2-26 CHAPTER 2—PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE Using the quality, determine the entropy for the saturated mixture. $2 = 8 + X89 wy + (0.92) | 7.6845— a kg K) = 7.6422 kikg-K The change in specific entropy is sp—81= 7.6422 46.6940 tek wD ig K = 0.9482 kJ/kg-K (ans) 49, A vessel with a volume of 1 cu. meter contains liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 600 KPa. The liquid water has a mass of 1 kg. Using the steam tables, calculate the mass of the water vapor. Solution From the steam table, at 600 kPa vi = 0.001101 mg and vg = 0.3157 mikkg Volume of liquid = mv = 1(0.001101) = 0.001101 m* Volume of Vapor = 1 - 0.001101 = 0.998899 m* Mass of Vapor = 222882? - 3.474 kg (ans) 20. One useful equation used in the change of enthalpy of incompressible liquid with constant specific heat is hsub2 - hsubt = c(Tsub2 - Tsub1) + v(psub2 - psubt) Where: Tsubn = temperature at state n psubn = pressure at state n v= specific volume of liquid ‘Water with csubp = 4.18 ku/kg-"K and v= 1.00 x 10 to the -3 eet al tae x 10 to the ~3 power cu. m/kg has the State |: Tsubt= 18°C psub1 = 1.013 x 10 to the S"power State Il: Tsub2 = 30°C psub2 = 0.113 MPa a ‘What is the change in enthalpy from state | to state II? Solution: hy - hy = Cp(Tz -T:) + v(Pe - Py) = 4,18(30 ~ 19) + 0.001(113 - 101.3) = 48 kulkg (ans)SIMPLIFIED ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS, 2-27 10, PRACTICE PROBLEMS: 41. 180 grams of saturated water of temperature 95°C undergoes evaporation process until all vapor completely vaporized. Determine the change in volume in m” ‘Steam Properties: ALQ5°C, vi = 00010397 m°/kg, vy = 1.9819 mi/kg A. 0.3565" C. 0.4566 B. 0.4085 D. 0.6047 2. The latent heat of vaporization of water at 14,7 psia is 970.3 Btu/lbm and the volume changes from 0.01672 ft’lbm to 26.8 ft'lbm. What is the change in internal energy of the water? A. $77 Btulbm ©. 810 Btulbm B. 897 Btulbm* D. 650 Btuibm 3. What is the amount of dry steam flow to an engine, which is supplied with 4500 kg per hour wet steam with a quality of 80%? A. 5625 kg/hr C. 3600 kg/hr * B. 1900 kg/hr D. 1600 kg/hr 4. Given a steam pressure of 900 Ib/f, the temperature of 300°F, specific volume of 58 fb. If the specific enthalpy is 9500 Ib-fulb, what is the internal energy of the system? A. 4400 In-fulb C. 3600 In-fulb B. 3900 In-fvib D. 4280 In-ftllb * 5. A 10 cu. m vessel initially contains 5 cu. m of liquid water and 5 cu. m of saturated water vapor at 100 kPa. Calculate the internal energy of the system using the steam tables. A. 5x 10 to the 5” power ki ©. 2x 10 to the 6" power kJ * B. 1x 10to the 6” power kJ D. 8x 10 to the 5” power kJ 6. 150 grams of water at 75 deg C is heated at constant pressure. The water is completely vaporized, What is the heat added? A. 355 ks * C. 144 ks B. 335k) D. 120k 7. An engine is required to produce 4500 kg of dry steam per hour. The quality of steam in itis 90%. What must be the weight of the wet steam? A. 4778 kg/hr , C. 6258 kg/hr B. 5000 kg/hr * ©. 6000 kg/hr 8. After checking on the properties and Phase descriptions of water, the quality is found to be x = 0.70. How many % of the mass is in the liquid phase? A. 70% €.100% B. 0.70% D.30%* 9. Calculate the entropy, in BTU per Ibm per degree R, of steam at 60 psia with a {60% amount of vapor. A. 0.4274 ©. 1.1877 * B. 0.9014 0. 1.2172 ~~ preURE SUBSTANCE _ ane 2-28 CHAPTER 2 ~ PROPERTIES OF P liquid water and water vapor in x“ f 1 cu, meter contains sauilbcumat GO KPa, The i f1kg. Calculate the mass of the equilibrium at 60 kPa. The liquid water has a mass of water vapor ‘At 600 kPa from steamtable: . V; = 00011101 m*/kg Vo = 0.3157 m’Ikg A. 0.99 kg C. 1.89 kg B. 1.57 kg D. 3.16kg* 11. What is the volume of a rigid tank that contains 15 kg of water at a temperature of 00 deg C (P = 84.55 kPa, VI = 1.041/kg, Vg = 1982L/kg), if 10 kg of this water is liquia and the remaining is in vapor form, A. 12.892 cubic meters . 9.9204 cubic meters * B. 0.0156 cubic meters D. 5.6549 cubic meters 412, Calculate the enthalpy of 3 Ibs of fluid that occupy a volume of 20 cu. ft if the internal energy is 1000 Btu per lb and the pressure is 2 atm abs, A. 3109 Btu* C. 3910 Btu B. 3509 Btu D. 4590 43. 