ORAL COMMUNICATION EXAMPLE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

Traffic signs and other messages of caution are examples of the

PREPARED BY: ZYMONETTE BUENAFLOR; XI-TITAN
communicative strategy of restriction. Other activities such as the use of the A communication strategy is a plan or course of action to convey
MODULE 11: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: NOMINATION Internet or public amenities and facilities are also regulated via a set of information effectively. It serves as a blueprint in expressing to others
AND RESTRICTION restrictions such as the “Terms of Use” and “Fair Use Policy”. information related to specific issue, event, situation, or audience.
One communication strategy is nomination.
RESTRICTION
EXAMPLE
Restriction in communication refers to any limitation a speaker may have.
Products and services sold to consumers have restrictions communicated via Nomination
On some cases, this may refer to instructions that must be followed. These
their labels. Medicine is prescribed to specific age brackets in specific  A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively
instructions confine a speaker and limit what he/she can say.
dosages. Foods and drinks, on the other hand, have labels informing establish a topic.
consumers about storage, shelf life, ingredients, and proper use.  Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with
REASONS
the people you are talking to.
• Ensuring the safety of people
EXAMPLE  Suggesting or agreeing on a topic is called nomination.
• Establishing and maintaining peace and order
Television and films are forms of mass media. As communication channels
• Avoiding untoward incidents
and messages themselves, they are restricted by a classification scheme and Expression for nominating a topic may include:
monitored by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board “Let’s talk about ______”
EXAMPLE
(MTRCB). “Would you like to talk about ______?”
In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer
“I’m interested to know about ______”
pressure or deliver a speech on digital natives. In these cases, you cannot
Movie Classification Ratings “Do you know ______?”
decide to talk about something else. On the other hand, conversing with
1. General Patronage (G) – all ages “How about _______?
your friends during ordinary days can be far more casual than other days.
2. Parental Guidance (PG) – below 13 years old must be accompanied by
parents or adult • In effect, nomination is staring the conversation.
EXAMPLE
3. Restricted – 13 (R-13) – 13 years old and above • When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not arise
A society functions because of rules that guide the actions and reactions of
4. Restricted – 16 (R-16) – 16 years old and above from a previous topic, you may start off with news inquiries and news
its people. For instance, the rules and restrictions that govern the motorist
5. Restricted – 18 (R-18) – 18 years old and above announcements as they promise extended talk.
licensing and vehicle registration in the Philippines, which are disseminated
• Most importantly, keep the conversational environment open for
and enforced to ensure the road-worthiness of both drivers and vehicles,
Television Classification Ratings opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a smooth
making the streets much safer for everyone.
1. General Patronage (G) – Suitable for all ages end. This could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the
2. Parental Guidance (PG) – Parental guidance is suggested conversation.
EXAMPLE
3. Strong Parental Guidance (SPG) – Stronger and more vigilant parental • Individuals whom the president deems qualified for Cabinet positions
Officers in your class are elected to ensure smooth day-to-day observation
guidance is suggested are named or nominated, and members of Congress conform the
of class rules to make sure that the classroom remains conducive to
nomination through the Commission on Appointments (CA).
learning. The officers help the teacher maintain order in seating
Consider the situation: • Sometimes, the nominated official is not confirmed by the CA; in such
arrangements and lines, in ensuring good behavior, and in distributing and
Parents warn their children about places and behaviors to avoid. case, the president either nominates that same official again
collecting instructional materials such as books and notebooks.
What do you think is the language used? Formal or Informal? (reappointment) or another one who will eventually receive the CA
What about the speech style? Intimate, Casual, or Consultative? confirmation.
EXAMPLE
What about the duration of the interaction? • In a democratic country such as the Philippines, leaders are elected
In a group setting such as in the family or in the community, restrictions
into office by citizens. Certain government positions, however, are
come in the form of rules and ordinances. For instance, your parents warn
given via appointment from, or example, Malacanang or the Office of
you of places, people, and behavior to avoid. In your immediate community,
the President.
ordinances are disseminated for everyone’s guidance.
