I.

Preparing A Presentation

Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?

Number 1 is . . . preparation

Number 2 is . . . preparation!

Number 3 is . . . preparation!!

Preparation is everything.

With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience
will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this
will give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you will be 'in
charge' and your audience will listen positively to your message.

Objective

Before you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: "Why am I making this
presentation?" Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear
in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.

Audience

"Who am I making this presentation to?" Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You should try
to inform yourself. How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people? Political
people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering
of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?

Venue

"Where am I making this presentation?" In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? What
facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?

Time and length

"When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?" Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just
before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?

Method

How should I make this presentation?" What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of
visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?
Content

"What should I say?" Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm
your ideas. You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation. But
you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your
objective. You should exclude all other ideas. You also need to create a title for your presentation (if
you have not already been given a title). The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will
prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than
more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional information during the questions after
the presentation.

Structure

A well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore
more effective. You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations
are organised in three parts, followed by questions:

Beginning Short welcome your audience

introduction
introduce your subject

explain the structure of your presentation

explain rules for questions

Middle Body of present the subject itself

presentation

End Short summarise your presentation

conclusion
thank your audience

invite questions

Questions and Answers

Notes

When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You
should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject and with the
information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading a text is boring!
Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how can you
remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes.
Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of
their talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but
because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!

Rehearsal

Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or
three times. This will have the following benefits:

 you will become more familiar with what you want to say

 you will identify weaknesses in your presentation

 you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations

 you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary
modifications

So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your
presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your
illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How
will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment?
When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to
communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.
 II. Presentation Delivery

'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is
a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-
cultural context.

Nerves

Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous.
The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count.
This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly
and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax
and gain confidence.

Audience Rapport

You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you
are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each
member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This
means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you
the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify
your presentation as appropriate.

Body Language

What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience
even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression -
it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking,
it is better to stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive
and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of
control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or
reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from
side to side. What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?

Cultural Considerations

Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your
audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture.
Even within the Anglo-Saxon world, there are many differences in culture. If we hypothetically imagine a
German working for an Israeli company making a presentation in English to a Japanese audience in
Korea, we can see that there are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try to
learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one reason why
preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body
language, which we have just discussed. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses
his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same
presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
Voice quality

It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation.
Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to
speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more
interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:

 speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and
you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your
audience's attention.
 intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak
in a low tone.
 volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly.
Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest.

The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentation -
this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients' into trance!

Visual aids

Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of
what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is
learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:

 visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication

 non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more
heavily on visual aids

It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to
overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your
audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these
visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no
communication.

Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like
the 3-dimensional ones shown here:

Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie).

Barcharts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal.

Graphs can rise and fall.

Audience Reaction

Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation. If you
receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after
your presentation.
 III. The Presentation

Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BODY (Questions)

3 CONCLUSION

Questions

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden

rule about repetition:

1. Say what you are going to say...

2. say it...
3. then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the
introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your
audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.

We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.

Introduction

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation.
This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting
your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:

1. welcome your audience

2. introduce your subject
 3. outline the structure of your presentation
4. give instructions about questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to
modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

 Good morning, ladies and gentlemen

1
 Good morning, gentlemen
Welcoming
your audience  Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman
 Good afternoon, everybody

2  I am going to talk today about...

Introducing  The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...
your subject

3  To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll
Outlining your mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we
structure overcame them. After that I'll consider the possibilities for further
growth next year. Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before
concluding with some recommendations).

4  Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions.

Giving  I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation.
instructions
 I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.
about
questions

Body

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will
now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident.

The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

 do not hurry
  be enthusiastic
 give time on visuals
 maintain eye contact
 modulate your voice
 look friendly
 keep to your structure
 use your notes
 signpost throughout
 remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

Conclusion

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up
2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)
3. Thank your audience
4. Invite questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to
modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

 To conclude,...
1
 In conclusion,...
Summing up
 Now, to sum up...
 So let me summarise/recap what I've said.
 Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've
considered.

2  In conclusion, my recommendations are...

Giving  I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following
recommendations strategy.
3  Many thanks for your attention.
Thanking your  May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
audience

4  Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have.

Inviting questions  Can I answer any questions?
 Are there any questions?
 Do you have any questions?
 Are there any final questions?

Questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for
you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in
advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a
time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it
clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions.
They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you
can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for
comment from the rest of the audience.

Signposting

Function Language

Introducing the subject  I'd like to start by...

 Let's begin by...

 First of all, I'll...

 Starting with...

 I'll begin by...

Finishing one subject...  Well, I've told you about...

 That's all I have to say about...

 We've looked at...

 So much for...

...and starting another  Now we'll move on to...

 Let me turn now to...

 Next...

 Turning to...

 I'd like now to discuss...

 Let's look now at...

Analysing a point and giving  Where does that lead us?

recommendations
 Let's consider this in more detail...

 What does this mean for ABC?

 Translated into real terms...

Giving an example  For example,...

 A good example of this is...

 As an illustration,...

 To give you an example,...

 To illustrate this point...

Dealing with questions  We'll be examining this point in more detail later
on...
  I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may...

 I'll come back to this question later in my talk...

 Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end...

 I won't comment on this now...

Summarising and concluding  In conclusion,...

 Right, let's sum up, shall we?

 I'd like now to recap...

 Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...

 Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues

we've covered...

 If I can just sum up the main points...

Ordering  Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly...

 First of all...then...next...after that...finally...

 To start with...later...to finish up...

 I. Preparing A Presentation

Can you name the 3 most important things when giving any presentation?

Number 1 is . . . preparation

Number 2 is . . . preparation!

Number 3 is . . . preparation!!

