\n-ba]m-Tw-

tImtfPv hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

\n-ba]m-Tw-
( tImtfPv hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v )

{]kn-≤o-Ic- n-°p-∂Xv
tIcf kwÿm\
eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n
(sI¬k) sIm®n ˛ 31

Kerala State Legal Services Authority

(KELSA)
Niyama Sahaya Bhavan
High Court Compound
Ernakulam - 682 031
Tele/Fax : 0484 - 2396717 Mobile Helpline: 9846700100

Printed and Published from Kochi by Kerala State Legal Services Authority, Kochi.
Printed at KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
 \n-ba]m-Tw
tIm-tfPv- hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v-
LEGAL LITERACY PROGRAMME
For
College Students

A PROJECT OF

KELSA
(Kerala State Legal Services Authority)
AS A PART OF
The National Legal Literacy Mission

3
Twelth Edition August, 2016
66,000

: KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30

 BapJw
BapJw
cmPytØmSpw kaqltØmSpw DØchmZnXzap≈ ]uc∑msc
hm¿sØSp°p∂Xn\v
tIcf kwÿm\ \nbamht_m[w
eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AXy¥mt]£nXamWv AtXm- d n‰n .
P\m[n]Xy `mcXØns‚
cmPysØ {][m\ \nb-aß G‰hpw henb khntijX
- ƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ°v AXv
\nbahmgv
th≠n Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v hcp∂ sNdnb ]pkvX-I-amWv .
N bn¬ A[njv T nXamb Hcp cmjv { Sw BsW∂p≈XmWv
`mcXØnse F√m ]uc∑mcpw `cWLS\ A\pimkn°p∂
‘\nb-a-]mTw’ P\m-
XXzkwlnX [n-]Xy `mc-Pohn°phm≥
A\pkcn®v X-Ønse F√m _m[yÿcmWv ]uc-∑mcpw `c- .
W- L S
- \ A\p- i m-
k n-
° p∂
`cWLS\bpsS ASnÿm\aqeyßfpw cmPysØ \nb-a ß
- ƒ°- \ p-
k c
- n®v Pohn-°p-hm≥
\nbaßsf
_m[y-ÿAdnhpw
°pdn®p≈ -cm-Wv. Ip´nIfnte°v
cmPyØv \S- ∏n-em-°n-bn-´p≈Dt±itØmSpIqSn
FØn°phm\p≈ F√m \nb-a-
ßfpwkwÿm\
tIcf F√m ]uc- \nba∑m¿°pw
tkh\_m[- I-am-WXømdm°n
AtXmdn‰n v. AXp-sIm- ≠vXs∂
{]kn≤oIcn®v
hcp∂
F√mHcp ]pkv
]uc- ∑X IamWv
mcpw \nba]mTw.
\nb- a-sØ-°p-Cu dn®v]cn{iaw,
Adn™ncn ISaIfn¬t°-≠Du∂n
Xv
ip`m]vXn hnizmktØmsS
A\nhm- cy-amWvv. P\m-Imcyßsf
[n-]-Xy-`m-t\m°n
c-X-ØImWp∂
ns‚ G‰hpw Hcp hnZym¿∞n
henb
kaqlsØ
{]tXy-IXhm¿sØSp°phm\pw,
\nb-am-[n-jvTn-X-amb `mhnbn¬ Ah¿
Hcp cmjv {Sws]mXpkaqlØnse
F∂-Xm-Wv.
Zo]vXkvXw`ßfmbn h¿Øn°phm≥ CShcpsa∂pw F\n°v Dd∏p≠v.
\ΩpsS `cWLS\sb°pdn®pw,
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-sb°pdn®pw AXnep≈AXn¬ ]d-auenIamb
™n-´p≈
auen-I-amb Ah-ISaIsfbpw
AhImißsfbpw Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-I`cWLS\bv
Ipdn®pw, -sfbpw Ipdn®pw `c-W-
°\pkrXambn
L-S-\m-\p-kr-a‰v
]m¿esa‚pw X-ambn\nba]m¿e- sa‚n-epw
\n¿ΩmW a‰p \nb-
k`Ifpw a-\n¿ΩmW]pXnb
D≠m°nb k`-
I-fnepw D≠m-°nbNpcp°n
\nbaßsf°pdn®pw {][m\{]Xn]mZn°phm≥
\nb-a-ß-sf°pdn®pw Cu XsNdnb
Cu ]pkv IØn¬
{ian®n´p≠v
]pkvX-IØn¬. Cu Npcp°n
]pkv X Iw{]Xn-
Xømdm°p∂Xn\v
]m-Zn-°m≥ {ian- klIcn®
®n-´p-≠v. F√m
Cu
kpa\ pIƒ°pw {]tXyIn®v ]tcX\mb AUz.]n.hn.
]pkvXIw Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xn¬ kl-I-cn® F√m kpa-\- p- temlnXm£≥,
AUz.Imfoizcw
Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw cmPv\μn
, AUz.Un._n._n\p,
]d-bp-∂p. \nb-a-sAUz.Fkv
Ø-°p-dn®v.kp`mjv Nμv,
Ah-t_m-
AUz.sI.F.A\n tPmk^v, AUz.sI.]n.{]Zo]v, AUz.{ioem¬ hmcy¿,
[-ap≈ Hcp ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS krjvSn°mbn Cu ‘\nb-a-]mT’
AUz.kpioem `´v, {io.tXmakv ]≈n°m]dºn¬ (dn´tb¿Uv Pn√m PUvPn)
Øns‚ ]pXp-°
F∂nhtcmSp≈ nb {]kn-≤
\n oaamb o-I-c{]tXyIw
\μn Ww A`n-tcJs∏SpØp∂p.
am-\-tØmsS R߃
ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
\nbaßsf°pdn®v Aht_m[ap≈ Hcp ]pXpXeapdbpsS
krjvS°mbn Cu \nba]mTØns‚ ]pXp°nb {]kn≤oIcWw R߃
hn\b]pc cw ka¿∏n°p∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂
Gh¿°pw F√mhn[ `mhpIßfpw. kvt\l-]q¿Δw

PÃokv sI.Fw.-tPm-k^v
PÃokv tXm´Øn¬ _n. cm[mIrjvW≥
FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv sNb¿am≥
FIvknIyq´ohv sNb¿am≥, sI¬k
tIcf tÉv eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn‰n

5
 c≠mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ BapJw
tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn‰n bph-X-e-
ap-d-bv°mbv Cu h¿jhpw \nb-a-t_m-[-h¬°-c-W-¢m- p-Iƒ \S-
Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. AXn-\mbn \nb-a]- m-T]- p-kvXIw
hfsc efn-X-am-bn-Xs∂ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \nb-a-ß-sf-°-p-dn®pw
\oXn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ASn-ÿm-\-⁄m-\-ap≈
hnZym¿∞n-k-aqlw \oXn-t_m-[-ap≈ `mhn-X-e-ap-d-bmbn ]cn-
h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏Spw F∂Xv X¿°-a‰ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. Cu
hnizm-k-amWv bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v \nb-a-]T\¢m- p-Iƒ°v XpS-°-
an-Sm≥ t{]c-W-bm-b-Xpw. ap≥h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu kwcw`w ssIh-
cn® hnP-bhpw kzoIm-cy-Xbpw Imew ImØn-cn-°p∂ Hcp henb
am‰-Øn-te-°mWv \sΩ \bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ Ime-ß-fn¬
A¿∏-W-t_m-[-tØmsS tIc-f kw-ÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv
AtXm-dn-‰n-tbm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v {]b-Xv\n® kpa-\- p-Isf \μn-
tbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p.
Cu ]pkvXI - Ø- ns‚ ap≥]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - n¬ kl-
I-cn® {ioa-Xn. jo\ jp°q¿, AUz. ]mem tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
\mb¿, AUz. Pn. APnXv Ipam¿, AUz. Un.-_n. _n\p, AUz.
sI.-]n. {]Zo-]v, AUz. sFk-Iv. Sn.- t]mƒ, AUz.-A\n tPmk-^v
sI.-F., AUz. tPm¿Pv kJ-dnb F∂n-h-tcmSv {]tXyIw \μn
]d-bp-∂p. Ign™ ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-a-ß-sf-°q-
SmsX ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zmb \n¿Ø-em-°¬ \nb-aw,
alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nb-aw, Akw-
L-SnX sXmgn-emfn kmaqly kpc£m \nb-aw, tZiob kmaq-
ly-kp-c£m kanXn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v IqSn Cu ]cn-jvI-cn®
]Xn-∏n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.
Ah-Im-iß - s - fbpw IS-aI- s
- fbpw Ipdn®v kzbw-t_m-[y-ap≈
P\X kº-∂-amb kmaqly hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS {]I-S-amb e£-
W-am-Wv. Imew hmgvØp∂ t{ijvTa - mb hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \n¿Ωn-
Xn-°mbn Cu kwcw`w ka¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. Cu sNdp-\m-f-
߃ \mSns‚ bph- X - e - a p- d - b psS lrZ- b - Ø n¬ sImfpØn
hbv°s´; Ccpƒ \nd-bp∂ ImgvN-I-fn¬ shfn®w hnX-dp∂ \oXn-
bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ AkvX-abw C√mØ ]I-ep-Iƒ Xo¿°p∂
{]Im-i-t{km-X- p-I-fmbn kzbw amdp-hm≥.
Gh¿°pw \∑-Iƒ Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v,
P-kv-‰n-kv- kn.-F≥. cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿
FIvknIyq´ohv sNb¿am≥
tI-c-f-m tÉv eo-K¬- k¿-ho-k-kv- A-tXmdn-‰n
6
 Pkv-‰n-kv- A_v-Zpƒ- K^q¿- tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n

FIv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv- sNbÀ-am³ Ieq-¿, sIm®n˛17

