STRUCTURE

AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Daftar Isi

STEP 1
Skill : Basic Sentence Structure
Skill : Part Of Speech
1. Skill : Subject And Verb
2. Skill : Objects of Preposition
3. Skill : Appositives
4. Skill : Agreement After Prepositional Phrases
5. Skill : Agreement After Expression of Quantity
6. Skill : Agreement After Certain Words
7. Skill : Present Participle
8. Skill : Past Participle
9. Skill : Coordinate Connector
10. Skill : Adverb Clause Connectors
11. Skill : Noun Clause Connectors
12. Skill : Noun Clause Connectors/Subject
13. Skill : Adjective Clause Connectors
14. Skill : Adjective Clause Connectors/Subject

STEP 2
15. Skill : Reduced Adjective Clauses
16. Skill : Reduced Adverb Clause
17. Skill : Parallel Structure With Coordinate Conjunction
18. Skill : Parallel Structure With Paired Conjunction
19. Skill : Paraller Structure With Comparison
20. Skill : The Irregular –Er –Er Structure
21. Skill : Past Participle After Have
22. Skill : Present Participle Or Past Participle After Be
23. Skill : Base Form Verbs After Modal
24. Skill : Singular And Plural Nouns
25. Skill : Countable And Uncountable Nouns

STEP 3
26. Skill : Subject And Object Pronoun
27. Skill : Possesive Adjectives And Pronoun
28. Skill : Pronoun References
29. Skill : Adjectives And Adverbs
30. Skill : Adjectives After Linking Verbs
31. Skill : Recognize –Ly Adjectives
32. Skill : Predicate Adjectives
33. Skill : Inverted Subject And Verb
Skill : Conditional Sentence
Parctice test
Skill : Basic Sentence Structure
Sentence atau kalimat adalah susunan atau sekumpulan kata yang bersama-sama
membentuk suatu gagasan yang lengkap. Terdapat lima struktur kalimat yang bia dibentuk
dalam Bahasa Inggris.
1. Subject – Verb
Contoh : Jack plays – Helena laughs
2. Subject – Verb – Object
Contoh : The girl pets the cat – I eat the watermelon
3. Subject – Verb – Adjective
Contoh : Lisa is pretty – Hasan is rich
4. Subject – Verb – Adverb
Contoh : Maria laughs loudly – The dog jumps high
5. Subject – Verb – Noun
Contoh : I am a teacher – That boy is a student

Dibawah ini adalah contoh kalimat yang dikembangkan dari kalimat sederhana
menjadi lebih panjang.

Jack eats

Jack eats apple – penambahan object

Jack eats red apple – penambahan adjective

Jack eats red apple quickly- penambahan adverb of manner

Jack eats red apple quickly in his house – penambahan adverb of place

Skill : Part Of Speech

Kata-kata seringkali dinamakans sesuai dengan fungsinya di dalam sebuah kalimat.
Nama-nama kata tersebut disebut dengan Part of Speech. Delapan Part of speech dalam
bahasa inggris diantaranya adalah :
1. Nouns / Kata benda
a. Digunakan untuk menyebut orang, tempat, benda, perasaan atau gagasan.
Nouns biasanya digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan Who atau What.
b. Nouns biasanya diawali dengan “Noun Markers” atau penanda kata benda.
Contohnya Noun Markers adalah : Determiner a, an, the dsb.
c. Nouns biasanya menandai kata jamak dengan penambahas –s atau –es.
d. Kata yang berakhiran –ance, -ancy, -ence, -ice, -ion, -ity, -ment, -ness, dan –
ure biasanya adalah Nouns.
Contoh : nation, community, togetherness, competence, currency,
acquaintance, dsb
2. Verb / Kata kerja
a. Verb atau kata kerja menunjukkan sebuah aktivitas yang dilakukan. Semua
kalimat harus mempunyai setidaknya satu kata kerja.
b. Ada beberapa verbs berupa ‘linking verb” atau biasa disebut “to be”, seperti :
singular atau benda tunggal (be, am, is dan was untuk bentuk lampau), jamak
atau benda lebih dari satu (are dan were untuk bentuk lampau)
c. Verb berubah bentuk untuk menunjukkan perbedaan waktu. Misalnya kamu
merubah kalimat dari Present tense ke Past tense, atau Present tense ke Future
Tense, maka yang berubah adalah Verb-nya.
Present tense : I go to Surabaya
Past tense : I went to Surabaya
Future tense : I will go to Surabaya
d. Complete Verb biasanya melibatkan dua atau lebih verb yang bekerja sama
dan terdiri dari main verb (kata kerja utama) dan helping verb (kata kerja
bantu). Kata yang bias jadi helping verb antara lain :
- Can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must – (always
helping verb)
- Have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being –
(can be helping or main)
e. Kata yang berakhiran –ify dan –ize biasanya adalah verb, -ing dan –ed juga.
Contoh : Modify, analyze, cooking, baked, dsb.