100 grams of water at 75 deg is heated at constant pressure. The water is completely vaporized. What is the heat added? A. 336 kd C. 236 kJ* B. 296 kJ D. 196 kJ 14. R-134A flows in a pipe at 28°C with a specific volume of 0.04525 m’/kg. The internal energy and enthalpy of R-134A are 242.2 kJikg and 260.4 kJ/kg respectively, The pressure of the refrigerant in MPa is A. 0.0481 C. 0.9225 B. 0.5224 D. 0.84d2* 18. A mixture of ideal gases has an apparent molecular weight of 42.2 kg/kg-mol and @ specific enthalpy of 280.2 kJ/kg when the temperature is 140°C. The specific internal energy of this mixture in kJ/kg is: A 88.72 ©. 198.83 * 8. 143.12 D. 298.83 16. A tank 0.5 m? volume is filled with steam at a pressure of 1,000 kPaa anda temperature of 300 °C. If 632 kJ of heat is added, determine the change in internal energy. A. 632 kJ* ©. 632k B. 632 ki/s D. -632 kis 17. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of saturated steam at 5 bar. Find the quantity of heat which must be rejected so as to reduce th 1% quan tat _ luce the quality to 60% dry. 18. If a certain amount of steam is produced at a ryness fraction 0,8. Calculate : proms of 8 be eral (@) External work done during evaporation. (ans. 183.6 kd) (6) Internal latent heat of steam. (ans. 1483.6 kJ)__SIMPLIFIED ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 2-29 19. A quantity of steam at 10 bar and the heat supplied to raise the pressure. Take specific heat of (ans. 80 kJ/kg) 0.85 dryness occupies 0.15 m?. Determine temperature of the steam to 300°C at constant 20. Find the specific volume, bar, dryness fraction 0.85, (ans. 0.0935 m’ikg; 2508.35 ku/kg; 2340.75 kilkg) enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam at 18 21. Find the dryness fraction, sj bar and enthalpy 2550 kJ/kg, (ans. 89.7%; 0.2449 m’ikg; 2379.67 kJikg) ;pecific volume and internal energy of steam at 7 22. Steam at 120 bar has a specific volume of 0.01721 m*/kg, find the temperature, enthalpy and the internal energy (ans. 350°C; h = 2847.7 kJ/kg; 2641.18 kJikg) Solution. 23. Steam at 140 bar has an enthalpy of 3001.9 kJ/kg, find the temperature, the ‘specific volume and the internal energy (ans. 400°C; 0.01722 m°ikg; 2760.82 kJ/kg) 24. Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and a temperature of 300°C. Also find the change of internal energy if this steam is expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8. (ans. 2806.2 kJ/kg; — 700.7 kJ) 25. Find the intemal energy of 1 kg of steam at 20 bar when (2) itis supemeatea, its temperature being 400°C; (ans. 2952.88 kJ/kg) (b) itis wet, its dryness being 0.9. Assume superheated steam to behave as a perfect gas from the commencement of superheating and thus obeys Charle's law. Specific heat for steam = 2.3 ki/kg- K. (ans. 2429.24 kJ/kg) 26. Determine the entropy of 1 kg of wet steam at a pressure of 6 bar and 0.8 dry, reckoned from freezing point (0°C). (ans. 5.7865 kJ/kg K) 27. Steam enters an engine at a pressure 10 bar absolute and 400°C. It is exhausted at 0.2 bar. The steam at exhaust is 0.9 dry. Find: {a) Change in enthalpy; (ans. 889.9 kJ/kg) (b) Change in entropy. (ans. 0.2634 kJ/kg K) 28. A piston-cylinder contains 3 kg of wet steam at 1.4 bar. The initial volume is 2.25 m’. The steam is heated until its temperature reaches 400°C. The piston is free to move up or down unless it reaches the stops at the top. When the piston is up against the stops the cylinder volume is 4.65 m’. Determine the amount of work and heat transfer to or from steam. fans. 614.5 kJ; 4390.3 kJ)2-30 + _ CHAPTER 2 ~ PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE 2 29. Steam at a pressure of 5 bar passes into a tank containing water where it gets condensed. The mass and temperature in the tank before the admission of steam are 50 kg and 20°C respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of steam as it enters the tank if 3 kg of steam gets condensed and resulting temperature of the mixture becomes 40°C. Take water equivalent of tank as 1.5 kg. (ans. 0.456) 30. Steam at a pressure of 1.1 bar and 0.95 dry is passed into a tank containing 90 kg of water at 25°C. The mass of tank is 12.5 kg and specific heat of metal is 0.42 kJ/kg K. If the temperature of water rises to 40°C afler the passage of the steam, determine the mass of steam condensed. Neglect radiation and other losses. (ans. 2.488 kg) 31. A throttling calorimeter ig used to measure the dryness fraction of the steam in the steam main which has steam flowing at a pressure of 8 bar. The steam after passing through the calorimeter is at 1 bar pressure and 115°C. Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam in the main. Take Cos = 2.1 kJikg K. (ans. 0.97) 32. The atmospheric pressure at sea level, on top of a low hill and at the summit of Mount Everest (altitude about 8800m) are 1.013 bar, 1 bar and 0.32 bar respectively. Find the saturation temperature (boiling point) of water at the above locations, (ans. t, = 100°C; t. = 99.6°C; t, = 70.6°C) 33. A pressure cooker contains 2 kg of water at 30°C and atmospheric pressure. Ifit is heated by a gas burner, find the quantity of heat required to heat the water, (2) toa temperature of 70°C at a pressure of 2 bar; (ans. 334.6 kJ) (b) to the boiling point at the pressure of 2 bar. (ans. 758.6 kJ) 34. During winter a continuous supply of hot water is needed for a large hotel in Canada. To meet this demand, water is pumped through a coil which is heated by an oil burner. The pressure of the water in the coil is 3 bar. The water enters the coil at 10°C and leaves the coil at 90°C. If the water flow rate is 360 kg/min, find the required rate of heat supply. (ans. 2010 kw) 35. Feed water at a pressure of 10 bar and a temperature of 70°C enters a steam boiler at a rate of 50 000 kg per hour. if the boiler delivers saturated steam at 10 bar, find the required rate of heat supply to the boiler. Find also the volume flow rate of steam at the boiler exit. (ans, 34.5 MW; 50 m*/hr) 36. Superheated steam at a pressure of 40 bar and a temperature of 500°C enters a steam turbine. The exhaust steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 0.2 bar with a dryness fraction of 0.85. If the steam flow rate is 150,000 kg per hour and the rate of heat loss from the turbine is 800 kW, find the powergeveloped by the turbine. Also determine the volume flow rate of steam at inlet foand exit from the turbine. (ans. 48.8 MW; 975 x 10° m*h) 37. In an industrial process 0.195 kg of water at 30°C is injected into a tank ‘containing 2 kg of steam at 8 bar and 350°C. During this operation the heat loss from the tank is 5.5 kJ. Find the final specific internal energy of the steam in the tank. {ans. 2631 ki/kg) 38, Ina steam engine cylinder 0.15 kg of steam at 10 bar and 250°C expands to pressure of 1 bar. If the quality of the steam at the end of expansion is 0.8, find the work output from the cylinder. Assume that the engine is well insulated. (ans. 93.4 kJ) 39. Ina refrigerator, the working fluid is Refrigerant 12. Superheated refrigerant vapour enters the compressor at 1 bar and -15°C. the refrigerant is compressed ‘and it leaves the compressor at a pressure of 17 bar and a temperature of 95°C. if the flow rate of refrigerant is 0.15 kg per minute, find the power input to the compressor. Neglect any heat loss from the compressor. (ans. 134 W) 40. in a steam power plant, exhaust steam at a pressure of 0.1 bar and dryness fraction 0.8 enters a condenser where it is condensed at constant pressure to water at the saturation temperature. (a) Find the heat rejected per kilogram of steam entering the condenser. (b) Find the specific volume of the fluid both at the inlet and the exit of the condenser. (ans. 1913.6 kJ/kg; 0.001 m*/kg) 41. Steam pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 260°C enters a well insulated nozzle with negligible velocity. The steam leaves the nozzle at 0.1 bar and 75°C. Find the velocity of the steam jet at the nozzle exit. Find also the density of the fiuid at the exit from the nozzle. (ans, 827.8 mis; 0.0624 kglm*) 42. Determine the