Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Sr. Description Page
No. Number
1 Main Objective & Scope of Work 2
2 General Description of the Project Site 2
3 Data Collection and Data Analysis 3
4 Hydrological and Hydraulic Studies for Minor 5
Bridge
5 Scour Depth 12
6 Summary and Recommendations 12
7 References 13

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES
1.1 Main Objective & Scope of Work

The main objective of the hydrological and hydraulic study is to determine the
required size of drainage structures to allow the estimated design flow of the
streams to cross the road safely, and to check whether waterways of existing
structures are sufficient to transmit the flow without risk so that appropriate
decisions could be taken concerning their rehabilitation.

The hydrological and hydraulic study for the project has been based on:
 Topographic survey data of cross drainage structures
 Topographic data and maps of streams, upstream and downstream
 HFL from local enquiries and telltale marks and hydraulic conditions at the
existing drainage structures.

The scope of Work is to prepare the Detailed Hydrological Report for the
Major Bridge over Kosi River.

1.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis

Requirements for Hydrological and Hydraulic Design
The hydrological study aims at estimating the peak discharge of the flood
generated by the run-off of rainfall within the catchment area. The hydrological
study requires:
 Knowledge of the characteristics of peak rainfall in the regions.
 Knowledge of the characteristics of the catchment areas.
 Topographic data about the stream, upstream and downstream.
 Google earth Pro

Data Collection

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

Topographic surveys have been done at river crossings with a view to obtain the
cross section of the rivers at the centre line of the road and up to a reasonable
distance at upstream and downstream. The High Flood Levels (HFL) have been
obtained from existing flood marks or ascertained from enquiry with local
knowledgeable persons.

The characteristics of the catchment areas have been ascertained from Survey of
India toposheets having a scale of 1:2,50,000 from which catchment area at the
proposed bridge site, length of the stream and fall in elevation from originating
point to the point of crossing, could be determined. Slope of the stream has been
determined from the contours on the toposheets.

For rivers/streams having catchment area more than 25 sq km, CWC Report on
Flood Estimation Report in which the project site lies has been obtained. This
Report has been referred for determining the characteristics of peak rainfall
regimes. The report has been jointly prepared by CWC, MOST, Ministry of
Railways and IMD and contains all the rainfall data required for estimation of
design discharge of 25, 50 and 100 year returns periods by applying the Synthetic
Unit Hydrograph approach, the parameters of which have been indicated in the
above report.

The streams having catchment area less than 25 sq km, IRC-SP-13 has been
referred.
1.3 Hydrological and Hydraulic Studies for Major Bridge

Design engineers essentially need the design flood of a specific return period for
fixing the waterway vis-a-vis the design HFL of bridges depending upon their size
and importance to ensure safety as well as economy. IRC: 5-1998, Section – I
General Features of Design specify that the waterway of a bridge is to be
designed for a maximum flood discharge of 50 years return period. But as per the
recent guidelines of IRC published in 2014, it is clearly mentioned that the bridges

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

have to be designed for a flood corresponding to 100 years return period. The
same guideline has been considered for bridge in this report.

The Detail of the major bridge is shown in Table 1:

Table 1: Details of Major Bridge
S.No Chainage (Km) Proposed Span (m)

1 13+534 8 X 64

The following methods have been used to estimate the peak discharge and HFL
for the major bridge sites:
 Hanuman Nagar Barrage Dam Flood located upstream of Bridge
This method has been discussed in detail and Design discharge (peak run-off) is
estimated for three minor bridges as indicated below in subhead of Hydrological
Aspect and Hydraulic Aspect.

1.3.1 Hydrological & Hydraulic Design Aspect

a. Design Flood of Hanuman Nagar Barrage

The Hanuman Nagar Barrage has been constructed upstream of the proposed RCC
bridge. The design flood at the Hanuman Nagar site corresponding to 100 years
return period is approximately 18783 cumecs. The bridge has been designed for the
discharge based on Catchment Area proportion method using Dicken’s Formula.
The catchment area of Hanuman Nagar site is about 61792 sq. km. whereas the
catchment of the Kosi River at the proposed bridge site is about 67996 sq. km.
Discharge at Proposed bridge site
= 18783 x (67996/61792)0.75
= 20180 cumecs

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

Table 2: Details of Major Bridge

Sr. Catchment Area Design flood,
Chainage (Km) Proposed Span (m)
No (Sq. Km) cumecs
1 13+534 8 x 64 67996 20180

b. Rational Method
Q= 0.028 x P x f x A x IC
Where:
Q = Maximum runoff in cumecs
A = Catchment area in hectares
Ic = Critical intensity of rainfall in cm/ hr.
P = Coefficient of run-off for the given catchment characteristics.
f = Spread factor for converting point rainfall into area mean rainfall.
Ic = (F/T)*(T+1) / (Tc+1)
F = Total Rainfall of T hours duration (24 hrs.) in cm, corresponding to 100
yrs return period.
T = Duration of total rainfall (F) in hours= 24 hrs.
Tc = Time of concentration in hour.