07.04.2005

H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚
Bap-Jw-
\n-bakm-£cXm-cw-KØv- tIcf kw-kv-Ym-\ eo-K¬- k¿-ho-kkv-
AtXm-dn-‰n- (sI¬-k)- as‰m-cp- Im¬-shbv∏ - p-Iq-Sn- \SØp-∂p.- tIm-tfPp-
hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ \n-bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn- Ign-™h¿-jw-Xs∂,-
kv-{Xo-im-Iv-Xo-IcWw- e£y-am-°n,- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°m-bn-
\n-bakm-£cXm-¢m-kp-Iƒ- \SØn-bn-cp-∂p.- F∂m¬- B¨-Ip-´n-
Itf°q-Sn- Dt±in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ Cu- ]≤Xn- AXn¬-\n-∂pw- Gsd hy-
Xy-kv-Xam-Wv,- D≈S°Øn-epw,- e£y-Øn-epw.-
s]¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ-°p- am-{Xam-bn- \SØs∏´ ¢m-kp-Iƒ- h≥-hn-Pbam-
bn- c p- ∂ p.- \n- b akm- £ cXm- ¢ m- k p- I fn¬- Xßsf°q- S n- Dƒ- s ∏Sp-
ØWsa∂,- B¨-Ip-´n-Ifp-sS Bhiyw- ]cn-KWn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- Cu-
]≤Xn-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In-bn-´p-≈Xv.- kw-kv-Ym-\sØ F√m- tIm-tfPp-
Ifnsebpw- c≠mw-h¿-j Un-{Kn- hn-Zym¿-∞n-˛hn-Zym¿-∞n-\n-Iƒ-°m-bm-
Wv- CXp- kw-LSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.-
2005 am¿-®v- 6˛\v- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- \S∂ Hcp- NSßn¬- \Ωp-sS{][m-
\a{¥n-bpw- C¥y-bp-sS No-^v-Pkv-‰n-kpw-tN¿-∂v- \n-bakm-£cXm-cw-
KØv- Hcp- ]p-Xp-{]kv-Ym-\Øn-\v- Xp-S°w-Ip-dn-®p-˛tZio-b\n-bakm-
£cXm-an-j≥.- APv-RXbn¬-\n-∂pw- \n-baØn-eq-∂n-bp-≈ im-Iv-Xo-
IcWw-˛AXm-Wv- Cu- \q-X\ {]kv-Ym-\Øn-s‚ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw.-
`m-cXØn-sem-cn-SØpw- AXn-s‚ {]h¿-Ø\w- Bcw-`n-®n-´n-√.- km-
£cXm-{]kv-Ym-\Øn¬- ap-ºcm-bn-\n-∂ tIcfo-b¿,- \n-bakm-£cXm-
cw-KØpw- B kv-Ym-\w- ssIhn-´n-cp-∂n-√.- kv-Iqƒ-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-
bn Ign-™ aq-∂p-h¿-jam-bn- hn-PbIcam-bn- \SØn-t∏m-cp-∂ \n-ba
]m-Tw- ¢m-kp-Iƒ- tIcfØn-s‚am-{Xw- {]tXy-IXbm-Wv.- Ab¬-°q-´w-
{]h¿-ØI¿-°m-bn- Ip-Spw-_{io-bp-am-bn- klIcn-®p- \SØn-t∏m-cp-∂
\n-bakm-£cXm- ]≤Xn-bpw- \Ωp-tSXp-am-{Xam-b t\´am-Wv.-
tZio- b \n- b akm- £ cXm- a n- j s‚ {]h¿- Ø \m- c w- ` hpw,- aebm-
faÆn¬-\n-∂p-Xs∂bm-Is´.- tIm-tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ \n-
bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn- R߃- AXn-\m-bn- ka¿-∏n-°p-∂p.-
7
 hn-Ikn-X C¥y-˛C∂pw- \m-tam-tcm-cp-Øcpw- a\ n-eq-´p-∂ Hcp-
kz-]v-\am-WXv.- B kz-]v-\km-£m-Xv-Im-cØn¬- \n-bakm-£cXbv-°pw-
km-cam-sbm-cp- ]¶p≠v.- Kn-cn-h¿-§°m¿,- \yq-\]£hn-`m-K°m¿,- a‰p-
A[x-kY v- n-Xcm-bh¿- F∂n-hsc cmPy-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-[m-cbn-te°p- ssI]n-
Sn-®p-b¿-ØWsa¶n¬- Ahcp-sS AhIm-im-[n-Im-cßsf°p-dn-®p-≈
Aht_m-[w- Ah¿-°p-≠m-IWw.- Ah¿-°p-≈ \n-ba]chpw km-aq-ly-
]chpw- `cW]chp-am-b kw-c£Isf°p-dn-®v- Ah¿- t_m-[hm-∑m-cm-
bn-°Ww.- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn- F∂ ]m-h\e£y-Øn-te°p-≈ Nhn-´p-]Sn-
Iq-Sn-bm-WXv.- \n-bakm-£cXm-{]h¿-Ø\ßfn-eq-sS am-{Xta CXv- km-
[y-am-Iq.- Chn-sSbm-Wv- Cu- tZio-bkm-£cXm-an-j\p- Hcp- henb ]¶p-
hln-°m-\p-≈Xv.-
P\߃-°p-≈ kzm-X{¥yw- A\p-`htbm-Ky-am-°p-I,- AXp-hgn-
Ahcp-sS Po-hn-XØn-\p- ]p-Xn-b A¿-∞w-\¬-Ip-I.- Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw- A\p-
`hn-°p-∂ A\o-Xn- a\ n-em-°m≥- km-[n-°m-Ø Ahkv-Ysbbm-Wv-
APv-RX F∂p- ]dtb≠Xv.- Cu- APv-RXbm-Wv- ]p-tcm-Ka\{]h¿-
Ø\߃,- Kp-Wt`m-IvX - m-°fn¬- FØnt®cmØXn-\p-≈ {][m-\ {]Xn-
_\v-[w.- Cu- {]Xn-_\v-[w- X´n-am-‰m-\p-≈ Icp-Øp-‰ Bbp-[am-bn- \n-
bakm-£cXm-{]h¿-Ø\sØ hm¿-sØSp-°Ww.- AXm-Wv- sI¬-kbp-
sS DZy-aw.- Hm-tcm- {Km-aØn-epw- \n-bat_m-[ap-≈ GXm-\pw- sNdp-∏°m-
cp-≠m-IWw.- AXn-te°p-≈ Hcp- sNdp-Im¬-shbv-∏p-am-{Xam-Wv- tIm-
tfPp-hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈ Cu- \n-bakm-£cXm-]≤Xn.- CXn-s‚
hn-PbØn-\m-bn- F√m-hcp-sSbpw- klm-bw- A`y¿-∞n-°p-∂p.-
kkv-t\lw-

P-kv-‰n-kv- sI.-F.- A-_v-Zp¬- K-^q¿

FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv sNb¿am≥
tIcf kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv AtXm-dn‰n

8
 DÅS¡w
`mKw H¶v þ hnhml \nb-a-߃
1. hn-hm-lw- .................................................................... 12
2. ap-…ow- hn-hm-lw- ..................................................... 16
3. {In-kvXy≥ hnhml \nb-aw.............................. 20
4. {]tXyI hnhml \nb-aw .................................. 23
5. Poh-\mwi \nb-a-߃ ........................................ 26
6.- hn-hm-l kw-_‘am-b Ip-‰Ir-Xy-߃-........ 31
`mKw c≠v þ {In-an-\¬- \n-ba߃-
1. Hcp- {In-an-\¬-tIkv- cPn-kv-‰¿- sNøp-∂Xpw-
Nm¿-÷p- sNøp-∂Xpw- Fßn-s\ .................... 38
2.- Adkv-‰v,- Pm-ayw- ...................................................... 41
3.- {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifp-sS hn-Nm-cW ................ 48
4. dmKnwKv \ntcm[\ \nbaw ................................. 50
5.- {`q-W]cn-tim-[\ \n-b{¥W\n-baw- ............ 52
6.- `£Wkm-[\ßfn¬- am-bw- tN¿-°¬- ...... 54
`mKw aq¶v þ a‰p-\n-ba߃-
1. D]t`m-Iv-Xr-kw-c£W\n-baw- ........................ 60
2.- A¥co-£,- Pe,- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-
aen-\o-IcWw- ......................................................... 63
3.- Btcm-Ky-kw-c£Ww- ......................................... 68
4.- sN°v-kw-_‘am-b \n-ba߃- ...................... 71
5.- _m-e\o-Xn- \n-baw- ................................................ 71
6.- tZio-b h\n-Xm-IΩo-j≥- .................................. 72
7.- a\p-jym-hIm-i IΩo-j≥- ................................ 74
8. hnhcmhImi \nbaw .......................................... 76
9. s]mXpapX¬ \in∏n°p∂Xv
XSbp∂ \nbaw .................................................... 79
10. amXm]nXm°fpsSbpw apXn¿∂
]uc∑mcpsSbpw Poh\mwiØn\pw
t£aØn\pambp≈ \nbaw 2007 ................... 81
11. ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zm-b
(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw, 1976 ......................... 84
12. alm-flm-Km‘n {KmaoW
sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nbaw 2005 ................................... 85
13. Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-emfn kmaqly
kpc£m \nbaw 2008 ......................................... 87

9
14. tZio-b- km-aqlykpc-£m-\n-baw ................. 89
15. s]mXpÿeßfnse ]pIhen
in£m¿lamWv .................................................... 90
16. hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-\n-baw ..................................... 93
17.- \n-ba tkh\ AtXm-dn-‰n- \n-baw- ................ 100
18.- \n-ba ]cn-lm-c am¿-§ßƒ- .............................. 104

