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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

m
UNIT I STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS

.co
Rigid bodies and deformable solids – Tension, Compression and Shear Stresses – Deformation
of simple and compound bars – Thermal stresses – Elastic constants – Volumetric strains –
Stresses on inclined planes – principal stresses and principal planes – Mohr’s circle of stress.

tas
UNIT – I
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
lda
The solid body does not undergoes any deformation under the action of
external forces applied on it. Such a solid body is termed as rigid body.
Engineering Mechanics generally deals the mechanics involved in rigid bodies.
Where as strength of materials deals with the deformable bodies.
vi
Ci

Strength of materials is significant for determining the strength and stiffness of

a material that could be used in various civil and mechanical structures and
machines etc.
w.

STRESS:

Stress is the resistance offered by the material per unit cross sectional area.
ww

It is denoted by 𝜎.
𝑃
𝜎 = where, P is the external force (or) load
𝐴

A is the cross sectional area

In Mks unit = kgf/m2 or kgf/cm2

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In SI unit = N/mm2 or N/m2

1. If P=10KN

b=5cm

h=3cm

m
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

10

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𝜎=
15

= 0.666 KN/cm2

= 66.66 KN/m2

tas
Stresses: Stresses are classified as follows.

Direct stress (Tensile/compressive)

lda
Indirect stress (bending/shearing)

Combined stresses
vi

Strain:

Strain is defined as the ration between change in dimension to the original

Ci

dimension.

Types of strain:
w.

(i) Linear strain / longitudinal strain

(ii) Lateral strain
ww

(iii) Volumetric strain

(iv) Shear strain (strain produced by shear stress)

Linear strain: (change in length)

𝛿𝐿 = l1 –l

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𝛿𝐿
Elong =
𝐿

= (l1 –l) / L

Lateral strain: (change in breadth or height)

𝛿𝑏
Elat =
𝑏

m
𝛿ℎ
= ( for rectangular cross section)
ℎ

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For circular cross section
𝛿𝑑
Elat =
𝑑

Volumetric strain: (change in volume)

tas
lda
𝛿𝑣
Evol =
𝑣

Young’s modulus:
vi

It is the ratio between tensile stress to linear strain. It is denoted by the symbol E.
𝜎 𝑁 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
E= ( ) rigidity modulus =
Ci

𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛 𝑚2 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Poisson’s ratio: (𝝁)

w.

It is the ratio between lateral strain to the longitudinal strain of the

material.
ww

For cork Poisson’s ratio is zero.

For concrete Poisson’s ration is 0.1

For metals Poisson’s ration is 0.25 to 0.35

For rubber Poisson’s ratio is 0.5

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Hooke’s law:

Stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.

𝜎∝𝑒

𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒

m
𝜎
E= where E is modulus of elasticity.
𝑒

.co
Stress strain curve: (for ductile material – tensile test)

tas
vi lda
Ci
w.

Elongation of uniform cross sectional bar:

ww

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Stress ∝ Strain

𝜎 ∝e

𝜎 = 𝐸e
𝑃 𝛿𝐿
=E
𝐴 𝐿

m
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝐿=
𝐴𝐸

.co
Elongation of varying cross sectional bar:

tas
lda
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝜎1= 𝜎 2= 𝜎3=
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A1 = d12 A2 = d22 A3 = d32
4 4 4
vi

𝛿l = 𝛿l1+ 𝛿l2+ 𝛿l3

Ci

𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3

𝛿l1= 𝛿l2= 𝛿l3=
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2 𝐴3 𝐸3
w.

𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3

𝛿l = + +
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2 𝐴3 𝐸3

If the material is same E1 =E2 = E3 =E

ww

𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3

𝛿l = + +
𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2 𝐴3 𝐸3

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𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
𝛿l = [ + + ]
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3

Problems:

1. Find stresses in each section and total elongation of the varying cross

m
sectional bar when it is loaded with 50 KN axially. Take Young’s modulus
200 GPA as shown in fig.

.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

Solution:
w.

𝜋 𝜋
A1 = d12 = × 302 = 706.86 mm2
ww

4 4

𝜋 𝜋
A2 = d22 = × 202 = 314.16 mm2
4 4

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𝜋 𝜋
A3 = d32 = × 102 = 78.54 mm2
4 4

𝑃 50∗ 10 3
𝜎1 = = = 70.74 N/mm2
𝐴1 706.86

𝑃 50∗ 10 3
𝜎2 = = = 159.15 N/mm2
𝐴2 314.16

m
𝑃 50∗ 10 3
𝜎3 = = = 636.62 N/mm2
𝐴3 78.54

.co
Total elongation:
𝑃 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
𝛿l = [ + + ]
𝐸 𝐴1

E = 200 Gpa

E = 200 × 109 N/m2

𝐴2 𝐴3

tas
lda
E = 200 × 103

E = 2 × 105 N/m2
vi

50∗10 3
Ci

4000 2000 1000

𝛿l = [ + + ]
2∗10 5 706.86 314.16 78.54

𝛿l = 0.25 (5.66 + 6.37 + 12.73)

w.

𝛿l = 0.25 (24.76)

𝛿l = 6.19 mm
ww

Factor of safety:

It is the ratio between ultimate stress to working stress (or) permissible

stress (or) allowable stress.

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𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
n= (for ductile material)
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
n=
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

m
2. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material loaded with 50 KN having
diameter 25mm length 600mm and change in length 0.3mm

.co
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
A= d2 = 252 = 490.87mm2

𝜎= =
𝑃
𝐴
50000
4

490.87
4

= 101.86 N/mm2 tas

lda
𝛿𝐿 0.3
Elong = = = 0.0005
𝐿 600

𝜎 101.86
E= = = 203720 N/mm2
vi

𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛 5∗10 −4

3. A metallic structure consists of steel and aluminum as shown in figure.

Ci

Determine the compressive load P when the steel bar having length 30cm
and aluminum bar having 38cm length. Take Young’s modulus value for
steel is 2.1 × 105N/mm2 for aluminum 7 × 104 N/mm2
w.

Also the area of cross section of steel is 5cm × 5cm and area of aluminum is
10cm × 10cm. change in length is 0.25mm.
ww

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m
1cm = 10mm

Solution:

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L1 = 30cm = 300mm

L2 = 38cm = 380mm

E1 = 2.1×105N/mm2

E2 = 7×104N/mm2
tas
lda
A1 = 25cm2 = 2500mm2

A2 = 100cm2 = 10000mm2
vi

𝛿l = 0.25mm
𝑃𝐿1 𝑃𝐿2
𝛿l = +
Ci

𝐴1 𝐸1 𝐴2 𝐸2

0.25 = P (5.714×10-7+5.428×10-7)
w.

0.25 = P(1.1142×10-6)
0.25
P=
1.1142 ∗10 −6
ww

P = 224376.23 N

P = 224.376 KN

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Volumetric strain of a rectangular bar subjected to three forces mutually

perpendicular:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

Taking common,
𝑑𝑣 𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3
=( + + ) (1-2𝜇)
𝑣 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
w.

4. A metallic bar 300mm × 100mm × 40mm is subjected to a force of 5KN,

6KN, 4KN along x,y,z direction respectively. Determine the change in
volume if the young’s modulus is 2×105mpa. Take Poisson ratio as 0.25.
ww

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m
.co
Solution:

x = 300mm Px = 5KN

y = 100mm Py = 6 KN

z = 40mm Pz = 4 KN

E = 2×105mpa= 2×105 N/mm2

tas
lda

To find i) volumetric strain

vi
Ci

𝑑𝑣 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧
e= =( + + ) (1-2𝜇)
𝑣 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
w.

𝑃𝑥 5∗10 3
𝜎𝑥 = = = 1.25 N/mm2
𝐴 100∗40
ww

𝑃𝑦 6∗10 3
𝜎𝑦 = = = 0.50 N/mm2
𝐴 300∗40

𝑃𝑧 4∗10 3
𝜎𝑧 = = = 0.13 N/mm2
𝐴 300∗40

𝑑𝑣 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧
e= =( + + ) (1-2𝜇)
𝑣 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

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1.25+0.50+0.13
e= ( ) (1- 0.5)
2∗ 10 5

e = (9.4 × 10-6 × 0.5)

e = 4.7 × 10-6

change in volume:

m
𝜎1 𝜎2 𝜎3
𝑑𝑣 = v ( + + ) (1-2𝜇)
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

.co
= 1200000 × 4.7 × 10-6

𝑑𝑣 = 5.64 mm3

Relationship between youngs modulus E, Bulk modulus K, Rigidity modulus G:

i)
ii)
E = 3K (1-2µ)
E = 2G (1+µ)
tas
lda
𝟗𝑲𝑮
iii) E=
𝟑𝑲+𝑮

Composite Bars:
vi
Ci
w.
ww

The total load applied will be equal to the sum of the load shared by the
steel and copper material.

