Specific Gravity of Cement – Detailed Explanation

We hope almost all of us would remember the value as 3.15 (actually 3.12-3.19). But most of
us do not know why we are calculating this value?

Specific Gravity of Cement

In this post, we will explain you about,

 What is Specific Gravity?

 Why are we calculating this value for cement?

 Significance of specific gravity of cement

 Experiment to determine this value

What is Specific Gravity of Cement?

Definition – Specific Gravity is just a comparison between the weight of a volume of a particular
material to the weight of the same volume of water at a specified temperature.

In Simple – It is a value to calculate whether the material is able to sink or float on water. Every
material has some specific gravity. The value is normally in digits like 0.1 – 100. If the value is
less than 1, then the material will float on water. If the value is greater than 1, then the material
will sink.

3.15g/cc means the cement is 3.15 times heavier than the water of the same volume.

Why are we calculating this value for cement?

Normally aggregates are derived from stockpiles, which may be exposed to various conditions.

If the cement has exposed to extreme moisture content then, the specific gravity of cement will
differ because of the moisture content present in the pores.

Every material has solid particles and pores which may contain water in it.

Normally our nominal mix design is based on the value of specific gravity of cement as 3.15. The
value will change over time if the cement is exposed to various weather conditions. So it is
essential to determine the specific gravity of cement before using it.
This is why we are insisted on avoiding old stock cement, which may be affected by the external
moisture content.

The significance of specific gravity of cement

As already said, the cement may contain lots of moisture content if it is exposed to various
conditions and humidity.

We all know that water cement ratio is an important factor. It is directly proportional to
workability and the strength of a bonding. If the cement has already more moisture in it then,
the value of water-cement ratio will actually affect the workability and strength rather than
increasing it.

If the specific gravity of cement is greater than 3.19 then, the cement is either not minced finely
as per the industry standard or it has more moisture content which will affect the mix and
bonding. This is why you find lots of chunks while mixing old stock cement for concrete.

How to calculate cement specific gravity?

Using Le Chatelier Flask method, we can determine this value. This is an experiment conducted
at the site level.
Object:

To find specific gravity of cement value.

Required Materials & Apparatus:

 Ordinary Portland Cement

 Kerosene

 Le-Chatelier Flask capacity of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer (100 ml)

 Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate

Why are we using Kerosene instead of water?

To calculate specific gravity for any material, we have to use water. But water reacts with
cement and forms calcium oxide. So that we are using Kerosene. It doesn’t react with cement.
This is why we are using 0.79 g/cc (specific gravity of kerosene) in our calculation (specific
gravity of water – 1g/cc)
Test Procedure:

1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the
empty flask(W1)

2. Fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask (about 50gm) and weigh with its
stopper (W2)

3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air
bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3)

4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask (W4)

Calculation:

Specific Gravity,

The specific gravity of kerosene is 0.79 g/cc

Note:

The error value will be acceptable ±0.01.

The practical will be done within 30° C temperature.

Experiment Video

Here is the video tutorial that we found on YouTube which illustrates the test

Why are the numerical values of density of cement (1.44 g/cc) and specific
gravity (3.15) different?
Because bulk density and specific gravity represent different things.
Let's take the example of sugar.

 Take some sugar. Measure its mass on a weighing scale. Put it inside a container.

 Measure the volume of the sugar as shown in the figure below.

 The density of the sugar is given by: MASSVOLUME MASSVOLUME

Now, as you can see, the volume considered is not entirely filled with sugar. It also contains air
in the voids in between the sugar crystals. Hence the density thus measured is called bulk
density. The bulk density of sugar is 0.7 g/cc.

This value does not represent the actual density of a single sugar crystal, which is taken care by
specific gravity.

Imagine a single sugar crystal as above. If you measured its mass and volume, you will be able
to find the actual density of sugar. Naturally, this value will be higher than its bulk density (as
there are no air voids). The value of the actual density of sugar is around 1.2 g/cc.

Now specific gravity is nothing but the ratio of density of the substance to density of water.
Since density of water is considered as 1 g/cc, the specific gravity of sugar has the same value of
1.2 without the units.

