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E Combus

This document provides data on the properties of various fuels used for combustion with air, including their density, heating value, combustion temperatures, flash points, ignition limits, and laminar flame speeds. Key fuels discussed include acetylene, benzene, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methane, ethanol, propane, hydrogen, and wood. Maximum combustion temperatures range from 2100K to 3400K depending on the fuel. Flash points and autoignition temperatures are also provided to indicate ignition properties.

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93 views2 pages

E Combus

This document provides data on the properties of various fuels used for combustion with air, including their density, heating value, combustion temperatures, flash points, ignition limits, and laminar flame speeds. Key fuels discussed include acetylene, benzene, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, methane, ethanol, propane, hydrogen, and wood. Maximum combustion temperatures range from 2100K to 3400K depending on the fuel. Flash points and autoignition temperatures are also provided to indicate ignition properties.

Uploaded by

alex
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FUEL DATA FOR COMBUSTION WITH AIR

Density Theoretical Higher Maximum Flash point Ignition Maximum laminar


air/fuel ratio
Heating adiabatic &Autoignition limitsb deflagration speed
Fuel Formula (state) Value combustion temp. temperaturea
[kg/m3] [MJ/kg] K [K] [m/s]
3 3
Acetylene C2H2(g) 1.1 11.9 m /m 48 2500* <180, 600 2.5..100 1.5
Benzene C6H6(l) 880 13.3 kg/kg 42.3 2400 262, 840 1.5..7.5 1.1
Bio-diesel C17H32O2(l) esters 880 12.4 kg/kg 40 - 420, -
C6H14O(l) Ethyl Tert. Butyl
Bio-petrol 750 12.2 kg/kg 36 - -
Ether
n-Butane C4H10(g) 2.4 31 m3/m3 49.5 2250 210, 670 1.5..9.3 0.45
iso-Butane C4H10(g) 2.4 31 m3/m3 49.5 2250 190, 710 1.6..8.4 0.45
Carbon
C(s) 2250 11.5 kg/kg 33 600, 670
(graphite)
Carbon
CO(g) 1.2 2.4 m3/m3 10 2400 -, 900 12..75 0.20
monoxide
Coal (dry, mean) 85%C5%H5%O5%M(s)c 1300..1400 10 kg/kg 31 2200 550, 600
d 15 kg/kg 47 330, 480 0.6..8
Diesel or Gas-oil 87%C13%H(l) 820..860
DME C2H6O(g) (dimethyl ether) 1.8 14.3 m3/m3 30 232, 600 3.4..20 0.40
C6H14O(l) (ethyl tert-butyl
ETBE 770 12.2 kg/kg 43 248, 580 1.4..10
ether)
Ethane C2H6(g) 1.2 16.7 m3/m3 51.9 2100 140, 800 3.0..15 0.40
Ethanol C2H6O(l) 790 9.0 kg/kg 29.7 2200 285, 630 3.3..21 0.80
Ether C4H10O(l) (diethyl ether) 715 11.2 kg/kg 37.2 230, 440 1.8..37
84%C10%H3%S1%N2%H2
Fuel-oil 850..990 15 kg/kg 44 2200 320, 480 0.7..5
O(l)e
Gasoline 85%C15%H(l)f 730..760 14.7 kg/kg 48 2200 230, 650 1..8 0.35
n-Hexadecane C16H34(l) 773 14.9 kg/kg 47.3 2200 400, 475 0.5..4.7
n-Heptane C7H16(l) 685 15.2 kg/kg 48.1 2200 269, 560 1.1..6.7 0.40
Hydrogen H2(g) 0.08 2.4 m3/m3 142 2400 -, 850 4.0..75 3.5
Kerosene Jet A-1 85%C15%H(l)g 780..840 15 kg/kg 47 2300 330, 500 0.7..6 0.20
Methane CH4(g) 0.67 9.5 m3/m3 55.5 2200 85, 850 4.5..16 0.45
Methanol CH4O(l) 790 6.5 kg/kg 22.7 2150 285, 680 6.0..37 0.50
Natural gas CH4(g)h 0.68..0.70 9.5 m3/m3 54 2250 -, 850 5.3..15 0.45
n-Octane C8H18(l) 703 15 kg/kg 47.9 2300 286, 500 1..6 0.40
iso-Octane C8H18(l)i 690 15 kg/kg 47.9 2300 261, 690 1..6 0.40
Propane C3H8(g) 1.8 23.8 m3/m3 50.0 2250 170, 750 2.0..9.5 0.45
Propylene C3H6(g) 1.8 21.4 m3/m3 48.9 - 2.4..11 -
Wood
50%C5%H45%O(s)j 500..1000 5.6 kg/kg 20 2100 550, 700 -
(dry, mean)

