 3
Sg=
1000 kg /m3

Sg= 1.1765

A certain liquid has a specific weight of 800N/m 3. Compute its specific volume.

Solution:

L= 800N/m3

r=
1
❑

L 800 N /m3
L= =
g 9.81 m/s2

L= 815.4944kg/m3
 1
r=
815.4944 kg / m3

r=1.2263x10-3 m3/kg

Determine the weight of a mass 5kg at a place where acceleration due to gravity is 8.75m/s 2.

Solution:

mass= 5kg

w= mg

w= 5kg (8.75m/s2)

w= 43.75N

Oil weighs 38612.16N and has a volume of 4.8m 3. Calculate the specific gravity of the oil.

Solution:

Wo= 38612.16N

V= 4.8m3

o
Sg=
w

38612.16 N
o==
4.8 m3

o==8044.2N/m3

8044.2 N /m3
Sg=
9810 N /m3

The specific weight of a certain liquid is 85.3 lb/ft 3. Determine its density and specific gravity.

Solution:

L= 85.3lb/ft3
 L
=
g

85.3lb/ ft 3
=
32.2 ft /s 2

= 2.6491slug/ ft 3

85.3 lb/ ft 3
Sg=
62.4 lb/ ft 3

Sg= 1.367

TEMPERATURE- is the measure of random motion of molecules of a fluid or system. It is the thermal
condition of fluid with reference to its ability to communicate heat from one body to another body or
fluid. It is the measure of hotness and coldness of a liquid.

ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE- is a temperature of a fluid measured with respect to an absolute zero which
is -460F or -273F

Common Temperature Scales

A) CELSIUS SCALE- scale used in metric or SI system of units

Basis:

Freezing point of water- 0C

Boiling point of water- 100C

B) FAHRENHEIT SCALE- scale used in the English system of units

Basis:

Freezing point of water- 30F

Boiling point of water- 212F

Equations of Temperature

A) Fahrenheit to Celsius Scale

9
t c = (t f −32)
5

B) Celsius to Fahrenheit Scale

 9
t f = t c +32
5

Where:

t c =Temperature of fluid ,℃

t f =Temperature of fluid ,℉

Common Scale Used in Absolute Temperature

A) KELVIN- an absolute scale used in metric or Si system of units.

t k=t +273
c

B) DEGREES RANKINE- an absolute scale used in English system of units.

t r=t +460
f

SURFACE TENSION:

Is the force of molecular attraction per length of free surface. It is a function of both liquid and
surface in contact with the liquid. Surface tension of liquid decreases as temperature increases it is
always tangent to the interface.

2 cos
h=
R

WETTING LIQUID:
 A liquid is said to be wet a surface in contact with it if the attraction of the molecules to the
surface exceeds the attraction of molecules to each other.

NON WETTING LIQUID:

A liquid is said to be non wetting of the attraction of other liquid molecules to each other
greater than their attraction to the surface.

Problem:

Estimate the capillary rise in a cylindrical tube with radius 1mm for air-glass interface use

=130  and =0.514 N/m3

Solution:

2 cos
h=
R

h=2 ¿¿

h=−4.9528 ×10−3 m

Find the required diameter droplet of water in order to have a pressure of 1kPa with in it
relative to pressure outside it. Use =0.728 N/m3

Solution:

∑ Fh=0+→
∆ Pπ R2=2 πRσ

2 πRσ
∆ P=
π R2

2σ
∆ P=
R
 4σ
∆ P=
D

N
4 (0.728 )
N m
1 ×103 =
m2 D

D=2.912mm

What diameter of clean glass tubing is required so that the rice of water at 20C in a tube due to
capillary action (as opposed to pressure in the tube)is less than 10mm? Use 20C= 0.0728N/m

Solution:

2 cos
h=
R

0.0728 N
2( )cos 0 °
m
0.001 m=
D
9810 N /m 3 ( )
2

D=29.68mm

PRESSURE:

Define as Normal Force per unit Area

F
P=
A

A. GAUGE PRESSURE

-Pressure measured by pressure measuring instrument

-This maybe higher or lower than the atmospheric pressure

-Pressure lower than atmospheric is known as vacuum

B. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

-Pressure with reference to an absolute zero pressure

-Pressure of fluid including the atmospheric pressure

Pabs= Patm + Pgage

C. ATMOSPERIC PRESSURE
 -Force exerted by a column of atmosphere per unit area on the surface of earth

Patm=101.325kPa- if not given

D. STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

-The pressure of the atmosphere measured at the surface of the earth near sea level

Patm=1atm =760mmHg =14.6psi =101.325kPa =1.01325bar

E. FLUID PRESSURE or HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

-Pressure exerted by the fluid per unit area

P=γh

VISCOCITY

Is a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid. It may be defined as the ratio of the shearing
stress or force between adjacent layers of fluid to the rate of change of velocity perpendicular to the
direction of motion.

ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY or DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

Is defines as the unit force required to move one layer of fluid at a unit velocity to another layer
of fluid which is a unit distance from the first.

F
Shear Stress A τ
μ= = =
Shear Strain Rate V b V b
Z Z

Where:

τ =Shearing Stress/F orce

V =Velocity of the fluid

Y =Distance perpendicular ¿ flow

 μ= Absolute Viscocity ∨Proportionality Constant

Z=Distance Between Layers∨Plate

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

Absolute viscosity divided by density. It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to its density.

μ
v=
ρ

COMPRESSIBILITY

Resistance of fluid to change its volume in a confine space.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY or BULK MODULUS

Is the ratio of the stress (change of pressure) to the strain (change in volume divided by the
original volume)

−∆ P
E=
∆V
V1

Where:

E=Modulus of Elasticity

V 1=Original Volume

∆ V =Change∈Volume

∆ P=Change∈Pressure

Problem

Determine the percentage change in volume of water if its pressure is increased by 30000 Psi.

Solution:

∆ V −∆ V
=
V1 E
 30000 lb
−
∆V ¿2
=
V1 30000 lb
¿2
∆V
=−10 % Decrease∈Volume
V1

A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000m 3 at 1mPa and a volume of
995m3 at 2mPa. What is the bulk modulus?

Solution:

−∆ P
E=
∆V
V1

2 MPa−1 MPa
E=
995 m3−1000 m3
1000 m3

E=200 MPa

If the bulk modulus of water is 2.2GPa, what is the required pressure to reduce its volume by
0.5%.

Solution:

E=2.2GPa

−∆ P
E=
∆V
V1

N ∆P
2.2 ×109 =
m3
0.005

∆ P=11 MPa

MANOMETER

Problems
1. Calculate the pressure (in kPa) of water in the pipe line if h=10cm and H=20cm. (FIGURE 1).

Solution:

P A =Pressure of Water

P A + γ H 2O ( 10 cm )−γ Hg (20 cm) −P o

P A =(SgHg)(γ H 20 )(20cm)-γ H 20 (10 cm)

P A =( 13.6 )
( 9.81m kN ) ( .2 m )−( 9.81m kN )( .1 m )
3 3

kN
P A =25.7022 =25.7022kPa
m2

2. Calculate the pressure difference between air pipe and H=5cm. (FIGURE 2)

Solution:

P1−¿ P =? ¿; P1=P2 ; P4 =P 5 ; P2=P3

6

P1−γ Hg ( 0.05 m ) +γ H 2 O ( 0.05 m )=P6

P1−¿ P =6.1803kPa ¿
6

3. Replace the air between points 4 and 5 with oil (sg=0.868). Let Z4-Z5=6cm. Calculate the pressure
between air and water pipe if H=8cm. (FIGURE 3)

Solution:

9.8 kN
P1−( 13.6 )( )(0.05m)+(0.868)(9.81)(0.06m)+(9.81)(0.05)= P6
m3

P1−¿ P =5.6694 kPa ¿

6

4. A closed tank contains compressed air and oil (sg=0.9). A U-tube manometer using mercury (sg=13.6)
is connected to the tank as shown. For column heights h1=36 in., h2=6in, h3=9in. Determine the
pressure reading (in psi) of the gauge. (FIGURE 4)

Solution:
 PB =?