Coming to the case of cement, the concept is similar. There are countless air voids in cement. If
you measure the mass of the cement and its bulk volume, you get bulk density which is around
1.5 g/cc. If somehow you were to measure the mass of a single cement particle and its volume,
you get the specific gravity which is around 3.1.

1- 1.5/3.1 = 0.52, meaning, more than 50% of a cement bag is just air! Like a chips packet!
When I first found out about it, I was like - MY WHOLE LIFE WAS A LIE!

Both BD and SG have their own significance. If you have truck load of sand, and you want to
know the weight of the load, you can simply calculate the volume of the compartment and
multiply it with the bulk density. But bulk density doesn't give all the information about the
material. The sugar's BD is only 0.7 g/cc. But water is 1 g/cc, so does sugar float on water? Of
course not. The value you should be looking for is specific gravity i.e., 1.2, which is greater than
water.

On an ending note, the procedure described above is very crude, for the sake of simplicity. The
size of single cement particle can be as small as 5∗10 −6 m. 5∗10−6m. Obviously the actual
procedure of measuring the bulk density and specific gravity is more sophisticated than what
I've described. You can read the IS CODE for the Indian Standards of measuring the same.

Density of cement is 1440kg/m3

Specific Gravity Of Cement Test

Specific Gravity Of Cement Test:

Specific gravity can be defined as the density of any substance to the density of other
reference substance at a specified temperature. For example, to determine the specific gravity
of cement will consider water as reference substance.

In simple words, the specific gravity determines whether the material will sink or float in water.
Every material has its own specific gravity and the value normally varies from 0.1 to 100. The
material will float on water if the value is less than 1 and will sink if the value is greater than 1.

Why We Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement:

Normally we use nominal mix design based on the specific gravity of cement as 3.14. But this
value will change with time if the cement is exposed to the different climatic conditions (Due to
moisture content). Therefore it is very important to know the specific gravity of cement before
using it in the mix.

Significance Of Specific gravity Of Cement:

As we said earlier, cement may contain excessive moisture content if it is exposed to the
various weather conditions and we all know that w/c ratio is a big factor which determines the
concrete strength. Because w/c ratio is directly proportional to the workability. If the cement
contains a greater amount of moisture in it then the w/c ratio will definitely affect the
workability as well as the strength of concrete.
As per industry, the acceptable value of specific gravity of cement is up to 3.19. But if the value
is greater than 3.19 it means cement is containing greater amount of moisture content which
will affect the workability and strength of concrete. This is why we need to calculate the correct
value of specific gravity of cement before using it in the mix.

How To Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement:

Aim: To find the specific gravity of cement.

Materials And Apparatus:

1. OPC (Ordinary portland cement)

2. Specific gravity bottle / Le-Chatelier of 250 ml capacity / Pycnometer (100 ml).

3. Kerosene,

4. Weighing machine with 0.1 gm accurate.

Specific Gravity Of Cement Test Bottle

Procedure Of Test:

1. Measure the weight of empty flask (W1). The flask should be totally dry and free of liquid.

2. Fill half of the flask with cement (about 50 gm) and Measure the weight with its stopper
(W2).

3. Then fill the flask with kerosene up to the top level of the flask. Mix cement and kerosene
properly to remove air bubble from it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3)/
4. Now empty the flask and again fill it with kerosene up to the top of the flask. Weigh the flask
(W4).

Calculation:

where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc.

Note:

1. Acceptable value of specific gravity with error ± 0.01

2. The test should be done at 30° temperature.

Specific Gravity of Cement:-

Well most of us know that specific gravity of cement is in between 3.1-3.16 g/cc. Do you know
why we calculate the Specific gravity of cement and its significance?. In this post, I ‘ll clear all of
your doubts regarding the specific gravity of cement.

What is Specific Gravity?

Specific Gravity is the ratio of a Weight of Volume of material (Your testing material) to the
same Weight of Volume of water. In simple words, we are comparing the volume of our Testing
material either it may be sand, cement, aggregate with the same volume of water at certain
temperature.