• The same practice is observed in smaller contexts such as the
classroom, where officers are nominated and elected to help manage
the class for a school year. The process of nomination ensures that
 only those students who have displayed leadership qualities are MODULE 12: TURN-TAKING, TOPIC CONTROL, AND TOPIC SHIFTING TOPIC CONTROL
considered for the posts. Topic control is a strategy that limits the coverage of a discussion or
• Consider the use of the parliamentary procedures in choosing the Situational Analysis conversation to things that are acceptable to the people involved in the
officers of an organization. The parliamentary procedure is a set of exchange.
A panel discussion requires a moderator and at least two discussants who
rules for conduct at meetings which allows everyone to be heard and If you are close to the person you are talking to and would not want to unduly
generally have differing views on an issue. What characteristics must the
to make decisions without confusion. irritate him or her, you will avoid topics that the other person is not interested
moderator possess in order to successfully moderate the discussion,
• According to the rules set by the parliamentary procedure, nomination in or might not be keen on hearing about.
especially when the topic is controversial?
is a key motion in the election of officers. The process begins as thus: Cont.
• The presiding officer opens the nomination for a position and anyone In a one-to-one encounter, who talks first? When do you respond? What Example:
within the organization may nominate a candidate. topics must be avoided?  A guest in a talk show who is asked by the host questions that are not
• The nominated member may immediately decline such nomination about the agreed – upon topic. (If such is the case, there is a distinct
and is requested to explain why. TURN - TAKING possibility that the guest might feel uncomfortable, which may lead to
• When a list of nominees is deemed enough, a member makes a Turn – taking is the order by which people who engage in a conversation him or her giving winding, even incoherent answers. Worst, the guest
motion to close the nominations. speak. might even walk out.)
• Another member seconds the motion and the presiding officer Ideally, you wait for your turn to speak by listening to the person you are  Sometimes, teachers and preachers get sidetracked by the stories they
acknowledges the same and closes the nomination. conversing with and waiting for him or her to finish talking. inject into their lectures and sermons.
• A call to vote is made. There are times, though, that both parties in a conversation speak at the  Before they realize it, they have already veered away from the topic,
• Regardless of the manner in which the members cast their vote (e.g., same time. and if they are not able to get back what they should be talking about,
orally, through the raising of hands, or through balloting), the goal is Cont. they will waste time or bore their audience.
for one candidate to get at least 50 percent plus 1 of the votes cast. • Such instances usually happen when both parties are excited to share  Hence, knowing what to talk about and communicative strategy
what is on their mind or when both are emotional – notice how two ensures that only topics of relevance to both (or all) parties are being
The choice of nomination as a communicative strategy in following the angry people generally talk to each other. talked about and that only information related to that topic are being
parliamentary procedure affects the language used in the exercise. In this • When a person fails to wait for his or her turn to speak, shared by everyone involved in the communication situation.
process, the language is formal and specific, as in the frozen scripts to be misunderstandings and arguments are likely to occur as a result,
read and followed: especially in situations when both parties are emotionally charged. Topic control also ensures that the time and effort of those involved are not
• You likely have been reminded many times to wait for your turn to wasted.
“The table is now open for nomination for the position of ________,”
speak, especially when you were younger and prone to butting in on Some common verbal cues used to control topics in everyday conversations
“I respectfully nominate (name of nominee)..,”
others’ conversations. Such a reminder holds true in most speaking include the following:
“I move that the nominations be closed,”
situations because it is considered impolite to talk over another person. • This might not be the best venue for such a discussion…
“I second the motion.”
• Perhaps that is an issue for another discussion…
When interrupted, a person might object and say, “Let me finish’ or “I’m not • Let’s not talk about that right now…
ESSENTIAL LEARNING
yet finished!”. • Maybe we should reserve that topic for another time...
Nomination helps in the process of, for example, choosing somebody to
One must wait for one’s turn to speak so as not to offend or irritate the • This is not the right time to talk about that…
occupy positions in the government or in any organization.
person speaking. • Now is not the time to talk about that…
If officials are merely appointed without participation by certain segments in
society, some may not be happy with the selection and relations may not be In some instances, though, people young and old forget to observe turn –
In more structured situations, as in small group discussions, the following
effective or smooth. taking.
verbal cues are verbally used:
This occurs even in formal parliamentary setups such as congressional
I’d like to remind our panelists to keep to the discussion…
Nominations and elections are features of democratic decision making. hearings where lawmakers often interrupt one another or a resource
I’d like to appeal to our panelists to avoid incendiary remarks, please…
What are the advantages and disadvantages of choosing the leaders in this speaker or witness.
way? Such interruptions sometimes lead to arguments, which force the presiding
TOPIC SHIFTING
officer to raise a call to order.
