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Artificial Intelligence, Machine

Learning, Deep Learning & Data
Science
Leonardo Calderon J. Follow
Holberton School Software Devel… 3 0 0

Image retrieved from [1]

Compendium of articulated concepts to understand new technologies.
First at all I want to explain some definitions about this subjects with focus on differences and
then I’ll try to explain in more detail what is ML, define its approaches, techniques, programing
languages and some applications.
Artificial intelligence (IA) Iniciar sesión Únete ahora
The term artificial intelligence as concept, was coined in 1956, but AI has become more popular
today thanks to increased data volumes, advanced algorithms, and improvements in computing
power and storage.
 AI makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform
human-like tasks. Most AI examples that you hear about today come from chess-playing
computers to self-driving cars and rely heavily on deep learning and natural language
processing. Using these technologies, computers can be trained to accomplish specific tasks by
processing large amounts of data and recognizing patterns in the data.
 There are two main IA types, Strong IA and Narrow (weak) IA. First one is focused on perform
general human-like tasks and is of course the most difficult and controversial in this time, for
example domestic robots. The second is IA created just to perform one specific human-like task,
for example image or voice recognition.
How AI Works
 AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data. AI
is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and technologies, as well as the
following major subfields [2]:
 Machine learning. It uses methods from neural networks, statistics, operations research and
physics to find hidden insights in data without explicitly being programmed for that task.
Neural network. It is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected units that
processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying information between each unit.
Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units, taking advantage
of advances in computing power and improved training techniques to learn complex patterns in
large amounts of data.
Cognitive computing is a subfield of AI that strives for a natural, human-like interaction with
machines. Using AI and cognitive computing, the ultimate goal is see, listen and speak
coherently in response. 
Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what are in a
picture or video. When machines can process, analyze and understand images, they can capture
images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.
Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyze, understand and
generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural language
interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using normal, everyday
language to perform tasks.
As we can see, IA has a very big scope and subfields to work. Now we can try to explain what is
Machine Learning, with the understanding than this is one subfield of IS.

Machine learning (ML)

ML is the science of training machines to perform specifics human-like tasks.
ML methods are the way how machines learn from data, are the way to train machines how to
learn. The following is the life cycle of ML:
Ask question
Collect the data
Train algorithms
Try it out
Collect feedback
Use the feedback to improve algorithms
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ML is a research field in computer science, artificial intelligence, and statistics [3]. It is a method
of data analysis that automates analytical model building. It is a branch of artificial intelligence
based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with
minimal human intervention. Try to train algorithms to learn patterns and make predictions from
data.
This involves feeding huge amounts of data to the algorithm and allowing the algorithm to
adjust itself and improve [4].
It lets us use computers to automate decision-making processes, in a variety of applications:
Netflix, Amazon, Banks, and healthcare companies.
While many ML algorithms have been around for a long time, the ability to automatically apply
complex mathematical calculations to big data over and over, faster and faster is a recent
development. Here are a few widely publicized examples of ML applications you may be familiar
with [5]:
The heavily hyped, self-driving Google car.
Online recommendation offers such as those from Amazon and Netflix.
Knowing what customers are saying about you on Twitter.
Fraud detection.
Now we can say that ML is also a very huge subject with a lot of possibilities perhaps its focus
is in one particular problem each time. So, let’s try to define in this point what is Deep Learning
and how is related with IA an ML but first we need to define Neuronal Networks.

Neural Networks (NN)

NN were conceived of by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943, yes, first than IA. Actually
one can say that seeing NN possibilities, scientist began to talk about IA. McCulloch and Pitts
wrote a seminal paper on how neurons may work and modeled their ideas by creating a simple
neural network using electrical circuits. Remember than the transistor was invented in 1948 and
the integrated circuit in 1958, so in that moment didn’t exist the software as we know it right
now.
This breakthrough model paved the way for neural network research in two areas:
Biological processes in the brain.
The application of neural networks to artificial intelligence (AI).
AI research quickly accelerated, with Kunihiko Fukushima developing the first true, multilayered
neural network in 1975.
The original goal of the neural network approach was to create a computational system that
could solve problems like a human brain. However, over time, researchers shifted their focus to
using neural networks to match specific tasks, leading to deviations from a strictly biological
approach.
Since then, neural networks have supported diverse tasks, including computer vision, speech
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recognition, machine translation, social network filtering, playing board and video games, and
medical diagnosis.
As structured and unstructured data sizes increased to big data levels, people developed deep
learning systems, which are essentially neural networks with many layers. Deep learning enables
the capture and mining of more and bigger data, including unstructured data.

Deep learning (DL)

DL is one of many approaches to machine learning. Combines advances in computing power
and special types of neural networks to learn complicated patterns in large amounts of data. It is
a type of machine learning that trains a computer to perform human-like tasks, such as
recognizing speech, identifying images or making predictions. Instead of organizing data to run
through predefined equations, deep learning sets up basic parameters about the data and trains
the computer to learn on its own by recognizing patterns using many layers of processing [6].

Image retrieved from: https://foroingenieros.com/f/foroingenieros/plataforma-inteligencia-

artificial-ml-dl-data
 In addition we can say that DL try to create its own full model and algorithm to perform a task
almost without human aid in contrast with ML which need human skills to do the same. An
example DL is the following [7]:
“As of 2016, AlphaGo's algorithm uses a combination of machine learning and tree search
techniques, combined with extensive training, both from human and computer play. It uses
Monte Carlo tree search, guided by a "value network" and a "policy network," both implemented
using deep neural network technology”

Data Science (DS)

Also called Data Analysis or Data Mining, investigate the structure of data and use it to identify
patterns and possible solutions to problems. Within this domain, data science draws on
methodologies from statistics, mathematics, and computer science to both analyze events
using data and predict possible outcomes. One important trend within data science is machine
learning, which uses algorithmic data inputs and statistical analysis to train computers to output
values within a certain range. In this way, machine learning enables practices such as automated
decision-making. [8]
Now let’s go deeper inside ML to understand a little bit more how this works.

