TEU 2 , My Oe Oe ne aEXERCISE 1.1 The law of machine is P = aW + b, where P is the effort and W, the load in /b. Sketch a eaeh showing the relation between P and W, given P 60 75 100 125 145 Ww 225 300 430 560 600 Find P when W = 500. Ris the resistance to motion of a train at speed V. Find a law of the type R= aV?+ b connecting R and V using the following data Rkgton 8 10 152 V(km/hr) 10 20 30 40 50Numerical Mathods The resistance R of a carbon filament lamp was measured at various values of voltage V and the following observations were made. 62 70 78 84 92 R 73 70.7 69.2 678 66.3 (Ranchi B.Tech 1986) Assuming a law of the form R = a/V + b, find by graphical method the best values of a and 5. 44 the co-efficient of frictién between a belt and pulley and y, the velocity of the belt in ft/min, are connected as shown in the following table: ay 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 # 0.29 0.33 - 0.38 045 0.51 r The probable law is 2 =a + Vv. Test graphically the accuracy of this law and if it is true, find the values of a and b. Fit a curve of the form y = ae to the following data: x 1 2 = 4 5 6 y 14 27 40 55 68 300 RT The following observations are corresponding to pressure and specific volume of dry saturated steam. Fit a curve of the form PV" = & by graphical method. vO 384 20 B51 444 3.03 231 a 10 20 50 100 150 200 ANSWERS 1. P=0.21W+12, P=117 2. a= 0.0085, b= 7.35 3. a=1120, b=55.1 4. a=0.2 b= 0.0044 5. y= 7.943 e 08192 6 PV 3 = 5011.16 Numerical Methods: EXERCISE 1.2 The weights of a calf taken at weekly intervals are given below. Fit a straight line using the method of group averages. Age in weeks 1 2 3 4 Bs 6 7 8 9 10 weight 52.5 58.7 65 70.2 75.4 81.1 87.2 95.5 102.2 108.4 2. Fitacurve of the form y= ax" to the following set of observations by the method of group averages: : x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (ki ee y 1.06 1,33 - 1.52 1.68 1.81 191 2,01 2.4L 3. Fit a curve of the form y = ab* using the method of group averages for the following data: x 2 4 6 8 10 12 y 732 8.24 9.20 10.19 11.01 12.05 4. Convert the equation y = b/x(x — a) to a linear form and hence, determine a and b which will fit the following data using the method of group averages: x 8 10 15722000 40. y 13 14 15.4 163 17.2 17.8 5. The following data represent test values obtained while testing a centrifugal pump. Assuming the relation to be H= a + bO+c?, where Q is the discharge in liter per second and H, head in meter of water, find the relation by the method of group averages. Q 2 25 -3°35 .4.45 5 55. 6° H 18 17.8 175 17 15.8 148 13.3 11.7 9 (MU, B.E., 1971) 6. The temperature 9 of a vessel of cooling water and the time 1 in minutes since the beginning of observation are connected by the law of the form @= ae” + ¢. The corresponding values of t and @are given by: - 0 1 2 = 5 7 10 1s 20 ‘0 52.2 488 46.0 43.5 39.7 36.5 33.0 287 26.0Empirical Laws and Curve Fitting 1.17 Find the best values of a, b and c using the method of group averages. Fit a curve of the form y = a + bx * to the following data using the method of group averages. 1 2 4 6 10 16 y 15 45 165 364 1004-2564 Fit a curve of the form y = a + bc* to the following data using the method of group averages. Pe er Vee ascsie Bf a 78 13.2 236 44.8 87 ANSWERS y= 46.048 + 6.104 x, 2. y= 0.4851 x93 y= (6.7468) (1.0505), 4. a= 0.2039, b= 0.051 5S8+2.10-05@ 6. a= 29.5393, b= - 0.09968, c= 21:98 y= 5+ 10x? 8. y=2.26 + (0.3) (2.077EXERCISE 1.3 A simply supported beam carries a concentrated load P (Ib) at its midpoint. Corresponding to various values of P, the maximum deflection ¥ (in) is measured. The data are given below. Find a law of the type Y= a + BP by the method of least squares. - 100 125 140 160 180 200 Yy 0.45 0.55 060 0.70 0.80. 0.85 (Shivaji B.E., 1984) In the following table, y is the.weight of potassium bromide which will dissolve in 100 gm of water at temperature x°C. Find a linear Jaw between x and y using least square method. ah 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 gm) 53.5 Se5) 652 22706. 75:5 80.2 85.5 90 By the method of least squares, find the curve y = ax + bx? that best fits the following data : x : 2 3 4 5 y 18 5.1 89 14.1 19.8 Find the parabola of the form y= a + bx + cx? which fits most closely with the following observations by the method of least squares. 