Time of concentration

Times of concentrations (Tc) are determined on the basis of stream lengths (Lc)
and shape of catchment as well as from terrain slope and cover conditions from
the toposheets as well as hydrological survey data of stream. The values are found
both by Dicken’s (Empirical) formulae as well as from time of travel from furthest
point of catchment as follows:

Dicken’s formula

Tc = [0.87(L3/H)] 0.385

Where L is the length of catchment in km and H is the elevation difference in meter

in length L.

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

The value of runoff coefficient (P) depends on porosity of soil, area, size and shape
of the catchment, vegetation cover, surface storage viz. existence of lakes and
marshes and initial state of wetness of the soil. As per IRC: SP 13-2004, the value
of P may be taken from the formula given in following Table 3.

Table 3: Runoff Coefficient (P)

Catchment Characteristics P
Steep, bare rock and also city pavements 0.90
Rock, steep but wooded 0.80
Plateaus, lightly covered 0.70
Clayey soils, stiff and bare 0.60
Clayey Soils, lightly covered 0.50
Loam, lightly cultivated or covered 0.40
Loam, largely cultivated 0.30
Sandy soil, light growth 0.20
Sandy soil covered, heavy brush 0.10

The value of ‘f’ depends on the catchment area and has been taken from the Figure
4.2 given in IRC: SP 13-2004.
Thus after calculating the above parameters, the 100-year return period peak
discharge has been calculated using the formula as given above and has been
presented under respective Minor bridge Annexures. The summary of the
discharge from rationale method has been given at Table 4.
Table 4: Discharge estimated using Rational Method
Discharge in cumecs
Sr. No Chainage (Km)
using Rational Method
1 --- -

c. Area Velocity Method

This method has been utilized to calculate the discharge from the stream cross
section and stream slope/bed slope at the proposed bridge sites, for bridges. After
plotting the cross section of the river, and marking the observed HFL, the cross

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P) have been computed. In the absence of
the flood slope of the stream, the bed slope of the river has been estimated along its
length.
The velocity and Discharge have been calculated using the Manning's formula:

V = 1/n * R2/3 * S1/2

Q=AxV

Where,
V = Velocity in m/sec;
R = Hydraulic mean depth in m
S = Flood slope/bed slope
n = Co-efficient of rugosity
Q = Peak Discharge
A = Area of cross section
The value of 'n' has been adopted as per soil criteria and river bed characteristics,
observed at site and are based on Table 3 in IRC SP-13 which has been tabulated
below.

The area velocity method has been adopted for all the three minor bridges and the
summary of the discharge values has been presented under Table 5.
Table 5: Discharge Using Area Velocity Method

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

Sr. No Chainage (Km) Discharge in cumecs

1 --- -

d. Summary of various Hydrological methods of Discharge estimation

The summary of the Discharge from the catchment area of all the minor bridge sites
from various methods are presented in Table 6 below.

Table 6: Summary of Discharge (Peak run off) from various methods

Hanuman Rational Area – Adopted

Catchment SUH
Sr. Chainage Nagar Method Velocity Design
Area Method
No. (Km) Barrage (cumecs Method Discharge,
(Sq. Km) (cumecs)
(cumecs) ) (cumecs) cumecs
1 13+534 67996 20180 - - - 20180

1.3.2 Afflux Calculation

Since some of the bridges in the alignment have less clear waterway as compared
to natural stream width and also velocities at bridge sites are high due to steep bed
slopes, this combined effect causes afflux at bridge sites during flood. Afflux for the
bridges has been calculated using Weir and Orifice formulae as described in IRC
SP-13-2004.
Weir formula:
3/ 2
 u2 
Q  1.706CW L  Du   (5)
 2g 

Q = Discharge in cumecs

L = Linear effective clear waterway in meter under the bridge normal to channel
axis.

Du = Average depth of flow at upstream in meter measured above a datum

usually taken as reduced invert level of bridge

u = Velocity of approach in m/sec.

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2.

Cw = Coefficient of discharge over weir, which may be taken as under as per IRC:
SP-13 as follows:

Type of Bridge opening Value of Cw

Narrow bridge opening with or without floors: 0.94
Wide bridge opening without floor: 0.96
Wide bridge opening with no bed floor: 0.98
u has been calculated using the relation
u = Q/(Du *W) = Q/Au (6)
Where:
W = Width of channel at upstream section and Au is the cross section of flow
upstream.