Specific Gravity of Cement Formula:-

We calculate Specific gravity to know the behaviour of the material in water. Every material has
its own specific gravity, and it usually ranges between 0.1 – 100. If the specific gravity of the
material is less than 1, then that material floats in water. If the material has a specific gravity
greater than 1, then it sinks in water. We know that specific gravity of cement or Density of
cement is ranging between 3.1-3.16g/cc by this, cement is 3.16 times heavier than water of the
same volume.

Excessive presence of moisture content in cement effects Workability and strength of cement.
For Nominal mix design, the specific gravity of cement should be 3.15g/cc.

Every material has pores which may contain voids in it. If the cement is exposed to extreme
moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up
to 3.19. If the specific gravity is 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the moisture
content. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric
moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is a big enemy for cement. Cement
becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The reason for finding a lot of lumps in old
cement is due to the presence of excessive moisture content in it. As per IS Cement is re-tested
for Specific gravity test if it is three months older.

Specific gravity test /Density of Cement test :

As per Le Chatelier’s Principle, Specific gravity of cement is determined by Le Chatelier’s Flask

method. And the IS code for Specific gravity test is IS 2720- Part 3.

Apparatus Required for Le Chatelier’s Principle:-

1. Cement
2. Kerosene
3. Specific Gravity Bottle capacity of 250 ml with stopper.
4. Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Why is kerosene used in the Specific gravity of cement test?

In general, To calculate the specific gravity of material, we use water. But in cement, we use
kerosene for finding specific gravity in it. The reason behind this, cement hydrates and forms
calcium oxide when it reacts with water. Cement won’t show any reaction when it mixed with
kerosene.

The specific gravity of Kerosene is 0.79 g/cc

The specific gravity of water is 1g/cc

Procedure for finding Specific gravity in cement:-

 1. The Lechatlier flask should be free from moisture content, that mean flask is thoroughly
dried.

2. Now, weigh the empty flask and note it as W1.

3. Take 50gm of cement and add it in Flask. Now weight the Flask with the stopper as W2

4. Now pour kerosene in the sample up to the neck of the bottle. Mix thoroughly and see
that no air bubbles left in the flask. Note down the weight as W3

5. Empty the flask and fill the bottle with kerosene up to the tip of the bottle and record
the weight as W4.

where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc.

A good cement should have the Specific gravity of 3.1-3.6 g/cc.

What is Specific Gravity of Cement?

Mainly Specific Gravity is the is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a
reference substance at a fixed temperature. On the other words, it is the ratio of the mass of a
substance to the mass of a reference substance. And the theme is also same for cement.
Specific Gravity of cement is the ratio of the density or mass of cement to the density or mass
of a reference substance.

But in both of the state's density or mass, the volume should be same. If the volume does not
remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. Because the mass or density will be
changed of the substance or reference substance.
 Specific Gravity of Cement. Source:
commons.wikimedia.org

Why We Calculate Specific Gravity of Any Substance

We calculate specific gravity of any substance to know the behavior of the material in water.
And we can know the material will sink or floats in the water. All of the materials in our
environment have a fixed specific gravity. The usual range is 1-100. If the specific gravity is
greater than 1, then it sinks in water. If the specific gravity Is less than 1 it floats in water. So if
the specific gravity of any substance is known to us we can use the materials in suitable place of
any work.

Basically, specific gravity defines that the substance is how much heavier than water or
reference substance of the same volume. The specific gravity of cement ranging from 3.1 to
3.16 g/cc. By this statement, we can ensure that cement 3.1-3.16 times heavier than water of
the same volume. And it sinks in water. Because the specific gravity is greater than 1.

Every material consists off so many little pores, which may contain voids in it. And a material
becomes useless when any void present in the material. If the cement covered by extreme
moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up
to 3.19. If the specific gravity value reaches 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the
moisture. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric
moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is very harmful to cement. Cement
becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The presence of excessive moisture is the
reason for finding a lot of lumps in old cement is due to content in it.

