Muscles of the Back

Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles

Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Subclavius Serratus Anterior
Origin Origin Origin Origin
Clavicular head: anterior surface of medial ½ of clavicle 3rd -5th ribs near their costal cartilages Junction of 1st rib & its costal cartilage External surfaces of lateral parts of 1st-8th ribs
Sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior
6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of oblique muscle

Insertion
Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus Insertion
Insertion Insertion Anterior surface of medial border of scapula
Innervation Medial border & superior surface of Inferior surface of middle 3rd of clavicle
Lateral and medial nerves coracoid process of scapula
Innervation
Action Innervation Innervation Long thoracic nerve
Adducts and medially rotates humerus; Medial pectoral nerve Nerve to subclavius
Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly Action
Acting alone, clavicular head flexes humerus & Action Action Protracts scapula and hold it against thoracic
sternocostal head extends it from the flexed position Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly & Anchors & depresses clavicle wall; rotates scapula
anteriorly against thoracic wall

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Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles
Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Levator Scapulae Rhomboid major and Minor
Origin Origin Origin Origin:
Medial 3rd of superior nuchal line Spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1- Minor: nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7
External occipital protuberance Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or C4 and T1
Nuchal ligament, T7-T12 spinous processes 4 ribs Major: spinous processes of T2-T5

Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion

Lateral 3rd of clavicle; acromion of spine of Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus Medial border of scapula to root of spine Minor: smooth triangular area at medial end of
scapula scapular spine
Major: medial border of scapula from level of
Innervation Innervation Innervation spine to inferior angle
Spinal accessory nerve (CN X1) Thoracodorsal nerve Dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
Innervation
Action Action Action Dorsal scapular nerve
↓part elevates; ↑ depresses; middle part (or all Extends, adducts, & medially rotates humerus Elevates scapula & tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly Action
parts together) retracts scapula; ↓ & ↑act Raises body toward arms during climbing by rotating scapula Retract scapula & rotate it to depress glenoid
together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly cavity; fix scapula to thoracic wall

Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles

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Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subcapularis Teres major
Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin
Lateral 3rd of clavicle; acromion Supraspinous fossa of scapula Infraspinous fossa of scapula Middle part of lateral border of Subscapular fossa Posterior surface of inferior
of spine of scapula scapula angle of scapula

Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Superior facet of greater Middle facet of greater tubercle Inferior face of greater tubercle Lesser tubercle of humerus Medial lip of intertubercular
tubercle groove of humerus
Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation
Axillary Nerve Suprascapular nerve Suprascapular nerve Axillary nerve Upper & lower subscapular Lower subscapular nerve
nerve
Action Action Action Action Action Action
Clavicular part flexes & medially Initiates & assists deltoid in Laterally rotate arm; help hold Same as infraspinatus muscle Medially rotates & adducts Same as infraspinatus muscle
rotates arm; acromion part abduction of arm & acts with humeral head in glenoid cavity arm; helps hold humeral head
abducts arm; spinal part rotator cuff muscles of scapula in glenoid cavity
extends & laterally rotates arm
Rotator cuff muscles: form a musculotendinous rotator cuff around glenohumeral joint. All except the supraspinatus muscle rotate the humerus. They all protect the joint and give it stability

Muscles of Arm
Biceps Brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Triceps Brachii Anconeus
Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin
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Short head: tip of coracoid process of Distal ½ of anterior surface of Tip of coracoid process of Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral epicondyle of humerus
scapula humerus scapula Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of to radial groove
scapula Medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to
radial groove Insertion
Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Lateral surface of olecranon &
Tuberosity of radius & fascia of Coronoid process & tuberosity of Middle 3rd of medial surface of Proximal end of olecranon of ulna & fascia of forearm superior part of posterior surface
forearm via bicipital aponeurosis ulna humerus ulna
Innervation Innervation
Innervation Innervation Innervation Radial nerve Radial Nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve Musculotaneous nerve Musculocutaneous nerve
Action Action
Action Action Action Chief extensor of forearm; long head resists Assists triceps in extending
Supinates forearm &, when it is Flexes forearm in all positions Helps flex & adduct arm; resists dislocation of humerus; esp important during forearm; stabilizes elbow joint;
supine, flexes forearm; short head (during slow and quick movement: dislocation of shoulder abduction may abduct ulna during
resists shoulder dislocation greatest force) (stabilizes glenohumeral joint) protonation

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of The Forearm

Superficial (first) layer and Intermediate (2ND) layer
Pronator Teres (PT) Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) Palmaris longus Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin

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Ulnar head: coronoid process Medial epicondyle of humerus Same as FCR Humeral head: medial epicondyle of Humeroulnar head and radial head: medial
Humeral head: Medial epicondyle (common flexor origin) humerus epicondyle(common flexor origin &
of humerus Ulnar head: olecranon & posterior coronoid process); superior ½ of anterior
border (via aponeurosis) border
Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion
Middle convexity of lateral Base of 2nd metacarpal Distal ½ of flexor retinaculum & apex of Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal Shafts of middle phalanges of medial 4
surface of radius palmar aponeurosis fingers
Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation
Median nerve Median nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Median nerve

Action Action Action Action Action

Pronates & flexes forearm (at Flexes & abducts hand (at wrist) Flexes hand (at wrist) & tenses palmar Same as palmar longus Flexes middle phalanges at proximal
elbow) aponeurosis interphalangeal joints of middle 4 fingers
Deep (3rd) Layer
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Pronator Quadratus
Origin Origin Origin
Proximal ¾ of medial & anterior surfaces of ulna & interosseous membrane Anterior surface of radius & adjacent interosseous membrane Distal ¼ of anterior surface of ulna
Insertion Insertion Insertion
Medial part: bases of distal phalanges of 4th & 5th fingers Base of distal phalanx of thumb Distal ¼ of anterior surface of radius
Lateral part: bases of distal phalanges of 2nd & 3rd fingers Innervation Innervation
Innervation Anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve Same as FPL
Ulnar nerve
Action Action Action
Flexes distal phalanges 4 & 5 Flexes distal phalanges of thumb Pronates forearm, deep fibers bind radius & ulna together

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm

Superficial Layer
Brachioradialis Extensor Carpi radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin
Proximal 2/3 of Lateral supraepicondylar ridge Lateral epicondyle of humerus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Lateral epicondyle of humerus;

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supraepicondylar ridge of humerus (common extensor origin) (common extensor origin) (common extensor origin) posterior border of ulna via
shared aponeurosis
Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion
Lateral surface of distal end of Dorsal aspect of base of 2nd Dorsal aspect of base of 3rd Extensor expansions of medial Extensor expansion of 5th digit Dorsal aspect of base of 5th
radius proximal to styloid metacarpal metacarpal 4 digits metacarpal
process

Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation

Radial nerve Radial nerve Deep branch of radial nerve Posterior interosseous nerve, Posterior interosseous nerve, Posterior interosseous nerve,
continuation of deep branch of continuation of deep branch of continuation of deep branch of
radial nerve radial nerve radial nerve
Action Action Action Action Action Action
Weak flexion of forearm, Extend & abduct hand at wrist Active during fist clenching Extends medial 4 fingers Extends 5th finger primarily at Extends and adducts hand at
maximal when forearm is in joint (punch your lights out  ) primarily at metacarpophalangeal joint wrist joint (also active during
midpronated position metacarpophalangeal joint fist clenching…lights out again!)
Deep Layer Outcropping muscles of deep laye r
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis
Origin Origin Origin Origin Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus’ Posterior surface of proximal ½ Posterior surface of middle 3rd Posterior surface of distal 3rd of Posterior surface of distal 3rd of
radial collateral & anular of ulna, radius, interosseous of ulna and interosseous radius & interosseous ulna & interosseous membrane
ligaments; supinator fossa; membrane membrane membrane
crest of ulna

Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion Insertion

Lateral, posterior, & anterior Base of 1st metacarpal Dorsal aspect of base of distal Dorsal aspect of base of Extensor expansion of 2nd finger
surfaces of proximal 3rd of phalanx of thumb proximal phalanx of thumb
radius

Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation Innervation

Deep branch of radial nerve Posterior interosseous nerve Posterior interosseous nerve Posterior interosseous nerve Posterior interosseous nerve

Action Action Action Action Action

Supinates forearm; rotates Abducts thumb & extends it at Extends distal phalanx of Extends proximal phalanx of Extends 2nd finger (enabling
radius to turn palm anteriorly carpometacarpal joint thumb at interphalangeal joint thumb at metacarpophalangeal independent extension; helps
or superiorly (if elbow flexed) joint extend hand at wrist

Muscles of thoracic wall

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Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior
Origin Origin
Nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3 Spinous processes of T11-L2

Insertion Insertion
Superior borders of ribs 2-4 Inferior borders of 8th-12th ribs near their angles

Innervation Innervation
2nd-5th intercostal nerves 9th- 11th intercostal nerves

Action Action
Elevate ribs Depress ribs

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