10
 `m-Kw- ˛ H∂v-
hn-hm-l\n-ba߃-

11
 1.-- hnhmlw
hn hmlw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ \nb-a-hym]vXn hyXykvX hy‡n \nb-
a-ß-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw Dt±iyw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Hcp
kaq- l - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a mb IpSpw_w cq]o- I - c n- ° ¬, Hcp
kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw at‰-sXm-cm-sfbpw ]pd-¥-f-fn-s°m≠v Ah¿°v
P\n-°p∂ a°ƒ°v \nb-a]-c-amb AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
kwtbm-Pn-°p-I AXmWv hnhm-lw-sIm≠v Dt±--in-°p-∂-Xv.
lnμp- hn-hmlw
hnhmlw lnμp-°ƒ°v Hcp hnip≤ I¿Ω-am-Wv. lnμphnhml
\nbaw {]tXy-I-ambn BNm-c-ap-d-Itfm \S-]Sn{Ia-ßtfm \njv°¿jn-
°p-∂n-√, F∂m¬ h¿j-ß-fmbn ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂ Iogvh-g°ßƒ°v
aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p-ap-≠v. lnμpaXw At\Iw PmXn-
aX߃sIm≠v \nd-™-Xm-Wv. Ah-cp-sS-sbms° PohnXcoXn-I-fn-
ep-ff hyXym-k-ß-ƒt]mseXs∂ Ah-chcpsS hnhml A\p-jvTm-
\-ßfpw hnhm-l-co-Xn-Ifpw hyXy-kvX-amWv. lnμp°fpsS hnhmlw
kw_-‘n-°p∂ \nbaw 1955˛se lnμphnhml\nb-a-amWv. Cu \nba
{]Im-chpw hnhmlw km[q-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Iogvhg°ßƒ°pw BNm-
c-ß-ƒ°pw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v.
1. hnhmlkabØv hc\v 21 hb pw h[p-hn-\v 18 hb pw ]q¿Øn-
bm- b n- c n- ° Ww˛ta¬]d™ {]mbsaØm- Ø - h ¿ XΩn¬
hnhml_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv in£m¿l-amb Ip‰-ambn IW-
°m-°s∏Sp-∂p.
2. hnhmlka-bØv ]pcp-j\v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,
kv{Xo°v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv.
`mcytbm `¿Ømthm Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°v \nb-a{- ]-Imcw
{]kvXpX_‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Øm- ØnStØmfw as‰mcp hnhml_‘-
Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ah-Im-ia - n-√. c≠mw hnhmlw Ip‰-ambpw lnμp-
hnhml\nb-aØ - n¬ {]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.
3. hnhm- l n- X - c m- I p∂ hy‡n- I ƒ ]c- t {]- c WIqSmsX kza\-
 msebmbn-cn-°Ww hnhm-l-Øn\v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠-sX∂Xn-\m¬
Ah¿°v NnØ-{`atam at\m-tcm-K-tam XpS¿®-bmbn hcp∂ D∑m-Z-
tcm-K-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cpXv. am\-knIXI-cm-dp-Iƒaqew sshhm-
lnI IS-a-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-hmt\m, Ip´n-Iƒ°v P≥awsImSp-°p-
hmt\m Ip´n- I sf kwc£n°p- h mt\m Ign- h n- √ m- Ø - h ¿°pw
hnhmlwsNøp-hm≥ \nb-a-]-c-ambn XS- -ap-≠v.
12
4. BNm- c tam Iogv h g- ° ß- t fm{]Imcw A\p- h - Z - \ o- b - a - s √- ¶ n¬
ASpØ k]nWv U _‘- Ø n¬s∏Sp∂- h ¿°pw ]c- k v ] cw
hnhmlwIgn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v Atbm- K y- X - b p≠v . k]nWv U _‘- w
c‡_‘wXs∂-bm-Wv. AΩ-hgn apI-fn-te°v aq∂v Xe-ap-d-h-
scbpw A—≥hgn A©p Xe- a p- d - h - s cbpw k]nWv U _‘-
Øn¬s∏Sp∂p. tPyjvTm- \ p- P ≥am- c psS a°- f p- s Stbm,
tPyjv T Øn˛A\p- P Øn a°- f p- s Stbm A—≥`mKØp\n∂pw
AΩ`mKØp\n∂pap-≈ a°fpw k]n-WvU-cm-Wv.
5. Hcp ]pcp-j≥ ktlm-Z-cn-sbtbm, ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-sftbm,
ktlm-Zc - s‚ aI-sf-tbm, ]nXm-hns‚tbm amXm-hn-s‚tbm ktlm-
Z- c s‚ a°- s f- t bm, hnhmlwsNøp- ∂ - X n¬\n∂pw lnμp
hnhml\nbaw \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hfsc ASpØ c‡-_-‘-
Øn¬s]´-h¿ XΩn-ep-ff CØcw hnhmlw ]t£ BNm-c-tam,
Iogvhg°tam A\p-kc - n-®m-sW-¶n¬ \ntcm-[\w _m[-Ia - √ - .
6. `¿Ømhv acn® kv{XoI-fp-sS-bpw `mcy acn® ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw
]p\¿hn-hmlw \nb-a-km-[p-X-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv.
7. k_vc- P n- k v{Sm- d n\papºn¬ hnhmlw cPn- Ã ¿sNbvXXp
sIm≠pam{Xw hnhm-l-Øn\v \nb-a-km-[pX e`n-°n-√. \n_-‘-
\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v hnhmlw \S-Ø-Ww.
8. Kh¨sa‚ v hn⁄m-]-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ct∏mƒ Xt±ikzbw`c-W-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ P\\/acW dPn-kv{Sm¿am¿°v ({Kma-]-©m-bØv/
ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n) hnhmlw cPn-ÿsNømw. CXp-{]-Imcw cPn-
ÿsNbvXn-s√-¶n-epw, \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S∂ Hcp hnhm-l-Øns‚
\nb-a-km-[pX \jvS-s∏-Sn-√.
9. lnμp-hn-hml\nb-a-{]-Imcw lnμpa-X-Øn-\-I-Øp-ff an{i hnhmlw
\nb-a-km-[p-X-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv.
10. sslμ-hm-Nm-c-{]-Im-cw- b-Ym-hn[n k]vX-]Znt]mep-ff NS-ßp-I-
tfmsS \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ hnhm-l-߃t° \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Imcw
e`n-°p-I-bp-f-fp. (]-hn-{X-amb A·n°pNp‰pw h[q-h-c-∑m¿ Ggp-
]mZwhbv°p-∂-tXmsS hnhmlw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p.)
Akm-[p-hm-Ip∂ hnhmlw
hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb \yq\-X-I-fpff hnhm-l-§-fmWv XpS-¡-¯nte
Akm-[p-hmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv. `mcytbm, `À¯mthm Pohn-¨ncns¡
\S- ¡ p¶ c- m whnhmlw, \ntcm- [ n- ¡ - s ¸« _Ô- ¯ nÂs¸- « - h - t cm- k-
]nWvUItfm X½n-epff hnhmlw F¶nh Akm-[p-hm-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw
]¦m-fn-IÄ¡v `mcym-`À¯m-¡-·m-cpsS ]Zhn \nb-a-{]-Imcw CÃm-¯-Xp-
am-Ip-¶p.
hnhm-l-¯n\v h[q-h-c-·m-cpsS kzX-{´-amb a\-x-k½Xw \nÀ_-Ô-am-
sW¶n-cns¡ XnIª am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw CÃm-¯-htcm hnhm-l-Po-hn-
13
XsØ°pdn®v Nn¥n-®t- ijw a\-kΩ - Xw \¬Ip-hm-\p-ff am\-kn-Im-
tcmKyw C√m-Øh - tcm, hnhml_‘-Øn¬ P\n-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf icn-
bmbcoXnbn¬ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Øh - n[w am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-an-
√m-Øh - tcm, NnØ-{`-aw, A]-kvamcw XpS-ßnb Akp-Jß - ƒ°v hnt[-
b-cm-bn-´p-ff
- h
- tcm ]¶m-fn-Ifmbn \S-°p∂ hnhmlw Akm-[p-hm-Wv.
jWvUXzwsIm≠v ssewKn-I_ - ‘w k^-eo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-SmØ Zº-
Xn-Iƒ Akm-[p-hmb hnhm-l_ - ‘
- Ø - n-ep-ff
- h- c
- mWv F∂v tImS-Xn°v
Xocp-am-\n-°mw. `¿Øm-h√ - mØ as‰m-cm-fn¬\n∂pw `mcy hnhml ka-
bØv K¿`n-Wn-bm-sW∂v, `¿Ømhp-Xs∂ tImS-Xnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bm¬ B hnhmlw tImS-Xn- Akm-[p-hmbn {]Jym-]n-°pw.
_ew{]tbm-Kn-t¨m, NXn-bn-eq-sS-tbm, `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯ntbm Hcmsf
k½-Xn-¸n¨v hnhmlw\S-¯n-bm Abm-fpsS k½Xw kzX-{´-amb
a\-tÊm-sS-bà D≠m-bn«p-f-f-sX¶ Imc-W-¯m B hnhmlw Akm-
[p-hm-¡p-¶-Xm-W.v
hnhml]¦mfn Xs¶ h©n-¨n-«p-≠¶v Bt£-]a - p-ff - h
- À h©\
I-p-]nSn¨ XobXnapX Hcp hÀj-¯n-\p-f-fn ]cn-lmcwtXSn tImS-
Xnsb kao-]n-¡W - w. ta ]cm-aÀin-¡s - ¸« GsXmcp kml-Nc - y-¯nepw
Akm-[p-hm-¡m-hp¶ hnhm-l-§Ä tImS-Xn-bnÂ\n¶pw Akm-[p-
hm¡ns¡m≠p-ff hn[n-bp--m-Im-¯n-S-t¯mfwImew km[p-hm-bn-cn-¡p-
¶Xpw \nb-a] - c
- a- mbn AwKo-Im-ca- p-ÅXm-bn-cn-¡p-¶X - p-am-Wv.

Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

kv{Xo˛]pcpj kl-I-c-Whpw Hcp-an®p- Xma-kn-°epw ssewKn--I-
_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sepw hnhml_‘-Ønse auen--I-amb Bh-iy-am-
Wv. CXn-\¿∞w hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-´-h¿ Hcmƒ as‰mcm-fpsS
kl-hm-k-Øn¬\n∂pw AIm-c-W-ambn amdn\n¬°-cp-sX-∂m-Wv.
lnμphnhml\nbaw hnhml]¶m-fn-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ as‰-bm-fpsS
kl-hm-kØ - n-\p-ff Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°c - p-sX∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.
\ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX kl-hmkw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-bmƒ°v
hnhm-l-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n®pIn´p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-hm-
\p-ff Ah-Imiap-≠v. F∂m¬ \ymb-amb Imc-W-߃ Fs¥-√m-
am-sW∂v kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tImS-Xn°v ]cn-tim-
[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m≥ tImSXn DØ-ch - m-bn´pw Zº-Xn-am¿
XΩn-¬ ASp°pItbm DØ-chv A\p-kc - n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ AXpw
hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. Hcp- sIm√w Ign-bp-tºmƒam{Xsa
l¿-PnsImSp-°m≥ km[n-°q.
14
hnhmltam-N\w- t\Sm-\p-≈ Im-cW߃--
hnhm-l-_‘w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠pt]mIm≥ F√m {ia-ßfpw \S-
Ø-W-sa∂mWv lnμphnhml\nbaw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw aXn-
bmb Imc- W - ß ƒ Ds≠- ¶ n¬ B Imc- W - ß ƒsIm≠pXs∂
tImSXnapºmsI hnhmltamN\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah
Xmsg]dbp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1) hnhml]¶m-fn-b-√mØ as‰mcm-fp-ambn ssewKn--I_-‘-Øn-te¿s∏-
Sp-∂Xv hy`n-Nmcw F∂ sshhm-lnI Ip‰-Ir-Xyambn hyhÿ
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv `mcytbm `¿Ømthm kza-\-kmse
as‰mcm-fp-ambn ssewKnI_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´m¬ as‰-bmƒ°v
hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n°mw
2) hnhml]¶m-fn-bpsS {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰w : Hcm-fpsS Poh\v A]-
I-S-I-c-am-bn-´p-f-f-tXm, a\- n-t\m, ico-c-Ønt\m lm\n-I-c-am-bn-
´p-≈tXm Bb F√m-Øcw s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw {Iqc-X-bmbn IW-
°m-°p-∂p.
3) XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-Ø-Im-e-tØ°v ]¶m-fnsb
Dt]-£n-®n-´p-≠m-hp-I.
4) `mcytbm `¿Ømthm lnμp-a-X-hn-izmkw Dt]-£n-°p-I.
5) NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m-\m-hmØ Xc-Øn-ep-ff NnØ-{`-ahpw XpS¿®-
bmbnhcp-∂tXm CS-bv°nsS hcp-∂tXm Bb am\-knIm-tcm-Ky-
{]iv\-ß-fpw D≠m-hp-I.
6) NnIn-’n®p t`Z-am-°m≥]‰m-ØXpw kv]¿in-®m¬ ]I-cp-∂-Xp-amb
IpjvT-tcm-Kw, ]I-cp∂Xc-Øn-ep-ff ssewKnI-tcm-K-_m-[ XpS-ßn
-b-h D≠m-bn-cn-°pI
7) euInIPohnXw Dt]-£n®v hn[n-{]-Imcw k\ymkw kzoI-cn-°p-I.
8) Ggp-h¿j-°mew XpS¿®-bmbn Hcp hy‡n-sb-Ip-dn®v Abmƒ Pohn-
®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ Adn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°v
bmsXmcp hnh-chpw C√m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
XpS¿®-bmbn Hcp sIm√-°mew th¿]n-cn™v Xma-kn-®-tijw
XpS¿∂pw Hcp-an®p-Pohn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂v c≠p-t]cpw Xocp-am-\n-
®m¬ D`-b-k-Ω-X-{]-Imcw tImSXnapºmsI hnhm-l-tam-N\w tXSmw.
l¿Pn-ka¿∏n®v 6 amk-Øn-\p-ti-jw-am-{Xta hnhml-_‘w th¿s∏-
Sp-Øn-sIm≠v tImSXn Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p.
th¿s∏´v Xma-kn-∏n-°¬
hnhm-lt- am-N\w Bh-iy-s¸-Sm-sa-¦nepw ]¦m-fn-IÄ¡v Hcp-an¨v Xma-kn-
¡m³ Ign-bmsXh¶m Nne {]tXyI kml-Nc - y-§fn tImS-Xn-bpsS
A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS thÀs¸«v Xma-kn-¡mw. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-¯n-\mbn
15
\n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ Imc-W-߃Xs∂-bm-Wv th¿]m-Sn\pw (-Pp-Uo--jy¬
sk∏tdj≥) \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-f-fXv. hnhml]¶m-fn-I-fpsS sshhm-
lnI IS-a-Ifpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \n›n-X-Im-e-tØ°v Xm¬°m-en-I-
ambn d±m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Ifpw
]cn-l-cn®v tbmPn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.- AXn-\mbn Hcp
h¿jsØ kabw I£n-Iƒ°v tImSXn DØ-c-hneqsS e`n-°p-∂p.
Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ am\-km-¥-cap-≠mbn ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-°p-∂n-s√-
¶n¬ I£n-Iƒ°v hnhm-ltam-N-\-Øn-\mbn ho≠pw tImS-Xnsb
kao-]n-°mw.
tImSXn
lnμphnhmlwkw_-‘n® tIkp-Iƒ tIƒ°m\pw Xo¿∏pI¬∏n°p-
\p-ff A[n-Imcw `mcym-`¿Øm-°∑ - m-sc∂\ne-bn¬ Ah-km\ambn H∂n-
®p-Xm-ak
- n® ÿesØ Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-Iƒ°mWv.
-1. hnhm-lw- -\-S-Øn-b- ÿeapƒ-s∏´ A[nIm-c-]-cn-[n-bn-ep≈ IpSpw_-
tIm-S-Xn-bnepw FXn¿I£n GXp- IpSpw_tIm-S-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn-
emtWm Xmakw B tIm-S-Xn-bnepw l¿Pn ka¿∏n°mw.

