S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No.01
VENTURIMETER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Venturimeter for
different flow rates.
Apparatus: Venturimeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale
Theory: Write the theory on following topics
i. Statement of Bernoulli’s Equation
ii. Assumptions for Bernoulli’s equation
iii. Bernoulli’s Equation applications
iv. Venturimeter construction and working principle
v. Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter
vi. Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter

VENTURIMETER
Flow

Measuring Tank

Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR

Manometer

STORAGE TANK

VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Venturimeter
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

Specifications:
Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------------mm
Area of the pipe, a1=…………………………mm2
Throat diameter, d2= --------------------mm
Area of the throat, a2=……………………….mm2
Area of the measuring tank= A1=500mm  250mm=…….mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A1=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=……….….mm2

Tabular column:
Sl. h1 h2 h R T Qth Qact Cd % V Re
No. cm of cm of m of m s m3/s m3/s Error m/s
Hg Hg water
1
2
3
4

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

S 
h=  h 1  x
 Sl 
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg = h1~h2
h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1
h= 12.6  x
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth= = Theoretical discharge, m3/s
a1  a 2
2 2

  d1 2
a1 = =Area of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m2
4
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Venturimeter inlet, m

  d22
a2 = =Area of throat, m2
4
d 2 = Diameter of the throat, m
A R
Qact = = Actual discharge m3/s
T
Qact
Cd = = Coefficient of discharge
Qth

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Qth  Qact 
% Error =  100
Qact

Qact
V= Velocity of water in m/s
a1

Vd 1
Re=Reynolds Number= ,  = Density of water, 1000kg/m3

 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re
Result:

Department of Mechanical Engineering 4

 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.02
ORIFICEMETER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Orificemeter for
different flow rates

Apparatus: Orifice meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Theory: Write the theory on following topics

i. Construction and working of Orifice meter
ii. Advantages and disadvantages of Orifice meter

ORIFICEMETER

Measuring Tank

Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR

Manometer

STORAGE TANK

ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Orificemeter
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

Specifications:
Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------------mm
Area of the pipe, a1=…………………………mm2
Throat diameter, d2= --------------------mm
Area of the throat, a2=……………………….mm2
Area of the measuring tank= A1=500mm  250mm=…….mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………….mm2

Tabular column:
Sl. h1 h2 h R T Qth Qact Cd % V Re
No. cm of cm of m of m s m3/s m3/s Error m/s
Hg Hg water
1
2
3
4

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

S 
h=  h  1  x
 Sl 
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg = h1~h2
h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1
h= 12.6  x
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth= = Theoretical discharge, m3/s
a1  a 2
2 2

  d1 2
a1 = =Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2
4
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Orificemeter inlet, m

  d22
a2 = =Area of orifice, m2
4
d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m
A R
Qact = = Actual discharge m3/s
T
A= Area of the measuring tank, m2
Qact
Cd = = Coefficient of discharge
Qth

Qth  Qact 
% Error =  100
Qact

Qact
V = =Velocity of water in m/s
a1

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Vd 1
Re=Reynolds’s Number=

 = Density of water, 1000kg/m3
 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re

Result:

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No. 03

RECTANGULAR NOTCH

Aim: To calibrate the given rectangular notch

Apparatus used:
1. Rectangular notch provided in the channel.
2. Hook gauge to measure the head over the notch.
3. A discharge measuring tank fitted with a piezometer and graduated scale.
4. Stop watch.

Theory: A notch is defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which the flow of liquid
occurs. Notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a reservoir, small
channel or tank. Gene rally notches are rectangular, triangular [V notch] or trapezoidal
notch. Triangular notch has advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rate compared
with other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all heads. The sheet of
water discharged by a notch is called "Nappe" or Vein.

Procedure:
1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in the vertical plane, with
the sharp edge on the up-stream side.
2. Record the geometric shape of the notch.
3. Allow the water in the tank till it just passes over the notch [up to the crest level].
4. Stop the water supply and record the level of the water by hook gauge when water just
passes over the notch[h1].
5. Increase the supply of water by operating the valve [say by one revolution]. Then wait
for few seconds till the level of the water flow becomes constant. Record the reading
shown on the hook gauge for the water level [h2].
6. The difference h1-h2 give the head over the notch.
7. Collect the water discharging from the notch in measuring tank and measure the rise of
water level 'R' in the tank for certain period of time '1' sec.
8. Repeat the above the procedure for various discharges by operating regulating valve.