15.3lb 53 lb
¿2
+
ft 3
¿¿
( )
PB =18.1651 Psi

5. A tank is constructed of a series of cylinders having diameters of 0.30, 0.25, and 0.15m as shown in
the figure. The tank contains oil, water and glycerine and a mercury manometer is attached to the
bottom as illustrated. Calculate the manometer reading, h. (FIGURES)

Solution:

9.81kN 9.81 kN 9.81 kN

P A + 0.82
( m3 ) (
( h) +
m3 )
( 3 m )−
( m3 )
( 4 m ) =P B

h=1.2195 m

6. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in the two pipelines. Fuel oil
(specific weight= 53lb/ft3) is flowing in A and SAE 30 lube oil (specific weight= 57lb/ft 3) is flowing in B. An
air pocket has become entrapped in the lube oil as indicated. Determine the pressure in pipe B if the
pressure at A is 15.3 psi. (FIGURE 6)

Solution:

Patm =101.325 kP a

P|¿|= P atm + Pgage ¿

559.84 kPa=101.325 kPa+ Pgage

Pgage =458.515 kPa

7. A rectangular tank having an internal width of 5m has a partition as shown below. If the specific
gravity of oil is 0.82, find the depth of oil. (FIGURE 8)

Solution:
 P A + 0.82
( 9.81kN
m )3
( h) +
( 9.81 kN
m3 ) ( 3 m )−
( 9.81 kN
m ) 3
( 4 m ) =P B

8. From the figure shown, the atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa and the absolute pressure at the
bottom of the cylinder 2-m diameter is 599.84 kPa. Compute the specific gravity of fluid A.

Solution:

Patm =101.325 kPa

P|¿|= P atm + Pgage ¿

559.84 kPa=101.325 kPa+ Pgage

Pgage =458.515 kPa

0.82
( 9.81m kN )( 4 m )+ 1.03( 9.81m kN ) ( 6 m )+ γ ( 8 m) +13.6 ( 9.81kN
3 3 A
m )
( 2m )=458.515
3

γ A =12.36 kN /m3

γ L 12.36
SgL = =
γ W 9.81

SgL =1.26

9. A tank containing two liquids is subjected to an air pressure of 40 kPa at the top as shown. Compute
the elevation of the water surface in the attached piezometer. (FIGURE 9)

Solution:

9.81 kN 9.81 kN 9.81 kN 9.81kN

P A + 0.8
( m 3 )
( 3 m )+
( m 3
( 3 m )+
)m 3( )
( y )−13.6
m3 (
(1.2 m )=P B
)
y=6.8425m

10. A manometer is attached to a tank containing different liquid as shown below. What will be the
difference in the elevation of the mercury column in the manometer? (FIGURE 10)

Solution:

P A + 0.8
( 9.81m kN ) ( 1 m) +( 9.81kN
3
m )3
( 3 m) ( h )−
( 9.81 kN
m ) 3
( h ) =P B

h=7.8775 m
RESULTANT FORCE ON HORIZONTALLY SUBMERGED SURFACE

1st Approach

F Top=PTop ( A)

F Top=γhA

F Bot =P Bot ¿ )

F Bot =γhA

2nd Approach

w=weight of theliquid above

w=γhA

∑ Fv 1=0+↑
F Top=wt of the liquid above submerged surface

F Bot =wt of theliquid above submerged surface

Total pressure submerged vertical or inclined surface

For Rectangular Surface

Surface Submerged at a Depth

Cg=center of gravity

Cp=center of pressure

e=ecentricity
 I
e=
Ay

I =centroidal moment of inertiaof submerged surface

F N =F B−F T

F N =PB ( A B )−P B ( AT )

F N =γ ( h+d ) ¿

F N =γ d 2+ γ d 3−γh d 2

F N =γ d 3

γ =volume of the liquid displaced

d 3=volume of the cube

Problem

A rectangular gate is 4m long and 2m wide. It has water at its back as shown. Compute the
moment at the bottom of the gate.