2.- ap…ow hnhmlw

\n °mlv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ap…owhnhmlw hnip-≤-amb Hcp DS-
ºSn-bm-Wv. Hcp knhn¬Icm-dns‚ coXn-bmWv ap…owhnhm-l-Øn-\p-
f-fXv. kv{Xo˛]pcp-j-_-‘-Øn\v \nb-a-km-[pX \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-
Iƒ°v \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff A[n-Imcw\¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Dt±-in-®p-sIm-
≠p-ff H∂mWv ap…owhnhm-lw. ap…ow\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂
tbmKy-Xbpw kzX-{¥-amb kΩ-Xhpw a‰v A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw CXn\v
D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
\n_-‘\
- I
- ƒ
hnhmlwIgn-°p-hm-\p-ff {]m]vXn, hmKvZm-\hpw˛kzoI-cn-°-epw,-
al¿ F∂n-hbmWv \nbakm[p-X-bp-ff ap…owhnhm-l-Øn\v \n¿_-
‘-amb LS-I-߃.
hnhm-l_- Ô
- ¯
- n-teÀs¸-Sm³ kzX-{´-amb k½Xw\ÂIÂ \nÀ_-
Ôam-Wv. AXp \ÂIm³Ign-bm¯hn[w Nn¯-{`-at- am, am\-kn-Im-kzm-
Øytam Df-f-hÀ¡v hnhm-l-I-cm-dn GÀs¸-Sm³ Ign-bn-Ã. {]mb-
]qÀ¯nsb¯n-b-hÀ¡v (15 hb-Êv) hnhm-l-_-Ô-¯n-teÀs¸-Smw.
F¶m 1978þse ssii-hh- n-hml\ntcm-[\
- \
- n-baw A\p-kc
- n¨v Ct¸mÄ
16
C´y-bn ]pcp-jsâ hnhm-l-{]mbw 21 hbÊpw, kv{Xobp-tSXv 18
hbÊpw BWv. AX-Ãm-sX-bp-ff hnhmlw in£mÀl-am-Wv.
km£n-I-fpsS ap¶nÂh¨v hnhm-l-¯n-\p-ff \nÀt±iw (AYhm-
hmKvZm-\w)\S-¯p-I-bpw B \nÀt±iw adp-`mKw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw
thWw. Hcp-an-¨ncp¶v, HtcØe¯v, HtctbmK-¯nÂsh¨v hnfn¨v
]dªv \n¡mlv A\p-jvTm\w \S-t¯-≠Xv \nÀ_-Ô-am-Wv. hnhm-
l-¯n\v F{Xbpw Bh-iy-amb LS-I-amWv alÀ. ]pcp-j³ kv{Xo¡v
\ÂtI-≠-Xmbn \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ XpI-bmWv alÀ. hnhm-l-k-abw AXp
apgp-h³ \ÂIp-I-tbm, `mKn-I-ambn \ÂIp-Itbm BImw. `mKn-I-ambn
\ÂIp-t¼mÄ _m¡n XpI kv{Xo-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn F¶pw \ne-
\n¡pw. \n¡m- l n\v {]mb- ] qÀ¯nbpw kv Y nc- _ p- ² n- b papÅ
]pcpj³amcmb c≠v km£n-IÄ \nÀ_-Ô-amWv.
A\y-aXhn-`m-K¯nÂ-s¸«hsc Hcp- ap-kÂ-am-\v- hn-hm-lw- Ign-¡m³-
\n-bakm-[p-Xbn-Ã.- ASp-¯ cà_Ôap-ÅhÀ- X½n-ep-Å hn-hm-lhpw-
(Prohibited degrees of relationship) Htc AΩbp-sS ap-eIp-Sn-®v- hf¿-
∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ- XΩn-ep-≈ \n-°m-lpw- (Fosterage) \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v.- hn-
hm-l_‘w- sIm-≠p≠m-hp-∂ _‘p-°fp-am-bp-≈ (affinity eg: `m-cy-
bp-sS _‘p-°ƒ)- hn-hm-lhpw- \n-jn-≤am-Wv.-
hn-hm-ltam-N\w-
C…m-an¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- aq-∂p-hn-[Øn-em-Wv.- `¿-Øm-hv- ap≥-
IsøSp-Øv- th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂ hn-hm-ltam-N\am-Wv- Xem-Jv.- ]ckv-]cw-
kΩXtØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- \SØp-∂ hn-hm-ltam-N\Øn-\v- Jp-em- AYhm-
ap-_m-dXv- F∂v- ]dbpw.- Cu- c≠v- hn-hm-ltam-N\hpw- tIm-SXn-bp-sS
CSs]S¬- Iq-Sm-sXbm-Wv- \S°p-∂Xv.- F∂m¬- `m-cy- ap≥-IsøSp-Øv-
hn-hm-ltam-N\w- tXSp-tºmƒ- Jm-kn-bp-sS AYhm- tIm-SXn-bp-sS
CSs]S¬- thWsa∂v- \n-_‘\bp-≠v.-
Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- hm-sam-gn-bm-bpw- tcJm-aq-ehpw-
\SØm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- \SØp-tºmƒ-
AXv- c≠v- km-£n-Iƒ- ap-ºm-sI thWsa∂pw- Xm≥- Xs‚ `m-cy-bp-
am-bn- D≈ hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p- F∂v- kv-]jv-Sam-
Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn¬- hy-‡am-°n- D®cn-°p-Itbm- tcJm-aq-ew- Adn-bn-°p-
Itbm- sNtø≠Xm-Wv.-
Xem-Jv- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv- aq-∂v- co-Xn-
bn¬- BImw.- `m-cy-bp-am-bp-≈ Xs‚ hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s]Sp-Øn-
sb∂v- km-£n- ap-ºm-sI D®cn-bv-°p-Ibpw- BbXn-\v- tijw- Ahcp-
am-bn- aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- hsc ssew-Kn-Iam-bn- _‘s∏Sm-sX am-dn-
\n¬-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂tXm-sS Xem-Jv- ]q¿-Øn-bm-hp-∂p.- CXn-\v- Xem-
Jv- Blv-k≥- F∂v- ]dbpw.-
17
 Xs‚ `m-cy-sb hn-hm-l tam-N\w- \SØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v- Hm-tcm-
B¿-ØhL´Øn-\v- tijhpw- ]dbp-Ibpw- hn-hm-l_‘w- Xp-Scp-hm≥-
Xøm-d√ F∂v- L´w- L´am-bn- hy-‡am-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂ co-Xn-°m-
Wv- Xem-Jv- lk≥- F∂v- ]dbp-∂Xv.-
Jp¿- Bs‚- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- C√m-Ø as‰m-cp- co-Xn-bm-Wv- Xem-Jp¬-
_n-±Øv.- Xs‚ `m-cy-sb hn-hm-l_‘w- th¿-s∏Sp-Øp-tºmƒ- \n-baw-
A\p-hZn-®p-X∂n-´p-≈ aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Im-ebfhv-
X∂n-jv-S{]Im-cw- Dt]£n-®p-sIm-≠v- bm-sXm-cp- hn-[Øn-epw- C\n- Xn-
cn-s®Sp-°n-√ F∂v- hy-‡am-°n-s°m-≠v- H‰bSn-°v- \SØp-∂ Xem-
Jm-Wv- ap-Øem-Jv- F∂v- ]dbp-∂ Xem-Jp¬-_n-±Øv.-
hn-hm-l tam-N\Øn-\-v aXn-bm-b Im-cWw- thWsa∂v- hn-ip-≤ Jp¿-
B≥- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- \SØp-∂Xn-\-v ap-º-v Ccp-`m-
KØp-\n-∂pw- AXm-bXv- `¿-Øm-hn-s‚bpw- `m-cy-bp-sSbpw- ]£Øp-\n-∂-v
A\p-cRvP - \Øn-\-v {ian-°Ww.- F∂ hy-hÿ ]m-en-t°≠Xp-≠.v -
hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- aq-∂v- B¿-ØhL´w- hsc hn-hm-lw-
Ign-°p-Itbm- a‰v- ]p-cp-j\p-am-bn- ssew-Kn-I _‘Øn-te¿-s∏Sp-Itbm-
sNøcp-sX∂v- C…mw- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.- Cu- Im-eL«s¯bm-Wv- C±m-
(Iddat) F∂v- ]dbp-∂Xv.- hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-
sW¶n¬- Ahcp-sS C±m- Im-ebfhv- {]khw- htcbm-Wv.- C{]Im-cw-
\n-iv-Nbn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv- hn-hm-l tam-Nn-Xbm-b kv-{Xo- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-tWm-
F∂v- Xn-´s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- BsW¶n¬- {]khw- hsc Ahsc kw-
c£n-°p-∂Xn-\pw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
ap-…ow- kv-{Xo-°v- hn-hm-ltam-N\w- e`n-°m≥- th≠ Im-cW߃-
þ `¿-Øm-hn-s\ {Inan-\¬tImSXn Gtgm- AXn-e[n-Iw- h¿-jtØt°m-
- Pbn¬hmk-Øn\v in£n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.
˛ \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX `¿Ømhv aq∂v h¿j-tam -A-Xn¬
IqSp-Xtem Imew `mcy-bp-ambn ZmºXy_‘w]pe¿Øp-hm≥ hnk-
Ω-Xn-°p-Itbm Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Ønse Xs‚ IS-a-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-
∂-Xn¬ ]cmPb-s∏-SpItbm sNøp-I.
˛ \m-ep- h¿-jam-bn- `¿-Øm-hn-s\∏‰n- bm-sXm-cp- hn-hchpw- C√m-Xn-
cn-°p-I.-
˛ hnhm-lka-bØpw AXn\ptijhpw XpS¿®-bmbpw `¿Øm-hn\v
jWvU-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.
˛ c≠p- h¿-j°m-eam-bn- `¿-Øm-hn¬-\n-∂pw- sNehn-\p- e`n-°m-Xn-cn-
°p-I.-
˛ c≠p h¿j-°m-e-ambn `¿Ømhv NnØ-{`-a-ap≈-h\m-hp-I.- As√-
¶n¬ `¿Øm-hn\v IpjvT-tcm-K-ap-≠m-hp-I-tbm, Xo{h-amb ssewKn-
I-tcmKw D≠m-hp-Itbm sNbvXm¬
18
þ s]¬Ip-«n¡v 15 hbÊv XnI-bp-¶-Xn\p-ap¼v c-£n-Xm-¡Ä Ah-
fpsS hnhmlw \S-¯n-bn-«p-s≠-¦n 18 hbÊv XnI-bp-¶-Xn\p
ap¼mbn B hnhmlw Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡m-\p-ff Ah-fpsS Ah-Imiw
(Option of puberty) D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯mw.-
þ IpSpw-_P - o-hn-X¯
- n `À¯mhv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dpI.- Xmsg kq-Nn-¸n-
¡p-¶ `À¯m-hnsâ {]hr-¯n-IÄ {Ipc-Xb - mbn hyhØ sNbvXn-«p-≠.v
a) `À¯mhv \nXyhpw tZtlm-]-{Zhw sN¿p-¶XpsIm≠v kl-hmkw
Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-am-hpI
b) `À¯mhv A]-b-iÊpff kv{XoI-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Ip-¶Xp aqew
ZpjvIoÀ¯n-bp-≠m-¡p¶ PohnXw \bn-¡p-I.
c) Akm-·mÀ-¤n-I PohnXw \bn-¡p-hm-\mbn `mcysb t{]cn-¸n-¡pI
d) `mcy-bpsS kz¯p-¡Ä \nb-a-hn-cp-²-ambn A\ym-[o-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶Xpw kz¯p-¡f - n AhÀ¡p-ff Ah-Im-i§Ä ssIIm-cyw-sN¿p-
¶Xv- XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xpw.
e) `mcy-bpsS aX-hn-izm-k¯ - n\pw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\§- Ä¡pw `À¯mhv
XSÊw\n¡p-¶Xv
f) H¶n-e-[nIw `mcy-am-cp-ff apÉow]pcp-j³ GsX-¦nepw Hcp `mcysb
]cn-]m-en-¡p-¶-Xn hnth-N\wImWn-¡pIbpw Xpey-]-cn-K-W\
\ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw [mÀ½nI\oXn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v ]cn-]m-en-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-
I-bpw sN¿p-¶-Xv.
taÂ]dª Imcy-§Ä t_m[-n-¸n¨v Hcp apÉowkv{Xo¡v tImSXn
aptJ\ hnhm-l-tam-N\w tXSm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
ap…ow hnhmltamNn-X-bpsS Ah-Imi kwc-£W \nbaw
1986þse hnhmlapà- I - f mb apÉowh\n- X - I - f psS Ah- I mi
kwc£W¯n\p-ff \nb-a-{]-Imcw C± BN-cn-¡p¶Ime¯v \ymb-
bp- à - a mbcoXn- b n sNehv e `n- ¡ p- ¶ - X n\v hnhm- l - t am- N n- X - c mb
kv{XoIÄ¡v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. KÀ`m-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv Xem¡vsNmÃn-b-
sX-¦n Ip«n-bpsS P\\wapX 2 hÀj-¡mew kwc-£-W-s¨-ehv
\ÂI-Ww. al-dnsâ Hmlcn \ÂIm-\p-s≠-¦n Ah \ÂI-Ww.
hnhm-l-k-a-b¯pw AXn\ptijhpw AhÀ¡v e`n-¨n-«p-ff aäv kz¯p-
¡Ä¡pw, k½m-\-§Ä¡pw AÀl-X-bp-≠v. Ch IqSmsX asämcp
hn-hmlwhsc-tbm, acWwhscsbm Pohn-t¡-- Xn-te¡v Poh-\mwiw
IW-¡m¡n \ÂI-Ww.
thsd hn-hmlwsN¿msX Ign-bp¶ hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-bmb apÉow
kv{Xo¡v kz´-ambn sNe-hp-I-gn-bp-¶-Xn\v amÀ¤-an-sÃ-¦n kwc-£-