P = P1 + P2

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The elongation in steel bar will be equal to the elongation in the copper bar
for any load.

𝛿𝑙 1 = 𝛿𝑙 2

If length of bars are not equal

𝜎1 𝑙 1 𝜎2 𝑙 2
=

m
𝐸1 𝐸2

If length of both materials are equal

.co
l1 = l1 = l
𝜎1 𝜎2
=
𝐸1 𝐸2

P = P1 + P2

P = 𝜎𝐴1 + 𝜎𝐴2
tas
lda
5. A load of 2mn is applied on a short concrete column of cross section
500mm × 500mm. the column is reinforced with four steel bars of 10mm
vi

diameter 1 in each corner. Find the stresses in the concrete and steel bar
and load carried by the concrete and steel. Take young’s modulus of steel =
Ci

2.1 × 105 MPa young’s modulus for concrete = 1.4 × 104 MPa

Solution.
w.

Area of concrete = 500×500 = 250000mm2

𝜋 𝜋
Area of steel bar = 4× d2 = 4× 102 = 314.16mm2
4 4
ww

Ac = 250000 – 314.16 = 249685.84mm2

P = 𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠 + 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐

Now equate strain formula

𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
=
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐

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𝐸𝑠∗ 𝜎 𝑐
𝜎𝑠 =
𝐸𝑐

2.1∗ 10 5
𝜎𝑠 = × 𝜎𝑐
1.4∗ 10 4

𝜎𝑠 =15𝜎𝑐 N/mm2

P = 15𝜎𝑐 .314.16 + 𝜎𝑐 .249685.84

m
P = 4712.40𝜎𝑐 + 249685.84𝜎𝑐

.co
P = 4712.40𝜎𝑐 + 249685.84𝜎𝑐

P = 254398.24𝜎𝑐
2∗10 6
𝜎𝑐 =
254398 .24

= 7.86 N/mm2
tas
lda
𝜎𝑠 = 15 × 𝜎𝑐

= 117.93 N/mm2

Ps = 𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠
vi

= 37.04 KN
Ci

Pc = 𝜎𝑐 𝐴𝑐

= 1962.53 KN
w.

Answer:

Stress in steel rod 𝜎𝑠 = 117.93 N/mm2

ww

Stress in concrete column 𝜎𝑐 = 7.86 N/mm2

Load carried by steel Ps = 37.04 KN

Load carried by concrete column Pc = 1962.53 KNs

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Thermal stress:

When a structural member is raised to a particular temperature it will be

inducing thermal stress.

If a member is allowed to expand freely then there is no stress induced.

𝛿1
∝T

m
e=
𝐿

𝛿1
=∝T where ∝ is the coefficient of thermal expansion

.co
𝐿

𝛿1 = ∝ TL
𝜎
=E
𝑒

𝜎=E∝T

Load in the rod

tas
lda
P = ∝ TEA
vi

Thermal stress in composite bars:

Copper and steel are arranged together to form a composite bar. In this
Ci

structure the coefficient of thermal expansion of copper is more than that of

steel. Due to these reason copper elongates more than that of steel.
w.

But as a whole composite bar, it is not desired to have different elongation

in both the material.
ww

To prevent this different elongation, these two materials are rigidity fixed
at both the ends.

After fixing when the composite bar is subjected to increase in temperature

the elongation becomes equal. So the stress induced in the copper is compressive
in nature and the stress induced in steel is tensile in nature in order to achieve
equal expansion.

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i) Load shared in copper = load shared by steel

Pc = Ps

𝜎cAc = 𝜎sAs

ii) Actual expansion in steel = actual expansion of copper

m
𝜎𝑠 𝑙 𝑠 𝜎𝑐 𝑙 𝑐
∝sTL + = ∝cTL -
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
∝sT + = ∝cT -

.co
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐

6. A steel cube of 30mm external diameter and 20mm internal diameter

encloses a copper rod of 15mm diameter to which it is rigidily joined at

tas
each ends. If at a temperature of 10°c there is no longitudinal stress.
Calculate the stress in the rod and tube when the temperature is raised to
200°c. Take Ec = 1 × 105Mpa, Es = 2.1 × 105Mpa, the value of coefficient of
linear expansion for steel 11 × 10-6 /°c and for copper 18 × 10-6 /°c
lda
respectively.

Solution:
vi

Steel:

d1 = 30mm
Ci

d2= 20mm
w.

copper:

d1= 15mm
ww

T1 = 10°c and T2 = 200°c

𝜋
Area of steel = (302 + 202) = 392.70mm2
4
𝜋
Area of copper = (152) = 176.71mm2
4

Load shared in steel = load shared in copper

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Ps = Pc

𝜎cAc = 𝜎sAs

𝜎s = (𝜎cAc) / As

= (176.71 / 392.70) 𝜎c

m
𝜎s = 0.45𝜎c

i) The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is less than that of copper.

.co
ii) Due to this copper will expand more than that of steel
iii) As a whole composite member, it is not desired to have different
elongation.
iv)

tas
So that both the ends of composite materials rigidly fixed. After fixing
when the temperature is increased a stress induced in the steel is tensile
and the stress induced in the copper is compressive in nature. So the
whole composite bar will now have equal elongation.
lda
Actual expansion of steel = actual contraction of copper
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
∝sT + = ∝cT -
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
vi

0.45 𝜎𝑐 𝜎𝑐
11×10-6×190 + ( ) = 18×10-6×190 - ( )
2.1∗10 −5 1∗10 5
Ci

2.09×10-3+2.143×10-6𝜎𝑐 = 3.42×10-3-1×10-5𝜎𝑐

2.09×10-3-3.42×10-3 = -1×10-5𝜎𝑐 – 2.142×10-5𝜎𝑐

w.

-1.33×10-3 = 𝜎𝑐 (-1×10-5-2.142×10-6)

-1.33×10-3= -1.2142 × 10-5𝜎𝑐

ww

𝜎𝑐 = 109.53 N/mm2

𝜎𝑠 = 0.45 × 𝜎𝑐

𝜎𝑠 = 49.29 N/mm2

Answer: 𝜎𝑐 = 109.53 N/mm2

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𝜎𝑠 = 49.29 N/mm2

Elongation of a uniformly tapering rectangular bar:

m
𝑃𝐿 𝑎
𝛿𝑙 = ln( ) p p
𝐸𝑡(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑏

.co
l

where,

P = axial pull

E = young’s modulus
tas
lda
t= thickness

a= width of the bar at one end

vi

b= width of the bar at other end

L= length of the bar

Ci

Problem:
w.

7. A rectangular bar of length 2.8m having uniform thickness 15mm is

subjected to an axial pull of 40KN having width of 75mm at one end and
ww

30mm at another end. If the young’s modulus is 2.1×105mpa. Determine

the elongation of rectangular bar.

Solution:

Given,

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P = 40×1000 = 4000N

E = 2.1 × 105

t= 15mm

a= 75

m
b= 30

L= 2.8m = 2.8×105

.co
𝑃𝐿 𝑎
𝛿𝑙 = ln( )
𝐸𝑡(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑏

𝛿𝑙 =
40000 ∗2800
2.1∗10 5 ∗15∗45

𝛿𝑙 = 0.72mm
ln(2.5) tas
lda
Elongation of a uniformly tapering circular rod:
vi
Ci
w.

d1=d2=diameter
ww

4𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝑙 =
𝜋𝐸𝐷1 𝐷2

Problem:

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8. Find the Young’s modulus of the rod which tapers uniformly from 30mm to
15mm diameter in length of 350mm is subjected to an axial load of 5.5KN.
the change in length is 0.025mm.

Solution:

D1=30mm

m
D2=15mm

.co
P= 5.5×1000N

𝛿𝑙 = 0.025mm
4 ∗ 5500 ∗ 350

E=
4∗5500 ∗350
𝜋∗0.025∗30∗15
𝛿𝑙 =

tas
𝜋 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 30 ∗ 15
lda
E= 217865.43 N/mm2

E= 2.17×105Mpa
vi

Principle of super position:

Ci

When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting strain,

according to the principle of super positions will be the algebraic sum of the strain
w.

caused by individual loads.

The total deformation of a body will be then equal to algebraic sum of the
deformation of individual sections.
ww

Problem:

9. A brass rod is loaded as shown in fig. determine the total elongation of the
rod if the area of cross section is 1000mm2 and Young’s modulus 100GN/m2

Solution:

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m
L M N P

50kn

.co
To check the system is in equilibrium

-50+80-20-10 = 0

Therefore, the system is in equilibrium

tas
lda
At section LM,
𝑃1𝐿1
𝛿l1 =
𝐴1 𝐸
vi

50∗10 3 ∗0.6∗1000
𝛿l1 =
1000 ∗100∗10 3
Ci

𝛿l1 = 0.3mm

At section MN
w.

