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Chapter 4 Part 4.1 Basic Env Engg

The document provides an overview of water and wastewater treatment processes including self-purification of natural water systems, water treatment techniques, and wastewater treatment methods. It then discusses the key factors that affect the self-purification process in streams, including dilution, current, temperature, sunlight, and rate of oxidation. The document also presents the Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag curve model which describes the competing processes of deoxygenation from organic waste and reaeration from the atmosphere.

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Tewelde Asefa
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64 views16 pages

Chapter 4 Part 4.1 Basic Env Engg

The document provides an overview of water and wastewater treatment processes including self-purification of natural water systems, water treatment techniques, and wastewater treatment methods. It then discusses the key factors that affect the self-purification process in streams, including dilution, current, temperature, sunlight, and rate of oxidation. The document also presents the Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag curve model which describes the competing processes of deoxygenation from organic waste and reaeration from the atmosphere.

Uploaded by

Tewelde Asefa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Overview of water and wastewater treatment

4.1 Self purification process in natural water systems


4.2 Water treatment (Coagulation, flocculation, settling, filtration,
disinfection )
4.3 Wastewater treatment (primary, secondary, tertiary)

BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


Course Code: (ChEg 3161)

Department of Chemical Engineering (Environmental Engineering)


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What is Self Purification of Streams?
 When wastewater is discharged into the river or stream, the BOD of mix
increases initially and DO level starts falling.
 As river water travels further BOD gradually reduces and DO increases
and reaches its saturation level.
 Thus river gets purified on its own.
 This phenomena is known as self purification of stream.
o The self purification of the natural water systems is a complex process
that often involves physical, chemical, and biological processes
working simultaneously.
oChemical and biochemical reactions are conversion processes rather
than removal processes.
oThe amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most commonly
used indicators of a river health. As DO drops below 4 or 5 mg/l the
forms of life that can survive begin to be reduced.
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Dissolved Oxygen Depletion and Self Purification

Waste
Factor affecting self purification
• Dilution: when sufficient dilution water is available in the receiving
water body, where the wastewater is discharged, the DO level in the
receiving stream may not reach to zero or critical DO.
-The dilution capacity of stream can be calculated using the principles of
mass balance. If the volumetric flow rate and concentration of given
material are known in both the stream and waste discharge, the
concentration after mixing can be calculated as follows (assume instant
and complete mixing):
CSQS+CWQW= QmCm

Where
C represents the concentration (mass/volume) of the selected material
Q is the volumetric flow rate (volume/time)
subscripts s, w, and m designate stream, waste and mixture conditions

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Factor affecting self purification.....
• Current: when strong water current is available, the discharged wastewater will be
thoroughly mixed with stream water preventing deposition of solids. In small current,
the solid matter from the wastewater will get deposited at the bed following
decomposition and reduction in DO.

• Temperature: Quantity of DO available in stream water is more in cold


temperature than in hot temperature. Also, the activity of microorganism is more at
the higher temperature, hence, the self purification will take less time at hot
temperature than in cold.

• Sunlight: Algae produces oxygen in the presence of sunlight due to photosynthesis.


Thus, sunlight helps in purification of stream by adding oxygen through
photosynthesis.

• Rate of oxidation: due to oxidation of organic matter discharged in the river DO


depletion occurs. This rate is faster at higher temperature and low at lower
temperature. The rate of oxidation of organic matter depends on the chemical
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composition of organic matter.
A number of factors affect the amount of DO in rivers
- O2 demanding waste remove DO.
- Photosynthesis add DO during day but plants also remove DO night and
respiration of organisms and in sediments.
- In summers. Rising temp also reduces solubility of gases.
- Tributaries brings their own oxygen.
- To model properly all of these effects and their interactions are difficult
task.
• The simplest model of the oxygen resources in river focuses on
the two key processes:
-removal of oxygen by microorganisms during biodegradation.
- Replenishment of O2 through re-aeration at the interface between river
and atmosphere.
• In this simple model, it is assumed that there is a continuous
discharge of waste at given location in the river, and continuous
mixing of water and waste and also assumed there is no dispersion
of wastes in the direction of flow. 6
Deoxygenation
• The rate of deoxygenation at any point in the river is assumed to be
proportional to the BOD remaining at that point:
Rate of deoxygenation= ..............................1
kd- deoxygenation rate constant (per day),
Lt- BOD remaining t (days) after the waste enter the river (mg/L)
kd is often assumed to be the same as BOD rate constant ‘k’.
As we know Lt = Lo. e-kt
Rate of deoxygenation = kd. Lo e-kdt............................2
Lo is the BOD of mixture of stream water and wastewater (mg/L)
Assuming complete and instantaneous mixing:
Lo =

Lo -ultimate BOD of mixture of stream water and wastewater (mg/L)


Lr-ultimate BOD of river just upstream of the point of discharge (mg/L)
Lw-Ultimate BOD of wastewater (mg/L)
Qr-Flow rate of river just upstream of discharge (m3/s)
Qw- Flow rate of wastewater (m3/s) 7
Reaeration
• The rate at which O2 is replenished is assumed to be proportional to the
difference between the actual DO in river at any given location and saturated DO.
The difference is called oxygen deficit ‘D’.
Rate of reaeration=kr.D
• kr is reaeration constant (per day)
• D dissolved oxygen deficit, DOs - DO
• DOs- saturated value of dissolved oxygen, DO actual dissolved oxygen at a given
location downstream.
• Kr is dependent upon depth of the river and velocity of river water. Typical value
of kr large stream and low velocity 0.35-0.46 per day. u- avg. stream velocity
(m/s), H avg. stream depth (m)

• Wastewater discharged into stream and stream water have some O2 deficit. If we assume
complete mixing of two, we can calculate the initial deficit:
Do= DOs - Qw.DOw + Qr.DOr / Qw+Qr
Do-initial oxygen deficit of the mixture of river and wastewater
DOs- saturated value of DO in water at temp. of the river
DOw-DO in wastewater
DOr- DO in the river water just upstream of the wastewater discharge

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Oxygen Sag Curve or Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curve
• The deoxygenation caused by microbial decomposition of wastes and
oxygenation by reaeration are competing processes that are
simultaneously removing and adding oxygen to a stream.
• Combining theses equation yields the following expression for the rate of
increase of the oxygen deficit:
Rate of increase of the deficit= Rate of deoxygenation – rate of oxygenation
dD/dt= kd. Lo.e-kdt - kr.D.....................................................3

which has solution:

This equation is classic streeter phelps oxygen sag equation.

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Cont’d.......

Fig. Deoxygenation, reoxygenation and oxygen sag curve


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• Cont’d
• The graphical representation of this equation is shown in the Figure below

Fig. Oxygen sag curve of Streeter-Phelps equation

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Thanking You

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