19
W-Øn-\mbn _‘p-°sf kao-]n-°m\pw AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ hJ^v
t_m¿Uns\ kao-]n-°p-hm\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
tImSXn
ap…owkv{XoIƒ hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-\mbn AXXv Pn√-I-fn-ep≈
Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-IsfbmWv kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. -ap…owhy‡n\nb-a-{]-
Imcw ]n¬-Ime kwc-£WNn-ehn-\mbn knhn¬tImSXnsbbpw- kao-
]n°mw.
hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-bpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-\nbaa-\p-k-cn®v Int´-
≠p∂ B\p-Iq-ey-߃°v H∂mw-¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xnsb BWv
kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. C…m-an-I \n-ba{]Im-cw- Zm-ºXy-_\v-[w- ]p-\x-kv-
Ym-]n-°m≥- Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-bn-epw,- Ip-Spw-_tIm-SXn-bn-√m-Ø Pn√-
Ifn¬- knhn¬-tIm-SXn-sbbpw- kao-]n-°mw.-

3.- {InkvXy≥ hnhml \nbaw

{In kvXy≥ kap-Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hnhmlw Hcp
Bbp-jv°me_‘-ambmWv hn`m-h\wsNø-s∏-Sp∂Xv. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-
cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ hnhmlw kv{Xo˛]pcp-j-∑msc Ah-
cpsS PohnX]¶m-fn-I-fmbn At\ym\yw Iq´n-tN¿°p-I-bm-Wv. ssZhm-
\p-{K-l-tØm-sS-bp≈ NS-ßm-bn-´mWv AXns‚ k¶-ev]w.
C´y-bn-epÅ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v s]mXpsh _m[-I-amb \nb-a-
amWv 1872þse C´y³ {InkvXobhnhml\nb-aw. F¶m CXv Xncp-
hn-Xmw-IqÀ`mK¯v _m[-I-a-Ã. sIm¨n-bn {]tXyI \nbaw Ct¸m-
gpw \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p-¶p. (Cochin Christian Civil Marriage Act,1920)
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀþsIm¨n³ `mK-§-fn {]tXyI \nb-a-{]-Im-c-aÃ, adn-
¨v, BNm-c-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-a-\p-k-cn-¨mWv, {][m-\-ambpw
hnhmlNS-§p-IÄ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. C´y³ {InkvXy³ hnhm-l-\n-b-a-a-
\p-kc - n-¨mWv {InkvXym-\n-If
- psS hnhmlw\S-¡p-¶s - X-¦nepw, {]tXyI
hnhml\nba{]Imctam (Special Marriage Act) atäm hnhmlw cPn-
ÌÀsN¿p-¶-Xn\v Cu \nbawsIm≠v XS-Ê-an-Ã. hnhm-l-_Ôw \nb-
a-]-c-ambn km[q-I-cn-¡p-I, B hnhm-l-_-Ô-¯n-ep-≠m-Ip¶ Ip«n-
IÄ¡v \nb-a-]-c-amb AwKo-Im-c-§Ä \ÂIpI F¶-XmWv Dt±iyw.
Cu \nb-a-¯nÂ, hnhmlw \S-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«-
hÀ ]mXncn (Clergyman) aX-ip-{iq-j-IÀ (Minister of Religion)
AsÃ-¦n hnhmldPn-kv{SmÀ F¶n-h-cm-Wv.
20
{]mb-]q¿Øn-bmIm-Ø-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ Pn-√bn-se a‰p hnhm-l-c-Pn-
kv{Sm¿am¿°v- t\m-´o-kv- ]I¿-∏p-Iƒ- {]kn-≤o-IcWØn-\m-bn- FØn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv. \n-ba]cam-b a‰p- XS ßƒ- C√m-sb ¶n¬- cPn-kv-
{Sm¿- \¬-Ip-∂ k¿-´n-^n-°‰v- e`n-®v- c≠p-am-kØn-\p-≈n¬- hn-hm-lw-
cPn-kv-{Sm-dp-sS ap-ºn¬-sh®v- c≠p- km-£n-Ifp-sS km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬-
\SØm-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-
hnhm-l-tam-N\w
{InkvXy≥ kaq-lØ - ns‚ \nc-¥c - a
- mb Bhiyw ]cn-KW - n®v hnhm-
l-tam-N\- Ø
- n\v I¿i-\a - mb hyh-ÿI - fp-≈ 1869˛se C¥y≥hnhm-l-
tam-N\\nbaw 2001˛¬ t`Z-KXnsNbvXp. {InkvXym-\n-If - psS hnhmltamN-
\-Øn\v DZm-ca- mb hyh-ÿI - ƒtN¿Øv ]cn-jvIc - n-®mWv hnhm-lt- am-
N\\nbaw D≠m-°n-bX - .v Cu \nb-a{- ]-Imcw Xmsg]d-bp-∂- Im-cy-߃
Ds≠-¶n¬ hnhm-lt- am-N\ - Ø
- n-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw.
þ hy`n-NmcwsNøp-I.
˛ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-I.
˛ hnhm-l-tam-N\ l¿Pn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-apºv Ipd-™Xv
c≠p-sIm√w XpS¿®-bmbn FXn¿I£n°v NnIn-’n-®m¬ amdmØ
am\-knItcmKtam ssewKnItcmKtam NnIn-’n-®m¬ t`Z-am-ImØ
IpjvT-tcm-Ktam D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.
˛ GgpsIm√-ambn FXn¿I-£nsb∏‰n- bm-sXmcp hnh-c-hp-an-√m-Xn-cn-
°p-I.
˛ Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI
˛ ct≠m AXn¬Iq-Sp-Xtem h¿j-ß-fmbn hnhm-l-_‘w ]p\x--
ÿm-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ tImSXn DØ-chv ]men-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
˛ aXn-bmb Imc-W-an-√msX c≠ph¿jw XpS¿®-bmbn FXn¿I£n
th¿]n-cn™v Pohn-°p-I.
˛ Hcp-an®p-Pohn-°m≥ BhmØhÆw FXn¿I£n {Iqc-ambn s]cp-
am-dp-I. Iq-Sm-sX _em¬kw-Kw, {]IrXnhncp≤ ssewKnIIp‰
IrXy-߃ F∂nhbv°p- Xs∂ hnt[-b-bm°n F∂m-tcm-]n®v
`mcybv°v `¿Øm-hn-s\-Xnsc l¿Pn ka¿∏n°mw
D`-b-k-Ω-X-{]-Im-c-ap-ff hnhm-l-tam-N\w
c≠p h¿j-Øn\p-ta¬ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-Iƒ th¿]n-cn™p Xma-kn-
°p-Ibpw hnhm-l-_‘w th¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ c≠p-t]cpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ D`-b-k-ΩX{]-Im-c-ap-ff hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn-
\mbn Ah¿°v tImS-Xn-bn¬ l¿Pn ka¿∏n-°mw.
Akm-[p-hm-Ip∂ hnhmlw
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhm-l-_‘w
Akm-[p-hm°ns°m≠v tImS-Xn°v hn[n{]kvXm-hn-°mw.

