CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the background of the study, the problem statement, the objectives
and sub-objectives, the purpose of the study, and the definition of terms. It entails the
purpose of recycling the plastic bottles as a form of reducing pollution and a means of
community outreach and enforcing social discipline

1.1 Background of Study

Pollution is a byproduct of human innovation and progress that builds up and cause harm
to the environment. In the Philippines, with a population of over 100 million and still growing,
solid waste management or the lack of it is a very serious health and environmental issue. The
National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), an interagency body created by
virtue of Republic Act (RA) 9003, estimates that the Philippines produces 40,000 tons of garbage
every day, or 14.6 million tons a year [1].

With the increase amount of waste generated, recycling is one of the important
approaches to manage the waste effectively. Recycling is a process of collecting and processing
unwanted materials to be turned into new products. Recently, the government in the Philippines
will require the separation of waste at home so that it is much easier to recycle and
less waste goes to landfill better for people and the environment. The current manual recycling
practice in which the user need to bring the waste in bulk to the recycling center might be hassle
and hence become a discouraging factor for them to recycle. Considering this problem, it shows
that Filipinos are far from contributing to effective solid waste management system due to the
lack of land for landfill, thus waste recycling is really a very critical issue to be highlighted in
waste management [2].
Recently, many countries are moving towards systematic techniques in managing waste. With the
growth of the information technology, the trend is clear that the use of technology in managing
waste has getting an attention nowadays. In addition, experience worldwide has proven that
rewarding is the most effective way to preserve high participation level in recycling process [3].
To ensure the effectiveness of today’s technology in encouraging human to waste management,
one of the plausible methods is by implementing a Reverse Vending Machine (RVM). The
concept is very appealing since it can provide a reward for users that recycle their beverages
container such as plastic bottle or aluminum cans [4]. Apparently, this system will emerge “waste
to wealth” concept by motivating and encouraging the community to recycle as they will be
rewarded and eventually increase their awareness on the importance of waste recycling.

1.2 Problem Statement

The problem society faces today is the minimization of the usage and recycling of
plastic bottles and aluminum cans materials after their use. As a society we have a moral
obligation to help care for the environment that we are a part of; the means for social
outreach must be considered as humans tend to value things by the measure of rewards.

1.3 Objectives
The main objective of this study is to design a reverse vending machine to start the
initiative of recycling.
The specific objectives are as follows:
 Design a system that dispenses paper in exchange for a plastic bottle deposited.
 Design a control system that prevents the system from being cheated.
 Jumpstart community awareness to the reduction of pollution by recycling
1.4 Purpose of the Study
Incentivizing the community outreach activity of plastic garbage collection by
means of exchanging recycling efforts with monetary reward depending on the bottles
deposited.

1.5 Definition of Terms

Pollutant-a substance that causes pollution
Pollution - the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that
cause adverse change. It takes the form of chemical substances or energy, such
as noise, heat or light
RVM- refers to Reverse Vending Machine, a machine from which refund
amounts can be obtained by an operation that involves inserting empty
containers into the device.

Plastic- is a material consisting of a wide range of synthetic/semi-synthetic

organic compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects

Sensor - a device that responds to a physical stimulus (such as heat, light,

sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmits a resulting
impulse (as for measurement or operating a control)
 Chapter 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This chapter discusses the theoretical basis of the concept of photoelectric
detection, the concept of weight detection, the concept of inductive proximity detection,
an overview of the operation of the components used in the system, and a summary of
related works and articles.

2.1 Theories
Here we discuss the various theories that support the concept the project as
well as its operation and limitations.
Generally this automation deals with the elimination of manual work using
electronic processing.
It consists of three main units, which include:
A. Input unit
B. Processing unit
C. Output unit

Input Unit:

The input unit of this vending machine comprises of the components required to receive
the bottle from the customer and sensing if it is really a glass and a plastic bottle.

Processing unit:

The processing unit comprises of the components required to ensure the reception of the
genuine bottle. It further, signals the output unit to deliver the reward to the customer, on insertion
of a bottle inside the vending machine.

Output unit:

The output unit comprises of the components required to deliver the reward specifically
coins to the customer. It works on the instruction from the processing unit.

INPUT UNIT PROCESSING UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

2.1.1 Reverse Vending Machine (RVM)

The idea of a reverse vending machine has been done before in other applications.
It is mostly done as a means of recycling /disposing of waste neatly and rewarding
the person who disposed of their trash properly. It is expected to aid in accelerating
the motivation among the society to recycle their waste, and can be one of the
frameworks to overcome urban poverty issue by using the “Trash to Cash” concept.
Basically, the system is implemented with microcontroller and sensors. Once it
detects the bottle for recycling, users get a reward using this system earn a monetary
reward. This is to help motivate repeated use and further raising collection rates;
while also decreasing plastic pollution in the neighborhood. In this system, instead of
rewarding money the deposited bottle will be exchange with a paper such as
newsprint for students.