𝑃2𝐿2
𝛿l2 =
𝐴2 𝐸
ww

30∗10 3 ∗1∗1000
𝛿l2 =
1000 ∗100∗10 3

𝛿l2 = -0.3mm

At section NP
𝑃3𝐿3
𝛿l3 =
𝐴3 𝐸

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𝛿l3 = -0.12mm

Total elongation 𝛿l= 𝛿l1+ 𝛿l2+ 𝛿l4

𝛿l= 0.3-0.3-0.12mm

𝛿l= -0.12mm

m
Answer:

Total elongation 𝛿l= -0.12mm

.co
Principle stresses (analytical and Mohr’s circle method)

tas
Though the state of stress at a point in a stressed body remains the same,
the normal and shear stress components vary as the orientation of plane through
that point changes. Under complex loading, a structural member may experience
lda
larger stresses on inclined planes then on the cross section. The knowledge of
maximum normal and shear stresses and their plane's orientation assumes
significance from failure point of view. Hence, it is important to know how to
transform the stress components from one set of coordinate axes to another set
vi

of co-ordinates axes that will contain the stresses of interest.

Ci

Analytical Method:
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 −𝜎2
Normal Stress: 𝜎n= + cos2𝜃 + 𝜏sin2𝜃
2 2
w.

𝜎1 −𝜎2
Tangential Stress: 𝜎t= sin2𝜃 + 𝜏cos2𝜃
2
ww

Principle Plane:

Maximum and minimum Principle stress:

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Maximum Shear Stress:

m
.co
tas
 Note: The shear stresses are zero on the principle planes.
lda
Mohr’s Circle Construction:
vi

Mohr’s circle is a graphical representation of the plane stress state at a

point. Instead of using the methods of equations, a circle is drawn on the {σ,τ }
Ci

plane. The normal stress σ(θ) and the share stress τ(θ) are plotted along the
horizontal and vertical axes, respectively, with θ as a parameter.
w.

All stress states obtained as the angle θ is varied fall on a circle called
Mohr’s circle. This representation was more important for engineers before
computers and calculators appeared. But it still retains some appealing features,
ww

notably the clear visualization of principal stresses and maximum shear. It also
remains important in theories of damage, fracture and plasticity that have a
“failure surface”.

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m
.co
tas
lda

The normal stress acting upon a principle plane.

vi

Problem:
Ci

10. A point in a strained material is subjected to tensile stresses of 65 N/mm2

and 35N/mm2 and shear stress of 25 N/mm2 using Mohr’s circle. Calculate
normal and tangential stress across the oblique plane with an angle of
w.

45° also check the results analytically.

Solution:
ww

Given,

𝜎1= 6.5N/mm2

𝜎2= 35 N/mm2

𝜏= 25 N/mm2

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𝜃= 45°

By using Mohr’s circle method:

AB = 𝜎1= 6.5cm

AC = 𝜎2= 35 cm

m
BG = CG = 𝜏= 25 cm

Bisecting ‘BC’ to ‘0’

.co
With ‘o’ as center ‘OF’ (or) ‘OG’ as radius

Draw a circle

Join OG and OF

Join AE
tas
lda
Draw perpendicular from E.
vi
Ci
w.
ww

From Mohr’s circle,

AD = normal stress 𝜎n = 75 N/mm2

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ED = tangential stress 𝜎t = 15 N/mm2

By analytical method:
𝜎1 +𝜎2 𝜎1 −𝜎2
𝜎n= + cos2𝜃 + 𝜏sin2𝜃
2 2
𝜎1 −𝜎2
𝜎t= sin2𝜃 + 𝜏cos2𝜃
2

m
65+35 65−35
𝜎n= + cos90 + 25sin90
2 2

.co
𝜎n= 50 + 15 cos90 + 25sin90

𝜎n= 50 + 25

𝜎n= 75 N/mm2

𝜎t= [(65-30) / 2 ] sin90 – 25 cos 90

tas
lda
𝜎t= 15N/mm2
vi
Ci
w.

××××××××××××××××××END OF UNIT I ×××××××××××××××

ww

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

UNIT II TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM

m
Beams – types transverse loading on beams – Shear force and bending moment in beams –

Cantilevers – Simply supported beams and over – hanging beams. Theory of simple bending–

.co
bending stress distribution – Load carrying capacity – Proportioning of sections – Flitched
beams – Shear stress distribution.

tas
UNIT II

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

lda
Beam:

A beam is structural member subjected to transverse (vertical loads). The

term transverse includes end moment also. A beam may be a straight member or
vi

a curved one. It is classified on basis of the type of supporting given to it.

Ci
w.
ww

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Types of Supports:

m
.co
Types of Loads:
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

Shear force and Bending Moment:

The algebric sum of the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right
or left of the section is known as shear force.
The algebric sum of moments of all the forces acting to the right or left of
the section is known as bending moment.

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Shear force diagram:

A shear force diagram is one which shows the variation of shear force along
the length of the beam.

Bending moment:

A bending moment diagram is one which shows the variation of bending

m
moment along the length of the beam.

.co
Shear force at the section is the resultant vertical force to the left or right of the
section.

Bending moment at the section is the algebraic sum of the moment of all the
forces acting left or right of the section.

Important points for drawing SFD and BMD:

i)
tas
Consider the left or right portion of the section.
lda
ii) If right portion acting downward is positive while force acting upward is
negative.
iii) If left portion of the section is chosen, force on the left portion acting
vi

upward is positive while force acting downward is negative.

iv) The positive values of shear force and BM are plotted above the base
Ci

line and negative values are plotted below the base line.
v) The shear fore between any two vertical load will be constant and hence
shear force diagram between two vertical load will be horizontal.
w.

vi) The bending moment at the two supports of a simply supported beam
and at the free end of the cantilever will be zero.
ww

Point of contra flexure:

It is the point where the Bending Moment is zero after changing its sign
from positive to negative or vice versa. This is also known as point of inflextion.

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Note: The bending moment is maximum where the shear force is zero between
the span of a beam.

Problems:

1. In a simply supported beam of length 6m is loaded with the point loads of

m
3KN, 6KN at a distance of 2m, 4m respectively from the left end of the
beam. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.

.co
Solution:

At equilibrium

∈v=0

Ra-3-6+Rb = 0
tas
lda
Ra-9+Rb = 0

R a+ R b = 9 --------------------------------------(1)

Take moment about A

vi

∈MA=0
Ci

Rb×6 - 6×4 – 3×2 = 0

6Rb-24-6 = 0
w.

6Rb-30 = 0

Rb=30/6
ww

Rb=5KN -----------------------------------------(2)

Sub (2) in (1)

Ra +5 = 9

Ra = 9-5

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Ra = 4KN

Shear force calculated from left to right:

A = 4KN

m
C = 4-3 = 1KN

D = 4-3-6 = -5KN

.co
B = 4-3-6+5 = 0KN

Bending moment calculations (left to right)

B.M at A = 0

B.M at B = 0
tas
lda
B.M at C = (Ra×2) = 4×2 = 8KNm

B.M at D = (Rb×2) = 5×2 = 10KNm

Alternative method (right to left)

vi

B.M at C = (Rb×4) – (6×2) = 8KNm

Ci

B.M at D = (Ra×4) – (3×2) = 10KNm

w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.

2. In a simply supported beam of length 6m is loaded with the point loads of

2KN, 4KN and 6KN at a distances of 2m, 3m and 4m respectively from the
left end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.
ww

Solution:

At equilibrium,

∈v=0

Ra-2-4-6+Rb = 0

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Ra-12+Rb = 0

Ra+ Rb = 12 --------------------------------------(1)

Take moment about A

∈MA=0

m
Rb×6 - 6×4 –4× 3-2×2 = 0

6Rb-24-12-4 = 0

.co
6Rb = 24+12+4

Rb=40/6

Rb= 6.67KN

Sub (2) in (1)

tas
-----------------------------------------(2)
lda
Ra +6.67 = 12

Ra = 5.33 KN

Shear force calculated from left to right:

vi

A = 5.33KN
Ci

C = 5.33-2 = 3.33KN

D = 5.33-2-4 = -0.67KN
w.

E = 5.33-2-4 -6= -6.67KN

B = 5.33-2- 4 -6 + 6.67 +0
ww

Bending moment calculations (left to right)

B.M at A = 0

B.M at B = 0

B.M at C = (Ra×2) = 5.33×2 = 10.66KNm

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B.M at D = (Rb×2) = 13.99KNm

B.M at E = (Rb×2) 6.67×2 = 13.34KNm

3. A cantilever beam of 2m length is loaded with point load of 300 N, 500 N

and 800 N at a distances of 0.5m, 1.2m and 2m respectively from the left

m
end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.

.co
Solution:

At equilibrium

∈v = 0

Ra-300-500-800 = 0

Ra = 1600N
tas
lda
Shear force calculated from left to right:

A=1600N
vi

B=1600-300 = 1300N

C=1300-500 = 800N
Ci

D=0N

Bending moment calculation:

w.