22
1) hnhm-l-k-a-bØpw Akm-[p-hm-°m-\p-ff l¿-Pn t_m[n-∏n-°p-
tºmgpw FXn¿I£n°v ssewKn-I-tijn C√m-Xncn-°p-I. (ssew-
Kn--I-_‘w ]q¿Æ-am-°m≥ ]‰m-Xn-cn-°p-I, a\-x-]q¿Δw Zmº-Xy-_-
‘-Øn\v Xøm-dm-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I, am\-kn-Ihn{`m-¥n-bp-≠m-hp-I, XpS-
ßn-bh h‘y-Xz-ambn tImSXn \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.)
2) c‡-_-‘-ap-≈-h¿ XΩn¬ hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-∂Xv-.-
3) hnhm-lk- a
- b
- Øv aμ-_p-≤ntbm NnØ-{`-aa- p≈ Btfm Bbn-cn-°p-I.
4) `¿Øm-thm `mcytbm Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Hcmƒ as‰mcp hnhmlw
\S-Øp-I.
5) hnhm-l-Øn-\p-ff kΩXw Ccp-I-£n-I-fn-em-tcm-sS-¶nepw hmßn-
bXv _ew {]tbm-Knt®m I]-S-amtbm (hn-hm-l-k-a-b-Øp-ff K¿`w
Hfn®phbv°p-I, AYhm hnhmlw\S∂ Imeb-f-hn¬ B¿Øhw
D≠mbn-s√∂ Imcyw ad®phbv°p-I) Bbn-cn-°p-I.
tImSXn
Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff ]cm-Xn-I-fpw, tIkp-Ifpw \S-tØ-≠Xv
AXXv Pn√m IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bnem-Wv. hy‡n-Iƒ Fhn-sS-bmWv Ah-
km-\-ambn Xma-kn-®-Xv,- B {]tZ-isØ IpSpw_ tImS-Xn-bnepw l¿Pn
ka¿∏n-°mw.

4.- {]tXyI hnhml \nbaw

(kv-s]jy¬- am-tcy-Pv- BIv-‰v-)-
PmXn-aX hyXym-k-ß-fn-√msX F√m C¥y≥ ]uc≥am¿°pw
Hcp-t]mse _m[-I-amb {]tXy-I -hn-hm-l-\n-baw 1954˛¬ \ne-hn¬
h∂p. Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw k∫vdPnkv{Sm-¿Hm^o-knse \nb-an-X\m-b
k∫vdPn-kv{Sm-dmWv hnhmlHm^o-k¿. C¥y≥ ]uc-Xz-ap-ff GsX-
¶nepw Hcp ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xo°pw XΩn¬ Cu \nba{]Imcw hnhm-
ln-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xn\v XS- -an-√.
{]tXyI hnhml\nba{]Imcw hnhmlwsNøp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂
h[qhc∑m¿ Pn√-bnse hnhmlHm^o-k¿°v \n¿±njvS t^md-Øn¬
t\m´okv \¬I-Ww. c≠p-t]cn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcmƒ t\m´okv Xob-
XnsXm´v 30 Znhkwapºp-hsc Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Pn√-bnse Hm^o-k¿
apºmsIbmWv t\m´okv \¬tI-≠-Xv.
t\m´okv ssI∏-‰nb DSs\ hnhmlB^o-k¿ t\m´o-knse hnh-
c-߃ hnhmldPn-Ã-dn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]kvXpX t\m´o-kp-
IƒXs∂ Hm^okv sd°m¿Up-I-fpsS `mK-ambn kq£n-°p-Ibpw
thWw. CXv- dPn-ÿ^okv -\evImsX ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥ GsXm-
cmƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
23
 hnhmlt\m´o-kns‚ Hcp ]I¿∏v Hm^o-k¿ Imcym-e-b-Øns‚
GsX¶nepw`mKØv s]mXp-P-\-߃°v ImW-Ø-°-co-Xn-bn¬ ]c-ky-
ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-°Ww. h[q-h-c-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ thsd Pn√-bn¬ ÿnc-
Xm-a-k-ap-ff Bfm-sW-¶n¬ t\m´okv kzoI-cn® B^o-k¿ {]kvXpX
Pn√-bnse B^o-k¿°v t\m´o-kns‚ Hcp tIm∏n Ab®psImSp-°p-
Ibpw, B Hm^ok¿ AXv Xs‚ Imcym-e-b-Øn¬ s]mXpP-\߃
ImW-Ø°coXn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n°pIbpw thWw.
t\m´o-kn¬ ]d-™n-´p-ff hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-ff hnhm-l-Øn\v
Bt£]ap-≈ GsXm-cmƒ°pw t\m´okv ]ckywsNbvXv 30 Znh-k-
Øn-\p-f-fn¬ Hm^o-k¿apºmsI Bt£]w t_m[n-∏n-°m-hp∂XmWv.
{]tXyI hnhm-l-\n-b-a-Øns‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p- hncp-≤-am-bmWv
hnhmlw\S- ° p- ∂ sX∂v Nq≠n- I m- W n®psIm≠m- b n- c n- ° - W w
Bt£]w\¬tI-≠-Xv. \nbaZr-jvSym Cu hnhmlw \SØp-∂-Xn¬
Fs¥-¶nepw XS aps≠-¶n¬ A°mcyw t_m[n-∏n-°mw. CXn-s\-
Ip- d n- ® v hnhmlHm^o- k ¿ At\z- j Ww\S- Ø - W w. Bt£]w
icnbs√∂pI≠m¬ \nb-a-{]-Imcw hnhmlw\SØn-sIm-Sp-°m-w.
\n_-‘\
- I
- ƒ
1. -hn-hmlka-bØv ]pcp-j\v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,
kv{Xo°v Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
2.- hn-hm-l-Øn\v kzX-{¥-amb a\- -ΩXw \n¿_-‘-am-sW-∂n-cn-s°,
AXn\v Atbm-Ky-X-bp-ff at\m-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v hnhmlwsNøp-∂-Xn\v
XS- -ap-≠v.
3. -a-\- -ΩXw \¬Ip-hm-\p-ff Ign-hp-f-f-h-cm-sW-¶nepw sshhm-lnI
IS-a-Iƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm\pw Ip´n-Isf {]k-hn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-
hm\pw Ign-hn-√m-Ø-co-Xn-bn¬ at\m-tcm-Kn-bm-sW-¶nepw hnhm-l-Øn\v
Atbm-Ky-X-bp-≠v.
4.- Xp-S¿®-bmbp≈ NnØ{`aw Atbm-Ky-X-bm-Wv.
5. -hn-hmlka-bØv hc\v 21 hb- pw h[p-hn\v 18 hb pw ]q¿-Øn-
bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]¶m-fn-Iƒ \nbaw \ntcm[n-®n-´p-ff ASpØ c‡-_-
‘-Øn¬s∏´-h¿ Bh-cp-Xv.
t\m´okv \¬Inb{]Imcw, Hm^o-k¿apºmsI, aq∂v km£n-I-
fpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Hm^o-kntem, at‰-sX-¶nepw ÿe-tØm-h®v
hnhmlw\S- Ø m- h p- ∂ - X m- W v . AXn\ptijw hnhmlHm^o- k ¿
hnhmlw dPn-kv‰¿sNbvXv k¿´n-^n-°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
a‰p hnhm-l-߃ dPn-kv-‰¿-sNøp-∂Xn-\v-
{]tXyI hnhml\nba{]Imcw {]tXyIw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-ff \n_-
‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn at‰sX-¶nepwXc-Øn¬ \S-∂n-´p-ff hnhm-