Topic shifting is a strategy that requires listening intently to the people you
are in conversation with.
 If a topic is not pleasant to any one of you, one of you is expected to Big idea • It must be done as politely as possible even then.
bring up another subject instead of risking a communication You have two ears and one mouth. Think of this fact as a “sign” of the • The following tips can prove useful in instances when you need to
breakdown. importance of listening intently to others. Often, listening well will allow you terminate a conversation:
 Topic shifting also occurs when you would like another, more to share more relevant and well-constructed ideas. In addition, careful • Express in a polite manner your desire to end the conversation.
interesting or pleasant topic to talk about instead. listening will help you avoid making remarks that may offend or hurt others • Apologize for having to cut the conversation.
 Topic shifting is also a strategy you can employ before a conversation or comments that might embarrass you.
You may use any of the following, whichever is applicable. You may come up
becomes uncomfortable for any of the communicators.
with other prompts or phrases that you can use in instances when you need
MODULE 13: REPAIR AND TERMINATION
to terminate or end a conversation.
In a panel discussion, the moderator must be quick to the draw, so to speak
– once a topic is becoming too sensitive or out of place for any of the “No offense, but ….”
“Never mind, it doesn’t matter. Let’s not talk about it anymore.”
panelists, he or she must shift topics accordingly. “With all due respect..”
“I’m sorry, I’m not comfortable talking about it anymore.”
By doing so, the moderator will be able to ensure that a congenial discussion “Don’t get me wrong, but..”
“I wish I could stay and talk more, but I have to go.”
does not devolve into a hostile one. Analysis
“It’s been great talking to you, but I’m afraid I have to go.”
What if the message has been relayed already and you have offended the
“Excuse me, but I really need to get going. Let’s talk again soon.”
To ensure smooth topic shifting during informational communication other party? How then will you repair the damage?
situations, one may try the following prompts to steer the conversation or REPAIR
Termination is a good strategy only if efforts to communicate have been
discussion to a new topic. Repair is a communication strategy for recouping lost rapport in a
exhausted.
conversation. Saying “Sorry” is the most common repair strategy.
• Giving up easily, especially during intercultural exchanges, deprives the
• Well, in other news… Taking back what one has said is another, as is restating one’s message.
participants of valuable learning opportunities.
• By the way…
• Unfortunately, language barriers cause some people to terminate a
• Since you mentioned that, … In such instances, the following phrases are commonly used:
conversation immediately instead of trying to figure out ways on how
• I know this is off-topic, but I have to ask/say… • “That came out wrong………..let me rephrase that…”
to facilitate effective communication.
• Before I forget,… • “I’m sorry, I take that back…….”
• The result is that many things are left unsaid or unexplained.
• For formal communication situations such as forums and panel • “Let me clarify that…”
• Discussions that could otherwise be fruitful do not proceed anymore.
discussions, the following prompts may prove useful:
Repair is also done when a mistake is committed such as mispronouncing a • However, if the communication situations turns bad – when an
• Perhaps we can save that discussion for another forum..
word or using the wrong term. argument is brewing, for instance, termination done politely is the
• Maybe we can continue that discussion some other time…
In such instances, you will most likely try to correct yourself to avoid being best possible recourse.
• In the meantime, let’s talk about…
misunderstood or laughed at. Big idea
• At this point, I’d like to mention/say…
• In such instances, you might say, “Actually, it’s (correct Before you terminate a communication situation, carefully evaluate first if
• Allow me to take a moment to ….
term/pronunciation)” or “My bad, I meant to say (correct you stand to gain more from ending it than from continuing it.
• Let me take this opportunity to say…
term/pronunciation).”
Let’s identify!
Identify the communicative strategy employed in the following utterances.