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

DIFFERENT SIZE
OF STONES HOOK GUAGE

MEASURING
TANK

WATER TANK

Tabular column – NOTCH [RECTANGULAR]

Head, over Time taken Actual. Theoritical.

Gauge
Sl notch, for ‘R’ m Discharge Discharge Log Log
Reading Cd
No. H = h1 – h2 rise of water Qact Qth Qact H
(cm)
(m) (sec) (t) m³/s m³/s
h1 h2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Specification:
Rectangular notch

Length of the measuring tank, W=……..mm

Breadth of the measuring tank, B=……mm
Cross sectional area of measuring tank A1=W  B=…….…mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………….mm2

Formulae:

1. THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:

Through Rectangular Notch, Qt = (2 / 3) L 2 g H3/2 =…….m3 / sec

Where, L = width of notch = ………. mm

2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE

Rectangular notch, Qa = (A * R) / (t)

3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Cd = (Actual Discharge) / (Theoretical Discharge)
Graphs:
Rectangular notch 1. H vs Oa
2. Log H vs log Qa

Result

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No. 04

V- NOTCH

Aim: To calibrate the given v- notch

Apparatus used:
1. v- notch provided in the channel.
2. Hook gauge to measure the head over the notch.
3. A discharge measuring tank fitted with a piezometer and graduated scale.
4. Stop watch.

Theory: A notch is defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which the flow of liquid
occurs. Notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a reservoir, small
channel or tank. Generally notches are rectangular, triangular [V notch] or trapezoidal notch.
Triangular notch has advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rate compared with
other shapes. The coefficient of contraction will be constant for all heads. The sheet of water
discharged by a notch is called "Nappe" or Vein.

Procedure:
1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in the vertical plane, with
the sharp edge on the up-stream side.
2. Record the geometric shape of the notch.
3. Allow the water in the tank till it just passes over the notch [up to the crest level].
4. Stop the water supply and record the level of the water by hook gauge when water just
passes over the notch[h1].
5. Increase the supply of water by operating the valve [say by one revolution]. Then wait
for few seconds till the level of the water flow becomes constant. Record the reading
shown on the hook gauge for the water level [h2].
6. The difference h1-h2 give the head over the notch.
7. Collect the water discharging from the notch in measuring tank and measure the rise of
water level 'R' in the tank for certain period of time '1' sec.
8. Repeat the above the procedure for various discharges by operating regulating valve.

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

DIFFERENT SIZE
OF STONES HOOK GUAGE

MEASURING
TANK

WATER TANK

Tabular column – V-NOTCH

Head, over Time taken Actual. Theoritical.

Gauge
Sl notch, for ‘R’ m Discharge Discharge Log Log
Reading Cd
No. H = h1 – h2 rise of water Qact Qth Qact H
(cm)
(m) (sec) (t) m³/s m³/s
h1 h2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Specification:

V- Notch

Length of the measuring tank, W=……..mm

Breadth of the measuring tank, B=……mm
Cross sectional area of measuring tank A1=W  B=…….…mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………….mm2
Angle of V-notch= 900

Formulae:

1. THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:

Through V- Notch, Qt = (2 / 3) tan (θ/2) 2 g H5/2 =…….m3 / sec

2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE

Rectangular notch, Qa = (A * R) / (t)

3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Cd = (Actual Discharge) / (Theoretical Discharge)
Graphs:
Rectangular notch 1. H vs Oa
2. Log H vs log Qa

Result:

Department of Mechanical Engineering 14

 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.05
NOZZLE METER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibrate the given Nozzle meter for
different flow rates

Apparatus: Nozzle meter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Theory: Write the theory on following topics

iii. Construction and working of Nozzle meter
iv. Advantages and disadvantages of Nozzle meter

ORIFICEMETER

Measuring Tank

Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR

Manometer

STORAGE TANK

NOZZLE METER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Nozzle meter
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
10. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
11. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
12. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
13. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
14. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