24
lhpw dPn-kv‰¿sNbv-Xp- In-´m≥- Ah-Imiap≠v. AXn-\m-bn-:
1.- I-£n-Iƒ c≠p-t]cpw dPn-kvt{S-j\v At]-£n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-
Xs∂ hnhm-ln-X-cm-b-hcpw `mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m-cmbn Hcp-an®v Pohn-°p-
∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°Ww.
2. -c-≠p-t]-cn¬ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `mcytbm,
Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰m-cp `¿Ømthm D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3. c≠p-t]-cn¬ BcpwXs∂ dPn-kvt{S-j≥ ka-bØv aμ-_p-≤ntbm,
at\m-tcm-Kntbm Bbn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
4. cPn-kvt{S-j≥ ka-bØv c≠p-t]¿°pw 21 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-
°-Ww.
5. c≠p-t]cpw ]c-kv]cw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ASpØ c‡_‘-Øn¬
s∏´-hc-- m-bn-cn-°-cpXv.-
6. hnhmlw cPn-kv‰¿sNøm-\p-ff At]£ ka¿∏n-°p∂ Xob-Xn-
°v sXm´papºv 30 Znh-k-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØImew c≠p-t]cpw `mcym-
`¿Øm-°∑ - m-cmbn hnhmlHm^o-kd
- psS A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬s∏´ Pn√-
bn¬ Xma-kn°p∂h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
Zm-º-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-ÿm]n-°m≥
{]tXy-I hn-hm-l\n-ba{]Im-cw- hn-hm-ln-Xcm-bh¿-°v- hnhml]¶m-
fn-bp-ambn Hcp-an®p-Xma-kn-°p-hm\pw ssewKn-I_‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-
Sp- h m\pw \nb- a w AhIm- i w- \¬- I p- ∂ p.- hnhml]¶m- f n- I - f n¬
BcpwXs∂ as‰-bm-fpsS kl-hm-k-Øn-\p-ff Ah-Imiw \ntj[n°-
cp-Xv.- \ymb-bp‡-amb bmsXmcp Imc-W-hp-an-√msX `mcym-`¿Øm-
°≥am¿ th¿]n-cn™p Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Zmº-Xy-_‘w ]p\x-
ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂p-ImWn®v I£n-Iƒ°v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw.
hnhml tamN\w :
\nbaw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-ff {]tXyI Imc-W-ß-fm¬ `mcyt°m
`¿Øm-hnt\m hnhmltamN\w A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v
IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bn¬ l¿Pn\¬Ip-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Imc-W-߃ :
`mcytbm, `¿Ømthm kza-\- mse hnhmltijw as‰m-cm-fp-ambn
ssewKn-I_‘-Øn-te¿s∏-SpI, hy`n-Nmcw\S-Øp-I, `mcym`¿Øm-°-
∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ as‰-bmfpsS kΩ-X-an-√m-sXbpw B{K-l-Øn\p hncp-
≤-ambpw \ymb-amb Imc-W-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p
h¿j-°mew Dt]-£n®pt]mhp-I. C¥y≥ in£m\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap-ff
GsX-¶nepw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v Ggp h¿j-tam, AXn¬IqSp-Xtem Imew
XShpin£-°p hn[n-°-s∏-´-bm-fmWv FXn¿I£n F¶nepw hnhm-l-
25
tam-N\w tXSmw.- FXn¿I-£n-bpsS {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰w, NnIn¬kn®p
t`Z-am-°m-\m-Im-ØXpw IpSpw_PohnXw Akm-≤y-am-°p∂Xc-Øn-ep-
≈-Xp-amb am\-knIXI-cm-dp-Iƒ,- ]I-cp∂Xc-Øn-ep≈ ssewKnI
tcmK-߃, NnIn¬kn®pt`Z-am-°m≥]‰m-ØXpw ]I-cp-∂-Xp-amb
IpjvT-tcmKw XpSßnb ]¶m-fn-bpsS AkpJw F∂n-hbpw hnhm-l-
tam- N - \ - Ø n- \ p≈ \nb- a - ] - c - a mb Imc- W ßfm- W v . Ggp- h ¿jtam
AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem Ime-ambn Bsf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw
as‰mcp Imc-W-am-Wv.
kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyI Imc-W-߃.
ta¬]d™ Imc-W-߃IqSmsX, `mcy°v Xm-sg]dbp-∂ Imc-
W-ß-fmepw- `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v hnhmltamN\w t\Smw.
˛ hnhmltijw `¿Øm- h v- _em¬kwKw, {]IrXnhncp≤
ssewKnI_‘w XpS-ßnb Ip‰IrXy-ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn
t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬,
˛ `mcy°v Poh-\mwiw A\p-h-Zn®psIm≠p≈ tImSXn\n¿t±iw
e`n®v Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ZmºXyw ]p\x-ÿm]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬,-
˛ ZmºXyw XI¿∂psh∂v c≠pt]¿°pw t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬, hnhml
tijw Hcph¿j-tam AXn¬IqSp-Xtem Imew thdn´pXma-kn®p
hcp∂ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v D`-b-k-Ω-X-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hnhm-l-tam-N\
l¿Pn tImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n°mw.

