The document discusses airspeed measurements and calculations. It describes how airspeed is measured using a pitot-static system that measures static and ram air pressures. It defines V-speeds as standardized airspeed terms used by pilots. It also discusses how true airspeed is calculated based on equivalent airspeed, air density at altitude, Mach number, and static air temperature.
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The document discusses airspeed measurements and calculations. It describes how airspeed is measured using a pitot-static system that measures static and ram air pressures. It defines V-speeds as standardized airspeed terms used by pilots. It also discusses how true airspeed is calculated based on equivalent airspeed, air density at altitude, Mach number, and static air temperature.
The document discusses airspeed measurements and calculations. It describes how airspeed is measured using a pitot-static system that measures static and ram air pressures. It defines V-speeds as standardized airspeed terms used by pilots. It also discusses how true airspeed is calculated based on equivalent airspeed, air density at altitude, Mach number, and static air temperature.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document discusses airspeed measurements and calculations. It describes how airspeed is measured using a pitot-static system that measures static and ram air pressures. It defines V-speeds as standardized airspeed terms used by pilots. It also discusses how true airspeed is calculated based on equivalent airspeed, air density at altitude, Mach number, and static air temperature.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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V Speeds :
Airspeed is a measurement of the plane's speed relative to the air around it. The pitot (pronounced pee-toe) static tube system is an ingenious device used by airplanes and boats for measuring forward speed. The device is really a differential pressure gauge and was invented by Henri Pitot in 1732.
V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of aircraft, such as fixed-wing aircraft, gliders, autogiros, helicopters. The actual speeds represented by these designators are true airspeeds specific to a particular model of aircraft, and are expressed in terms of the aircraft's indicated airspeed, so that pilots may use them directly, without having to apply correction factors.
Airspeed indicator :
The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to
display the craft's airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot.
the airspeed indicator is a member of the pitot-static system of aviation
instruments, so named because they operate by measuring pressure in the pitot and static circuits.
Airspeed indicators work by measuring the difference between static pressure,
captured through one or more static ports; and stagnation pressure due to "ram air", captured through a pitot tube. This difference in pressure due to ram air is called impact pressure.
The static ports are located on the exterior of the aircraft, at a location chosen to detect the prevailing atmospheric pressure as accurately as possible, that is, with minimum disturbance from the presence of the aircraft. Some aircraft have static ports on both sides of the fuselage or empennage, in order to more accurately measure static pressure during slips and skids. Aerodynamic slips and skids cause either or both static ports and pitot tube(s) to present themselves to the relative wind in other than basic forward motion. Thus, alternative placement on some aircraft.
Calculating True Speeds :
Low-speed flight
At low speeds and altitudes IAS and CAS are close to equivalent airspeed (EAS). TAS can be calculated as a function of EAS and air density:
where
TAS is true airspeed
EAS is equivalent airspeed
ρ0 is the air density at standard sea level (1.225 kg/m3)
ρ is the density of the air in which the aircraft is flying
High-speed flight
TAS can be calculated as a function of Mach number and static air temperature:
Where
a0 is the speed of sound at standard sea level
M is Mach number,
T is static air temperature in kelvin,
T0 is the temperature at standard sea level (288.15 K)