The above formula is valid when the weir flows freely depending on afflux (h) given
by

h = (Du- Dd) = (U/S H.F.L. – D/S HFL) (7)

Where Du and Dd are the depths of flow upstream and d/s of the bridge measured
above a given datum usually taken as the bed level of the stream. Weir equation
is applicable only when h/Dd ≥ 0.25.

Orifice formula:

 u2 
Q  C o 2 gLDd h  (1  e)  (8)
 2g 

h = Afflux = (Du – Dd) (9)

Co and e are coefficients to account for losses of head and recovery respectively.

Values of e and Co are taken from Fig 14 and Fig 15 of IRC-SP13, respectively.
In all the cases, energy head in terms of recovery has been neglected.

The above formula is valid for h < ¼ Dd

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

The summary of the afflux values has been presented under Table 7.

Table 7: Afflux Value

Sr. No Chainage (Km) Afflux in meters

1 --- 0.156

1.4 Scour Depth

Various hydraulic parameters e.g. HFL, normal waterway, normal depth of scour
under bridges, Maximum scour level at bridge piers and abutments, Froude’s
number of flow (for scoured waterway under bridges), fluming ratio, afflux etc, are
computed.

Scour Depth

Lacey’s equation is adopted for estimating normal scour depth as per IRC: 5 2014.

R = 1.34 (q2/f) 1/3

Where R is the Lacey’s regime scour depth, measured below HFL, q is the design
discharge intensity under bridge in cumecs per meter and f is silt factor given by the
equation

f= 1.76 (d50)1/2

Where d50 is the mean sediment size in mm. Normal scour depth based on Lacey’s
equation and the actual observed depth (equal to the difference between HFL and
LBL)/1.27 are compared as per code. Higher of the two values is adopted for design.
Silt factor ‘f’ is found from Lacey’s equation corresponding to d 50 size of bed
materials. Maximum scour level for pier and abutment are calculated using a factor
of safety of 2 and 1.27, respectively as per IRC: Code-5. For computing scour depth,
design discharge is enhanced by 30% to provide for adequate margin of safety as
per provision of IRC: 78 - 2000. The scour depth calculations based upon the silt
factor as per surface bed material, are given at the respective Major Bridge
Annexures (refer Annexure 1 to 2).

1.5 Summary and Recommendations

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

The design discharge has been calculated for 100-year return period flood by the
following methods:
 Transposition Method using catchment area proportion using Dicken’s formula

HFL has been established by:

 Local enquiry and Observed Flood Marks, where available.
Table 8: High Flood Level Summary
Sr. No. Chainage, Observed
km HFL/Design HFL, m
1 13+534 38.551

The calculated High Flood Level has been adopted in estimating the Finished
Road Level at the Bridge. The cross sectional area of flow, Water spread at HFL
has also been calculated.

The linear waterway calculations have been calculated by Lacey’s Perimeter and as
per CWC guidelines.

Table 9: Waterway Calculation Summary

Water Lacey’s CWC
Sr. Proposed waterway,
spread at Perimeter, requirements,
No. m
HFL, M m m
1 640 681.88 243.67 512.00

As per IRC Handbook, a maximum reduction in span of 33% of the required

span configuration is allowed.
Reduction in span length in % = (640-512)/640*100
= 20 % < 33% as available
So, the waterway of 512.00 is clearly justified and Ok in all aspects.

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Hydrology Report for Major Bridge over Kosi River on SH – 95 the State of Uttarakhand

References:
1. IRC: SP -13, 2004, General Guidelines for Design of Small Culverts and
Bridges
2. IRC: 005, 2014, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road
Bridges, Section 1, general features of Design
3. Google earth Pro

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 ABSTRACT OF HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR - MAJOR BRIDGE OVER KOSI RIVER ON SH-95

Bridge Inventory Computed Discharge (m3/s)

Clear Span (m) HFL (As Existing
Span Catchmen Design
per Local Deck Level Slope-
Type of Chainage Name of Arrange Skew Angle (in Effective t Area DAM Rational Weir/ Orifice Discharg REMARKS
Sl. No. CD. No. Along Enquiry) at U/S Edge Area Unit Hydrograph
Bridge (Km) Stream ment degrees) Span along (km2) FLOOD Method Formula e (m3/s)
skew U/S in m of c/w in m Method
(m) Normal

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (19) (20)

AS PER IRC GUIDELINE,

RCC KOSI THE DESIGN DISCHARGE
1 - 13+534 8 X 64 0 - 512.00 - - 67996.00 20180 - - - - 20180
BRIDGE RIVER SHALL BE 20180
CUMECS.