D=0
ww

A = - (800×2) – (500×1.2) – (300×0.5)

A = -1600-600-150

A = -2350N-m

B = -(800×1.5) – (500×0.7)

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B = -1200-350

B = -1550 N-m

e= -(800 × 0.8) = -640 N-m

shear force and bending moment diagram:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

4. A cantilever beam of length 2m is subjected to a uniformly distributed load

of 1..5 KN/M for the entire span in addition to this 2KN point load is applied
at a distance of 1.5m from the left end. Draw the shear force and bending
moment diagram.

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solution:

given,

at equilibrium,

∈v = 0

m
Ra-2-(1.5 ×2) = 0

Ra-2-(3) = 0

.co
Ra = 5KN

Calculation of shear force:

A = 5KN

A-B = 5-(1.5 × 1.5)

tas
lda
A-B = 2.75 KN

B = 2.75 – 2 = 0.75KN

B-C = 0.75 – (1.5×0.5)

vi

B-C = 0
Ci

C=0

Calculation of bending moment:

w.

A = -2×1.5-3

A = -3-3
ww

A = -6KN-m

B = -0.75 × 0.25

B = -0.1875 KN-m

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Shear force and bending moment diagram:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

5. A simply supported beam is loaded with the UDL as shown in fig. draw the
shear force and bending moment diagram and also determine the
maximum bending moment and the corresponding distance from the left
w.

end.

Solution:
ww

At equilibrium ∈v = 0

Ra-40+Rb = 0

Ra+Rb = 40 --------------------------(1)

Take moment about A

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∈MA = 0

Rb×8-40×3 = 0

3Rb-120 = 0

8Rb = 120

m
Rb = 15KN ------------------------------(2)

Sub (1) in (2)

.co
15+Rb = 40

Rb = 25KN

To calculate shear force:

A = 25KN
tas
lda
C = 25KN

C-D = 25 – 40 = -15KN

D = -15KN
vi

E = -15+15 = 0KN
Ci

Calculation of bending moment

A=0
w.

B=0

C = Ra × 1 = 25KN-m
ww

D = Rb× 3 = 15×3 = 45 KN-m

Shear force and bending moment diagram:

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

6. A simply supported beam of length 8m loaded as shown in fig. determine

the max bending moment and its locations. Also draw shear force and
w.

bending moment diagram.

Solution:
ww

At equilibrium

At equilibrium ∈v = 0

Ra-36-10-60+Rb = 0

Ra+Rb = 36+10+60

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Take moment about A

Rb×8-(60×5.5) – (10×3) – (36×1.5) = 0

8Rb-330-30-54 = 0

8Rb = 414

m
Rb = 51.75KN

Ra+51.75 =106

.co
Ra = 54.25KN

To calculate shear force:

A = 54.25KN

A-C = 54.25-36 = 18.25KN

tas
lda
C = 18.25 -10 = 8.25KN

C-B = 8.25 – 60 = -51.75KN

B = -51.75 + 51.75 = 0
vi

To calculate bending moment:

Ci

A=0

B=0
w.

C= Ra×3-36×1.5 = 54.25 × 3 – 36×15 = 108.75 KN-m.

At equilibrium ∈v = 0
ww

Ra-36-10-12x = 0

54.25-36-10-12x = 0

8.25 = 12x

X = 0.69m

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To calculate max bending moment:

Ra×3.69×2.19-10×0.69-8.28×0.35

200.18-78.84-6.90-2.90

Max. bend moment = 111.54KN-m

m
7. A beam of 12m length is supported by two supports which are 8m apart.

.co
The beam is loaded with 1000N force on each end. Also the beam overhung
2m one each end. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram.

Solution:

At equilibrium ∈v = 0

-1000+Ra+Rb-1000 = 0
tas
lda
Ra+Rb= 2000N --------------------(1)

Taking moment about A

vi

EMA = 0

1000×2 + Rb×8-1000×10 = 0
Ci

2000+8Rb – 1000 = 0

8Rb-8000 = 0
w.

8Rb = 8000
ww

Rb=1000N ---------------(2)

(1) ===>Ra+Rb = 2000N

Ra+1000 = 2000N

Ra = 1000N

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To calculate shear force:

C=-1000N

A=-1000+RA= -1000+1000 = 0

B=0+Rb =1000N

m
D=1000-1000 = 0

To calculate bending moment:

.co
C=0

D=0

A=-(1000r2) = -2000N

B=-(1000r2) = -2000N
tas
lda
To draw shear force and bending moment diagram:
vi
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

8. A beam of length 6m is subjected to an uniformly distributed load of 2KN/m

w.

over the entire span. The beam is overhanging by 2m on the right side of
the beam. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram also find the
ww

point of contrafexure.

Solution:

At equilibrium ∈v = 0

Ra-8-4+Rb= 0

Ra+Rb= 12KN --------------------(1)

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Taking moment about A

EMA = 0

(-8×2)+(Rb×4)-(4×5) =0

-16+4Rb-20 = 0

m
4Rb=36

Rb=9KN

.co
Ra+9=12

Ra=3KN

To calculate shear force:

A=3KN
tas
lda
A-B=3-8 = -5KN

B=-5+9=4KN

B-C=4-4 = 0
vi

C=0
Ci

To calculate bending moment:

A=0
w.

C=0

B=-4×1 = -4KN-m
ww

To draw shear force and bending moment diagram:

Bending moment EME=0

-(Ra×x1)+(2X1×x1/2)=0

2X12/2 = Rax1

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x1= Ra =3m

the point of contraflexure E is located at a distance 3m from the end point A.

m
Theory of Simple bending:

Assumptions in the theory of simple bending:

.co
i) The beam material is isotropic & homogeneous.
ii) The young’s modulus of the material is same for the entire length of
beam.
iii)
iv) tas
The transverse section is plane before and after bending
The radius of curvature is too large when compared to the cross
sectional dimensions.
lda
v) The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into
circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
vi
Ci
w.
ww

NN=EF=R𝜃

N’N’=NN=R𝜃

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E’F’(R+Y)𝜃
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕
Strain on fiber EF =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕

= (E’F-EF)/EF
𝑅+𝑦 𝜃 −𝑅𝜃
=
𝑅𝜃

m
𝑅𝜃 +𝑌𝜃 −𝑅𝜃
=
𝑅𝜃

.co
𝑌𝜃 𝑌
= =
𝑅𝜃 𝑅
𝜎𝑏
E=
𝑌/𝑅

𝜎𝑏
𝑦

𝜎𝑏
=

= =
𝐸
𝑅

𝐸 𝑀
tas
lda
𝑦 𝑅 𝐼

The above equation is known as the bending equation.

vi

Section modulus Z:
Ci

𝑀 𝜎𝑏
=
𝐼 𝑦
w.

𝑀 𝑀
=
𝜎𝑏 𝑦
𝐼
Z = m3
ww

𝜎𝑏 in terms of Z
𝑀 𝜎𝑏
=
𝐼 𝑦
𝑀
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐼/𝑌

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𝑀
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑍

Definition: It is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a section about the

neutral axis to the distance of outermost layer from the neutral axis. It is denoted
by Z.

Section modulus represent measure of beam strength at particular section.

m
9. Three beams of the same length, same allowable bending stress and the
same bending moment. The cross section of the beam are square rectangle

.co
of depth twice the width and a circle. Find the ratio of weights of the
circular and a rectangular beam with respect to the square beam.

Solution:

M=𝜎𝑏 z tas
The bending moment and bending stresses are equal.
lda
Therefore, section modulus also equal.

Zrec= Zsqu
vi

𝑏𝑕 2 𝑎3
=
6 6
Ci

Given h=2b
𝑏4𝑏 2 𝑎3
=
6 6
w.

4𝑏 3 𝑎3
=
6 6
ww

3𝑎 3
b3 =
12

3𝑎 3
b3 =
12

𝑎3
b3 =
4

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b3 = 0.25a3

b = 0.63a
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑒
=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑏∗𝑕 2𝑏 2
=

m
𝑎2 𝑎2

2∗0.63 2 𝑎 2
=

.co
𝑎2

= 0.7938

Zcircular= Zsquare
𝜋
32
d3 =

0.0981d3 =
𝑎3
6

𝑎3
tas
lda
6

d3=1.6989×a3

d=1.19a
vi

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

=
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
Ci

𝜋 2
𝑑
4
=
𝑎2
w.

= 1.11

Answer:
ww

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

= 1.11
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

= 0.7938
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

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Additional Problems on SFD and BMD:

10.A cantilever beam of length 2m carries the point loads as shown in fig. draw
the shear force and B.M diagram for the cantilever beam.

Solution:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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11.A cantilever length 2.0m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1KN/m run
over a length of 1.5m from the free end. Draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the cantilever.