Preparation is everything.

With good preparation and planning you will be totally confident and less nervous. And your audience
will feel your confidence. Your audience, too, will be confident. They will be confident in you. And this
will give you control. Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you will be 'in
charge' and your audience will listen positively to your message.

Objective

Before you start to prepare a presentation, you should ask yourself: "Why am I making this
presentation?" Do you need to inform, to persuade, to train or to sell? Your objective should be clear
in your mind. If it is not clear in your mind, it cannot possibly be clear to your audience.

Audience

"Who am I making this presentation to?" Sometimes this will be obvious, but not always. You should try
to inform yourself. How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people? Political
people? Experts or non-experts? Will it be a small, intimate group of 4 colleagues or a large gathering
of 400 competitors? How much do they know already and what will they expect from you?

Venue

"Where am I making this presentation?" In a small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? What
facilities and equipment are available? What are the seating arrangements?

Time and length

"When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?" Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just
before lunch, when your audience will be hungry, or just after lunch, when your audience will be sleepy?

Method

How should I make this presentation?" What approach should you use? Formal or informal? Lots of
visual aids or only a few? Will you include some anecdotes and humour for variety?
Content

"What should I say?" Now you must decide exactly what you want to say. First, you should brainstorm
your ideas. You will no doubt discover many ideas that you want to include in your presentation. But
you must be selective. You should include only information that is relevant to your audience and your
objective. You should exclude all other ideas. You also need to create a title for your presentation (if
you have not already been given a title). The title will help you to focus on the subject. And you will
prepare your visual aids, if you have decided to use them. But remember, in general, less is better than
more (a little is better than a lot). You can always give additional information during the questions after
the presentation.

Structure

A well organised presentation with a clear structure is easier for the audience to follow. It is therefore
more effective. You should organise the points you wish to make in a logical order. Most presentations
are organised in three parts, followed by questions:

Beginning Short welcome your audience

introduction introduce your subject
explain the structure of your presentation
explain rules for questions

Middle Body of present the subject itself

presentation

End Short summarise your presentation

conclusion thank your audience
invite questions

Questions and Answers

Notes

When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as possible. You
should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject and with the
information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading a text is boring!
Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a text to read, how can you
remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can create your own system of notes.
Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of
their talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but
because you will have prepared your presentation fully, you may not even need them!

Rehearsal

Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation two or
three times. This will have the following benefits:

 you will become more familiar with what you want to say

 you will identify weaknesses in your presentation

 you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations

 you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary
modifications

So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment. Rehearse your
presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you completely familiar with all your
illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who the audience is? How many people? How
will you answer difficult questions? Do you know the room? Are you confident about the equipment?
When you have answered all these questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to
communicate the subject of your presentation to an eager audience.
 II. Presentation Delivery

'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is
a vital aspect of all presentations. Delivery is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-
cultural context.

Nerves

Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous.
The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count.
This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly
and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax
and gain confidence.

Audience Rapport

You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you
are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each
member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This
means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you
the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify
your presentation as appropriate.

Body Language

What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience
even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression -
it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room. Generally speaking,
it is better to stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive
and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of
control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or
reducing the dynamism within the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from
side to side. What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?

Cultural Considerations

Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your
audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture.
Even within the Anglo-Saxon world, there are many differences in culture. If we hypothetically imagine a
German working for an Israeli company making a presentation in English to a Japanese audience in
Korea, we can see that there are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try to
learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one reason why
preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body
language, which we have just discussed. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses
his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same
presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
Voice quality

It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your presentation.
Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to
speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more
interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:

 speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and
you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your
audience's attention.
 intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak
in a low tone.
 volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly.
Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest.

The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentation -
this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients' into trance!

Visual aids

Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of
what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is
learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:

 visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication

 non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more
heavily on visual aids

It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to
overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your
audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these
visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no
communication.

Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like
the 3-dimensional ones shown here:

Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie).

Barcharts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal.

Graphs can rise and fall.

Audience Reaction

Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation. If you
receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after
your presentation.
 III. The Presentation

Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BODY (Questions)

3 CONCLUSION

Questions

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden

rule about repetition:

1. Say what you are going to say...

2. say it...
3. then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the
introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell your
audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.

We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.

Introduction

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation.
This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting
your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:

1. welcome your audience

2. introduce your subject
 3. outline the structure of your presentation
4. give instructions about questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to
modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

 ____________________________________
1
 ____________________________________
Welcoming your audience
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________

2  ____________________________________
Introducing your subject  ____________________________________

3  ____________________________________
Outlining your structure

4  ____________________________________
Giving instructions about questions  ____________________________________
 ____________________________________

Body

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will
now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident.

The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

 do not hurry
  be enthusiastic
 give time on visuals
 maintain eye contact
 modulate your voice
 look friendly
 keep to your structure
 use your notes
 signpost throughout
 remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

Conclusion

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up
2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)
3. Thank your audience
4. Invite questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to
modify the language as appropriate.

Function Possible language

 ____________________________________
1
 ____________________________________
Summing up
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________

2  ____________________________________
Giving recommendations  ____________________________________

3  ____________________________________
Thanking your audience
  ____________________________________

4  ____________________________________
Inviting questions  ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________

Questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for
you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in
advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a
time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it
clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions.
They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you
can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for
comment from the rest of the audience.

Signposting

Function Language

Introducing the subject  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________
Finishing one subject...  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

...and starting another  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

Analysing a point and giving  ____________________________________

recommendations
 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

Giving an example  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

Dealing with questions  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________
  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

Summarising and concluding  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

Ordering  ____________________________________

 ____________________________________

 ____________________________________