Specifications:
Diameter of the pipe, d1=---------------mm
Area of the pipe, a1=…………………………mm2
Throat diameter, d2= --------------------mm
Area of the throat, a2=……………………….mm2
Area of the measuring tank= A1=500mm  250mm=…….mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………….mm2

Tabular column:
Sl. h1 h2 h R T Qth Qact Cd % V Re
3 3
No. cm of cm of m of m s m /s m /s Error m/s
Hg Hg water
1
2
3
4

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

S 
h=  h  1  x
 Sl 
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg = h1~h2
h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid)=13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1
h= 12.6  x
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

a1 a 2 2 gh
Qth= = Theoretical discharge, m3/s
a1  a 2
2 2

  d1 2
a1 = =Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2
4
d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Nozzle meter inlet, m

  d22
a2 = =Area of orifice, m2
4
d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m
A R
Qact = = Actual discharge m3/s
T
A= Area of the measuring tank, m2
Qact
Cd = = Coefficient of discharge
Qth

Qth  Qact 
% Error =  100
Qact

Qact
V = =Velocity of water in m/s
a1

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Vd 1
Re=Reynolds’s Number=

 = Density of water, 1000kg/m3
 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Graphs:
i.Qact v/s h
ii. Qact v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re

Result:

Department of Mechanical Engineering 18

 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No.06
FRICTION IN PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES)

Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of a given pipe

Apparatus: Friction pipe experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape
Theory: Write theory on following topics
i. Definition of friction coefficient
ii. Darcy’s Weichbech and Chezy’s Formulae and their description
iii. Wet area
iv. Hydraulic mean depth
Procedure:
1. Note down the diameter and length of the pipe
2. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
3. Connect the manometer limbs between the tapings of the pipe
4. Start the pump and set the flow rate using control valve
5. Note down the difference in manometer
6. Note down the time taken for ‘R’ rise of water
7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates
Specifications:
Inner diameter of the pipe d1= 1inch=25.4mm for pipe 1
d1 =3/4inch =18mm for pipe 2
d1 =1/2inch=12.5mm for pipe 3
Cross sectional area of the pipe a1=..............................mm2
Length of the pipe L=1m for all three pipes
Area of the measuring tank= A1=….............................….mm2
Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=………...mm
Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=………………....mm2
Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………….mm2

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Tabular column:
Sl. h1 h2 hf R T Qact V f Re Type
3
No. m of m of m of m s m /s m/s of flow
Hg Hg water

S 
hf=  h 1  x = Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water
 Sl 
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg= h1~h2
Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6
Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1
h= 12.6  x
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s
A R
Qact = =Actual discharge m3/s
T
Qact
V= = Velocity of water in the pipe, m/s
a1

2g h f
f= = Friction coefficient
4 LV 2
where
L= Length of the pipe, m
Vd
Re=Reynolds’s Number=

 = Density of water, 1000kg/m3
 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

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Type of flow:
i. Laminar flow -----Re>2000
ii. Transition flow-----Re between 3000 and 4000
iii. Turbulent flow------Re>4000

Graph:
1. Friction coefficient vs Re for pipe 1
2. Friction coefficient vs Re for pipe 2
3. Friction coefficient vs Re for pipe 3

Result:

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No. 07
MINOR ENERGY (HEAD) LOSSES

Aim: To determine the minor energy losses of a flow through a pipe with different pipe
fittings.
Apparatus: Major and minor energy losses experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape.

Theory: Write theory on following topics

i. Classification of energy losses in a pipe
ii. Definition of major and minor energy losses
iii. Determination of major energy losses theoretically
iv. Determination of minor energy losses( theoretical formulae used)
v. Equivalent length of a pipe
vi. Definition of TEL and HGL and their significance.

Procedure:
1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
2. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves closed
3. Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to some value
4. Select the fitting for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the
manometer across that fitting by opening the corresponding cocks
5. Remove the air bubbles in the manometer
6. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer
7. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer by connecting it to other fittings
8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate.