Solution:

m
w = 1KN/m run

.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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12.Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported
beam of length 9m and carrying a uniformly distributed load of 10KN/m for
a distance of 6m from the left end.

Solution:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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13.A simply supported beam of length 10m, carries the uniformly distributed
load and two point loads. Draw S.F and B.M diagram for the beam. Also
calculate maximum bending moment.

Solution:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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14.Draw the S.F and B.M diagram for the beam which is loaded as shown in fig.
determine the points of contraflexure within the span AB>

Solution:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

m
UNIT III TORSION

Torsion formulation stresses and deformation in circular and hollows shafts – Stepped shafts–

.co
Deflection in shafts fixed at the both ends – Stresses in helical springs – Deflection of helical
springs, carriage springs.

tas
UNIT III

TORSION
lda
A shaft is said to be in torsion, when equal and opposite torques are
applied at the two ends of the shaft. The torque is equal to the product of the
force applied and radius of the shaft. Due to the application of the torques at the
two ends, the shaft is subjected to a twisting moment. This causes the shear
vi

stresses and shear strains in the material of the shaft.

Assumption made in the derivation of torsion:

Ci

i) The material is uniform throughout the length

ii) The circular shaft cross section is remains circular before twist and after
w.

twist.
iii) The cross section is plane before twist and after twist.
iv) The radii of the circular shaft is straight before twist and after twist.
ww

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m
𝐷𝐷 ′ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
Shear strain = =
𝐶𝐷 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡

.co
𝐷𝐷 ′
Tan𝜑 =
𝐿

𝐷𝐷 ′
Shear strain 𝜑 =

𝐷𝐷′ =R𝜃

𝜑=
R𝜃
𝐿

tas
lda
𝐿

𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝜏 𝜏

C (Rigidity modulus) = = R𝜃
𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝜑
𝐿
vi

𝜏 𝐶𝜃
=
𝑅 𝐿

𝑇 𝜏 𝐶𝜃
= =
Ci

𝐽 𝑅 𝐿

This is the torsion equation.

w.

Stress at any point on the shaft is proportional to the distance of the point
from the axis of the shaft. Hence shear stress is maximum at the outer surface
and shear stress is zero at the axis of the shaft,
ww

Where T is the Torque in N-m

J is the polar moment of inertia in m4

𝜏 is the shear stress in N/m2

R is the radius of the shaft in m

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C is the rigidity modulus in N/m2

𝜃is the angle of twist in radian

L is the length of the shaft in m

For solid shaft

m
𝑇 𝜏
=
𝐽 𝑅

𝑇 𝜏

.co
𝜋 4 = 𝑑
𝑑
32 2

𝜋
T= 𝜏d3
16

For hollow shaft

T=
𝜋
16
𝜏(
𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
𝐷𝑜
)
tas
lda
Polar modulus (Zp)

Polar modulus is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to the radius of circular
shaft. It is also denoted as torsional section modulus.
vi

𝐽
Zp =
𝑅
Ci

SI unit: m3
𝜋
For solid shaft: Zp = d3
w.

16

𝜋 𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
For hollow shaft: Zp = ( )
16 𝐷𝑜
ww

Power transmitted by the shaft

P = T𝜔
2𝜋𝑁
P = T( )
60

2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
P=
60

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Torsional rigidity:

It is defined as the product of rigidity modulus and the polar moment of

inertia.
𝑇𝐿
CJ =
𝜃

m
The torque required to produce 1 radian angle of twist per meter length is
known as torsional rigidity.

.co
Problem:

1. Two shafts of the same material and of same length are subjected to the
same torque, if the first shaft is of solid circular section and the second

tas
shaft is of hollow circular section whose internal diameter is 2/3 of outside
diameter and the maximum shear stress developed in each shaft is the
same, compare the weight of the shaft.
lda
Solution:

Two shaft
vi

I = solid shaft

II = hollow circular shaft

Ci

𝜋
Tss = 𝜏D3 ---------------------------------------(1)
16
w.

For hollow shaft

𝜋 𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
Thh = 𝜏( )
16 𝐷𝑜
ww

Given,
2
Di = Do
3

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𝜋 𝜏 𝐷𝑜4 81−16𝐷𝑜4
Th = ( )
16 𝐷𝑜 81

𝜋 65𝐷𝑜3
Th = 𝜏( ) ---------------------------------(2)
16 81

Given: same material, same length

(1) Equation= (2) Equation

m
𝜋 𝜋 65𝐷𝑜3
𝜏𝐷3 = 𝜏( )
16 16 81

.co
65𝐷𝑜3
D3=
81

D=0.929Do

Given compare weight of the shaft

W=weight density * volume (A*L)

tas
lda
𝜋
Ws=w* D2*L (for solid shaft)
4

For hollow shaft:

vi

𝜋
W=w* (𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑖2 )*L
4

𝜋 4
Ci

W=w* (𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑜2 )*L

4 9

𝜋 5
Wh=w* ( 𝐷𝑜2 *L)
4 9
w.

𝜋
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿𝐷 2
4
= 𝜋 5
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑕𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡 w ∗ ( 𝐷𝑜2 ∗L)
4 9
ww

= 9*(0.929Do2) / 5*Do2
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡
=1.55
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑕𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑓𝑡

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2. A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75KW at 200rpm taking allowable shear
stress as 70N/mm2. Find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum
torque transmitted at each revolution exceeds the mean by 30%.

Solution:
P=75KW

m
N=200rpm
𝜏=70N/mm2

.co
𝑇max = 1.3T
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃=
60
60𝑃
T=
2𝜋𝑁

T=
60∗75∗10 6

𝜋
T= 𝜏𝐷3
2𝜋∗200
T=3580986.22N-mm tas
lda
16
3 3580986 .22∗16∗1.3
D=
𝜋∗70
D=69.70mm
Answer: diameter = 69.70mm
vi

Strength of shaft of varying sections:

Ci

3. A shaft ABC of 500mm length and 40mm external diameter is bored for a
part of its length AB to a 20mm diameter. For the remaining length BC is
w.

bored to 30mm diameter. The maximum shear stress 80N/mm2. Find the
maximum power the shaft can produce at a speed of 200rpm.
ww

If the angle of twist of 20mm diameter bore is equal to that in the 30mm
diameter bore. Determine the length of 20mm and 30mm diameter bore.

Solution:
𝜋 𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
Th= 𝜏( )
16 𝐷𝑜

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𝜋 𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
TAB= 𝜏( )
16 𝐷𝑜

𝜋 40 4 −20 4
TAB= ∗ 80( )
16 40
𝜋
TAB= (48*105 )
16

m
TAB=942477.7961N-mm
𝜋 𝐷𝑜4 −𝐷𝑖4
TBC= 𝜏( )

.co
16 𝐷𝑜

𝜋 40 4 −20 4
TBC= ∗ 80( )
16 40

TBC= 687223.393

TBC= 687.223N-m

P=
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
tas
(minimum torque is taken for safe design)
lda
60

P=14.39KW

Given: angle of twist of 20 dia bore is equal to 30dia bore.

vi

𝜃AB= 𝜃BC
Ci

𝑇 𝐶𝜃
We know =
𝐽 𝐿

𝑇𝐿𝐴𝐵
𝜃AB= -----------------(1)
w.

𝐶𝐽𝐴𝐵

𝜋
JAB = (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 )
32
ww

𝜋
JAB = (404 − 204 )
32

JAB = 235619.449
𝜋
JBC = (𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 )
32
𝜋
JBC = (404 − 304 )
32

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JBC = 171805.8482
𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐵𝐶
=
𝐽 𝐴𝐵 𝐽 𝐵𝐶

𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐽 𝐴𝐵
=
𝐿𝐵𝐶 𝐽 𝐵𝐶

235619 .449
=

m
171805 .8482

=1.3714

.co
LAB=1.3714LBC

We know LAB+LBC=500

LBC=500-LAB

LAB=1.3714(500-LAB) tas
lda
LAB=685.7-1.3714LAB

2.3714LAB = 685.7

LAB = 289.154mm
vi

LBC=500-LAB
Ci

LBC=210.846mm

Answer:
w.

Length of 20mm diameter bore = 289.15mm

Length of 30mm diameter bore = 210.85mm

ww

Springs:

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springs

m
helical
leaf spring
spring

.co
opencoiled close coiled
spring sprig

tas
lda
16𝑊𝑅
Shear stress 𝜏 =
𝜋𝑑 3

64𝑊𝑛 𝑅 3
Deflection (𝛿)=
𝑐𝑑 4
vi

𝑊
Stiffness (s) =
𝑆

𝑐𝑑 4
Ci

S=
64𝑊𝑛 𝑅 3

Solid length = n × d
w.

The distance between coils when coils are touching each other is known as
ww

solid length of the spring. That means there is no gap between the coils.

Close coiled helical springs are the springs in which helix angle is very small or
in other words the pitch between two adjacent turns is small. As the helix angle in
case of close coiled helical springs is ignored and we assume that the coils of a
close coiled helical springs are to stand purely torsional stresses.