All data for combustion with air, at 298 K and 100 kPa.
*Maximum adiabatic combustion temperature for the oxyacetylene torch 3400 K.
a
Flash point: minimum temperature for spark ignition near the condensed phase. Autoignition: minimum temperature for self ignition (without spark).
b
% by volume of gaseous fuel in the mixture with air.
c
% by weight, dry bituminous coal; C refers to total carbon content (fixed plus volatile matter), M refers to inert matter.
d
% by weight; diesel or gas-oil is a distilled mixture with M=0.17..0.20 kg/mol, Tb=470..530 K (10% and 90% boiled), pv(38 ºC)=0.7 kPa, ν<4×10-6 m2/s at 55 ºC (the flash point of
diesel), 50..55 cetane number, and sulfur content <500 ppm, that may be approximated by C12H26 (n-Dodecane). Cetane is n-hexadecane, C16H34. As for most hydrocarbons, the solubility in
water is negligible, and it may be carcinogen.
e
% by weight; fuel-oils are mixtures of residues and heavy fraction distillates (and maybe used and waste oils), with sulfur content <0.5%, and may be approximated by C14H26. Pour points are
usually below 0 ºC for distillates and below 20 ºC for residuals, but they are heated for handling.
f
% by weight; gasoline is a distilled mixture with M=0.10..0.12 kg/mol, Tb=300..440 K (10% and 90% boiled), pv(38 ºC)=60 kPa for the summer blend and pv(40 ºC)=90 kPa for the winter
blend, 90..100 motor octane number, and sulfur content <300 ppm, that may be approximated by C7H17 or C8H18 (iso-octane), except for the vapour pressure. Composition differences yield a
wide scatter in property values; e.g. the flash point may range from -230 K to 240 K, autoignition temperature from 550 K to 750 K.
g
% by weight; kerosene (or kerosene) is a distilled mixture with Tb=450..600 K (10% and 90% boiled), Tf=−40 ºC, ν=8×10-6 m2/s at −20 ºC, that may be approximated by n-dodecane (C12H26)
or 1-dodecene (C12H24). Commercial (Jet A-1, Jet A, and Jet B) and military (JP-4, JP-5, JP-8...) jet propulsion fuels, are basically mixtures of kerosene and gasoline (half-&-half for JP-4,
99.5% kerosene for JP-5 and JP-8, 100% kerosene for Jet A-1), plus special additives (1..2%): corrosion inhibitor, anti-icing, and anti-static compounds. Jet A-1 is the international jet fuel with
Tf=−50 ºC (-47 ºC as a limit); Jet A (with Tf=−40 ºC) is a low-grade Jet A-1 only and mostly used in USA; and Jet B (Tf<−50 ºC), the commercial name of JP-4, is only used in very cold
climates. They all have a lower heating value of 42.8..43.6 MJ/kg. Minimum flash point is 60 ºC for JP-5, 38 ºC for Jet A-1 and JP-8 (Jet A-1 typical value is 50 ºC, with a vapour pressure at
this point of 1.5 kPa; 1 kPa at 38 ºC), and -20 ºC for JP-4. Typical density at 15 ºC is 810 kg/m3 for Jet A-1, and 760 kg/m3 for Jet B.
h
Natural gas is a mixture with some 90% methane, M=0.017..0.019 kg/mol, Tb=110..120 K (10% and 90% boiled) and 120 motor octane number.
i
Isooctane or trimethylpentane, Tf=166 K, Tb=372 K, c=2200 J/(kg×K), Motor Octane Number MON=100.
j
% by weight; wood is basically cellulose, a long polysaccharide (C6H10O5)n with n=5000..10000 and M=500..10000 kg/mol.

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