mass of oxygen contained in a cylinder of internal diameter 300 mm and jength 1.5 m. The pressure gauge shows a reading of 79 bar. The cylinder is at the room temperature of 30°C. (Hint: The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 kg/kmole). (ans. 10.77 kg) 43. Ina central air-conditioning system, 72 kg per hour of air at 15°C and 4.1 bar enters a rectangular duct of 200 mm x 500 mm. {@) Find the volume flow rate of air at the entrance to the duct. (b) Determine the air velocity at this section. (ans. 54 m'ihr; 0.15 m/s)SROUPIED Even THERMNDDYRANNCS | __2" 88 developed by the turbine. Also determine the volume flow rate of steam at inlet to and exit from the turbine. (ans, 48.8 MW; 975 x 10° mh) 37. In an industrial process 0.195 kg of water at 30°C is injected into a tank containing 2 kg of steam at 8 bar and 350°C. During this operation the heat loss from the tank is 5.5 kJ. Find the final specific internal energy of the steam in the tank. (ans. 2631 kJ/kg) 38. In a steam engine cylinder 0.15 kg of steam at 10 bar and 250°C expands to a pressure of 1 bar. If the quality of the steam at the end of expansion is 0.8, find the work output from the cylinder. Assume that the engine is well insulated. (ans. 93.4 kJ) 39. Ina refrigerator, the working fluid is Refrigerant 12. Superheated refrigerant vapour enters the compressor at 1 bar and -15°C. the refrigerant is compressed and it leaves the compressor at a pressure of 17 bar and a temperature of 95°C. IF the flow rate of refrigerant is 0.15 kg per minute, find the power input to the compressor. Neglect any heat loss from the compressor. (ans. 134W) 40. In a steam power plant, exhaust steam at a pressure of 0.1 bar and dryness fraction 0.8 enters a condenser where it is condensed at constant pressure to water at the saturation temperature. (2) Find the heat rejected per kilogram of steam entering the condenser. (b) Find the specific volume of the fluid both at the inlet and the exit of the condenser. (ens. 1913.6 kJ/kg; 0.001 m*/kg) 41. Steam pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 260°C enters a well insulated nozzle with negligible velocity. The steam leaves the nozzle at 0.1 bar and 75°C. Find the velocity of the steam jet at the nozzle exit. Find also the density of the fluid at the exit from the nozzle. (ans. 827.8 m/s; 0.0624 kg/m*) 42. Determine the mass of oxygen contained in a cylinder of internal diameter 300 mm and length 1.5m, The pressure gauge shows a reading of 79 bar. The cylinder is at the room temperature of 30°C. (Hint: The molecular weight of Oxygen is 32 kg/kmole). (ans. 10.77 kg) 43. Ina central ait-conditioning system, 72 kg per hour of air at 15°C and 1.1 bar enters a rectangular duct of 200 mm x 500 mm. (a) Find the volume flow rate of air at the entrance to the duct. (b) Determine the air velocity at this section. (ans. $4 ‘thr; 0.15 m/s){OPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE 44. Exhaust gas leaves the exhaust pipe of a motor car with pressure of 1.2 bar and a temperature of 400°C. If the specific heats of the gas at constant pressure and at constant volume are 0.912 kJkgK and 0.684 KJ/kgK respectively, determine the density of the exhaust gas. (ans. 0.782 kg/m") 45, Atmospheric air at 1 bar and 30°C enters a rotary compressor where it is compressed to 7 bar. The air leaves the compressor at temperature of 180°C. If the air flow rate is 3 kg per minute at the heat loss from the compressor casing is 0.5 kW, find the required power input to drive the compressor. Neglect the changes in kinetic energy. (ans. 8.04 KW) 46. In an oil refinery, cylinders of 0.2 m° capacity are filled with petroleum gas. Immediately after filing, the cylinder pressure and temperature are measured and found to be 10 bar and 70°C respectively. The cylinders are then stored in a warehouse where the gas in the cylinders slowly cools to the atmospheric temperature of 30°C. (a) Find the heat rejected from each cylinder. (b) Find the final pressure of the gas in the cylinder. Assume for the gas that op = 2 k/kgK and cy = 1.5 kJ/kgK, (ans. 70 kJ; 8.8 bar)