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Specifications:
1. Diameter of pipe with uniform cross section=...................mm
2. Area of the measuring tank= A1=…..............................….mm2
3. Diameter of the pipe in the measuring tank=D2=…….…...mm
4. Area of the pipe in measuring tank=A2=……………….....mm2
5. Effective area of the measuring tank = A= A1-A2=………...….mm2

collar

Measuring Tank

Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR

Manometer

STORAGE TANK

MINOR ENERGY LOSSES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Tabular columns:
Head difference in m of Hg Time taken Actual Loss
Type of pipe for R cm rise discharge coefficient
h1 h2 h
fittings of water (T) Qact K
Non Return Valve

Gate valve
(25.4mm)
Wheel valve
25.4mm
Plug valve

Contraction
(25.4mm to
12.7mm)
Expansion
(12.7mm to
25.4mm)
0
90 short Elbow
25.4mm diameter

Elbow

Collar

Calculation:
S 
1. h=  h 1  x
 Sl 
Where
x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg
h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1
h= 12.6  x
2. Actual discharge Qa= AR
T
3. Velocity of water in pipe, V= Qa/area of pipe
2 gh
4. Loss coefficient K=
V2

Result:

Department of Mechanical Engineering 25

 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No. 08
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Aim: To determine the coefficient of impact of a water jet when it strikes different vanes in
fixed condition
Apparatus: Impact of jet on vanes experimental setup, different types of vanes
Theory: Write following theory topics
i. Definition of impact of jet
ii. Principle behind the impact of jet on vanes
iii. Derivation of force applied by a jet on fixed flat plate, inclined vane and
Hemispherical vane

Horizontal Lever arm

Balancing weight
weights Hemispherical vane

Gate valve

PUMP MOTOR

STORAGE TANK

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

Procedure:
1. Select the required diameter of the jet and vane shape and fix them in position
2. Carefully level the horizontal lever by rotating the knob provided at the top of the
weighing balance to zero in the weighing balance
3. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow control valve to give maximum possible flow
through nozzle
4. Note down the flow rate in rotometer and weighing balance reading
5. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the bypass valve and record the series of
rotometer and weighing balance readings
6. Repeat the above procedure for different shapes of vane

Specifications:
i. Diameter of Nozzle d=..............mm
ii. Angle of inclination for an inclined vane=...........

Tabular column:
Type of vane No. of R Qr Fact V Fth Ci
3
trials lpm m /s N m/s N
Flat vane 1
2
3
Inclined vane 1
2
3
Hemispherical 1
vane 2
3

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R= Rotometer reading, lpm

Qr = Discharge through Rotometer, m3/S
R
=
1000  60
Fact= Actual force exerted by the jet, N
V= Velocity of jet, m/s
Qr
=
a
a= Cross sectional area of nozzle, m2
 d2
=
4
d= Diameter of nozzle, m
Fth= Theoretical force applied by the jet, N
= aV 2 for flat plate

= aV 2 sin 2  for inclined vane

= 2 aV 2 for hemispherical vane

ρ= Density of water= 1000kg/m3
θ= Angle of inclination, degrees
Ci= Coefficient of impact
Fact
=
Fth

Result:

Department of Mechanical Engineering 28

 S J B Institute of Technology Fluid Mechanics & Machines Lab

EXPERIMENT No. 09
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Aim: To study the performance of Pelton Wheel turbine under constant speed and constant
head and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves
Apparatus: Pelton wheel experimental setup, stop watch
Theory: Write theory on following topics
i. Layout of hydroelectric power plant with some examples
ii. Definition of gross head, net head, head race, tail race, penstock, surge tank
iii. Definition of Prime mover, Classification of turbines, Impulse turbine
iv. Neat sketch of Pelton Wheel Turbine
v. Construction and working of Pelton wheel
vi. Turbine efficiencies( hydraulic, mechanical, overall, volumetric)
vii. Define unit quantities and draw unit characteristic curves
viii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves

FLOW POWER SUPPLY

SPEAR
PUMP
TURBINE P1
COUPLING
MOTOR
DP P2

WATER TANK

PELTON WHEEL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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SINGLE JET PELTON WHEEL

Procedure:
Constant speed:
1. Remove all the loads on the turbine
2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational
3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum
4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed
5. Apply the load (say 1kg) on brake drum using spring balance. Due to this speed of the
turbine decreases.
6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ spear
7. Note down spring balance readings, pressure gauge and head over V-notch readings
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions
9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.
Constant head:
1. Remove all the loads on the turbine
2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational
3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum
4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 4kgf/cm2) using spear
5. Apply the load on brake drum using spring balance. Due this pressure head decreases.