3. Adjective/Kata sifat
a. Adjective adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan Nouns (orang,
benda, binatang dll).
b. Adjective biasanya bersifat konkrit atau abstrak, seperti : big, pretty, tall,
short, red, green, curly, wavy, thin, dsb.
c. Adjective selalu berada sebelum noun, contoh : red car, pretty girl, green
leaves, curly hair, dsb.
d. Biasanya adjective juga berada di belakang linking verb, contoh : The tree is
so big and tall.

4. Pronoun/Kata ganti
a. Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda.
b. Macam-macam pronoun
Subyek Obyek Arti
Personal pronoun I Me Saya
(kata ganti orang) You You Kamu
She Her Dia (pr)
1 yaitu kata ganti orang hewan, benda
He Him Dia (lk)
atau tempat. kata ganti tersebut
It It Dia, itu
berupa subjek, objek ataupun
possesive We Us Kita, kami
They Them Mereka
2 Possesive pronoun Dependent Independent
 (kata ganti milik) (membutuhkan kata (berdiri sendiri)
lain untuk
mengiringi)
My Mine
Your Yours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours
Their Theirs
3 Reflexive pronoun Myself, yourself/yourselves,
themselves, ourselves, himself, herself,
yaitu kata ganti yang menerima itself
tindakan dari subjek

4 Demonstrative pronoun This - these, that - those

yaitu kata ganti yang bergantung

dari jarak ataupun jumlah

5 Interrogative pronoun Who (siapa), whom (siapa obyek),

whose (punya siapa), why (mengapa),
kata ganti yang di gunakan untuk which (yang mana), what (apa)
bertanya

6 Indefinite pronoun Somebody, anything, something,

anyody, everyone
yaitu kata ganti yang tidak spesifik
atau umum

7 Relative pronoun Who

Whom Yang jika
yaitu kata ganti yang mengawali Whose diterjemahkan artinya
relative clause That YANG
Which

5. Adverb/kata keterangan
a. Adverb memperjelas Verb, adjective atau adverb lainnya.
b. Adverb biasanya berakhiran –ly, tapi tidak semua memakai –ly.
c. Ada beberapa macam Adverb, misalnya Adverb of time (every, never,
sometime, usually), Adverb of place (at home, in the park), Advern of manner
(beautifully, hard, quickly), dsb.

6. Conjunction /Kata sambung

a. Conjunction adalah kelompok kata yang berfungsi untuk menyambung kata.
Misalnya : and, but, or, dll.

7. Preposition/Kata depan
a. Preposition terdiri dari; of, on, from, in, at, in front, of dan lain lain.
 8. Interjenction/Kata seru
a. Interjenction adalah kata pendek yang diucapkan untuk mengekspresikan
sesuatu seperti kagum, kecewa, dan sebagainya. Misalnya : ouch! Excellent!
Amazing! Good! Oh my god! Dsb.