Standard Value of Specific Gravity of Cement

The specific gravity value of portland cement is generally around 3.15 while the specific gravity
value of portland-blast-furnace-slag and portland-pozzolan cements may have specific gravities
near 2.90.

Portland Cement Association (PCA). (1988). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland
Cement Association.

Reference Substances for Specific Gravity

Maximum time water is used as a reference substance. And its temperature should be near at
4°C. For gases, it is air at room temperature 25°C. But if “Cement” is used as a sample substance
then kerosine would be the reference substance. Because cement hydrates and forms calcium
oxide when it reacts with water. But kerosene won’t show any reaction when it mixed with
cement.

The specific gravity of kerosine is 0.79 g/cc.

How to Calculate Cement Specific Gravity?

One can easily determine the value of specific gravity of cement using Le Chatelier Flask
method. Determination of specific gravity of cement at the site level can be easily done using
this is an experiment.

Required Materials & Apparatus

Followings are the specific gravity test apparatus and materials:

 Kerosene

 Ordinary Portland Cement

 Le-Chatelier Flask of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer of 100 ml

 Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate

Specific Gravity Test Procedure for Cement

The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four steps to be
followed to perform specific gravity test of cement:

1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the
empty flask. Which is W1.

2. Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 50gm and weigh with its
stopper. And it is W2.
 3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air
bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3.

4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for
counting W4.

Specific Gravity Calculation

Cement specific gravity formula:

Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79

Keywords:sp gravity of cement, specific gravity units, specific gravity of portland cement,
specific gravity test procedure, specific gravity of fine aggregate, determination of specific
gravity of cement, how to find specific gravity of cement, standard value of specific gravity of
cement, specific gravity of cement test procedure pdf

Specific Gravity Of General Materials Table

This table is a data information resource for the specific gravity of many common general
materials. While the data is extremely useful for design, actual individual samples will probably
differ. Temperature and purity will often have a definite effect. As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C
= 1 cubic meter, those materials under 1000kg per cubic meter will float; more dense materials
will obviously sink. Those materials have a specific gravity more than 1. Pure water at 4°C (the
maximum density) was chosen as the accepted standard for specific gravity and given the value
of 1. Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the
base used. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction
heavier or fraction lighter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. For example,
ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of
1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic meter). As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied
across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if
we know that a sample of ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its
density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft. As general information, kg/cu.m divided by 16.01846 =
lbs/cu.ft.
To help with the table, unit converters are included at the top of the chart. Enter values in
either side of the equation.