C=17
ABSTRACT OF HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE NEW BRIDGE AT EXISTING SITE

Discharge Velocity
Depth
Effective Design Design for Normal through
Chainag Name of D50 from (HFL- Froude's Water way Fluming Proposed
Sl. No. CD. No. Clear f, abutment HFL (m) Discharge(m foundation Scour depth existing MSL for abutment (m) L.B.L (m) Afflux (m)
e (Km) Stream (mm) LBL)/1.27 No. at HFL (m) Ratio FRL (m)
Span (m) U/S 3/s) design (m) bridge
in metre
(m3/s) (m/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)

KOSI 15.56
1 - 13+534 492.7 0.43 1.15 38.551 20180 26234 18.10 4.17 6.84 33.257 0.51 640.00 0.77 0.156
RIVER

Note: If the proposed FRL is lower than the existing one, it is recommended to adopt the existing FRL value.

Discharge Velocity
Depth
Effective Design Design for Normal through
Chainag Name of D50 from (HFL-
Sl. No. CD. No. Clear f, pier HFL (m) Discharge(m foundation Scour depth existing MSL for Pier (m) L.B.L (m)
e (Km) Stream (mm) LBL)/1.27
Span (m) U/S 3/s) design (m) bridge
in metre
(m3/s) (m/s)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (16)

KOSI 2.34
1 - 13+534 492.7 0.43 1.15 38.551 20180 26234 18.10 4.17 6.84 33.257
RIVER
Refer Geotechnical Report for Silt factor Values:
Minimum Weighted Silt factor, f for abutment= 1.15
Weighted Silt factor, f for pier= 1.15
 DESIGN FLOOD ESTIMATION USING CATCHMENT AREA PROPORTION METHOD

MAJOR BRIDGE OVER KOSI RIVER ON SH-95 IN BIHAR STATE

Chainage 13+534
Span 8 X 64 m

Catchment Area in sq Km (A) = 67996.00

100 YEAR DESIGN FLOOD AT HANUMAN NAGAR SITE BASED ON GUMBLE EXTREME
VALUE METHOD = 18783 CUMECS

Catchment Area OF KOSI RIVER AT HANUMAN NAGAR in sq Km (A) = 61792 SQ. KM.

CATCHMENT AREA OF KOSI RIVER UP TP BRIDGE SITE = 67996 SQ. KM.

NOW, THE DESIGN FLOOD AT PROPOSED BRIDGE SITE IS ESTIMATED BY USING

TRANSPOSITION METHOD BASED ON CATCHMENT AREA PROPORTION.

DESIGN FLOOD AT BRIDGE SITE = 18783 * (67996/61792)^0.75

= 20180 CUMECS

THE ABOVE DESIGN FLOOD HAS BEEN ADOPTED FOR DESIGNING THE BRIDGE.
 HFL CALCULATION

Major Bridge at - 13+534

Location at- 13+534
Cross section: AT Bridge
Design HFL = 38.551 m Lowest Bed Level= 33.257 m

Mean Depth of Distance Level Difference

Sectional Wetted
River Bed water between between the between 2 2 2 2
Chainage (m) HFL - RBL (m) Area, XD X Y X +Y perimeter, P
Level (m) adjacent points, D adjacent points, adjacent points,
(sq.m.) (m)
(m) X (m) Y (m)

0 44.05 -5.499

13.55 34.394 4.157

77.55 33.257 5.294 4.726 64.000 302.43 -1.137 4096.00 1.29277 4097.29 64.01

141.55 33.414 5.137 5.216 64.000 333.79 0.157 4096.00 0.02465 4096.02 64.00

205.55 33.486 5.065 5.101 64.000 326.46 0.072 4096.00 0.00518 4096.01 64.00

269.55 34.632 3.919 4.492 64.000 287.49 1.146 4096.00 1.31332 4097.31 64.01

333.55 33.565 4.986 4.453 64.000 284.96 -1.067 4096.00 1.13849 4097.14 64.01

397.55 33.42 5.131 5.059 64.000 323.74 -0.145 4096.00 0.02102 4096.02 64.00

461.55 33.342 5.209 4.811 192.000 923.76 -1.290 36864.00 1.66410 36865.66 192.00

525.55 35.716 2.835 4.022 64.000 257.41 2.374 4096.00 5.63588 4101.64 64.04

537.44 44.05 -5.499

SUM 640.00 3040.05 640.08

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF RIVER= 3040.05 SQ.M.