Skill 1 : Subject And Verb

Sebuah kalimat umumnya mempunyai subject dan verb (kata kerja). Saat membaca
kalimat, kalian harus mampu menemukan subject dan verb dari kalimat tersebut. Ada kalimat
dengan subject dan verb jelas, namun ada pula yang susah untuk diidentifikasi. Perhatikan
contoh berikut:
- Buses depart from the station every half hour.
S V
- Deep down in the earth lie deposts of uranium.
V S
Pada kalimat pertama, subject dan verb-nya jelas. Pada kalimat kedua, subject dan
verb-nya sulit diidentifikasi.
Dalam bagian Structure And Written Expression tentang subject dan verb, umumnya
terdapat soal dimana tidak terdapat subject atau verb dalam kalimatnya. Perhatikan contoh
berikut :
_______________ was ringing continuously for hours.
a. Loudly b. In the morning
c. The phone d. The bells

Pada kalimat diatas belum terdapat subject. Untuk itu kalian harus menandai Verb-
nya, lalu mencari subject yang sesuai. Verb dalam kalimat itu adalah was ringing, dilihat dari
kata was maka subjectnya adalah benda tunggal. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah (C). (D)
adalah bentuk jamak, sedangkan (A) dan (B) bukanlah Noun.
Perhatikan pula contoh berikut ini :
Newspapers_______________ by the boy every morning and every evening.
b. delivery b. is delivered
c. are delivered d. regularly

Perhatikan kalimat diatas ada verb yang hilang.

NOTE : Jika kita cermati, kalimat semacam ini termasuk ke dalam PASSIVE VOICE
atau KALIMAT PASIF, dimana subject kalimat (newspaper) menerima perlakuan dari
Agent atau pelaku lain (bisa disebutkan atau tidak dalam sebuah kalimat), dalam hal ini
by the boy.
Rumus passive voice adalah :
S + Be + V3/Past participle + By Agent (atau tanpa Agent)
Contoh : She eats bread (active) – Bread is eaten (Pasiv)
 Nah, setelah mengetahui bahwa bentuk kalimat diatas adalah pasif, jadi hanya ada dua
pilihan yang mungkin yaitu antara (B) dan (C). Perhatikan lagi subject diatas adalah
Newspapers (Newspaper + s), yang merupakan Noun jamak, maka Verbnya harus jamak.
Jadi jawaban yang tepat adalah (C).

TYPES OF SUBJECT
Pada umunya subject muncul sebelum verb. Subject dalam bahasa inggris terdiri dari
elemen sebagai berikut:
1. Noun (kata benda) : digunakan untuk menyebut orang, tempat, benda, perasaan
atau gagasan.
2. Pronoun (kata ganti) : kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda.
3. Gerund (V1 + —ing)
4. Infinitive (to + V)
5. Noun clause (Conjunction + S + V), bisa diawali conj. atau noun clause markers
berupa question word (what, why, when dsb), if, whether dan that.
6. Noun phrase bias dibentuk dengan : (Adjective + Noun) – (Determiner + Noun)
– (Quantifier + Noun). Note Quantifier : some, both, all, dsb.

Berikut merupakan contoh bentuk kata yan dapat digunakan sebagai subject :
1. The manager of the bank invited us for lunch. (Noun Phrase)
2. He likes doing the job after lunch. (Pronoun)
3. Jogging seems to be his favorite sport. (Gerund)
4. To improve your English is a must to do. (Infinitive)
5. That he likes me surprised me. (Noun Clause)
Perhatikan contoh soal berikut :
_______________ is an integral part of almost all water-based activities and it is
also a competitive part sport in many modern competitons.
a. To swimming b. The swimming
c. Swimming d. By swimming
Pada contoh ini, kalian akan dengan sangat mudah mengenali mana subject yang tepat
untuk verb is. Poin (A), (B) dan (D) jelas bukan bentuk subject yang tepat, jadi jawaban yang
benar adalah (C). Swimming adalah bentuk subject Gerund.

LATIHAN 1a : Pada latihan ini, tentukan subject dan verb pada kalimat berikut.
Lalu tentukan apakah subject tersebut Noun phrase (NP), Pronoun (PRO), Gerund (G),
Infinitive (INF), atau Noun clause (NC).