Specific Gravity Table

Material - powder, ore, solids, etc. kg/cu.m

Alfalfa, ground 256
Alum, lumpy 881
Alum, pulverized 753
Alumina 961
Aluminum, oxide 1522
Ammonia gas 0.77
Ammonium Nitrate 730
Ammonium Sulphate - dry 1130
Ammonium Sulphate - wet 1290
Andesite, solid 2771
Antimony, cast 6696
Apples 641
Arsenic 5671
Asbestos - shredded 320- 400
Asbestos rock 1600
Ashes - wet 730- 890
Ashes - dry 570- 650
Asphalt, crushed 721
Babbitt 7272
Bagasse 120
Bakelite, solid 1362
Baking powder 721
Barium 3780
Bark, wood refuse 240
Barley 609
Barite, crushed 2883
Basalt, broken 1954
Basalt, solid 3011
Bauxite, crushed 1281
Beans, castor 577
Beans, cocoa 593
Beans, navy 801
Beans, soy 721
Beeswax 961
Beets 721
Bentonite 593
Bicarbonate of soda 689
Bismuth 9787
Bones, pulverized 881
Borax, fine 849
Bran 256
Brewers grain 432
Brick, common red 1922
Brick, fire clay 2403
Brick, silica 2050
Brick, chrome 2803
Brick, magnesia 2563
Buckwheat 657
Butter 865
Cadmium 8650
Calcium carbide 1201
Caliche 1442
Carbon, solid 2146
Carbon, powdered 80
Carbon dioxide 1.98
Carbon monoxide 1.25
Cardboard 689
Cement - clinker 1290-1540
Cement, Portland 1506
Cement, mortar 2162
Cement, slurry 1442
Chalk, solid 2499
Chalk, lumpy 1442
Chalk, fine 1121
Charcoal 208
Chloroform 1522
Chocolate, powder 641
Chromic acid, flake 1201
Chromium 6856
Chromium ore 2162
Cinders, furnace 913
Cinders, Coal, ash 641
Clay, dry excavated 1089
Clay, wet excavated 1826
Clay, dry lump 1073
Clay, fire 1362
Clay, wet lump 1602
Clay, compacted 1746
Clover seed 769
Coal, Anthracite, solid 1506
Coal, Anthracite, broken 1105
Coal, Bituminous, solid 1346
Coal, Bituminous, broken 833
Cobaltite ( cobolt ore ) 6295
Coconut, meal 513
Coconut, shredded 352
Coffee, fresh beans 561
Coffee, roast beans 432
Coke 570- 650
Concrete, Asphalt 2243
Concrete, Gravel 2403
Concrete, Limestone with Portland 2371
Copper ore 1940-2590
Copper sulfate, ground 3604
Copra, medium size 529
Copra, meal, ground 641
Copra, expeller cake ground 513
Copra, expeller cake chopped 465
Cork, solid 240
Cork, ground 160
Corn, on the cob 721
Corn, shelled 721
Corn, grits 673
Cottonseed, dry, de-linted 561
Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted 320
Cottonseed, cake, lumpy 673
Cottonseed, hulls 192
Cottonseed, meal 593
Cottonseed, meats 641
Cottonwood 416
Cryolite 1602
Cullet 1602
Culm 753
Dolomite, solid 2899
Dolomite, pulverized 737
Dolomite, lumpy 1522
Earth, loam, dry, excavated 1249
Earth, moist, excavated 1442
Earth, wet, excavated 1602
Earth, dense 2002
Earth, soft loose mud 1730
Earth, packed 1522
Earth, Fullers, raw 673
Emery 4005
Ether 737
Feldspar, solid 2563
Feldspar, pulverized 1233
Fertilizer, acid phosphate 961
Fish, scrap 721
Fish, meal 593
Flaxseed, whole 721
Flint - silica 1390
Flour, wheat 593
Flue dust 1450-2020
Fluorspar, solid 3204
Fluorspar, lumps 1602
Fluorspar, pulverized 1442
Fullers Earth - raw or burnt 570- 730
Galena ( lead ore ) 7400 - 7600
Garbage, household rubbish 481
Glass - broken or cullet 1290-1940
Glass, window 2579
Glue, animal, flaked 561
Glue, vegetable, powdered 641
Gluten, meal 625
Gneiss, bed in place 2867
Gneiss, broken 1858
Granite, solid 2691
Granite, broken 1650
Graphite, flake 641
Grain - Maize 760
Grain - Barley 600
Grain - Millet 760- 800
Grain - Wheat 780- 800
Gravel, loose, dry 1522
Gravel, with sand, natural 1922
Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch 1682
Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch 2002
Gummite ( uranium ore ) 3890 - 6400
Gypsum, solid 2787
Gypsum, broken 1290-1600
Gypsum, crushed 1602
Gypsum, pulverized 1121
Halite (salt), solid 2323