However, if you are not aware of having made such a mistake, then the Situation A: “Open you book to page 14 – ah, page 16 rather.”
person you are speaking with might try to correct you. Situation B: “Hey, Liza, right? I’m sorry. What did you say your name was?”
• Our topic today is “How do we help mitigate disasters in our
Such instances can sometimes be embarrassing, however, especially if the Situation C:
communities?
other person is not particularly close to you. “I thought you said to meet at the mall, so I went there this morning at 10
• Now, let’s talk about you. How are your studies?
AM!”
• Okay. Well, you have a point, but for me…
Big idea “I said hall, not mall! Oh, never mind! I don’t want to talk about it.
• Can we discuss Math instead? I need help in it.
Think before you speak so you can avoid offending others, especially when Situation D: “Okay, then! That’s it! I’m hanging up!”
• Make sure you will write only about the topic assigned to you.
• I see. Glad to hear that. I agree… you are emotional. It is during highly emotional moments that people tend
to say things they later regret. Big idea
TERMINATION Communication strategies are usually learned through experience, such as
Termination is a useful strategy in avoiding conflicts or diffusing arguments. when you discover that a mere word can either hurt or uplift another
 person. You will also learn through experience the topics that people You are the head of a technical team that has developed and is now READ
generally do not want to talk about. Moreover, experience will teach you presenting the design of a new home appliance to attract investors. (Kind of • As the name implies, this type of speech is read by the speaker from
how to properly and politely repair or terminate communication situations. Speech: Product or Project Presentation/Informative and Persuasive Speech) a manuscript prepared by him or her or by somebody else
You are concerned about the worsening garbage problem in your commissioned to write it.
Create A RESPONSE THAT WILL POLITELY REPAIR OR TERMINATE THE community. (Kind of Speech: Informative and Persuasive Speech) • As long as you read the speech, it is classified as read. But so as not
FOLLOWING CONVERSATIONS. to sound too stiff and increase the opportunity for eye contact and
Teacher: (Mispronounces your name) KAY – la, please come forward. Main purposes OF SPEECHES interaction with the audience, the speaker is advised to practice
You: ____________________________________________ The two main purposes of speech are TO INFORM and TO PERSUADE. All delivery beforehand.
B. Stranger: Hi, can you take me to your aunt’s house? the other purposes fall under either of these two.
You: ____________________________________________ MEMORIZED
Consider a comedian who delivers punch lines to make the audience laugh.
C. Boss (Blames you for something you did not do) Why did you not finish Like the read type of speech, a memorized speech is also written in advance
While the purpose of his or her monologue is to entertain and amuse, the
the report I asked you to do? by the speaker himself or herself or by the person commissioned to write it.
comedian is actually persuading the audience to laugh.
You: _____________________________________________ Orations and declamation pieces are examples of speeches that are
Many people earn a living by speaking to entertain. Comedians use their gift memorized.
MODULE 14: TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE of wit and humor to persuade people to laugh with them. Game show and
• Both read and memorized speech are organized and written down
noontime show hosts on TV gather massive followings because of their ability
Identifying your purpose and being conscious of it allows you for word.
to brighten their viewer’s day. Their main purpose is to entertain, but they
To better choose your words • They are useful for speeches that require exactness of
can also ne informative and persuasive in order to serve this purpose.
Your supporting material information/data (e.g., figures, names, technical concepts).
The organization of your message • Their main difference is that one is read and the other is
Big idea
The manner in which you deliver it memorized, obviously.
Always consider the occasion and the type of audience when you write and
analysis • In a read speech, one’s interaction and eye contact with the
prepare for a speech. Doing so will ensure that you select the appropriate
What is the purpose of the weather man? language – as well as the verbal and nonverbal supporting materials – to audience tends to be limited, hence the need to practice delivery.
analysis help you fulfill your speech purpose. • The goal, though, is to still sound conversational and to connect
What is the purpose of a teacher? with the audience despite the manuscript.
Big idea
analysis • The speech types may also be classified according to amount of
You can learn to speak better by listening and imitating the way others
What is the purpose of an artist? preparation involved.
speak. With practice, you will learn what works best for you and eventually
analysis • The read and memorized speeches allow a speaker ample time to
develop your own speaking style.
What is the purpose of a lawmaker? prepare.
