Math 113 HW #11 Solutions

§5.1
√
4. (a) Estimate the area under the graph of f (x) = x from x = 0 to x = 4 using four approx-
imating rectangles and right endpoints. Sketch the graph and the rectangles. Is your
estimate an underestimate or an overestimate?
Answer: Since [0, 4] has length 4, each of the four rectangles will have width 4/4 = 1,
so the right endpoints are 1, 2, 3 and 4. Thus, the heights of the four rectangles are
√
f (1) = 1 = 1
√
f (2) = 2 ≈ 1.414
√
f (3) = 3 ≈ 1.732
√
f (4) = 4 = 2.

1.5

0.5

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

Since each rectangle

√ √ width 1, the area of the first rectangle is 1 · 1 = 1, the area of
has
the second is 2 · 1 = 2, etc. Thus, we can estimate the area under the curve as
√ √
1 + 2 + 3 + 2 ≈ 6.146.

Since f (x) is an increasing function, this is an over-estimate of the actual area.

(b) Repeat part (a) using left endpoints.

1
 Answer: The endpoints of the four sub-intervals are the same, though now we’re in-
terested in the left endpoints, which are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the heights of the four
rectangles are
√
f (0) = 0 = 0
√
f (1) = 1 = 1
√
f (2) = 2 ≈ 1.414
√
f (3) = 3 ≈ 1.732.

1.5

0.5

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4

Thus, the area contained in these rectangles is

√ √
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 ≈ 4.146,
which is an underestimate of the actual area.
18. Use Definition 2 to find an expression for the area under the graph of
ln x
f (x) = , 3 ≤ x ≤ 10
x
as a limit. Do not evaluate the limit.
Answer: Since [3, 10] has length 10 − 3 = 7, if we break this interval up into n subintervals
of equal width, each will have width ∆x = 7/n. Then the area under the graph will be given
by
n n
X
∗
X ln x∗i 7
lim f (xi )∆x = lim
n→∞ n→∞ x∗i n
i=1 i=1

2
 for any choice of sample points x∗i , where x∗i is in the ith subinterval. Choosing, say, the right
endpoint of each as the sample point, we can see that
7
x∗i = 3 + i ,
n
so the above limit becomes
n
ln 3 + i n7 7


X
lim 7 .
n→∞ 3 + i n
n
i=1

§5.2
18. Express the limit
n
X cos xi
lim ∆x
n→∞ xi
i=1

as a definite integral on [π, 2π].

Answer: This is simply the definition of the definite integral
Z 2π
cos x
dx.
π x

22. Use the form of the definition of the integral given in Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral
Z 4
(x2 + 2x − 5) dx.
1

Answer: Breaking the interval [1, 4] into n subintervals of equal width, each will be of width
4−1 3
∆x = = .
n n

Moreover, the right endpoint of the ith subinterval will be

3
xi = 1 + i .
n
Therefore, the height of the ith rectangle will be (since we’re using right endpoints),

f (xi ) = x2i + 2xi − 5

3 2
   
3
= 1+i +2 1+i −5
n n
6 9 6
= 1 + i + i2 2 + 2 + i − 5
n n n
9 12
= i2 2 + i − 2.
n n

3
 Therefore,
Z 4 n
X
(x2 + 2x − 5) dx = lim f (xi )∆x
1 n→∞
i=1
n  
9 X 12 2 3
= limn→∞ i 2 +i −2
n n n
i=1
n  
2 27 36 6
X
= lim i 3 +i 2 −
n→∞ n n n
i=1
" n n n
#
X 27 X 36 X 6
= lim i2 3 + i 2−
n→∞ n n n
i=1 i=1 i=1
n n n
" #
27 X 2 36 X 6X
= lim i + 2 i− 1
n→∞ n3 n n
i=1 i=1 i=1

Therefore, since
n
X
1=1
i=1
n
X n(n + 1)
i=
2
i=1
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
i2 = ,
6
i=1

we see that the above limit is equal to

54n3 + 81n2 + 27n 36n2 + 36n
   
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 36 n(n + 1) 6
lim + 2 − n = lim + −6
n→∞ n3 6 n 2 n n→∞ 6n3 2n2
54 36
= + −6
6 2
= 9 + 18 − 6
= 21.
Therefore, Z 4
(x2 + 2x − 5) dx = 21.
1

34. The graph of g consists of two straight lines and a semicircle. Use it to evaluate each integral
R2
(a) 0 g(x)dx
Answer: Since on [0, 2] the graph of g(x) is just a straight line of slope −2 coming down
from y = 4 to y = 0, the area is just the area of the triangle
1
2 · 4 = 4.
2
R2
Since this area is above the x-axis, definite integral equals the area, so 0 g(x)dx = 4.