Halite (salt), broken 1506
Hematite ( iron ore ) 5095 - 5205
Hemimorphite ( zinc ore ) 3395 - 3490
Hydrochloric acid 40% 1201
Ice, solid 919
Ice, crushed 593
Ilmenite 2307
Iridium 22154
Iron ore - crushed 2100-2900
Iron oxide pigment 400
Iron Pyrites 2400
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry 1200
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet 1290
Ivory 1842
Kaolin, green crushed 1025
Kaolin, pulverized 352
Lead, rolledtd> 11389
Lead, red 3684
Lead, white pigment 4085
Leather 945
Lignite, dry 801
Lime, quick, lump 849
Lime, quick, fine 1201
Lime, stone, large 2691
Lime, stone, lump 1538
Lime, hydrated 481
Lime, wet or mortar 1540
Limonite, solid 3796
Limonite, broken 2467
Limestone, solid 2611
Limestone, broken 1554
Limestone, pulverized 1394
Linseed, whole 753
Linseed, meal 513
Locust, dry 705
Magnesite, solid 3011
Magnesium oxide 1940
Magnesium sulphate, crystal 1121
Magnetite, solid ( iron ore ) 5046
Magnetite, broken 3284
Malachite ( copper ore ) 3750 - 3960
Malt 336
Manganese, solid 7609
Manganese oxide 1922
Manure 400
Marble, solid 2563
Marble, broken 1570
Marl, wet, excavated 2243
Mica, solid 2883
Mica, broken 1602
Mica - flake 520
Mica - powder 986
Milk, powdered 449
Molybdenum ore 1600
Mortar, wet 2403
Mud, packed 1906
Mud, fluid 1730
Nickel ore 1600
Nickel, rolled 8666
Nickel silver 8442
Nitric acid, 91% 1506
Nitrogen 1.26
Oak, red 705
Oats 432
Oats, rolled 304
Oil cake 785
Oil, linseed 942
Oil, petroleum 881
Oxygen 1.43
Oyster shells, ground 849
Paper, standard 1201
Peanuts, shelled 641
Peanuts, not shelled 272
Peat, dry 400
Peat, moist 801
Peat, wet 1121
Pecan wood 753
Phosphate rock, broken 1762
Phosphorus 2339
Pitch 1153
Plaster 849
Platinum ore 2600
Porcelain 2403
Porphyry, solid 2547
Porphyry, broken 1650
Potash 1281
Potassium chloride 2002
Potatoes, white 769
Pumice, stone 641
Pyrite (fool's gold) 2400 - 5015
Quartz, solid 2643
Quartz, lump 1554
Quartz sand 1201
Resin, synthetic, crushed 561
Rice, hulled 753
Rice, rough 577
Rice grits 689
Rip-Rap 1602
Rock - soft - excavated with shovel 1600-1780
Rosin 1073
Rubber, caoutchouc 945
Rubber, manufactured 1522
Rubber, ground scrap 481
Rye 705
Salt cake 1442
Salt, course 801
Salt, fine 1201
Saltpeter 1201
Sand, wet 1922
Sand, wet, packed 2082
Sand, dry 1602
Sand, loose 1442
Sand, rammed 1682
Sand, water filled 1922
Sand with Gravel, dry 1650
Sand with Gravel, wet 2020
Sandstone, solid 2323
Sandstone, broken 1370-1450
Sawdust 210
Sewage, sludge 721
Shale, solid 2675
Shale, broken 1586
Shells - oyster 800
Sinter 1600-2180
Slag, solid 2114
Slag, broken 1762
Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch 1185
Slag, furn. granulated 961
Slate, solid 2691
Slate, broken 1290-1450
Slate, pulverized 1362
Smithsonite ( zinc ore ) 4300
Snow, freshly fallen 160
Snow, compacted 481
Soap, solid 801
Soap, chips 160
Soap, flakes 160
Soap, powdered 368
Soapstone talc 2400
Soda Ash, heavy 1080
Soda Ash, light 432
Sodium 977
Sodium Aluminate, ground 1153
Sodium Nitrate, ground 1201
Soy beans, whole 753
Starch, powdered 561
Stone, crushed 1602
Stone (common, generic) 2515
Sugar, brown 721
Sugar, powdered 801
Sugar, granulated 849
Sugar, raw cane 961
Sugarbeet pulp, dry 208
Sugarbeet pulp, wet 561
Sugarcane 272
Sulphur, solid 2002
Sulphur, lump 1314
Sulphur, pulverized 961
Taconite 2803
Talc, solid 2691
Talc, broken 1746
Tanbark, ground 881
Tankage 961
Tar 1153
Tobacco 320
Trap rock, solid 2883
Trap rock, broken 1746
Turf 400
Turpentine 865
Walnut, black, dry 609
Water, pure 1000
Water, seatd> 1026
Wheat 769
Wheat, cracked 673
Wood chips - dry 240- 520
Wool 1314
Zinc oxide 400