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Phy 101 Shortnotes

This document contains short notes on various physics concepts created by Muhammad Hasan. It defines concepts such as charge density, Gauss's law, electric potential, electron volt, capacitor, ampere, resistance, power, Kirchhoff's law, magnetic field, Lorentz force, Weber, alternating current, emission, absorption, transmission, reflection, diffraction, and static mechanics. It also provides the lifetimes of various radioactive elements and basic solar facts.

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Namal No Oor
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2K views4 pages

Phy 101 Shortnotes

This document contains short notes on various physics concepts created by Muhammad Hasan. It defines concepts such as charge density, Gauss's law, electric potential, electron volt, capacitor, ampere, resistance, power, Kirchhoff's law, magnetic field, Lorentz force, Weber, alternating current, emission, absorption, transmission, reflection, diffraction, and static mechanics. It also provides the lifetimes of various radioactive elements and basic solar facts.

Uploaded by

Namal No Oor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phy101 short notes created by

Muhammad Hasan

Q#1) Define charge density?


When the charges are continuously over a region-a line, the surface of a material,
or inside a sphere-we must specify the charge density. Depending upon how many
dimensions the region has, we define:
(a) For linear charge distribution: dq = l ds
(b) For surface charge distribution: dq = s dA
(c) For volume charge distribution: dq = r dv
The dimensions of are determined from the above definitions.
Q#2) Define Gauss’s Law?
Ans: The total electric flux leaving a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed by
ur ur q
the surface divided by e o .We can expressed in mathematics form F = � E.d A = enclosed
eo
Q#3) Define electric potential?
Ans: The electric potential is the energy of a unit charge in an electric field. So in our
MKS units the unit of potiential is 1Joule/Coulombs=1Volt.Another useful unit is
1Electron Volt.
Q#4) Define 1Ev?
Ans:- One electron-volt=enrgy gained by moving one electron charges through one
volt.
= ( 1.6 x10 C ) x1V = 1.6 x10 J
19 -19

It is useful to note that


1Kev = 103 eV
1Mev = 106 eV
1Gev = 109 eV

Q#5) Given a system of charges, we can always compute the force - and hence the
potential -
That arises from them. Here are some important general statements:
a) Potentials are more positive in regions which have more positive charge.
b) The electric potential is a scalar quantity (a scalar field, actually).
c) The electric potential determines the force through F=− du/dr, and hence the electric
Field because F= qE.
d) The electric potential exists only because the electrostatic force is conservative
Q#6) Define Capacitor?
Ans:- Two conductors isolated from one another and from their surroundings, from a
capacitor. These conductors may be of any shape and shape, and at any distance from
each other.
If a potential difference is created between the conductors (say, by connecting the
terminals of a battery to them), then there is an electric field in the space between them.
The electric field comes from the charges that have been pushed to the plates by the
battery. The amount of charge pushed on to the conductors is proportional to the potential

Virtual University Faisalabad | 1


Phy101 short notes created by
Muhammad Hasan

difference between the battery terminals (which is the same as between the capacitor
plates). Hence Q�V . To convert this into equality, we write Q = CV . This provides the
Q
definition of capacitance, C =
V
Q#7) Define Ampere?
Ans:- Electric current is the flow of electrical charge. If a small amount of charge dq
dq
flows in time dq , then the current is i = . If the current is constant in time, then in
dt
time t, the current that flows is q = i x t . The unit of charge is ampere, which is defined
as:
1 Coulombs
1 ampere =
Second
A car’s battery supplies up to 50 amperes when starting the car, but often we need to deal
with smaller values:
1 miliampere = 1ma = 10 -3 A
1 microampere = 1m A = 10-6 A
1 nanoampere = 1nA = 10 -9 A
1 picoampere = 1 pA = 10 -12 A
Q#8) Define Resistance?
Ans:- Resistance is directly proportional to the voltage V and inversely proportional to
the current I.
V
R=
I
Imp:-
When resistors are put in series with each other, the same current flows through both.
When current flows in a circuit work is done.
Q#9) Unit and definition of power?
V2
Ans:- This is an important formula. It can also be written as P = or as p = iV .The
R
joule coulomb joule
unit of power is: 1 volt - ampere = 1 . =1 = 1 watt
coulomb sec ond sec ond
Q#10) Define Kirchhoff’s Law?
Ans: - The sum of the potential differences encountered in moving around a
Closed circuit is zero.
Va = -iR + e = 0
Q#11) Define magnetic field?
Ans: - The magnetic field exerts a force upon any charge that moves in the field. The
greater the size of the charge, and the faster it moves, the larger the force. The direction

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Phy101 short notes created by
Muhammad Hasan

of the force is perpendicular


r urto both the direction of motion and the magnetic field. If
q
is the angle between v and B then F = qvB sin q is the magnitude of force.
The unit of magnetic field that is used most commonly is the tesla. A charge of one
Coulomb moving at 1 meter per second perpendicularly to a field of one tesla experiences
a force of 1 Newton tesla. Equivalently,
newton newton
1 tesla = 1 =1 = 104 gauss(CGS unit )
coulomb.meter / sec ond ampere .meter
Earth Surface = 10-4 T
Bar magnet = 10-2 T
Powerful electromagnet = 1T
Superconducting magnet = 5T
Q#12) Define Lorentz force?
Ans:- When both magnetic and electric fields are present at a point,uu the
r total
r force
uu r acting
ur
upon a charge is the vector sum of the electric and magnetic forces, F = qE + qv x B
.This is called Lorentz force.
Q#13) Define Weber?
Ans: - The dimension of flux is magnetic field x area, and the unit is called Weber.
1weber = 1tesla .meter 2
Q#14) Define alternating current?
Ans: - Alternating current (AC) is current that flows first in one direction along a wire,
and then in the reverse direction.
Q#15) Red Light has l = 700nm .The frequency can v can be calculated as?
3.0 x108 m
Ans:- v = sec = 4.29 x1014 Hertz
7 x10-7 m
Q#16) Define Emission?
Ans: - Matter releases energy as light.
Q#17) Define Absorption?
Ans: - Mater takes energy from light.
Q#18) Define Transmission?
Ans:- Matter allows light to pass through it.
Q#19) Define Reflection?
Ans: - Matter repels light in another direction.
Q#20) Define Diffraction?
Ans: - The bending of light around objects (into what would otherwise be a shadowed
region) is known as diffraction. Diffraction occurs when light passes through very small
apertures or near sharp edges.
Q#21) Define statically mechanics?
Ans: - The study of heat, considered as arising from the random motion of the basic
constituents of matter, is an area of physics called statistical mechanics.

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Phy101 short notes created by
Muhammad Hasan

Q#22) what are the lifetime of the polonium, krypton, strontium, radium, carbon
and uranium?
Ans: -
Polonium 21484 P 1.64 x10-4 s
Q#23) what are the basics solar facts?
Krypton 8936 K 3.16 min utes Ans: -
90
Stronium 38 Sr 28.5 years
226
Radium 88 Ra 1600 years
14
Carbon 6 C 5760 years
238
Uranium 92 U 4.5 x109 years
a) Mass of sun 2 x1030 kg = 333,000 Earth's
b) Diameter of sun 1, 392, 000 km = 109 Earth's
c) Age of sun 4.6 billion years
d) Rotation Period = 25 days at equator, 36 at poles (surface)
e) Tem perature = 15 million K at core, 5770 K at surface
f) Density = 8 x gold at the core, average is ~ 1.5 water
g) Composition: 72% H, 25% He, rest is metals

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