• These speeches are written either by the speaker himself or
MODULE 15: TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
 Different speech purposes call for different types of speeches. herself or by a speech writer, as in the case of prominent and
 You deliver an acceptance speech upon receiving a prestigious award, therefore busy persons such as state leaders and highly successful
SPEECH DELIVERY
a farewell address to a dear friend who is immigrating, or a eulogy for businesspeople.
Speech delivery refers to the expression in words of your message, ideas,
a deceased relative. • A manuscript is brought to the podium and read by the speaker or
thoughts, and feelings.
Consider the following situations. Each one requires a specific kind of the speaker commits to memory the speech that was written
speech. beforehand.
There are at least four types of speech according to manner of delivery:
You are the host of a family program honoring your grandparent on his or • Read Big idea
her 75th birthday. (Kind of Speech: Tribute speech) • Memorized
You are the coach of a basketball team in your barangay. You would like to • Extemporaneous  Written language tends to be more formal than spoken language.
your team to be extra motivated for a crucial game. (Kind of Speech: Pep • Impromptu  Therefore, when writing a speech that is meant to be read or
Talk/Motivational Speech) memorized, read aloud what you have written to make sure the
language is suitable before you make the final touches.
EXTEMPORANEOUS leaving; or a funeral in which you eulogize or pay homage to the Cont.
 This type of speech is delivered by speakers who have expert dead and recall happy moments with him or her. • As shown in the situation, the speaker considered the event, age, and
knowledge on the topic and are therefore able to deliver an entire Cont. previous knowledge of the audience. By doing so, he will be able to
speech using an outline of ideas on cue cards. In some cases, as in oral exams and beauty pageants, impromptu craft a speech that will be relevant to the pupils, their parents, and
 Although an extemporaneous speech is no less prepared and speech prompts – sometimes in the form of question prompts – everyone else in attendance. The said speech will also be easy to
organized than a read or memorized speech, it is not written down are given to a speaker in the form of a topic statement or understand and relate to. In addition, the speaker may even consider
word for word and there is no manuscript to read from. question. the audience’s gender, educational level, occupations, and religious
 This allows for a more conversational and interactive delivery. affiliations in planning his speech.
• Here are some sample question prompts for an impromptu speech:
 Outline for an extemporaneous speech • Taking such things into consideration will allow a speaker to come up
• Which three things would you do/buy if you win the grand prize in
with a speech that is relevant, understandable, relatable, and even
the lottery?
Introduction (includes a catchy opening line or greeting and an overview of enjoyable. Moreover, considering variables such as age, gender, and
• What three books would you want to have if you are marooned in
the topic) religious affiliations will allow a speaker to avoid offensive or biased
an island?
Body (the main speech) – It is advisable to limit main ideas to three items for remarks and/or topics.
• What three things signify success to you?
better organization and recall. • It is also important that you have an idea on how big your audience
Main Idea 1 will be since speaking in front of 10-20 people is very different from
Big idea
Main Idea 2 speaking in front of hundreds or even thousands of people.
 The impromptu and extemporaneous speeches allow for the least
Main Idea 3 • When you, for instance, speak to a smaller audience, you might use
time to prepare, if at all.
Conclusion (this could include a recap of the three main ideas discussed, a more intimate and casual language; but if you speak to a larger
 An extemporaneous speech is delivered from an outline of key
call to action if the speech is a persuasive one, or an expression of gratitude audience, you might be inclined to use formal language.
words, phrases, or sentences, which the speaker then fills in with
to listeners) • Knowing your audience profile or characteristics will help you plan
details.
your speech in terms of topic, word choice, examples, language, and
 The impromptu speech usually gives the speaker little or no time at
IMPROMPTU duration.
all for preparation.
• This type of speech is delivered with little to no preparation at
events such as wedding or a victory party. 2. Choosing A Topic
 In delivering extemporaneous and impromptu speeches, use
• Because of this, an impromptu speech is usually short and casual. If you are given the choice of topic for your speech, start with what you
appropriate transitional devices between ideas to lend a sense of
• When you are asked by your teacher to share your reflections on a know or are interested to know. Then, if you have something in mind
organization to your speech. Do not belabor your points or be wordy
material the class has reviewed or read, you are already about to already, ask yourself the following questions:
and repetitive in an attempt to lengthen your speech.
give an impromptu speech.