7 ees -2 -1 0 : 2 3 y 4.63 2.11 0.67, 0.09 0.63 2.15 4.58 (Kerala B.E., 1985)Empirical Laws and Curve Fitting 1.29 5. By the method of least squares, fit asecond degree curve y= atbrtex to the following data : oo ey 2 6. By the method of least squares, fit a parabola y= a+ bx + cxtothe © following data. 3.07 12.85 31.47 57.38 91.29 (Mangalore B.E., 1985) 7. Fit an equation of the form y = ae™ to the following data by the method of least squares. 8. The voltage v across a capacitor at time ¢ seconds is given by the following table. Use the principle of least squares to fit a curve of the form v = a e“ to the data: 7 ee ps0 os 28 12 8G es 9. Fita curve of the form y = ae to the following data in least square sense: x 0 2 4 ———— ee y 5.012 10 31.62 10. Fita curve of the “form y=ar tothe data given below in square sense: x 1 2 3 4 5 y 71 278 62.1 110 1611.30 Numerical Methods ll. Fit a curve of the form y = az’ in least square sense to the following observations: (Calicut B.E., 1988) 12. Fit a curve of the form y = ab’ in least square sense to the data given below: 144 «172.8 207.4 = 248.8 298.5 (Karnataka B.E., 1993) 13. Fita curve of the form y= ab" in least square sense to the data given below: : x 1 2 3 4 y 4 nN 35 100 14, Fita straight line y= ax+ b and also a parabola y= ax? + bx + cto the following set of observations: Calculate the sum of squares of the residuals in each case and test which curve is more suitable to the data. ANSWERS 1. ¥=0,004P + 0.048 2. y= 54,35 + 0.5184x 3. y=137x + 0.5322 4. y= 1.243 ~ 0.004x + 0.222 5. y=—143.55x-0.2722 6, y=0.34—0.78x + 0.9927 . y= ens 8. v= 146.3 eo 9. y= 4,642 eae 10. y= 7.173 x!92 5012x197 12, y= 99.86 (1.2)" : 33 (2.95 14.y=9.1x-35 y=2.2°4+03x+1.4 E, = 70.7, E,=2.5, E, < E,, parabola is the best curve of fit.Empirical Laws and Curve Fitting 1.35 27.14 = 10a + 30,33335 + 102.5¢ 101.14 = 30.3333a + 102.5b + 369.05¢ Solving, we get a= 1.399, b =—1.7856 and c = 0.6567 :. From (i) the required parabola is y= 1.399 — 1.7856x — 0.6567x? oe EXERECISE 1.4 Use the method of moments to fit a straight line to the data given below : (MK.U.,1976) Fit a parabola of the form y= ax? + bx + c to the data ae 1 4 3 4 y Rose, by the method of moments. (Coimbatore, B.E.,1988) ANSWERS y= 1.1845 + 0.523 1x y = 0.74% + 0.063x + 1.53EXERCISE 2.4 Solve x + 6x + 20 = 0, one root being — 2. Solve x? — 12x? + 39x ~ 28 = 0, whose roots are in arithmetic progression. (M.U., B.E. 1995) Solve x4 ~ 2x3 - 21x? + 22x + 40 = 0, whose roots are in arithmetic Progression. Solve 27x? + 42x2,- 28x — 8 = 0, the roots of which are in pee progression. (M.U,, BE. 1994) Solve x4 + 15x3 + 70x? + 120x + 64 = 0, whose roots are in geometric progression. |. Solve the equation 6x? — I 1x?—3x +2 = 0 whose roots are in harmonic progression.‘Numerical Methods Solve 15x‘ — 8x° — 14x? + 8x — 1 = 0, whose roots are in harmonic progression. Solve x’ — 8x? + 9x + 18 =0 given that two of its roots are in the ratio. 1:2. . The equation x! — 4x3 + px? + 4x4 ¢ = 0 has two pairs of equal roots. Find the values of p and g. Solve the equation x4— 8x? + 14x? + 8x— 15 =0, given that the sum of two of the roots is equal to the sum of the other two. Solve x‘ — 8x° + 23x? - 28x + 12 = 0, given that the difference of two roots is equal to the difference of the other two. Solve the equation x* ~ 8x° + 7x? + 36x —36 = 0, given that product of two roots is negative of the product of the remaining two. Solve x* — 4x? — 20x + 48 = 0, given that the relationship between two roots, a and £ is a+ 2B=0. Find the conditions in which the cubic x + px? + gx + r = 0 should have its roots in (i) arithmetical progression (M.U B.E., 1993, 1994) (ii) geometrical progression and (iii) harmonic progression. Solve the equation 3x*~ 4x? + x + 88 =0, given that 2— V7is a root. Solve 3x° — 4x! — 42x° + 56x? + 27x — 36 = 0, given that ¥2+ V5, -V2—V5 are two roots. ANSWERS 143i,2 2° 14,7 -4,-1,2,5 4. -2/9,-2/3,-2 -2,-4,-1,-8 6. -12, 2, 1/3 -1,1, 13, US 8 36-1 p=2,q=1 10. . —1,1,3,5 = 12.2.3 12, 3,-2,1,6 6 py -Ipg+27r=0 (ii) pr=g (iii) 2g? - 9pgr + 27P- = 0 . 22iV7,- 8/3 16. ¥2# ¥5,-Vv2+ V5, 4/3