4
 R6
(b) 2 g(x)dx
Answer: On [2, 6] the graph of g(x) is a semi-circle of radius 2 lying below the x-axis.
Its area is
1
π(2)2 = 2π.
2
Since it lies below the axis, the integral is negative, so
Z 6
g(x)dx = −2π.
2
R7
(c) 0 g(x)dx
Answer: Since
Z 7 Z 2 Z 6 Z 7 Z 7
g(x)dx = g(x)dx + g(x)dx + g(x)dx = 4 − 2π + g(x)dx,
0 0 2 6 6
R7
we just need to determine 6 g(x)dx. Since this is a straight line of slope 1 going up
from the x-axis (at x = 6) to y = 1 (at x = 7), it describes a triangle of area
1 1
1·1= .
2 2
R7
Since this area lies above the axis, 6 g(x)dx = 1/2, so
Z 7 Z 7
1 9
g(x)dx = 4 − 2π + g(x)dx = 4 − 2π + = − 2π ≈ −1.78.
0 6 2 2
44. Use the result of Example 3 to compute
Z 3
(2ex − 1)dx.
1
R3
Answer: Example 3 says that 1 ex dx = e3 − e, we need to use the properties of the definite
R3
integral to express the given integral in terms of 1 ex dx.
Now, by Property 4, Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
x x
(2e − 1)dx = 2e − 1dx.
1 1 1
In turn, by Property 1, Z 3
1dx = 1(3 − 1) = 2.
1
By Property 3, Z 3 Z 3
x
2e dx = 2 ex dx.
1 1
Putting these together, then,
Z 3 Z 3
x
(2e − 1)dx = 2 ex dx − 2.
1 1
R3
Plugging in the value we know for 1 ex dx, we see that
Z 3
(2ex − 1)dx = 2(e3 − e) − 2 = 2(e3 − e − 1) ≈ 32.73.
1

5
§5.3
14. Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function
Z x2 p
h(x) = 1 + r3 dr.
0

Answer: Make the change of variables u = x2 . Then

Z x2 p ! Z u p 
0 d 3
d 3
h (x) = 1 + r dr = 1 + r dr .
dx 0 dx 0

By the Chain Rule, this is equal to

Z up 
d du
1+ r3 dr .
du 0 dx
du
Using the Fundamental Theorem and the fact that dx = 2x, we see that
p p
h0 (x) =
p
1 + u3 (2x) = 1 + (x2 )3 (2x) = 2x 1 + x6 .

26. Evaluate the integral Z 2π

cos θ dθ.
π

Answer: Since sin θ is an antiderivative of cos θ, the second part of the Fundamental Theorem
says that Z 2π h i2π
cos θ dθ = sin θ = sin 2π − sin π = 0 − 0 = 0.
π π

36. Evaluate the integral Z 1

10x dx.
0

Answer: Since
d
(10x ) = 10x ln 10,
dx
we see that
10x
ln 10
is an antiderivative of 10x . Therefore,
1 1
10x
Z 
x 10 1 9
10 dx = = − = .
0 ln 10 0 ln 10 ln 10 ln 10

6
40. Evaluate the integral
2
4 + u2
Z
du.
1 u3

Answer: Re-write the integral as

Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
u2

4 −3
3
+ 3
du = 4u du + u−1 du.
1 u u 1 1

−2
Then, since u−2 = − 2u1 2 is an antiderivative for u−3 and since ln u is an antiderivative for
u−1 , we see that the above is equal to

−1 2 h
  i2  2 2  3
4 2 + ln u = − + + (ln 2 − ln 1) = + ln 2.
2u 1 1 4 1 2