Pointers Practical Research 1

Study the following: I will be asking examples or situations when
you can apply the following concepts.

Difference between qualitative and quantitative
Characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE METHOD
1. Ethnography
Ethnographic research is probably the most familiar and applicable type of

qualitative method to UX professionals. In ethnography, you immerse yourself in the
target participants’ environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges,
motivations, and themes that emerge. Ethnography has its roots in cultural
anthropology where researchers immerse themselves within a culture, often for
years! Rather than relying on interviews or surveys, you experience the
environment first hand, and sometimes as a “participant observer.”
2. Narrative
The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just
one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. You conduct in-depth interviews,
read documents, and look for themes; in other words, how does an individual story
illustrate the larger life influences that created it. Often interviews are conducted
over weeks, months, or even years, but the final narrative doesn’t need to be in
chronological order. Rather it can be presented as a story (or narrative) with
themes, and can reconcile conflicting stories and highlight tensions and challenges
which can be opportunities for innovation.
3. Phenomenological
When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the aptly named
phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method. In a
phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as conducting
interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting places and events, to
understand the meaning participants place on whatever’s being examined. You rely
on the participants’ own perspectives to provide insight into their motivations.
4. Grounded Theory
Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an activity or

event, grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or theory behind the
events. You use primarily interviews and existing documents to build a theory based
on the data. You go through a series of open and axial coding techniques to identify
themes and build the theory. Sample sizes are often also larger—between 20 to 60
—with these studies to better establish a theory. Grounded theory can help inform
design decisions by better understanding how a community of users currently use a
product or perform tasks.
5. Case Study
Made famous by the Harvard Business School, even mainly quantitative researchers
can relate to the value of the case study in explaining an organization, entity,
company, or event. A case study involves a deep understanding through multiple
types of data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing
an event. The annual CHI conference has a peer-reviewed track dedicated to case
studies.
Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality.
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the

data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to

enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
To make students realize the nature of research, you may present the research
process diagram that includes the following research processes:
1. Select a general problem.
2. Review the literature of the problem.
3. Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data.
6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the
problem.
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
Codes and Policies for Research Ethics

The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that
various codes address:
Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
Integrity
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work
and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data
collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them
to make their own decisions.
Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.
Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special
precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and
burdens of research fairly.

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Study the following: I will be asking examples or situations when

you can apply the following concepts.

Characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE METHOD

Ethnographic research is probably the most familiar and applicable type of

Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an activity or

Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

Codes and Policies for Research Ethics

Respect for Intellectual Property

Respect for colleagues

Human Subjects Protection

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