2.1.2 Detection Methods

2.1.2.1 Inductive Proximity Sensor
Inductive sensors are proximity sensors that are capable of ferrous and
non- ferrous objects [5].

Figure. Inductive Proximity Sensor Parts

An inductive proximity sensor is composed of an inductive coil, an oscillator circuit, a
Schmitt trigger, and an output switching circuit as shown in Fig. 2.1. An electromagnetic
field is produced by the coil and oscillator circuit.

Figure. Simple Oscillator Circuit [6].

An oscillator circuit is a parallel connection of an inductor and a capacitor as shown in

Fig. 2.2. After the capacitor is charged, it will discharge through the inductor; the
inductor creates a magnetic field. Once the capacitor is discharged, the inductor will
charge the other plate of the capacitor. Once the inductor field collapses, the capacitor is
completely recharged but with opposite polarity [7].

When a metal object is present in the area of the electromagnetic field some energy of
oscillation will be transferred to the metal object, therefore decreasing the amplitude of
the sensor’s oscillation. Eventually, the oscillation diminishes then a Schmitt trigger is
activated. A Schmitt trigger is a comparator with hysteresis implemented. It has a
positive feedback, which holds the output level until the input signal is higher than the
threshold [8]. When the amplitude of oscillation exceeds the threshold, the metal object is
detected.

2.1.2.2 Ultrasonic Detection

Utilizing an ultrasonic proximity sensor, ultrasonic detection can be
performed. It as a nondestructive test whose industrial applications range from
flaw detection, dimensional measurement, material characterization, level
detection, etc.
 Ultrasonic proximity sensor emits high frequency sound waves at regular
intervals. When the sound wave strikes an object it will be reflected back to the
receiver of the sensor. The sensor computes the distance to the object base on the
time-span between emitting the sound wave and receiving it [9]. The distance is
calculated by the formula:

𝑇𝐶
𝐷=
2

where:
D = distance (m)
T = time between emission and reception (s), and
C = speed of sound (344 m/s).

2.1.2.2 Photoelectric or Opto-Electronic Detection

A photoelectric sensor is composed of an emitter for emitting light and a
receiver to receive light. When the light is interrupted or reflected by an object,
the amount of light that arrives at the receiver will change. When the receiver
detects this change, this will be converted to an electrical output [10]. The emitter
is usually a light emitting diode (LED), infrared or visible light spectrum and the
receiver is usually a photodiode [11].

A photodiode is a kind of diode that converts light energy into current or

voltage. It is composed of an active P-N junction, which operates in reverse bias
[12]. When the light hits the diode, an electron-hole pair is created in the
depletion layer. This phenomenon is called the photoelectric effect. This
phenomenon happens when an electrically charged particle is released from or
within a material [13]. Therefore, the created holes and electrons move towards
the anode and cathode respectively thus creating a photocurrent [14].

Types of Photoelectric sensor [11]:

(a) Through-Beam
Figure shows the operation of a through-beam photoelectric sensor.
The emitter and receiver of this sensor are separated. The object passing
the emitter and receiver interrupts the light which causes the sensor to
output a signal.

(b) Retro-reflective
Figure shows the operation of a retro-reflective photoelectric sensor.
 The sensor operates by detecting the light reflected from a target reflector.
The object between the sensor and the target reflector interrupts which
causes the sensor to output a signal.

(c) Diffuse-Reflective
Figure shows the operation of a diffuse-reflective photoelectric sensor.
The sensor detects the light reflected from the object itself.

Figure. Operation of different photoelectric sensors [10].

2.1.3 Sensors
2.1.3.1 Weight Sensor using Load cell and HX711 module
This sensor is used to determine the weight of the item. This works where the
Load cell is a transducer, which transforms force or pressure into electrical output. Load
cells have strain gauge, which deforms when pressure is applied on it. And then strain
gauge generates electrical signal on deformation as its effective resistance changes on
deformation. Load cell comes in various ranges like 5kg, 10kg, and 100kg.
Now the electrical signals generated by Load cell is in few millivolts, so they
need to be further amplify by some amplifier and hence HX711 Weighing Sensor comes
into picture. HX711 Weighing Sensor Module has HX711 chip, which is a 24 high
precision A/D converter (Analog to digital converter). HX711 has two analog input
channels and can get gain up to 128 by programming these channels. So HX711 module
amplifies the low electric output of Load cells and then this amplified & digitally
converted signal is fed into the Arduino to derive the weight [15].
Working Principle of a Load Cell:

Figure: Single Point Load Cell

A load cell is a metal bar that changes forces through tension or compression. It
has an interior strain gages that sense this change that is consist of a thin, continuous,
compact, metallic foil pattern. This foil wire has a specific resistance that is directly
proportional to its length and width. As the load cell bends or stretches, the strain gages
move with it. When a strain gage is stretched, the path the current travel lengthens, while
its cross section narrows, increasing the resistance. The opposite occurs when the strain
gage is compressed [16].