ML in deep
Learning methods
We need to say first with general methods are used by ML to accomplish its goals. There are
four learning methods that can be used separately or in conjunction for a specific task:
Supervised learning: a human been is the main responsible for the learning, giving a lot of data
for the machine process and giving the wright answer in every case. In this way the algorithm is
continuously changing trying to achieve an expected performance.
Unsupervised learning: no human been interfere with the learning process so the algorithm
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receive the data and must achieve the right answer without knowing it in advance.
Semi-supervised learning: is a combination of the previous two methods in certain proportion.
Reinforcement learning: the goal is to keep learning until the best possible policy/performance is
achieved.
Approaches
Now let’s see some ML approaches. We can say than there are mainly two:
Statistics approach: we talk about mathematical classification, correlation and regression of
data to obtain a good prediction when new data arrive.
Non-statistics (neuronal networks): we try to train a NN to be prepared and respond correctly
when new data arrive.
Algorithms
Just in case you’re curious in this moment, I’m going to list some of the most common
algorithms for ML (see some illustrative images at the end of the list):
Linear Regression: based on an approximately model of type: y = mx + b, it means output is
proportional to the input plus a bias (b).
Logistic Regression: approximately model using more complex equations.
Decision Tree Learning: map observations about data to conclusions about the data’s target
value, to create a model that will predict the value of a target based on input variables.
Random Forests: a lot of decisions tree to achieve a best result.
Deep learning neural networks: supervised DL to classify data, or unsupervised DL and perform
pattern analysis.
And just others:
Support Vector Machines
K-Nearest Neighbors
K-Means Clustering
Principal Components Analysis

Linear regression

Logistic regression
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Support Vector Machines

K-Means Clustering
 So the question in this moment is, the algorithms are there, so why to worry about ML? One of
the clues of ML is to define which machine learning algorithm should I use for a specific
applications because each one has its own particularities (pros and cons). To have an idea of
this, following are a cheat sheet to figure it out.

Image retrieved from:

https://blogs.sas.com/content/subconsciousmusings/2017/04/12/machine-learning-
algorithm-use/
Programing languages
If you’re still reading this article, I want to give you a first approach to programing languages
widely used to for ML:
Python, used widely in academics and research. Frameworks:
TensorFlow
PyTorch
Keras
scikit-learn ML library (built on top NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib)
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Java, used widely at enterprise level for network security reasons. . Libraries:
Deeplearning4j
MALLET
Weka
R, used for statistical computing widely in acadamia and has risen in industrial applications.
Packages:
Packages caret
RandomForest
E1071.
C++, for ML and IA in games and robot applications. Libraries:
Mlpack
Dlib
Shark.
 Do you have a free spirit? Look for Julia, Rush, Haskell and Ruby.
And what about math? All the background of this is math, just take a look:

Human Biases
Finally, I want to say that is very important to let you know, that all this new technology is (at
least for now) created by humans, so is very likely that algorithms has our human biases with or
without know it. That’s why we most to be carefully with data, algorithms, programs to minimize
human-like biases. One recommendations is the convinced that have diverse people working,
testing, reviewing projects like this is a need [10].

Corollary
A trend to think about it and reflect about where we are and where we want to be in respect to
new technologies.
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Images retrieved from https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2005-01-01%202019-

12-31&q=machine%20learning
 

References
 [1] https://medium.com/@srnghn/introduction-to-deep-learning-what-do-i-need-to-know-
75794ebc4a62
[2] https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html
[3] https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-machine-learning
[4] https://medium.com/iotforall/the-difference-between-artificial-intelligence-machine-
learning-and-deep-learning-3aa67bff5991
[5] https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/machine-learning.html
[6] https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/deep-learning.html
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo
[8] https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tags/data-analysis/tutorials
[9] https://medium.com/free-code-camp/the-hitchhikers-guide-to-machine-learning-
algorithms-in-python-bfad66adb378
[10] https://www.fidelitylabs.com/2017/06/14/combating-machine-learning-bias/ 
Software
https://www.tensorflow.org/
TensorFlow is an end-to-end open source platform for machine learning. It has a comprehensive,
flexible ecosystem of tools, libraries and community resources that lets researchers push the
state-of-the-art in ML and developers easily build and deploy ML powered applications.
https://pytorch.org/
An open source machine learning framework that accelerates the path from research
prototyping to production deployment.
https://keras.io/
Keras is a high-level neural networks API, written in Python and capable of running on top of
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TensorFlow, CNTK, or Theano. It was developed with a focus on enabling fast experimentation.
Being able to go from idea to result with the least possible delay is key to doing good research.
https://scikit-learn.org/
Simple and efficient tools for predictive data analysis Accessible to everybody, and reusable in
various contexts Built on NumPy, SciPy, and matplotlib Open source, commercially usable - BSD
license
Tutorials
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-build-a-machine-learning-
classifier-in-python-with-scikit-learn
https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/keras/classification
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-plot-data-in-python-3-using-
matplotlib
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-jupyter-notebook-with-
python-3-on-ubuntu-18-04
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-use-tensorflow-on-
ubuntu-18-04
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-the-anaconda-python-
distribution-on-ubuntu-18-04

Compiled by: Leonardo Calderon J. 01/24/2020

https://github.com/leocjj
https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardocj

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Holberton School Software Develop…

I just published Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning & Data Science. Compendium of
articulated concepts to understand new technologies. #IA #machinelearning #deeplearning #datascience

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