WETTED PERIMETER = 640.08 M
WATER SPREAD AT HFL= 640.00 M Average depth of flow= 4.735 m
HYDRAULIC RADIUS = 4.75 M
AVERAGE SLOPE OF RIVER = 0.00497 M/M
VELOCITY IN RIVER = 6.64 M/SEC
DISCHARGE IN THE RIVER = 20185 CUMECS

Design Discharge, Q = 20185 cumecs

45

42

HFL = 38.551 M
39

36

33
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
 CLEAR WATER-WAY CALCULATIONS

A) Lacey Width, W = (4.8*Q^0.5) m

Design Flood, Q = 20180 cumecs

Therefore, W = 681.88 m
Lacey's Equation shall not be taken into account as it only considers the discharge of the
river. The equation does not take into consideration the return period for which discharge
is calculated and also the type of river bed material.

B) CWC Requirement=8.95 * Q^(1/3) m

Design Flood, Q = 20180 cumecs

Therefore, W = 243.67 m

C) Water spread at HFL between banks= 640.00 m As per IRC Handbook, a maximum reduction in span of
33% of the required span configuration is allowed.
D) Proposed Waterway, L = 512.00 m Reduction in span length in % 20.00% less
than 33% ---- OK
E) Clear Waterway = 492.65 m Obstructed area due to structure = 91.62 sq.m.
Number of piers proposed = 7 no. Unobstructed area= 3040.05 sq.m.
Width of pier proposed= 2.15 m Reduction in ratio = 3.01% <30%
Width of abutment in flow area = 2.15 m

F) Design Velocity= Q/A

Cross Sectional Area of flow=
A= 2948.432 sq.m. Average depth of flow @HFL,m= 4.73478
V= 6.84 m/sec

G) Discharge Intensity, q= Q/Clear Waterway

q= 40.96 cumecs/m
 AFFLUX CALCULATIONS
INPUT DATA:
A) Unobstructed Cross Sectional area of flow, A= 3040.05 sq.m.
B) Width of flow at HFL, W= 640.00 M
C) Design flood = 20180 cumecs
D) Area of flow under the bridge, a= 2948.43 m
E) Mean velocity of flow prior to bridge, V= 6.64 m/sec
F) High Flood Level, HFL = 38.551 m

CALCULATIONS:
AS PER IRC 5: 2015, CL. 106.6.2 MOLESWORTH FORMULA IS GIVEN BY

h = {V2/17.88 + 0.01524} x {(A/a) 2– 1}

h = afflux in meters
V = is the mean velocity of flow in the river prior to bridge construction i.e.
corresponding to normal HFL
A = Area of flow section at normal HFL in the approach river section.
a= Area of flow section under the bridge.
Therefore,
Afflux, h= 0.156 m
Design HFL= 38.71 m
Adopt HFL= 38.71 m

A MINIMUM free board of 1.50 m shall be sufficient between the road deck
and HFL INCLUDING AFFLUX.
 ANNEXURE : 1
SCOUR CALCULATION
Total span of the bridge (m) 512

Number of spans = 8

Number of piers = 7

Width of pier (m) = 2.15

Width of abutment in flowing area (m) = 2.15

Number of abutments = 2
HFL @ design discharge (m) = 38.551

Unobstructed cross sectional area of flow (Sqm) = 3040.05

Clear Water way (m) = Span - (No. of Pier x width of pier)

492.65
- (No. of Abutments x width of abutment)

Silt factor for abutment and pier (Refer Geotechnical

1.15
Report), f =

Design discharge for foundation (cumecs) = 26234

Discharge intensity (cumecs/m), q = Design discharge for

53.25
foundation / Clear Water way

Normal Scour Depth (m), R =1.34 (q^2/f)^(1/3) 18.10

MSL @ pier (m) = HFL @ design discharge - 2 x Normal

2.34
Scour Depth

MSL @ abutment (m) = HFL @ design discharge - 1.27 x

15.56
Normal Scour Depth
 ANNEXURE : 2

CALCULATION FOR OBSTRUCTED AREA OF FLOW

Number of spans = 8

Number of piers = 7

Width of pier = 2.15

Width of abutment in flowing area = 2.15

Number of abutments = 2
Unobstructed cross sectional area of flow (sq. m.) = 3040.05
Average depth of flow (m) = 4.735

Net flowing area through structure (sq.m)=Unobstructed

cross sectional area of flow - (No. of piers x Width of pier x
2948.43
Average depth of flow) - (Width of abutment in flowing
area x No. of piers x Average depth of flow)

Obstructed area due to structure, sq.m. = 91.62