 Aim for a clear and direct delivery instead.
Cont. Is the topic interesting to my audience?
Similarly, you are to deliver an impromptu speech when you are Is it timely and relevant?
called to say a few words after being surprised with an award or
MODULE 16: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING Are there available sources of information on it?
gift or are asked to share something about the newlyweds or
about your friend who is celebrating his or her birthday. 1. Audience Profile Cont.
For impromptu speeches, instead of an outline, a few key words Audience profile pertains to the important details about your audience that If your answer is “yes” to all the questions, then you have a potentially good
may be written on a piece of paper to help keep you focused on will help you plan your speech. topic in mind. Note that the answers to question 1 and 2 entail knowledge of
your message. your audience profile.
Cont. Situation: An alumnus receives an invitation to speak before the graduating
Impromptu speeches challenge the speaker to quickly organize his class of his elementary school. In planning his speech, he considers the age of 3. Sourcing Information
or her thoughts and verbalize them as clearly and coherently as his intended audience, which, in this case, are 12 – to – 13 years old grade 6 When you have decided on a topic and are set to start compiling
possible. pupils. Included in the audience are the pupils’ parents and loved ones who information about it, think of the possible sources you can consult. If your
That is why, impromptu speeches are usually delivered on will come to witness a milestone in their children’s education. As such, the speech is about basketball, consider if the history of the sport can be found
occasions such as wedding in which you greet the newlyweds; a alumnus decides to use language that both the graduates and their parents online or if there are published books about it. If your speech is about
send-off party where you say your well wishes to whoever is and older loved ones will understand and relate to.
origami, where will you get new patterns to follow? Do you know an origami Comparison/Contrast – This pattern is used to compare and contrast subjects Cont.
expert you can interview? or ideas.  For example, the president’s State of the Nation Address (SONA) lasts
Spatial – This pattern organizes the information according to how things fit between 30 and 90 minutes to allow the head of state time for a
Cont. together in physical space. The spatial pattern is appropriate when your main comprehensive delivery of relevant information.
• With your topic in mind, list as many information sources as possible: points are oriented to various locations that can exist independently. This  A very short SONA might not include all the details that the citizens
video documentaries, textbooks, other print sources such as pattern is best used if your goal is to show that your main points have clear might deem important.
magazines, journals, and newspapers, surveys/questionnaires, locations.  On the other hand, a very long SONA might bore the audience.
microfilms, and other similar materials.  Another examples is a toast speech, which is delivered on important
Chronological – This pattern places the main idea in the time order in which
• Once you have determined your possible sources, you can begin your occasions such as birthday to honor a celebrator. In such a situation, the
items appear. Here, you present information in the order in which they
research. Make sure, though, that you take note toast is expected to be short and sweet, so to speak – not long and
happened.
• Cont. winding.
• of each source and that you cite all of your sources when you deliver Biographical – This pattern is usually employed when a speaker wants to  Speakers in impromptu or extemporaneous speaking contests are given
the speech. describe a person’s life – either the speaker’s own life (autobiographical), the only a certain number of minutes for their speeches. Thus, the speakers
• Failure to properly cite your sources is tantamount to plagiarism and life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. A speech must make sure that they finish within that time frame or they lose
that will compromise your credibility. using this pattern is mainly informative or entertaining. points or – worse – get disqualified.
Causal – This pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. When
4. Outlining And Organizing Speech Content you use a causal speech pattern, your speech will have two main points: cause 7. Word Choice
There is a common and effective practice of outlining and organizing a and effect. In the first main point, you will typically talk about the causes of a  Your choice of words will depend primarily on the type of audience.
speech, and this practice is referred to as the Rule of Three. phenomenon; in the second main point, you will usually show how the causes  As such, you should always keep in mind that there are appropriate
Many great speakers are able to keep the focus of their speeches by limiting lead to either a specific effect or a small set of effects. words to say on specific occasions.
the idea to expound on to three. Problem-Cause-Solution – This pattern describes a problem, identifies what  The formality of language you will use will depend on the occasion.
you believe is causing the problem, and then recommends a solution to  For instance, a graduation speech often requires the use of formal
Cont. correct the problem. language while a send-off speech allows for more informal language.