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1. A closed coil helical springs is to carry a load of 500N its mean diameter is
10 times the wire diameter 𝜏max is 80N/mm2. Stiffness is 20N/mm. take C as
8.4×104N/mm2. To find ,d,D, n.

Solution:

m
16𝑊𝑅
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑 3

.co
16∗500∗10𝑑
𝜏=
2𝜋𝑑 3

16∗500∗10
80=
2𝜋𝑑 2

80×2×𝜋×d2=16×500×10

d2=
16∗500∗10
80∗𝜋∗2
tas
lda
d= 12.62mm
𝑐𝑑 4
S=
64𝑛𝑅 3
vi

𝑐𝑑 4
S= 𝐷
64𝑛( )3
2
Ci

𝑐𝑑 4
S= 𝐷3
64𝑛
8
w.

𝑐𝑑 4
S=
8∗𝑛 ∗1000 𝑑 3

𝑐𝑑
𝑛=
ww

8000𝑛

𝑐𝑑
𝑛=
8000𝑠

𝑛=6.62

𝑛=7

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2. The stiffness of a closed coil with helical sprig is 1.5N/mm of compression

under a maximum load of 60N. the maximum shearing stress produced in
the wire of the spring is 125 N/mm2. The solid length of the spring is given
as 5cm. determine diameter of wire mean diameter of coils and number of
coils required. Take C as 4.5×104 N/mm2

m
Solution:

.co
Given data:

S=1.5N/mm2

W=60N

𝜏 = 125N/mm2

S=5cm
tas
lda
S=50mm

We know:
vi

16𝑊𝑅
𝜏=
𝜋𝑑 3
Ci

𝜏𝜋𝑑 3
R=
16𝑊

125∗𝜋∗𝑑 3
R=
w.

16∗60

R = 0.40906d3
ww

𝑐𝑑 4
We know S=
64𝑛𝑅 3

Given: solid length = 50mm

𝑛 × 𝑑=50mm

𝑛 = 50/d

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S×64×(0.40906)3 d9×50 = Cd5

d4=136.9651

d=3.42mm

m
×××××××××××××××××××××××UNIT III××××××××××××××××××××××××

.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

m
UNIT IV DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

.co
Double Integration method – Macaulay’s method – Area moment method for
computation of slopes and deflections in beams - Conjugate beam and strain
energy – Maxwell’s reciprocal theorems.

UNIT IV
tas
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
lda
Introduction:

We know that the axis of a beam deflects from its initial position under action of
vi

applied Forces. To determine the value of deflection of beam

subjected to a given loading where we will use the

Ci

𝑑 2𝑦
formula 𝐸𝐼𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑀𝑥
w.

Why to calculate the deflections?

ww

�To prevent cracking of attached brittle materials

� To make sure the structure not deflect severely and to “appear” safe for its
occupants

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� To help analyzing statically indeterminate structures Information on

deformation characteristics of members is essential in the study of vibrations of
machines

Several methods to compute deflections in beam

m
�Double integration method (without the use of singularity functions)

.co
�Macaulay’s Method (with the use of singularity functions)

�Moment area method

�Method of superposition

�Conjugate beam method

�Castigliano’s theorem
tas
lda
�Work/Energy methods

Each of these methods has particular advantages or disadvantages.

vi

Assumptions in Simple Bending Theory

�Beams are initially straight

Ci

�The material is homogenous and isotropic i.e. it has a uniform composition and
its
w.

mechanical properties are the same in all directions

�The stress-strain relationship is linear and elastic

ww

�Young’s Modulus is the same in tension as in compression

�Sections are symmetrical about the plane of bending

�Sections which are plane before bending remain plane after bending

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Macaulay’s method:

The procedure of finding slope and deflection for a simply supported beam
with an eccentric point load is a very laborious. There is a convenient method for
determining the deflections of the beam subjected to point loads.

m
This method was devised by Mr. H. Macaulay and is known as Macaulay’s
method. This method mainly consists in the special manner in which the bending

.co
moment at any section is expressed and in the manner in which the integrations
are carried out.

Deflection of a simply supported beam with an Eccentric Point Load:

tas
A simply supported beam AB of length L and carrying a point load W at a distance
‘a’ from left support and at a distance ‘b’ from right support is shown below. The
reactions at A and B are given by,
lda
𝑊.𝑏 𝑊.𝑎
RA = and RB =
𝐿 𝐿
vi
Ci
w.

The bending moment at any section between A and C at a distance x from A is

given by,
ww

The above equation of B.N holds good for the values of x between 0 and ‘a’. the
B.M at any section between C and B at a distance x from A is given by,

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The above equation of B.M holds good for all values of x between x=a and x=b.

The B.M for all sections of the beam can be expressed in a single equation written
as

m
--------(1)

.co
Stop at the dotted line for any point in section AC. But for any point in section CB,
add the expression beyond the dotted line also.

tas
The B.M at any section is also given by equation as,

-------------(2)
lda
Hence equating (1) and (2)

We get,
vi

------------------(3)
Ci

Integrating the above equation, we get

w.

-----------------(4)
ww

Where c1 is a constant of integration. This constant of integration should be

written after the first term. Also the brackets are to be integrated as a whole.
Hence the integration of (x-a) will be as below:

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Integrating equation (4) once again, we get

-----------(5)

Where c2 is another constant of integration. This constant is written after c1x. the
𝑥−𝑎 3
integration of (x-a)2 will be ( ). This type of integration is justified as the
3

m
constant of integrations c1 and c2 are valid for all values of x.

The values of c1 and c2 are obtained from boundary conditions. The two boundary

.co
conditions are:

i) At x=0,y=0 and
ii) At x=L,y=0

tas
At A, x=0 and y=0, substituting these values in equation (5) upto dotted
line only, we get,
vi lda

At B, x=L,y=0, substituting these values in equation (5) we get,

Ci
w.
ww

-------(6)
Substituting the value of C1 in equation (6) we get,

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-------------(7)
The equation (7) gives the slope at any point in the beam. Slope is
maximum at A or B. to find the slope at A, substitute x=0 in the above

m
equation upto dotted line as point A lies in AC.

.co
tas
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (5) we get,
lda
-----(8)
vi

The equation (8) gives the deflection at any point in the beam. To find
the deflection yc under the load, substitute x=a in equation (8) and
Ci

consider the equation upto dotted line (as C lies in AC). Hence we get,
w.
ww

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Note: while using Macaulay’s method, the section x is to be taken in the last
portion of the beam.

Moment Area Method:

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

The above fig. shows a beam AB carrying some type of loading, and hence
subjected to bending moment as shown. Let the beam bent into AQ1P1B as
shown.
w.

Due to the load acting on the beam. Let A be a point of zero slope and zero
deflection.
ww

Consider an element PQ of small length dx at a distance s from B. the

corresponding points on the deflected beam are Q1P1 as shown.

Let R = radius of curvature of deflected part Q1P1

D𝜃= angle subtended by the arc Q1P1 at the centre O

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M = bending moment between P and Q

P1C = tangent at point p1

Q1D = tangent at point Q1

m
The tangent at P1 and Q1 are cutting the vertical line through B at points C and D.
the angle between the normals at P1 and Q1 will be equal to the angle between

.co
the tangents at P1 and Q1. Hence the angle between the lines C P1 and D Q1 will be
equal to d𝜃.

For the deflected part P1 and Q1 of the beam, we have

tas
lda
-----------(1)

But for a loaded beam we have,

vi
Ci

Substituting the values of R in equation (1), we get

w.

---------------(2)

Since the slope at point A is assumed zero, hence total slope at B is obtained by
ww

integrating the above equation between the limits 0 and L.

But M.dx represents the area of B.M diagram of length dx. Hence,

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represents the area of B.M diagram between A and B.

m
.co
If the slope at A is not zero then, we have

“total change of slope between B and A is equal to the area of B.M diagram
between B and A divided by the flexural rigidity EI”

tas
Now the deflection, due to bending of the portion P1Q1. Is given by
lda

Substituting the value of d𝜃 from the equation (2), we get

vi

-------------(3)
Ci

Since deflection at A is assumed to be zero, hence the total deflection at B is

obtained by integrating the above equation between the limits zero and L.
w.
ww

But x * M.dx represents the moment of area of the B.M diagram of length dx
about point B.

Hence,

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represents the moment of area of the B.M diagram between B and A

about B. this is equal to the total area of B.M diagram between B and A multiplied
by the distance of the C.G of the B.M diagram area from B.

m
Where,

.co
tas
Conjugate beam method, propped cantilevers and beams

Introduction:
lda
The slopes and deflections of beams and cantilevers may be obtained from
various methods like double integration method, moment area method,
Macaulay’s method, etc. but these methods become laborious, when applied to
vi

beams whose flexural rigidity (i.e, the product of E and I is known as flexural
rigidity) is not uniform throughout the length of the beam. The slopes and
deflections of such beams can be easily obtained by conjugate beam method.
Ci
w.