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6. Adjust the spear until the constant head is obtained

7. Note down spring balance readings, head over V-notch and speed of the turbine
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions
9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.
Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions
S. W Pg N ‘h’ S H Q I/P O/P Nu Pu ήo
No. Kgs kg/cm2 rpm =(P1P2)x10 kg m m3/s kW kW %
m
P1 P2 h

Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2

W= Load applied, kg
S=Spring balance reading, kg
N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm
h= Venturimeter Head, m
H= Head on turbine, m of water
=10 Pg +Z
Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m
Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

a1 a 2 2 gh
= Cd
a1  a 2
2 2

Cd= Coefficient of discharge of V notch=0.6

θ= Angle of V-notch=900
I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW
wQH
=
1000

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w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW
=2NT/(60x1000)
T=Torque induced, Nm
Db
= W  S   9.81 
2
Db= Diameter of the brake drum, m = 0.36 m
ηo= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %
O/ P
=  100
I/P

Ns= Specific speed of the turbine,

Unit Speed Nu = N/H
Unit Power Pu = OP/H3/2 ,Unit Discharge Qu = Q/H
Graphs Main characteristic curves
i. ηo v/s N
ii. O/P v/s N
iii. Q v/s N
Operating characteristic curves
i. ηo v/s H
ii. O/P v/s H
iii. Q v/s H
Result:

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FULL GATE OPENING

FULL

UNIT POWER Pu
UNIT DISCHARGE

3/4

NIT EFFICIENCY ?
3/4 GATE OPENING

1/2
1/2 GATE OPENING
1/4 GATE OPENING
1/4

UNIT SPEED Nu UNIT SPEED Nu

UNIT SPEED Nu

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EXPERIMENT No. 10
FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim: To study the performance of Francis turbine under constant speed and constant head
and draw the Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves
Apparatus: Francis experimental setup, stop watch

FRANCIS TURBINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Theory: Write theory on following topics
i. Definition of reaction turbine
ii. Neat sketch of Francis Turbine
iii. Construction and working of Francis turbine
iv. Definition of inward and outward turbines
v. Draft tube, functions, types
vi. Difference between impulse and reaction turbines
vii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves for Francis turbine
Procedure:
Constant speed:
1. Remove all the loads on the turbine
2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational
3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum
4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed

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5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due to this speed of the turbine
decreases.
6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ guide wheel
7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy
meter disc and head over V-notch
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions
9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.
Constant head:
1. Remove all the loads on the turbine
2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational
3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum
4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 0.75kgf/cm2) using guide wheel
5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due this pressure head decreases.
6. Adjust the guide wheel until the constant head is obtained
7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy
meter disc and head over V-notch
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions
9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.
Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions
Sl. Pg Vg N ‘h’ =(P1P2)x10 S H Q I/P O/P ήo
2 3
No. W kg/cm Mm of rpm m kg m m /s kW kW %
Kgs Hg P1 P2 h

W = load in Kgs
Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2
Vg=Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg, Wo = Hanger weight = 1 Kg
N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm, Rb = Brake Drum diameter = 0.3m
h= Venturimeter head

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t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Head on turbine, m of water
=10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +Z
Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m
Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

a1 a 2 2 gh
= Cd
a1  a 2
2 2

Cd= Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter

I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW
wQH
=
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3
O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW
=2NT/(1000x60)………….KW
T = (W-S+Wo) 9.81 Rb………….N-m
ηo= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %
O/ P
=  100
I/P
Graphs:
Main characteristic curves
iv. ηo v/s N
v. O/P v/s N
vi. Q v/s N
Operating characteristic curves
iv. ηo v/s H
v. O/P v/s H
vi. Q v/s H
Result:

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EXPERIMENT No. 11
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim: To study the performance of Centrifugal Pump and draw the characteristic curves
Apparatus: Centrifugal experimental setup, stop watch

SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

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Theory:
Write the following theory topics
i. Neat sketch of centrifugal pump, working principle
ii. Different types of casings
iii. Efficiencies of centrifugal pump
iv. Manometric head, NPSH, total head
v. Priming of centrifugal pump
Procedure:
1. Prime the pump
2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.
3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure, speed of pump
4. Note down the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank and time for ‘n’
revolutions of energy meter disc
5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings
6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges
Tabular column:
Sl. Pg Vg N R T t H Q I/P O/P η
No. kg/cm2 mm rpm m s s m m3/s kW kW %
of Hg

Pg=Delivery pressure, kg/cm2

Vg= Suction or Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg
N= Speed of the pump, rpm
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s
t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

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H= Total Head of the pump, m of water = Hm+Hd+Z

Hm= 10/760* Vg
Hd = 10Pg
Z= 0.2m Gauge correction
H =10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +0.2
Q =Actual discharge m3/s
A R
= A= Area of the measuring tank, m2 =l x b,
T
l= Length of the tank, m
b=Breadth of the tank, m
I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW
3600  n
=  m
k t
n= Number of revolutions of energy
meter disc
k= Energy meter constant
ηm= Efficiency of motor=0.7
O/P= Output power of the turbine,
kW
wQH
=
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810
N/m3
η=Efficiency of pump, %
O/ P
=  100
I/P

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Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump

Graphs:
i. Efficiency v/s H
ii. I/P v/s N
iii. Q v/s H
iv. O/P v/s H

Result:

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EXPERIMENT No. 12
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim: To find the percentage slip and study the performance of Reciprocating Pump
Apparatus: Reciprocating pump experimental setup, stop watch
Theory: Write the following theory topics
i. Neat sketch of reciprocating pump, working principle
ii. Slip, % slip
iii. Air vessels- working and applications
iii. Indicator diagram

Fig : - Double-Action Piston Pump

Procedure:
1. Prime the pump
2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.
3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure and speed of pump

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4. Note down the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank and time for ‘n’
revolutions of energy meter disc
5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings
6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges
Tabular column:
Sl. Pg Vg N R T t H Qth Qact S I/P O/P η
No. kg/cm2 mm rpm M s s m m3/s m3/s % kW kW %
of
Hg

Where
Pg1=Delivery pressure of water in stage 1, kg/cm2
Pg2= Delivery pressure of water in stage 2, kg/cm2
Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg
N= Speed of the pump, rpm
R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m
T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m rise of water in measuring tank, s
t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc
H= Total Head of the pump, m of water
=10 Pg+0.0136 Vg
LAc N
Qth=
60
L=Stroke length of cylinder, m
Ac= Area of the cylinder, m2

 D 2

=
4
D= Diameter of cylinder, m

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Qact =Actual discharge m3/s

A R
=
T
A= Area of the measuring tank, m2
=lxb
l= Length of the tank, m
b=Breadth of the tank, m
S= Percentage Slip
Qth  Qact 
=  100
Qth
I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW
3600  n
=  m
k t
n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
k= Energy meter constant
ηm= Efficiency of motor=0.7
O/P= Output power of the turbine, kW
wQH
=
1000
w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3
η=Efficiency of pump, %
O/ P
=  100
I/P
Graphs:
6. Efficiency v/s H
7. Q v/s H
8. O/P v/s H

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EXPERIMENT No. 13
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Aim: To conduct a performance test on two stage reciprocating air compressor

Apparatus: Two stage reciprocating air compressor setup, tachometer
Theory: Write the following theory topics
i. Compressed air applications
ii. Working of two stage air compressor
iii. Compressor efficiencies
iv. Methods used to get nearly isothermal compression

AIR COOLER

ON/OFF o RPM
LP HP C
First stage Second stage
Main
COMPRESSOR Manometer

OUTLET
T1
AIR

TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Procedure:
4. Close the delivery valve
5. Switch on the compressor and leave for some time to attain normal speed
6. When the compressor develops the pressure, adjust the control valve and
maintain a constant delivery pressure
7. Note down the manometer reading, speed of motor and compressor,
intermediate pressure, discharge pressure
8. Repeat the experiment for different discharge pressures
Specifications:
i. Diameter of LP Cylinder=………mm