1. ______PRO_______ He is the new director of the institute.

2. _________________ To get angry is not a solution.
3. _________________ That was a silly remark.
4. _________________ Whoever wins the race will receive a thropy
5. _________________ Zebra has white and black stripes.
 6. _________________ Walking to University takes 20 minutes.
7. _________________To sleep all morning is a waste of time
8. _________________ That all the passenger survived the crash is miraculous.
9. _________________Cemeteries are frightening places at night
10. _________________These appears to be a photograph of a north African village
11. _________________ What my secretary said was worth doing.
12. _________________ He approved the new proposal on the new project
13. _________________ Doing exercise regularly can make you stay healthy.
14. _________________ To be skillful in one are need regular practice.
15. _________________ The best book published this year is novel by andrea.

Ingat, dalam satu kalimat, setidaknya harus ada satu subject dan verb.

LATIHAN 3b : Tentukan apakah kalimat tersebut memiliki subject dan verb yang
sesuai. Tandai subject dan verb-nya. Beri (C) jika benar, dan (I) jika salah. Kalian dapat
mengganti kata mana yang salah.

___I___ 1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby lake.
(Kurang Subject, seharusnya : Last week I went fishing for trout at the nearby
lake)
___C___ 2. A schedule of the day’s event can be opened at the front desk.
_______ 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available
_______ 4. The new computer programs provide a variety of helpful applications.
_______ 5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.
_______ 6. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.
_______ 7. The papers in wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can outside
_______ 8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor.
_______ 9. Yesterday found an interesting article of pollution.
_______ 10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine.

Skill 2 : Objects of Preposition

Object of prepotitions merupakan ebuah obect berupa Noun yang muncul setelah
sebuah prepotitions (kata depan) seperti: in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, since, for dan
sebagainya. Objects of prepotitions bisa sangat menjebak karena terlihat seperti subject.

(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat)

 Subject kalimat tersebut bukan Exams, tetapi Tom dan verb-nya adalah will take.
Kalimat tersebut memiliki dua Objects of prepotitions yaitu : exams adalah object dari
preposition after, dan boat adalah object dari preposition on.

To Charlie ____________ was a big surprise.

a. The gift b. really
c. very d. funny
Pada soal tersebut, anda harus lebih dulu menentukan subject dan verb-nya, kalimat
tersebut belum memiliki subject karena To Charlie bukan merupakan subject kalimat, tapi
hanyalah Objects of prepotitions. Charlie merupakan object dari preposition To. Jawaban
yang tepat adalah (A), karena poin yang lain bukanlah bentuk dari subject.

NOTE
Sebuah Preposition yang diikuti oleh Noun disebut Objects of prepotitions. Jika
terdapat kata yang merupakan sebuah object of preposition maka itu bukanlah
subject!

LATIHAN A : Tentukan Objects of prepotitions dalam kalimat berikut. Tandai subject, verb dan
Objects of prepotitions-nya, kemudian beri tanda (C) jika benar, dan (I) jika salah.

__C___ 1. The interviewers by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.
______ 2. In the last possible moment before take off took his seat in the airplane.
______ 3. At the neighborhood flowershop, flower in quantities of a dozen or half dozen
can be delivered for free
______ 4. The progressive reading methods at tis school are given credit for the improved
test scores.
______ 5. For the last three tears at the various hospitals in the county has been practicing
medicine.
______ 6. In the past career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles.
______ 7. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years.
______ 8. At the building side the carpenters with the most experience were given the
most intricate work.
______ 9. For fever and headache took aspirin tablets.
______ 10. The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference.

