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ELECS4 Module (5) - UJT PUT PDF

This document discusses the unijunction transistor (UJT) and programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), which are three-terminal solid state devices that can be used in timing and trigger circuits. It provides details on UJT characteristics such as equivalent circuit, voltage divider operation between bases, and triggering based on emitter voltage exceeding the stand-off voltage. Common applications include relaxation oscillators, timers, and triggering thyristors and triacs. Sample circuits and calculations are provided to determine voltages, frequencies, and component values.

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Noel Bacton
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
726 views27 pages

ELECS4 Module (5) - UJT PUT PDF

This document discusses the unijunction transistor (UJT) and programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), which are three-terminal solid state devices that can be used in timing and trigger circuits. It provides details on UJT characteristics such as equivalent circuit, voltage divider operation between bases, and triggering based on emitter voltage exceeding the stand-off voltage. Common applications include relaxation oscillators, timers, and triggering thyristors and triacs. Sample circuits and calculations are provided to determine voltages, frequencies, and component values.

Uploaded by

Noel Bacton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unijunction Transistor &

Programmable Unijunction
Transistor
2

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• UJT is another solid state three terminal device that can be used
in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator applications
to switch and control thyristors and triacs for AC power control
applications.
3

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• Equivalent Circuit: UJT’s have unidirectional conductivity and
negative impedance characteristics acting more like a variable
voltage divider during breakdown
4

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• As the physical position of the p-n junction is closer to
terminal B2 than B1 the resistive value of RB2will be less than RB1.
• These two series resistances produce a
voltage divider network between the two
base terminals of the Unijunction transistor
• Since this channel stretches from B2 to B1,
when a voltage is applied across the device,
the potential at any point along the channel
will be in proportion to its position between
terminals B2 and B1.
• The level of the voltage gradient therefore
depends upon the amount of supply voltage.
5

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• When used in a circuit, terminal B1 is connected to ground and
the Emitter serves as the input to the device.
• Suppose a voltage VBB is applied
across the UJT between B2 and B1 so
that B2 is biased positive relative
to B1.
• With zero Emitter input applied, the
voltage developed across RB1 (the
lower resistance) of the resistive
voltage divider can be calculated as:
𝑅𝐵1
𝑉𝑅𝐵1 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝐵1 + 𝑅𝐵2
6

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• For a Unijunction transistor, the resistive ratio of RB1 to RBB is
called the intrinsic stand-off ratio (η).

𝑅𝐵1
𝜂=
𝑅𝐵1 + 𝑅𝐵2

• Typical standard values of η range


from 0.5 to 0.8 for most common
UJT’s.
7

Unijunction Transistor (UJT)


• If a small positive input voltage (less than the voltage
developed across resistance RB1 is now applied to the Emitter
input terminal, the diode p-n junction is reverse biased, thus
offering a very high impedance and the device does not
conduct.
• The UJT is switched “OFF” and zero current flows.
• However, when the Emitter input voltage is increased and
becomes greater than VRB1 (or ηVBB + 0.7V, where 0.7V equals
the p-n junction diode volt drop) the p-n junction becomes
forward biased and the Unijunction transistor begins to
conduct.
• The result is that Emitter current, ηIE now flows from the
Emitter into the Base region.
8

UJT Characteristics
9

UJT Characteristics
10

Example-1
• The intrinsic stand-off ratio for a UJT is determined to be 0.6.
If the inter-base resistance (RBB) is 10kΩ what are the values of
RB1 and RB2?

• Intrinsic stand-off ratio for a UJT is given as

𝑅𝐵1
𝜂=
𝑅𝐵1 + 𝑅𝐵2
11

Example-1
• Inter-base resistance (RBB) is 10kΩ
12

Example-2
• A UJT has 10V between the bases. If the intrinsic stand off
ratio is 0.65, find the value of stand off voltage. What will be
the peak point voltage if the forward voltage drop in the pn
junction is .7V?