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ii. Stroke length of LP Cylinder=…………….mm

iii. Diameter of orifice= ……………….mm
Tabular column:
Sl. Plp Php N hw Ha Va Vth Wiso ηv
No. kgf/cm2 kgf/cm2 rpm m of water m of m3/s m3 / kW %

h1 h2 hw air s

Plp= Delivery pressure of air, kgf/cm2

Php= Pressure of HP cylinder, kgf/cm2
N= Speed, rpm
hw= Manometer reading, m of water
Ha= Head of air, m of air
 w hw Pa
=  w = Density of water, 1000kg/m3,  a = Density of air, kg/m3 =
a RT a
Pa= Atmospheric pressure, 1.013 x100 kPa, R= Gas constant =0.287 kJ/kg K for air
Ta= Atmospheric or room temperature, K, Va= Actual volume of air delivered, m3/s,
= Cd Ao 2 gH a

2   d02
Cd= Coefficient of Discharge=0.62, Ao= Area of orifice, m =
4
do= Diameter of orifice, m g= Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s2
Vth= Theoretical Volume of air delivered, m3/s
= π(dlp2Llp +dhp2Lhp )/4
dlp=Diameter of LP Cylinder, m dhp=Diameter of HP Cylinder, m
Llp=Stroke length of LP Cylinder, m Lhp=Stroke length of HP Cylinder, m

Wiso=Isothermal work, kW

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 P  100  P1 
= P1Va log e  d 
 P1 
P1= Pa= Atmospheric pressure=1.013x100 kPa
ηv= Volumetric efficiency, %
Va
v =  100
Vth
Graphs:
i. ηv v/s Pd
ii. ηiso v/s Pd
iii. ηv v/s Nc
iv. Ws v/s Va
Result:

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EXPERIMENT No. 14

AIR BLOWER

Aim: To study the performance of a centrifugal blower.

Apparatus: Centrifugal blower test rig, Motor digital tachometer, Manometer etc,
Theory: Write following theory topics
i. Definition of Air Blower
ii. Principle behind the Blower
iii. Applications of Air Blower

Flow Rate
DOOR Opeaning IMPELLER

PITOT TUBE

STATIC HEAD

ENERGY
ON / OFF SPEED METER
Pr. Involute casing

STATIC HEAD

FLOW RATE

Casing

CONSOLE

MAINS
MOTOR

Procedure:
1. Connect the input power for console 3HP , ac supply with neutral and earth.
2. Switch as the mains and observe the light indicators are on beneath the console
3. Switch on the console mains on.
4. Switch on the instrumentation
5. Keep the inlet and outlet valves fully open.
6. Switch on the starter so that motor speed builds up to the constant Rpm

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7. Adjust the gate opening and maintain a static head and notedown the readings I)
Blower speed flow ,ii)Static head iii) Energy meter reading Iv) Casing presurre
distribution
8. Repeat the experiment for different heads
9. Switch off the motor and electrical mains
10. Tabulate the readings and draw the following characterstic curves

Sl Blower Time taken for 2 Static head rise Flow diff Head of Input power
no speed in revs of energy hstaic m pitot tube hf m of KW
rpm meter disc ‘t’sec water

Volume flow rate of Static presurre rise of air Output power Overall efficiency
discharge m3/min Hstatic (m) KW 

Specifications :
1. Area of the duct = 0.066 m2
2. Diameter of the duct = 300 mm
3. Type of the impeller =forward propeller
4. Maximum speed 2800rpm
5. Motor capacity5HP
6. Electrical input 3phase, 415volts, 30amp ac supply with neutral and earth

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Calculations:
1. Input power IP=(n x 3600)/(K x t)……… KW
Where n = no of revolutions of energy metre disc
K = energy meter constant = --------------rev/KWhr
t = time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc=…………..sec
2. Static head of air Hstatic = [((w /a) – 1)(hstatic)] …………..m
Where w = Density of water i.e., 1000 Kg/m3
a = Density of air at room temperature =…………..Kg/m3
hstatic = manometer reading
Hstatic = Head of the air
3. Velocity head or flow head Hf = hf [(w /a) – 1]………..m
Where
hf = manometer reading
Hf = Head of the air
4. Volume flow rate or discharge Q = CdA 2 g Hf
5. Output power = (wQHstatic)/1000
w = specific weight of air
6.Efficiency =(OP/IP)100