Skill 3 : Appositives
 Appositives adalah Noun yang muncul sebelum atau sesudah Noun yang lain dan
memiliki arti yang sama. Dengan kata lain bahwa appositives adalah klausa penjelas dari
subject, berupa penekanan keterangan. Contoh :
Sally, the best student in class, got an A on the exam
Or
The best student in class, Sally got an A on the exam
Subject kalimat tersebut adalah Sally, sedangkan appositives-nya adalah The best
student in class. Contoh lain sebagai berikut :
1. _________, George, is attending the lecture.
a. Right now b. happily
c. Because of the time d. My friend
George bukan merupakan subject, melainkan Appostives karena ada koma yang
memisahkan kata George dengan Verb. Karena setiap kalimat memerlukan subject, maka
(D) adalah yang paling tepat.

2. _________, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots

a. An excellent basketball player b. An excellent basketball player is
c. Sarah is an An excellent basketball player d. Her excellent basketball player

Jelas sekali bahwa Sarah adalah subject karena tak ada koma sebagai pemisah
antara Sarah dengan verb. Kalian harus mencari appositives untuk Sarah. Poin yang paling
tepat adalah (A).

Berikut adalah rumus appositives (APP) dalam kalimat :

 Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car
S APP V
 a really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car
APP S V

LATIHAN A : Tentukan Apposotives dalam kalimat berikut. Tandai subject, verb dan Apposotives
-nya, kemudian beri tanda (C) jika benar, dan (I) jika salah. Kalian dapat membetulkan kesalahan
kalimat berikut.

__C___ 1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad
changes in management policy.
___I___ 2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the University.
(Last semester bukanlah subyek yang tepat untuk appositives a friend,
seharusnya Noun bukan adverb of time)
______ 3. Thank giving’s day, November 12, is a special holiday for Americans.
______ 4. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.
______ 5. Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better than the last
night.
______ 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times.
______ 7. In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.
______ 8. The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up
the room.
______ 9. The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally
readied for use.
______ 10. A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for
Sunday dinner.
TOEFL REVIEW SKILL 1-3

1. The north Platte River _______ from Wyoming into Nebraska.

a. It flowed
b. Flows
c. Flowing
d. With flowing water
2. A pride of lions _______ up to forty lions, including one of three males, several
females, and cubs.
a. Can cointain
b. It contains
c. Contain
d. Containing
3. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth century, _______ limited to the rich.
a. Was
b. Was photography
c. It was photography
d. Photography was
4. Henry Adams, born in Boston, _______ famous as historian and novelist.
a. Became
b. And became
c. He was
d. And he became
5. The major cause _____ the pull of the Moon on the Earth.
a. The ocean tides are
b. Of the ocean tides is
c. Of the tides in the ocean
d. The ocean tides
6. Boston, the hub of historic New England, it is the Capital of Massachusetts and the
A B C
largest city in the area.
D

7. Mixed seeds, such as cracked corn, peanuts, and sunflower seed, is popular feed
A B C D
For winter bird.

8. Modern buttons, unlike early ones, they are frequently mass-produced and usually
A B C
made of plactic
D

9. After roosting all day in the dark cave, a bat leave its shelter hunting for its food.
A B C D
10. Borax, generally found in dessert, are useful as a water softener in the laundry
industry. A B C D
Skill 4 : Agreement After Prepositional Phrases
Kesesuaian subject/verb atau Agreement after prepositional phrases merupakan hal
yang sangat sederhana : Jika subject berbentuk tunggal, maka verb yang digunakan harus
berbentuk tunggal. Jika subject berbentuk jamak, maka verb yang digunakan harus berbentuk
jamak. Sebuah akhiran –s atau –es pada subject berarti subject tersebut berbentuk jamak,
sedangkan jika ada akhiran –s atau –es pada verb maka verb tersebut berbentuk tunggal.
Kecuali untuk beberapa Noun (kata benda) khusus yang tidak termasuk dalam aturan ini,
seperti woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, dan lain sebagainya.