Solution:

PB =9.81 kN /m 3 ( 4 m)

1 9.81 kN
F=
2( m3 )
( 4 m )( 4 m )( 3 m )

F=156.96 kN

I b h3
e= I=
Ay 12

I =2 m¿ ¿

A=( 2m ) ( 4 m )

A=8 m 2

e=2 m¿ ¿ ¿

2 4
d=2m− m= m
3 3
 F

∑ ¿∑ + ¿ ¿
A MA

∑ ¿156.96 kN ( 43 m)
A

∑ ¿209.28 k¿N −mcw ¿

A

❑
∑ ¿ 209.28 kN −m ccw
Bottom

A 3m square plane metal surface is to be placed vertically below the water surface. The
immersion is such that two edges of the square are horizontal if it is desired that the center of gravity of
the plane area.

Solution:

e=0.3 m

( 3 m) ( 3 m )
12
0.3 m=
( 3 m )( 3 m )( y )

y=2.5m

1 9.81 kN 39.24 kN
F=
2 ( m2
+
m2 )
( 3 m )( 3 m )

F=220.725 kN →

A vertical gate is an equilateral triangle whose edge is 3.5m long, if one edge is in the water
surface, compute the total pressure on the gate and location of the center of pressure below the water
surface.

Solution:

1
F= ¿
3

F=52.5755 kN

F=γhA

F=
( 9.81m kN )( 13 ) ( 3.5sin 60 ) ( 12 )( 3.5) ( 3.5 sin 60)
3
 F=52.5755 kN

B h3
e= ∨Ay
36

e=( 3.5 ) ¿ ¿ ¿

d= ( 13 ) ( 3.5 sin 60)+ 0.5052 m

d=1.5156 mbelow the water surface

A vertical gate 1.4m wide and 2.2m high is hinged at the upper edge and kept closed by pressure
of water standing 2.5m deep over its top edge. Determine the minimum force applied normally at the
bottom to open the gate

Solution:

F=γhA

kN
F=9.81 3
m ( 3.6 m )( 1.4 m ) ( 2.2m )

F=108.77 kN →

( 1.4 m ) ( 2.2 m)3

12
e= =0.112 m
( 1.4 ) ( 2.2 m) ( 3.6 m )

∑ MA =0+¿ ¿
0=P (2.2 m )−108.77 ( 1.1+0.112 )

P=59.92 kN ←

The gate shown is 2.5m wide hinged at point A and rest against a smooth wall at B. Compute the
reaction at A.

Solution:

F=γhA

F=( 1.03 ) ( 9.81 )( 6 m ) ( 2.5 m )( 5 m )

 F=757.8225 kN

( 2.5 m )( 5 m )3
12
e=
( 2.5 m )( 5 m )( 7.5 m )

e=0.227 m

∑ MA =0+¿ ¿
0=757.8225 (2.5−0.2778 ) −R B ( 4 m )

R B=421.0083 kN →

∑ FH =0+¿
4
0=421.0083− (757.8225 )− Ah
5

Ah =185.2497 kN →

∑ Fv=0+ ↑
3
0=∆ v− ( 57.8225 )
5

∆ v=454.6935 kN ↑

R A =490.9823 kN

θ=67.83°

A collapsible dam shown is supported at B by A strut BD. Determine the height of water so that
the dam is about to collapse.

Solution:

h
sin θ=
x

2
θ=cos−1
3

θ=48.19 °

1
2 m= x
3
 x=6 m

h=6 msin 48.19

h=4.47 m

MQ1

1. A U-tube manometer is connected to a close tank containing air and water as shown. At the closed
end of the manometer the air pressure is 16psia. Determine the reading on the pressure gage for a
differential reading of 4ft on the manometer. Express your answer in psi(gage) assume standard
atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight of air column in the manometer.

2. Water, oil, and an unknown fluid are contained in the vertical tubes shown in the Fig.22.29. determine
the density of the unknown fluid.