• For example, what are the three things about basketball that interest
Psychological – In this pattern, a leads to b and b leads to c. This speech
you the most or who are the three greatest basketball players you 8. Grammatical Correctness
format is often used in persuasive speeches as it is designed to follow a logical
want to talk about? • As a second language speaker of English, you are not expected to be
argument.
1. If your speech is on origami, what three benefits can one get from perfectly proficient in it.
learning this art? • You should strive to learn and master the language so you can avoid
Cont.
2. Limiting your main points to three allows you to better organize grammatical lapses, especially the obvious ones.
• Each of the patterns is useful for a specific purpose or goal only.
your speech. • Lapses that are obvious and repetitive may make it difficult for your
• Not all organizational patterns work for all speeches.
3. A focused and well-organized speech is easy to comprehend and listeners to completely grasp the message you want to convey.
• For instance, the biographical pattern is useful only if you are sharing
follow. Cont.
about the life of a person; if your purpose is to persuade, then the
A discerning audience will notice your mistakes and may be less
biographical pattern will not be useful.
5. Logical Organization inclined to listen to you either because they cannot completely
• The challenge then is to identify the goal or purpose of your speech
Your speech must follow a certain flow if you intend to communicate your understand what you are trying to say or they do not think you are
and then choose the pattern that will best serve your goal or purpose.
ideas clearly and effectively. a credible speaker.
If you are to deliver a prepared speech, make time to edit it or
PATTERNS have it edited for grammatical correctness.
6. Duration
Categorical/Topical – This is the most common pattern for organizing a Time is important, and a speaker should always bear that in mind.
speech. In this pattern, the categories help the speaker organize the message As such, a speech must be just long enough to fulfill your speech goals but
in a consistent manner. The goal of this pattern is to create categories (or short enough to hold your audience’s attention.
chunks) of information that go together to help support the main idea.
 MODULE 17: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
5. Gestures
1. Articulation These refer to movements or positions of the hand, arm, body, head,
Articulation is “an act, process, or means of putting something into or face that is expressive of an idea, opinion, emotion, etc.
words” or “the clear and accurate pronunciation of words especially • Use gestures and body movement to call attention to ideas, to
in public speaking.” (Merriam – Webster) emphasize words, and to drive home a point.
• The key term that relates to articulation is coherence, which • Too much gesturing and body movement might be seen as
comes from a Latin word that means “to stick together.” This theatrical and insincere and even distract your audience from
refers to the logical order of ideas expressed. your message.
• When ideas are articulated well, they sound whole and put
together. An articulate speaker is therefore a coherent one. 6. Rapport With The Audience
This refers to a speaker’s connection with the audience.
2. Modulation This connection is characterized by harmony, conformity, accord, or
To modulate your voice is “to change the sound of your voice by affinity.
making it quieter, higher, lower, etc.” (Merriam-Webster)
• Modulation is therefore achieved by changing the tone or pitch TIPS:
of your voice to convey various nuances of meanings when you GREET – COMPLIMENT – INTERACT – USE TASTEFUL HUMOR – TALK
speak. POLITELY
• It is achieved by speaking at just the right tone and pitch so that
your voice is pleasant to the ears. 7. Audiovisual Aids
• These are devices such as films, video and audio clips, slide
3. Stage Presence presentations, models, and blackboard notes that accompany
Stage presence is the ability to command an audience with verbal messages to help audiences comprehend, appreciate,
impressive style or manner. and retain information better.
• You can command attention and have stage presence by just • Audiovisual aids help not only in catching and keeping the
showing up onstage, by grooming, dressing, and most attention of the audience, but also in supporting ad clarifying
importantly – by speaking well. your message.
• Your voice should sound good, and your command of the
language must be excellent.
• Your knowledge of the topic should be credible and extensive.

4. Facial Expression
This is a gesture executed with the facial muscles.
Your face reveals a lot about what you think or how you feel. It is
your most basic visual aid.
• Be very careful about how your face looks in front of other
people.
• Be conscious of what facial expression accompanies your words.