In order for a load cell to work, there must be a way to measure the resistance of
the strain gages. These strain gage resistors are configured in a Wheatstone bridge circuit.
 Figure. Wheatstone Bridge Circuit [17].
The Wheatstone bridge is the electrical equivalent of two parallel voltage divider
circuits. R1 and R2 compose one voltage divider circuit, and R4 and R3 compose the
second voltage divider circuit. The output of a Wheatstone bridge, Vo, is measured
between the middle nodes of the two voltage dividers.

From this equation, you can see that when R1 / R2 = R4 / R3 the voltage
output VO is zero. Under these conditions, the bridge is said to be balance. Any change in
resistance in any arm of the bridge results in a nonzero output voltage. Therefore, if you
replace R4 with an active strain gage, any changes in the strain gage resistance unbalance
the bridge and produce a nonzero output voltage that is a function of strain [18].
Working Principle of HX711 Amplifier:
HX711 is an electronic scale module; the working principle is to convert the
measured changes in resistance value changes, through the conversion circuit into
electrical output. By connecting the amplifier to your microcontroller you will be able to
read the changes in the resistance of the load cell and with some calibration you'll be able
to get very accurate weight measurements [19].
 Figure. Schematic Board for HX711 Amplifier [20].

2.1.4 Servo Motor

Servomotors are electric devices that rotate or push parts of a machine with great
precision. Servomotors are controlled by using pulses of variable width. Rotating a
servomotor is an application of PWM [21]. PWM is a way to generate analog signals
using a digital source. The two main components of a PWM are duty cycle and
frequency. Duty cycle is the period of time that a digital signal is HIGH (on) or LOW
(off). Frequency is the period of time which a PWM completes a cycle [22]. The angle of
rotation of a servomotor depends on the duty cycle, as shown Fig. 2.6. Every 20 ms, a
typical servomotor expects to be updated with pulses between 1 ms and 2 ms [23].
 Figure. Relationship between duty cycle and angle of rotation [24].
Types of Servomotor [25]:
1. Positional Rotation Servomotor
A positional rotation servomotor is only limited to rotate about half a circle or
180◦.
2. Continuous Rotation Servomotor
A continuous rotation servomotor can turn in either direction indefinitely.
3. Linear Servomotor
The output shaft rotates at about 180◦ similar to a rotational servomotor but it has
an additional gear to convert rotational movement to linear.

2.1.5 Microcontroller (Processing System)

Microcontrollers are adept at performing tasks such as reading sensors and implementing
control laws, but it is important to note that these devices are digital, which means they
are discretized in how they interpret data, in contrast to the real world in which we live
which is analog, so that everything we see is continuous in nature [26].

2.1.5.1 Arduino
Arduino is a physical programmable circuit where an individual can write and u- pload
computer codes with the use of an Integrated Development Environment [27]. Arduino
uses Harvard architecture. Harvard architecture is a kind computer architecture where
instructions and data are stored in separate memory units of that are connected by
different busses [28]. In this case, the Arduino code is stored in the flash memory while
the data is stored in the data memory.

The common parts of an Arduino board [29]:

1. Power (USB/Barrel Jack)

2. Pins (5 Volts, 3.3 Volts, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF) 3. Reset button

4. Power LED indicator

5. TX and RX LEDs


6. Main IC


7. Voltage regulator

Common Arduino boards [30]:

  Arduino Uno


Arduino Uno uses an ATmega328P microcontroller. It has 14 digital In- put/Output

pins of which six are PWM outputs, six analog inputs, and 16 MHz quartz crystal
oscillator.

 Arduino Nano


Arduino Nano uses an ATmega328 microcontroller. It has 22 digital Input/Output

pins, six PWM outputs, eight analog inputs, and a 16 MHz quartz crystal os- cillator.

 Arduino Leonardo


Arduino Leonardo uses an ATmega32u4 microcontroller. It has 20 digital

Input/Output pins of which seven are PWM outputs and 12 are analog inputs and a 16
MHz crystal oscillator.

 Arduino Micro


Arduino Micro was developed in conjunction with Adafruit. It has the same
features with the Arduino Leonardo but the only difference is that this uses a
MicroUSB connection.

 Arduino Mega


Arduino Mega uses an ATmega1280 microcontroller. It has 54 digital I/O pins (of
which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, Four UARTs (hardware
serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, and ICSP
header and a reset button.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEM:
The electronic part of the system includes the microcontroller so as to perform the
processing of the system. The microcontroller is used for the entire processing and is
coded using Arduino. Each and every part of the entire system has been controlled by the
microcontroller. This includes the sensing of the reception of the bottle through the bottle
inlet, and deciding and instructing the coin hopper to deliver a coin.