Conjugate beam method:

Before describing the conjugate beam method, let us first define conjugate
beam.
ww

Conjugate beam is an imaginary beam of length equal to that of the original

𝑀
beam but for which the load diagram is the diagram (i.e., the load at any point
𝐸𝐼
on the conjugate beam is equal to B.M at the point divided by EI).

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The slopes and deflection at any section of a beam by conjugate beam method is
given by:

1. The slope at any section of the given beam is equal to the shear force at the
corresponding section of the conjugate beam.
2. The deflection at any section for the given beam is equal to the bending
moment at the corresponding section of the conjugate beam.

m
Hence before applying the conjugate beam method, conjugate beam is

.co
constructed. The load on the conjugate beam at any point is equal to the B.M at
that point divided by EI. Hence the loading on the conjugate beam is known. Then
the shear force at any point on the conjugate beam gives the slope at the
corresponding point of actual beam. And the B.M at any point on the conjugate

tas
beam gives the deflection at the corresponding point of the actual bheam.

Deflection and slope of a simple supported beam with a point load at the centre
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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Let RA *= reaction at A for conjugate beam

RB *= reaction at B for conjugate beam

Total load on the conjugate beam = area of the load diagram

m
.co
Reaction at each support for the conjugate beam will be half of the total load

tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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Method of double integration:

The primary advantage of the double- integration method is that it produces the
equation for the deflection everywhere along the beams.

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.

Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem:

ww

If a load applied at one point A of an elastic structure results in a given deflection

at another point B, then the same load applied at B will result in the same
deflection at A.

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Problems:

A beam of length 6 m is simply supported at its ends and carries two point
loads of 48 kN and 40 kN at a distance of 1 m and 3 m respectively from the left
support. Find Deflection under each support, maximum deflection. By Macualay’s

m
method.

Take E = 2×105 MPa, I = 85×106 mm4

.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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A simply supported beam of length 5 m carries a point load of 5 kN at a

distance of 3 m from left end. Using conjucate beam method determine i) slope of
the beam under point load, ii) deflection under point load.

Take E = 2×105 MPa, I = 108 mm4

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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A cantilever beam of length 2 m carries a udl of 2 kN/m over a length of 1

m from the free end, and a point load of 1kN at the free end. determine slope and
deflection at the free end.

Take E = 2.1 ×105 MPa, I = 6.667× 107 mm4

m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci

A beam of length 8 m is simply supported at it ends which is loaded with 40

kN/m as shown in figure. Determine the deflection of the beam at the mid span of
w.

the beam.

Take E = 2 ×105 MPa, I = 4.3 × 108 mm4

ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

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m
.co
tas
vi lda
Ci
w.
ww

********************* ***End of IV th Unit ********************

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

m
UNIT V THIN CYLINDERS, SPHERES AND THICK CYLINDERS

.co
Stresses in thin cylindrical shell due to internal pressure circumferential and longitudinal
stresses and deformation in thin and thick cylinders – spherical shells subjected to internal
pressure –Deformation in spherical shells – Lame’s theorem.

tas
UNIT V

THIN CYINDERS AND THICK CYLINDERS

lda
THIN CYLINDERS:
vi
Ci
w.
ww

𝑡 1 1
= to
𝑑 15 20

1 1
(If the thickness to diameter cylinder is in the ration of to , here both the
15 20
ends are closed)

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t= thickness of the wall

d= internal diameter

l= length of the cylinder in mm

d= internal diameter in mm

m
t= thickness of the cylinder wall in mm
𝜋 2
v= volume of the cylinder in mm3= dl

.co
4

𝜎c = circumferential stress or hoop stress N/mm2

𝜎l= longitudinal stress N/mm2

𝜏max= maximum shear stress /mm2

P = internal pressure of the fluid N/mm2

tas
lda
𝛿𝑑
ec= circumferential strain ( )
𝑑

el= longitudinal strain

vi

ev=volumetric strain

𝛿𝑑 = change in diameter in mm
Ci

𝛿𝑙 = change in length in mm

𝛿𝑣 = change in volume in mm3

w.

𝜇= poisson’s ratio
ww

E = Young’s modulus N/mm2

Difference between the analysis of stresses in thin & thick cylinders

• In thin cylinders, it is assumed that the tangential stress σt is uniformly
distributed over the cylinder wall thickness. In thick cylinder, the tangential stress
σt has the highest magnitude at the inner surface of the cylinder & gradually
decreases towards the outer surface.

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• The radial stress σr is neglected in thin cylinders while it is of significant

magnitude in case of thick cylinders.

RELATIONS:
𝑝𝑑
1. Circumferential stress (HOOP STRESS) 𝜎c =
2𝑡

m
𝑝𝑑
2. Longitudinal stress 𝜎l =
4𝑡
3. Maximum shear stress = (𝜎c- 𝜎l) / 2

.co
𝛿𝑑
4. Circumferential strain ec=
𝑑
𝑝𝑑 1
ec= [1 − µ]
2𝑡𝐸 2

𝛿𝑑 =
5. Change in diameter (𝛿𝑑) = ec × d
𝑝d2
2𝑡𝐸
1
[1 − µ]
2
tas
lda
𝛿𝑙
6. Longitudinal strain (el) =
𝑙

𝑝𝑑
el= [1 − 2µ]
4𝑡𝐸
vi

7. Change in length (𝛿𝑙) = el×l

Ci

𝑝𝑑𝑙
𝛿𝑙 = [1 − 2µ]
4𝑡𝐸
𝛿𝑣
w.

8. Volumetric strain ev =
𝑣

𝑝𝑑
ev = [5 − 4µ]
4𝑡𝐸
ww

9. Change in volume 𝛿𝑣= ev×v

𝑝𝑑 𝜋
𝛿𝑣= [5 − 4µ] × d2×l
4𝑡𝐸 4

PROBLEMS:

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1. A thin cylinder of length 2.5m having 8mm thickness with an internal

diameter of 700mm is subjected to an internal fluid pressure of 1 MPa.
Take modulus of elasticity as 200 GPa and poisson ratio is 0.3. Determine
circumferential stress, maximum shear stress. Also determine
circumferential strain, longitudinal strain, volumetric strain & change in

m
diameter, length and volume.

.co
Given,

l= 2.5m = 2.5 × 103mm

d= 700mm

t=8mm
tas
lda
p= 1MPa = 1 N/mm2

E= 200 Gpa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

vi

𝜇= 0.3
Ci

𝑝𝑑
Circumferential stress 𝜎c =
2𝑡
w.

1∗700
𝜎c =
2∗8

𝜎c = 43.75 N/mm2
ww

𝑝𝑑
Longitudinal stress 𝜎l =
4𝑡

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1∗700
𝜎l =
4∗8

𝜎l = 21.875 N/mm2

𝜏max= maximum shear stress /mm2

m
𝑝𝑑
𝜏max=
8𝑡

.co
1∗700
𝜏max=
8∗8

𝜏max= 10.9375 N/mm2

ec=
𝑝𝑑
2𝑡𝐸
[1 − 𝑀]
1
2
tas
lda
1∗700 1
ec= [1 − (0.3)]
2∗8∗200∗1000 2

ec= 2.1875 × 10-4×0.85

vi

ec= 1.859 × 10-4

Ci

Change in diameter (𝛿𝑑) = ec × d

𝛿𝑑 = ec × d
w.

𝛿𝑑 = 0.13013 mm
𝛿𝑙
ww

Longitudinal strain (el) =

𝑙

𝑝𝑑
el= [1 − 2𝑀]
4𝑡𝐸

1∗700
el= [1 − 2 ∗ 0.3]
4∗8∗200∗1000

el= 1.09375×10-4×0.4

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el=4.375×10-5

Change in length (𝛿𝑙) = el×l

𝛿𝑙 = 0.109 mm
𝛿𝑣
Volumetric strain ev =
𝑣

m
𝑝𝑑
ev = [5 − 4𝑀]
4𝑡𝐸

.co
1∗700
ev = [5 − 4 ∗ 0.3]
4∗8∗200∗1000

ev = 1.09375 ∗ 10-4×3.8

ev = 4.15625×10-4

Change in volume 𝛿𝑣= ev×v

v= volume of the cylinder in mm3 d2l

𝜋
tas
lda
4
𝜋
v= d2×l
4
𝜋
v= 7002×2.5×103
vi

v=962112750.2
Ci

𝛿𝑣=4.15625×10-4×962112750.2

𝛿𝑣=399878.1118
w.
ww

2. A thin cylinder vessel of length 2.5m with an internal diameter 500mm

having thickness 5mm is subjected to an internal fluid pressure 1mpa. Take
Young’s modulus 200Gpa and poisson ratio 0.25. Also determine

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circumferential strain, longitudinal strain, volumetric strain & change in

diameter, length and volume.