Agreement
Subject Verb
Tunggal / Singular (tanpa –s atau –es) Tunggal / Singular (menggunakan –s atau –es)
Jamak / Plural (Menggunakan –s atau –es) Jamak / Plural (Tanpa –s atau –es)
Singular / Tunggal Plural / Jamak
Am, is, was Are, were
Has Have
This These
That Those

Perhatikan contoh berikut :

The boy walks to school
The boys walk to school

Pada contoh diatas, boy merupakan subject tunggal, maka menggunakan verb + -s atau –es
yaitu walks. Sedangkan kalimat kedua, boys merupakan bentuk jamak jadi memakai verb jamak tanpa
–s ataupun –es.

LATIHAN 4a : Perhatikan agreement antara subject dan verb pada masing-masing kalimat berikut,
kemudian pilihlah kata yang tepat.

1. English (has/have) been my favorite subject since I was an elementary school.

2. There (are/is) several means of transportation you can take to get there.
3. The chief varieties of ordinary lava rocks (are/is) rhyolite, basalt and obsidian.
4. All five living (order/orders) of gymnosperm consist primarily of tree species.
5. The (phase/phases) of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen form the
earth at any one time.
6. Other rock (type/types) found at clasts include the plutonic rocks norite and gabbro.
7. Tsunamis (have/has) erroneously been called tidal waves, but they have nothing to do with
the diurnal pattern of high and low tides.
8. These and other examples (demonstrate/demonstrates) the subtle balance of forces that is
established in gravitational system composed of many bodies.
9. Since WWII, echo-sounding (technique/techniques) have been widely used to measure the
depth of the sea bottom.
10. The earliest writing of this era from east Africa (consist/consists) of works of autobiograohy
and ant.
LATIHAN 4b : Masing-masing kalimat dibawah ini memiliki sau atau lebih frasa kata depan
diantara subject dan verb. Tandai subject, verb dan preposition phrase-nya. beri (C) jika benar dan (I)
jika salah.

__C___ 1. The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain need to be rescued.
___I___ 2. The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several
days.
______ 3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.
______ 4. The president, surrounded by secret service agents, is trying to make his way to
the podium.
______ 5. The building destroyed during the fire are being rebuid at the taxpayer’s
expense.
______ 6. Because of seriousness of the company’s financial problems, the board of
directors have called an emergency meeting.
______ 7. Manufacture of the item that you requested have been discontinued because of
lack of profit on those items.
______ 8. Further development of any new ideas for future products has to be approved in
advance.
______ 9. The scheduled departure time of the trains, posted on panels throughout the
terminal building, are going to be updated.
______ 10. Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgraded to meet
current standards.

Skill 5 : Agreement After Expression of Quantity

Agreement After Expression of Quantity meliputi quantifier, seperti all, most, half,
part atau some yang diikuti kata depan of. Pada situasi ini, subject dari kalimat (all, most,
half, part atau some) dapat berupa kata benda bentuk tunggal maupun jamak, tergantung dari
object yang mengikuti kata depan of.
SUBJECT/OBJECT AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY
All
Most
Some
+ OF THE (OBJECT) + VERB
Half
Ketika sebuah ungkapan jumlah adalah subject kalimat, maka verb harus sesuai dengan
object.
Contoh : All of the book was interesting (tunggal)
All of the books were interesting (jamak)
All of the information was interesting
(karena Information adalah object uncountable atau tidak dapat dihitung,
maka menggunakan Was)
LATIHAN 5a : Tandai subject, verb dan quantifier -nya, kemudian beri tanda (C) jika benar, dan
(I) jika salah. Kalian dapat membetulkan kesalahan kalimat berikut.

__C___ 1. The witnessed saw that most of the fire in the hills was estinguished.
___I___ 2. Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserved.
______ 3.all of the students in the class is required to turn in their term papernext
Monday.
______ 4.half of the food are
______ 5. We believe that some of the time of employees is going to be devoted to quality
control.
______ 6. All of the witnesses in the jury trial have indicated that they believe that the
defendant was guilty.
______ 7. She did not know where most of the people in the room was from.
______ 8. In spite of what was decided at the meeting, half of the procedures was not
change.
______ 9. I was sure that all of the question on the test were correct.
______ 10. Most of the trouble at the series of meeting was resolved within a few weeks.