• VBB=10V, 𝜂 = 0.65, 𝑉𝐷 = 0.7𝑉


• Stand off voltage (VRB1) is given as

𝑉𝑅𝐵1 = 𝜂𝑉𝐵𝐵
13

Example-2
• VBB=10V, 𝜂 = 0.65, 𝑉𝐷 = 0.7𝑉

• Peak point Voltage (VP) is given as

𝑉𝑃 = 𝜂𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝐷
14

Exercise-1
• Determine the minimum and maximum peak-
point voltage for UJT with VBB=24V. Given that
UJT has a range of 𝜂 = 0.74 𝑡𝑜 0.86.
15

UJT Applications
• The most common application of a Unijunction
transistor is as a triggering device for SCR’s and Triacs

• Other UJT applications include sawtoothed


generators, simple oscillators, phase control, and
timing circuits.

• The simplest of all UJT circuits is the Relaxation


Oscillator producing non-sinusoidal waveforms.
16

UJT Relaxation Oscillator


• In a basic and typical UJT relaxation oscillator
circuit, the Emitter terminal of the Unijunction
transistor is connected to the junction of a series
connected resistor and capacitor.
17

UJT Relaxation Oscillator

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅3𝐶 )
18

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅3𝐶 ) UJT Relaxation Oscillator


• Discharge of the capacitor occurs when VC =Vp.

𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅3 𝐶 )

𝜂𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐵 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅3𝐶 )

• Note: VD is ignored in above equation

1 − 𝜂 = 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅3 𝐶

𝑡
ln(1 − 𝜂) = −
𝑅3 𝐶

1
𝑅3 𝐶 ln( )=𝑡
1−𝜂
19

Example-3
• The data sheet for a 2N2646 Unijunction Transistor gives
the intrinsic stand-off ratio η as 0.65. If a 100nF capacitor
is used to generate the timing pulses, calculate the
timing resistor required to produce an oscillation
frequency of 100Hz.
20

• The timing period is given as: Example-3


1
𝑇= = 10𝑚𝑠
100

• The value of the timing resistor, R3 is


calculated as:
1
𝑅3 𝐶 ln( )=𝑡
1−𝜂

10𝑚
𝑅3 =
1
𝐶 ln( )
1−𝜂

𝑅3 = 95.23𝐾Ω
21

UJT Motor Speed Control Circuit


22

• Consider the UJT relaxation oscillator Example-4


shown in figure. Assume that UJT has
following characteristics.

𝜂 = 0.63 𝑉𝑣 = 1.5 𝑉c 𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 9.2 𝐾Ω


𝑅𝐵1 = 5.8 𝐾Ω 𝑅𝐵2 = 3.4 𝐾Ω

𝐼𝑃 = 5𝜇𝐴 𝐼𝑉 = 3.5 𝑚𝐴Ω


Find
a) VP
b) Output Frequency 𝑓
c) Prove that a 10 𝐾Ω 𝑅𝐸 is within
acceptable range 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑉
i.e 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑅𝐸 < 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝑉
23

• Solution Example-4
a) VP

𝑉𝑝 = 𝜂𝑉𝑏𝑏 + 0.7

𝑅𝐵𝐵
𝑉𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐵𝐵 𝑠

𝑉𝑏𝑏 = 22.6 𝑉

𝑉𝑝 = 0.63 × 22.6 + 0.7

𝑉𝑝 = 14.938 𝑉
24

• Solution Example-4
b) Output Frequency 𝑓
1
𝐹=
1
𝑅𝐸 𝐶𝐸 ln
1−𝜂

𝐹 = 502.890 𝐻𝑧
25

• Solution Example-4
c) Prove that a 10 𝐾Ω 𝑅𝐸 is within
acceptable range
i.e 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑅𝐸 < 𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑝 24 − 14.938
𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 1.81𝑀Ω
𝐼𝑃 5𝜇𝐴

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑉 24 − 1.5
𝑅𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 2.5 𝐾Ω
𝐼𝑉 3.5𝑚𝐴
26

Line-Synchronized UJT Trigger Circuit


for SCR
27

Line-Synchronized
UJT Trigger Circuit
for SCR

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