Given,

l= 2.5m = 2.5 × 103mm

m
d= 500mm

.co
t=5mm

p= 1MPa = 1 N/mm2

E= 200 Gpa = 200 × 103 N/mm2

𝜇= 0.25 tas
lda
𝑝𝑑
Circumferential stress 𝜎c =
2𝑡

1∗500
𝜎c =
vi

2∗5

𝜎c = 50 N/mm2
Ci

𝑝𝑑
Longitudinal stress 𝜎l =
4𝑡

1∗500
w.

𝜎l =
4∗5

𝜎l = 25 N/mm2
ww

𝜏max= maximum shear stress /mm2

𝑝𝑑
𝜏max=
8𝑡

1∗500
𝜏max=
8∗5

𝜏max= 12.5 N/mm2

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𝑝𝑑 1
ec= [1 − 𝑀]
2𝑡𝐸 2

1∗500 1
ec= [1 − (0.25)]
2∗5∗200∗1000 2

ec= 2.5 × 10-4×0.875

ec= 2.1875 × 10-4

m
.co
Change in diameter (𝛿𝑑) = ec × d

𝛿𝑑 = ec × d

𝛿𝑑 = 0.1093 mm

Longitudinal strain (el) =

𝛿𝑙
𝑙
tas
lda
𝑝𝑑
el= [1 − 2𝑀]
4𝑡𝐸

1∗500
el= [1 − 2 ∗ 0.25]
4∗5∗200∗1000
vi

el= 1.25×10-4×0.5

el=6.25×10-5
Ci

𝛿𝑙 = 0.109 mm
w.

𝛿𝑣
Volumetric strain ev =
𝑣

𝑝𝑑
ev = [5 − 4𝑀]
ww

4𝑡𝐸

1∗500
ev = [5 − 4 ∗ 0.25]
4∗5∗200∗1000

ev = 1.25 ∗ 10-4×4

ev = 5×10-4

Change in volume 𝛿𝑣= ev×v

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𝜋
v= volume of the cylinder in mm3 d2l
4
𝜋
v= d2×l
4
𝜋
v= 5002×2.5×103
4

v=490873852.1mm3

m
𝛿𝑣=5×10-4×490873852.1

.co
𝛿𝑣= 245436.9261

THIN SPHERICAL SHELL:

𝑡
𝑑
=
15
1
to
1
20
tas
lda
𝜏max= 0

𝑝𝑑
𝜎c =
vi

4𝑡

𝑝𝑑
ec= [1 − 𝑀]
4𝑡𝐸
Ci

𝛿𝑑 = ec × d
𝑝d2
𝛿𝑑 = [1 − 𝑀]
w.

4𝑡𝐸

𝛿𝑣
ev =
𝑣
ww

𝑝𝑑
ev =3 [1 − 𝑀]
4𝑡𝐸

𝛿𝑣= ev×v
𝑝𝑑 𝜋
𝛿𝑣= 3 [1 − 𝑀]× d3
4𝑡𝐸 4

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PROBEMS:

1. A spherical shell of internal diameter 0.9m and thickness 10mm is

subjected to an internal pressure of 1.4 N/mm2. Take E= 2×105 N/mm2 and
1
𝜇= . Determine 𝜎c, 𝛿𝑑, ev, 𝛿𝑣.
3

m
.co
𝑝𝑑
𝜎c =
4𝑡

1.4∗0.9∗1000
𝜎c = = 31.5 N/mm2
4∗10

ec=

ec=
𝑝𝑑
4𝑡𝐸
[1 − 𝑀]
1.4∗0.9∗1000
4∗10∗2∗100000
(0.67) = 1.055×10-4
tas
lda
𝛿𝑑 = ec × d
vi

= 1.055×10-4×0.9×103

= 0.094mm
Ci

1.4∗0.9∗1000
ev = 3× (0.67)
4∗10∗2∗100000
w.

= 3.165×10-4

𝛿𝑣= 3.65×10-4×381703507.4
ww

= 12028.5 mm3

THICK CYLINDER:
𝑡 1
>
𝑑 20

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𝜎c is not uniform

𝜎maxat inner radius

𝜎minat outer radius

m
Lame’s Equation:

Px = (b/x2) – a

.co
𝜎x = (b/x2) + a

Where,

tas
Px = radial pressure inserted to the fluid in thick cycle

𝜎x = Hoop stress
lda
a,b = Lame’s constant

x = any radius

case i) When x=r1 px=po

vi

case ii) When x=r2 px=o

Ci
w.
ww

PROBLEM:

1. Determine the maximum and minimum hoop stress across the section of
pipe 400mm intdia and 100mm thick when the pipe contains a fluid at a
pressure of 8 N/mm2.

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Solution:

d1=400mm

t=100mm

p=8 N/mm2

m
r1=d1/2

.co
=400/2

=200mm

D2=d1+2t

=400+200
tas
lda
D2=600mm

r2= d2/2

= 300mm
vi

Case i)
Ci

When x=r1 px=po

Px = (b/x2) – a
w.

P0 = (b/r12) – a

8=(b/40000)-a -------------------------(1)
ww

case ii) When x=r2 px=o

Px = (b/x2) – a

0=(b/90000)-a -------------------------(2)

(1)=====> 320000= b-a

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0= b-a

8 = (b/40000) – a

0 = (b/40000) – a

b= 576000

m
a=6.4

.co
Maximum hoop stress at x = r1

𝜎x = (b/x2) + a

𝜎max= (b/r12) + a

𝜎max= (576000/2002) + 6.4

tas
lda
𝜎max= 20.8 N/mm2

Maximum hoop stress at x = r2

𝜎x = (b/x2) + a
vi

𝜎min= (b/r12) + a
Ci

𝜎min= (576000/3002) + 6.4

𝜎min= 12.8 N/mm2

w.
ww

THICK SPHERICAL SHELL:

𝑡 1
ratio is more than , it is said to be as thick spherical shell.
𝑑 20

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Hoop stress is not uniform

At inner radius, hoop stress is max.

At outer radius, hoop stress is min.

m
Lame’s equation for thick spherical shell:

.co
Px = (2b/x3) – a

P0 = (b/x3) + a

PROBLEM:
tas
lda
1. A thick spherical shell of 200 mm internal diameter is subjected to an
internal fluid pressure of 7 N/mm2. In the permissible tensile stress in the
vi

shell material is 8N/mm2. Find the thickness of the shell also find the
minimum value of hoop stress.
Ci

Solution:

Given,
w.

d1=200mm

p=7 N/mm2
ww

𝜎xmax=8 N/mm2

Case i) when x=r1 px = p0

Px= (2b/x3) – a

P0= (2b/r13) – a

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7= (2b/1003) – a ------------------------------------------(1)

Given 𝜎xmax=8 N/mm2

At max 𝜎x x=r1

𝜎x =(b/x3) +a

m
8 =(b/1003) +a -------------------------------------------------(2)

.co
Taking equation (1) and (2)

7= (2b/1003) – a

8 = (b/1003) + a

b= 5×106 a=3
tas by using calculator we get,
lda
a=3 b=5000000

case ii)

when x=r2 px=0

vi

px= (2b/x3) – a
Ci

0= [(2×5×106) / r23]- 3

0 = [(1×107) / r23]- 3
w.

(107/r23) – 3 = 0

107/r23 = 3
ww

3r2 = 107

r2 = 149.38 mm

t = r2-r1

t = 149.38 – 100

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t = 49.38 mm

𝜎x = (b/x3) + a

𝜎x = (5×106/149.383) + 3

𝜎x = 4.5 N/mm2

m
Answers:

Thickness of the shell = 49.38mm

.co
Minimum value of hoop stress = 4.5 N/mm2

tas
2. Find the thickness of metal necessary for a cylinder shell of intdia 160mm
to withstand an internal pressure of 8 N/mm2. The maximum hoop stress in
the section is not to exceed 35 N/mm2.
lda
Solution:

Intdia (d1) = 160mm

vi

r1 = 80mm

Pint = 8 N/mm2
Ci

𝜎 = 35 N/mm2
w.

Px= (b/x2) – a
ww

𝜎x =(b/x2) +a

Case i) when x= r1 px=p0

8= (b/r12) – a

8= (b/802) – a ------------------------------------- (1)

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𝜎x =(b/x2) +a

35=(b/r12) +a

35=(b/802) +a ---------------------------------------(2)

m
a=13.5

b=137600

.co
case ii) when x= r2 px=0

0= (137600/r22) – 13.5

137600/r22 = 13.5

r22 = 137600/13.5
tas
lda
r2= 100.95mm

thickness r2-r1 = 100.95 – 80

thickness 20.95mm
vi

answer: thickness of the shell = 20.95mm

Ci
w.

×××××××××××××× ××××××END OF Vth UNIT××××××××××××××××××××

ww

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