Graphs:
Volume flow rate v/s static head
Volume flow rate v/s efficiency

Result:

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QUESTION BANK FOR FLOW AND FLUID MACHINES EXPERIMENTS

1. Define fluid.
2. Differentiate between fluid and solid.
3. Define Specific volume
4. Define Specific gravity.
5. Define Viscosity.
6. Define Compressibility.
7. Define vapour pressure.
8. Define Capillarity.
9. Define Surface tension.
10. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
11. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
12. What is peizometer?
13. How manometers are classified.
14. What is pitot static tube?
15. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
16. State Newton’s law of viscosity.
17. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid.
18. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid.
19. What is ideal plastic fluid?
20. Define velocity gradient.
21. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
22. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
23. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
24. Define relative density.
25. What is vacuum pressure?
26. What is absolute zero pressure?
27. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
28. Define steady flow.
29. Define uniform flow.
30. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
31. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
32. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
33. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow.
34. Define stream function.
35. Define velocity potential function.
36. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid.
37. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions.
38. Write down Euler’s equation of motion.

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39. Write down Bernoulli’s equation of motion for ideal and real fluid.
40. State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
41. Mention the applications of Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
42. Mention few discharge measuring devices
43. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
44. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
45. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
46. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
47. What is the difference between Pitot tube and Pitot static tube?
48. What is orifice plate?
49. What do you mean by vena contracta?
50. Define coefficient of discharge.
51. Define coefficient of velocity.
52. Define coefficient of contraction.
53. State Buckingham’s Pi Theorem.
54. What is dimensional homogeneity?
55. What is dimensionless number?
56. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis.
57. Mention few important dimensionless numbers.
58. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid.
59. Define Reynold’s number.
60. What is the difference between model and prototype?
61. Mention two application of similarity laws
62. Define geometric similarity.
63. Define kinematic similarity.
64. Define dynamic similarity.
65. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics?
66. Write down Hagen poiseulle's equation
67. Sketch the velocity distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates.
68. Sketch the shear stress distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates
69. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line.
70. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
71. Mention the application of moody diagram.
72. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
73. What do you mean by major energy loss?
74. List down the type of minor energy losses.
75. Define drag force.
76. Define lift force.
77. What are the classifications of turbine
78. Define impulse turbine.
79. Define reaction turbine.
80. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
81. What is the function of draft tube?
82. Define specific speed of turbine.
83. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
84. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?

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85. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine

86. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
87. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
88. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
89. What is water hammer?
90. What do you mean by head race?
91. What do you mean by tail race?
92. What is speed ratio?
93. What is flow ratio?
94. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
95. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
96. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
97. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
98. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine?
99. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
100. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
101. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
102. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
103. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
104. What does velocity triangle indicates?
105. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
106. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
107. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
108. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
109. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
110. Define Hydraulic efficiency
111. Define Mechanical efficiency.
112. Define overall efficiency.
113. Define pump.
114. How pumps are classified?
115. Differentiate pump and turbine.
116. Define Rotodynamic pump.
117. Define Positive displacement pump.
118. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
119. Define cavitation in pump.
120. What is the need for priming in pump?
121. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump
122. Give examples for Positive displacement pump.
123. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
124. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
125. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
126. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
127. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
128. What is the function of volute casing?
129. What is the function of guide vanes?
130. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?

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131. What do you mean by relative velocity?

132. What is whirl velocity?
133. What do you mean by absolute velocity?
134. What is the function of impeller?
135. Mention the types of impeller used.
136. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for pump.
137. Define Hydraulic efficiency
138. Define Mechanical efficiency.
139. Define overall efficiency
140. Define specific speed of pump.
141. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump
142. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump.
143. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
144. What is the function of air vessel?
145. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
146. What is negative slip?
147. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
148. What does indicator diagram indicates?
149. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
150. Briefly explain Gear pump.
151. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump.
152. Briefly explain vane pump.
153. What is rotary pump?
154. Draw the velocity triangle for centrifugal pump.
155. Draw the indicator diagram fro reciprocating pump.
156. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
157. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
158. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
159. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
160. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
161. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating
pump.
162. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating pump.
163. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.

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