2.1.5 Coin Hopper

A coin hopper includes a coin-dispensing unit including a hopper defining a coin
outlet, a rotating disk, a power drive, a sensor module and a circuit module for dispensing
coins having different thicknesses, and a coin-delivering presser mounted in the hopper
and including an elastic member and a float rotatable, supported on the elastic member
for pressing on one thick coin or thin coin in the rotating disk, enabling the coins to be
individually and smoothly delivered to the coin outlet for dispensing and avoiding a coin
stuck problem.
This present invention relates to coin dispensing technology and more
particularly, to a coin hopper, which uses a spring-loaded float to adjust a coin-delivery
gap, enabling coins having different thicknesses to be individually and smoothly
delivered to a coin outlet for dispensing and avoiding a coin stuck problem.
It works where the sensors in the machine detect a bottle that is fed into it and
relay this information to a microprocessor. The processor then sends commands to coin
hoppers to dispense the appropriate coins [31].

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Camera Based-Detection
The study [1] proposes a camera based for detecting the bottle’s barcode. In
which the system has six Raspberry Pi -based cameras placed symmetrically around the
beverage container feed chute for reading the product specific barcode of every beverage
container. It works by the recognition system that automatically checks whether the
decoded barcode exists in a local barcode database, which lists information about each
beverage container, such as the deposit, material, and dimensions.
In study [2], proposes a system that uses a camera to capture an image of the
recyclable waste. After the image is captured, the image is then compared to the data sets
saved in the microprocessor of the system. Selecting the data set that closely resembles
the image captured does the classification of recyclable waste.
 In another study [3], proposes a system that uses a camera for classification the
container using Machine Learning Algorithm. The system consists of raspberry-PI
connected with camera and audio-visual interactive system. First step is acquisition of
bottle Images and extracted features are given to novel classifier (machine learning
algorithm). The algorithm is developed on with python platform. Once bottles are
identified and classified they are sorted using a mechanical assembly.

2.2.2 Sensor Based-Detection

The study [4] uses only inductive proximity sensor to detect whenever there is a
bottle inserted in the inlet. Basically, the system differentiates only plastic or non-plastic
using NPN inductive sensor and Arduino Uno board is the microcontroller that connects
the whole system including the control of servomotors and display in the LCD.
Another study [5] is an automatic metal, glass, and plastic sorter. The system uses
a capacitive proximity sensor, and an inductive proximity sensor. The recyclable waste is
classified into metal, glass or plastic depending on the output of the inductive and
capacitive sensors. If the inductive sensor is low, the waste is classified as metal, the
capacitive is used to identify whether the waste is glass or plastic. When the capacitive
sensor is high meaning to say the waste is glass; if the capacitive sensor is low this means
that the waste is classified as plastic.

2.2.3 Rewarding System

A study [6] [7] proposes a rewarding system for the user that uses RFID point
card to claim their points. Basically, the system starts from detection of an RFID card
indicating that a user is trying to access the machine. After verification, the machine will
be ready to take in inputs. The bottles will be verified using different sensors. After
deposition of bottles, the corresponding value of the inputted plastic bottles will be added
to the total value stored in the RFID card.
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods used in the design and implementation of the
proposed system and the description of the experiment performed that will test the
efficiency and effectiveness of the system.

3.1 Proposed Method

The aim of this study is to develop a machine that exchanged recycling efforts
with monetary reward. In the figure above explains the step procedure of proposed
Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) working. In the block diagram recyclable waste plastic
materials acts as an input and then check by several sensors. First, machine check through
the sensors that Is the bottle received? Is the bottle made of Plastic or Glass? Is the bottle
empty? According to that, ultrasonic sensor will check if there is any person will deposit
a bottle. Next, photoelectric sensor will activate and check if the bottle is really a plastic
or glass in a way that the transmitted laser will be receive by the emitter in the form of
transparent or translucent because this study mainly focus on plastic such as Nature’s
Spring in 250 ml which is popular nowadays in school or open areas, and the same
process also to the glass bottle. If necessary, another sensor will activate the Inductive
proximity sensor which functions as a second sensor to make sure this bottle deposited is
a plastic or glass in a way that it detects metal. When the bottle pass in two sensors, last
sensor which is the weight sensor will activate and weigh the bottle to determine if it is a
plastic or a glass bottle. Where we set a specific weight of the plastic bottle and the glass
bottle. Lastly, a reward will be given to the user in the form of coins if the entire test will
be passed through sensor.

3.1.1 Hardware
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Using Machine Learning Algorithm,”2018 International Conference On Advances in
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R. M. Geslani, “Two-way powered microcontroller-based plastic bottles ‘drop-and-tap’ reverse
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technology,”2017IEEE 9th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information
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