5.- Poh-\mwi \nb-a-߃

Po h-\mwiw (Maintenance) F∂ ]ZwsIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv
kwc-£Ww F∂m-Wv. kmaqly kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-amb
Cu Bibw hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ {Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{Iaw
125- ˛ mwhIp∏v F√maX- h n- ` m- K - ß ƒ°pw s]mXp- h m- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X m- W v .
hnhml_‘wsIm≠p-≠m-hp-∂-XmWv ]pcp-js\ kw_-‘n®v `mcy-
sbbpw a°sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-\p-ff Cu _m[yX. hnhm-lt- am-N\w
sNø-s∏´ `mcybpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-sa-¶nepw aXn-bmb Imc-Wß - f - n-
√msX `¿Øm-hns\ ]ncn™v Pohn-°p-∂h - t- fm hy`nNmc-hp-ambn \S-°p-
∂-htfm Bb `mcybv°v `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v kwc-£W - s
- N-eh- ns‚ Ah-
Im-ia - n-√. \nbam\p-krXa√msXbpff a°ƒ°pw sNe-hn-\h - I
- m-ia- p-
≠v. kzbw Hcp hcp-am-\a - n-√msX IjvSs- ∏-Sp∂ hr≤-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-
°ƒ°pw hcp-am-\a - p-ff B¨a-°f - n¬\nt∂m, s]¨a-°f - n¬ \nt∂m
Ah¿ hnhm-ln-Xc - m-sW-¶nepw As√¶nepw Poh-\mwiw Bh-iys∏Smw.
Poh-\mwiw F¶-Xn `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸n-Sw, hnZym-`ym-k-
s¨-eh,v sshZy]-cn-tim-[-\, acp¶v, Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\ -sN-e-hp-IÄ,
Ch DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Pohn-¡m-\p-ff ASn-Øm-\m-h-iy-§-fmWv CXn-
26
epƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Imewapgp-h\pw `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mw-i-
Øn\v `mcy°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.- F∂m¬- `¿Øm-hns‚IqsS Xma-kn-
°p-hm\pw Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-XØ- nse Npa-Xe
- I
- ƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm\pw Xøm-
dm-I-Ww. am\-kn-I-tam, imco-cnItam Bb -]oU\w, sh∏m-´nsb h®n-
cn-°p-I, as‰mcp hnhmlwIgn-°pI XpS-ßnb aXn-bmbImc-W-ß-fp-
s≠-¶n¬ Poh-\mwiw Bhiy-s∏Sp-∂Xn-\v- `¿Øm-hns‚IqsS Xma-
kn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.
lnμp \nbaw
lnµp Zs¯-Sp-¡Â kwc-£W\nbaw (Hindu Adoption and Main-
tenance Act, 1956) {]Imcw kv{Xo¡v `À¯m-hnÂ\n¶v Poh-\mwiw
Ah-Im-i-s¸Smw. kzbw sNehp-\S-¯m³ kzt¯m hcp-am-\tam
CÃm¯ GsXmcp lnµpkv{Xo¡pw `À¯m-hnÂ\n¶v Poh-\mwiw Bh-
iys¸Smw
Pohn-XI- mewapgp-h≥ lnμp`mcy°v `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiw e`n-
°m-\p-ff A¿lX \nbaw Ak-μn-KZv a - mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p-≠.v Xmsg]d-
bp∂ kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n¬ `mcy `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v th¿]n-cn™v Xma-kn-
°p-Ib- m-sW-¶n¬t]mepw Poh-\mwiw e`n-°m≥ A¿l-Xb - p-≠v.
þ AIm-c-W-am-bpw `mcy-bpsS kΩ-X-an-√m-sXbpw Dt]-£n-°p-I, a\x-
-]q¿Δw Ah-K-Wn-°p-I.
˛ `¿Øm-hns‚ {Iqc-amb s]cp-am‰waqew `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm-Øp-ff
PohnXw km[y-am-ImsX hcn-I. (am-\-kn-I-hpw, imco-cn-I-hp-amb
]oU-\w, `mcy-bpsS Btcm-KysØ _m[n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, `¿Øm-
hn-s‚bpw _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw a\x-]q¿Δ-ap-ff \nμn-°p∂ s]cp-am-‰-
߃, `¿Ømhv a\x-]q¿Δw kwt`m-K-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬ XpS-
ßnbh.
˛ `¿Øm-hn\v as‰mcp `mcy D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-tbm, ITn-\-amb IpjvT-
tcm-Kw_m[n-°p-ItbmsN-bvXm¬ `mcy°v {]tXyI ]m¿∏nSwXs∂
Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.
˛ Htc ho´n¬ sh∏m´n D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-tbm sh∏m-´n-bp-ambn ÿnc-
ambn as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw Xma-kn-°p-I-tbm- sN-øp-I.
˛ `¿Ømhv lnμp-aXw Dt]-£n-°p-I.
˛ `¿Xr-Kr-l-Øn-e-√m-sX-bp-ff Xma-ksØ \ymboI-cn-°m≥ km[n-
°p∂ Imc-W-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I.
aIs‚ `mcy°v Poh-\mwiw
Cu \nba{]Imcw acn®pt]mb aIs‚ `mcysb A—≥ Poh-
\mwiw\¬In kwc-£n-°-Wsa∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠v. `¿Ømhv acn-
®m¬ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—\v hcp-am-\-ap-s≠-∂pw hn[-hbv°v kzbw
kwc-£-W-Øn\v hI-sbm∂pan-s√∂pw- hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `¿Øm-
hns‚ A—-\n¬\n∂v (aIs‚ hn-[-h-bv°v) Poh-\mwiw Ah-Im-i-
s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
lnµphnhml\nba{]Imcw Zm¼Xy_Ô-§-fn-ep-≠m-hp¶ Fs´-
27
¶nepw {]iv\-ß-fn¬ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ tIkp-Iƒ \S-
Øp∂Xn-\mbpwa‰pw, \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn tImS-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂
sNe-hp-Iƒ\¬Im≥ FXn¿I-£ns°Xnsc hn[n ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥
tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw kwc-£Ws®ehv e`n-
°p-∂-Xn\v knhn¬tImS-Xn-sb-bmWv kao-]n-t°-≠-Xv.
Ip´n-Iƒ°pff Poh-\mwiw
\nb-a-]-c-amtbm AÃm-sX-tbm- D-Å FÃma¡-sfbpw ( Legitimate
and illegitimate children) Xs‚ PohnXImeb-f-hn¬ sNe-hn\v
sImSpØv kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX Hcp lnμp-hn-\p-≠v. AXp-t]mse
Xs∂ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ \nb-a-]-c-am-tbm A√m-sX-bp-fftXm
Bb a°ƒ°pw Ah-cpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂v Poh-\mwiw Ah-
Im-i-s∏-Smw.
hnhmlwIgn-™n-´n-√mØ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb aIƒ°pw amXm-]n-
Xm-°-tfmSv Poh-\mw-i-w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smw.
acn-®p-t]mb Hcp lnμp-hns‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v- acn-®-bm-fpsS
`mcysb kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[y-X-bp-≠v.
lnμp ZsØSp-°¬ Poh-\mw-i \nb-a-{]-Imcw hr≤cpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-
amb amXm-]n-Xm-°-sf-bpw c≠m-\-Ω-tbbpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
ap…ow \nbaw
ap…ow hy‡n\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v `mcysb kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX
`¿Ø-m-hn-\m-Wv. `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mwiw Ah-Im-i-s∏Smw.
F{XXs∂ [\n-I-bpw hcp-am-\-ap-f-f-h-fp-amWv `mcy F∂mepw Ign-
hn-√m-Ø, Btcm-Ky-an-√mØ, ]W-an-√mØ `¿Øm-hns\ kwc-£n-
t°≠ _m[yX Ahƒ°n√. F∂m¬ F{Xam{Xw [\n-I-bm-sW-
¶nepw `mcy°v PohnXsNehv \¬Im≥ `¿Øm-hn\v _m[y-X-bp-≠v.
{]mb-]q¿Øn-sb-Ønb Zmº-Xy-_-‘-Ønse \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°p-
∂ A\p-k-c-W-t°tSm- Im]-Sytam- C√mØ Hcp ap…ow`mcy°v,-
`¿Ømhv F{XXs∂ \ncm-ew-_\ - m-sW-¶nepw kwc-£W - hpw sNehpw
\¬tI-≠Xv \nb-a-]-c-amb IS-a-bm-Wv.
Zmº- X y- _ - ‘ - Ø n- t e¿s∏- S m≥ {]mb- ] q¿Øn- b m- I m- Ø - h - t fm,
`¿Øm-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ AIm-c-W-ambn Xm¬]-cy-°pdhv ImWn-
°p-∂h - tfm, A\p-kc - W
- t- °Sv ImWn-°p-∂h - tfm, AIm-cW - a - mbn `¿Xr-
hoSv Dt]-£n-°p-∂-h-tfm, ]c-]p-cp-j-_-‘-ap-f-f-htfm BsW-¶n¬
`¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mw-iwe`n-°m≥ `mcy°v A¿l-Xb - n-√.
`¿Øm-hns‚ `mKØp\n∂pw \ncp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
(tam-i-amb s]cp-am-‰w, c≠mwhnhm-lw) h√Xpw D≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ B ka-bØv `mcy°v {]tXyI Poh-\mwiw \¬Ip-sa∂v `¿Øm-
hpw, `mcybpw Ah-cpsS c£n-Xm-°fpw- XΩn¬ Hcp Icm-dn-se-Øm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Icm-dn¬ `mcybv°v Poh-\mw-i-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an√
F∂v \n_-‘\hbv°p-∂Xv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.
`¿Ømhv c≠mw`mcysb BZy-`m-cy-bpsS ASp-tØ°v sIm≠p-h-
28
cp-∂Xpw am\-kn-I]oU-\-߃°v hgn-sh-°p-sa-¶n¬ `mcy°v {]tXyI
]m¿∏nSw Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. `¿Ømhv Ahsf {]tXyI hk-Xn-bn¬
]m¿∏n®v kwc-£n-°m≥ \nb-a-]-c-ambn _m[y-ÿ-\m-Wv.
ap…ow kv{Xo (hn-hml tamN\ kwc-£-Wm-h-Im-iw) \nbaw
]m¿-esa‚ v- ]m m-°nb Cu \nbaw Xem°psIm≠v hnj-a-ß-f-
\p-`-hn-°p∂ ap…owkv{Xo°v hen-sbm-c-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. hnhml ka-
btØm AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-t®m AXn\ptij-tam e`n-® hkv-Xp-
hlIƒ- C±m-Øv- Ime-b-f-hn-te-°p≈ sNe-hp-Iƒ, `mhn-kwc-£-W-
Øn-te-°mbn samØ-amb XpI, _m-°n- In-´m-\p-≈ al¿ F∂nh
bmWv {]kvXpX \nb-a-Ønse 3˛mw hIp∏p{]Imcw hnhmltamNn-X-
bmb ap…owkv{Xo°v ap≥`¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂pw e`n°phm-\p≈ B\p-
Iq-ey-߃.
samgn-sNm-√-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ `mcy K¿`n-Wn-tbm, AX-s√-¶n¬ c≠p
hb- n¬Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-bpsS AΩtbm BsW-¶n¬ Ip´n°v
2 hb vhsc ape-bq-´p-∂-Xn-∂mbn {]tXyI B\p-Iqeyw samgn-sNm-
√-s∏´ `mcy°v \¬Ip-hm≥ ap≥`¿Øm-hn\v _m[y-X-bp-s≠∂v Cu
\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-
]c-kv]c[mc-W-bn-tem, `¿Øm-hns‚ CjvS-Øn-t\m, ap…ow hnhm-
ltamN\ \nba{]Im-ctam,- samgn-sNm-√-s∏´ `mcy°pw Cu \nb-a-{]-
Im-c-a-p≈ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ e`n-°p-hm≥ A¿l-X-bp-s≠∂v hnhn[
tImS-XnIƒ hn[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. `¿Øm-hns‚ kmº-ØnIÿnXn,
Ccphcpw Hcp- a n®v Pohn- ° p- t ºm- g p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ PohnX\ne- h m- c w,
IpSpw_alna F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hIp∏v 3˛se B\p-
Iq-ey-߃ tImSXn \n›bn-°p-∂Xv. BZy hnhmltamN-\-Øn-\p-
tijw c≠mwhnhmlwIgn® kv{Xo°v Cu \nba{]Imcw B\p-Iq-
ey-߃ e`n-°p-sa-¶nepw `mhnkwc-£W sNe-hn\v Ah¿°v A¿l-
X-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
hnhmltamNnX-bmb kv{Xo H∂mw¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰vtImSXn
apºmsI Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v l¿Pn\¬In-bm¬ FXn¿I-£n°v
t\m´o-k-b-°p-Ibpw Ccp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw hmZ-߃ tI´tijw sXfn-
hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XpI \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. XpI
\¬Ip-hm≥ `¿Ømhv Xøm-dm-ImØ]£w Pbn¬in£ A\p-`-hn-
t°-≠-Xpam-Wv. Aßs\ `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂pw Poh-\mwiw e`n-°mØ
Hcp kv{Xo°v, Ah-cpsS G‰hpwASpØ _‘p-°-fn¬\n∂v sNe-
hn\p\¬Ip-hm≥ tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IpSpw-_mw-
K- ß fpw \ncm- e w- _ - c m- s W- ¶ n¬ kwÿm\ hJ^v t_m¿Uv B
kv{XobpsS kwc-£Ww Gs‰-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nbaw A\p-im-kn-
°p-∂-Xv. HcpXc-Ønepw Hcp kv{Xobpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-SmsXt]mh-cp-
sX-∂XmWv Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ Xmev]cyw-.
Xem°vvsNm√-s∏´ kv{Xo°v GXpka-bØpw Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw
B\p-Iq-ey-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn H∂mw¢m v aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-
tb-tbm As√-¶n¬ AXn\v A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Ønb tImS-Xn-tbtbm
29
kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]tXyI Ime-]-cn[n \njv°¿jn-®n-´n-√.
a°-fpsS Poh-\mwiw
inip-°sf sNe-hp-sNbvXpsIm≠v kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv ]nXm-hm-
Wv. hnhmlwIgn-bp∂Xphsc s]¨a-°-sfbpw, {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-
Ip∂Xphsc B¨a°-sfbpw kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[yX ]nXm-hn-\p-
X-s∂bmWv. IqSmsX hn[-h-tbm hnhm-l-tam-Nn-Xtbm Bb aI-sfbpw
Ip™n-s\bpw kwc-£n-t°-≠Xpw ]nXm-hns‚ IS-a-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
Xs‚IqsS Poho-°m≥ {]tXyI Imc-W-sam∂pwIqSmsX hnk-Ω-Xn-
°p∂ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-ImØ aI-s\bpw Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmb aI-sfbpw
kwc-£n-°m≥ ]nXm-hn\v _m[y-X-bn-√.
amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kwc-£-Ww
kmº-Øn-I, enwKt`Zs-a-t\y \n¿≤-\-cpw \ncm-ew-_-cpamb amXm-
]n-Xm-°sf kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv a°-fpsS IS-a-bm-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v
Ipd-s®m-s° -k-ºm-Zn-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂XpsIm≠p-am{Xw a°-
fpsS _m[yX C√-Xm-hp-∂n-√.
{InkvXy≥ \nbaw
{InkvXym\nIƒ°v {]tXy-I-ambn Poh-\m-wi-\n-b-a-an√. ]s£,
A-h¿°pw {Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{IaØnse 125˛mw hIp∏v _m[IamsW∂v
ap≥]v kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.
\S-]-Sn-{Ia-߃
{Inan-\¬\S-]Sn{Iaw hIp∏v 125 {]Imcw Hcp l¿Pn sImSp-t°-
≠Xv IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-Ifp-≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xnbnepw
A√mØ]£w PpUo-jy¬ H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰vtImS-Xn-bnepw
BWv. hy‡n\nb-a-ßf\p-k-cn-®p-ff l¿--Pn-IfpsS \S-]-Sn-{Iahpw
CXpXs∂. F-∂m¬ ap…owkv{Xo (hn-hmltamN\ kwc-£-W-\n-
baw)1986 {]Imcw H∂mw¢mkv- aPn-kvt{S‰vtImS-Xn-bnemWv l¿Pn
ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv.
IpSpw_ tImSXn
Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-itØ°p-th≠n, IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \nbaa\p-
k-cn®v ÿm]n-°s∏´-XmWv IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn. Pn√mPUvPn-bpsS dm¶p-
≈ -PpUo-jy¬ Hm^o-k¿ Bbn-cn°pw IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A≤y-
£≥. sshhm-lnIX¿°-ß-fn-ep-ff F√mtIkp-Ifpw Cu tImS-Xn-
bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcpw (ap…ow hnhmltamNnX kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-
Im-i߃ HgnsI) Hcp hy-Iv-Xn°v t\cn´v IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ l¿-
Pn \evImw. tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcwam{Xta IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-
bn¬ h°o-e-∑m¿ lmP-cm-hm≥]mSp-f-fq. H∂mw¢mkv PpUo-jy¬
aPo- k v t {S- ‰ ns‚ AtXA[n- I m- c - t ØmsSbmWv CØcw tIkn¬
IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-hp-I-ƒ.
30
 Hcp {]mhiyw DØ-ch - mb sNe-hns‚ XpI Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mbn At]-
£-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬, ]cn-ÿnXn-Iƒ ]cn-KW - n®v am‰w hcp-Øm≥
tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-ca - p-≠.v - Hcp {]mhiyw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® DØ-chv as‰mcp
DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂X - p-hsc \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- m-W.v thdn´p-
Xma-kn-°p∂ sNehv e`n-°p-hm-\mbn l¿Pn \¬Inb `mcy°v A\p-Iq-
e-amb hn[n e`n-®m¬, `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w ho≠pw Xmakw Bcw-`n-
®m¬ t\csØ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ hn[n kzbw Zp¿_-eam-hp-Ib - n-√.
125˛mw hIp∏p-{]Imcw H∂mw-¢mkv aPn-kvt{S‰v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂
Hcp DØ-c-hn\p-ta¬ A∏o-en-√. F∂m¬ B DØ-c-hn¬ AXr-]vXn-
bp-ff I£n°v skj≥kvtImS-Xn-bntem, sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem dnhn-
j≥ l¿-Pn sImSp°mw AXp-t]mseØs∂ IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬
\n∂p-ff DØ-c-hn\p-tasebpw dnhn-j≥l¿-Pn- sIm-Sp°mw,-- A∏o-en-
√. ]nW-ßn-∏ncn™ Zº-Xn-Isf cay-Xb - n-em-°m≥ Iu¨kn-en- ßv kwhn-
[m-\hpw IpSpw_tImS-Xn-bn¬ D≠v. Iu¨knenßn\ptijta tIkp-
I-fn¬ sXfn-sh-Sp-°m≥ tImS-Xn-°p-I-gn-bq.
\S-∏n-em-°¬
hn[n-bpsS ]I¿∏v l¿-Pn-°m-c\v tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂v kuP-\y-ambn
e`n°pw. 125˛mwhIp∏v {]Imcw Hcmƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n Bbm¬
AXv \S- ∏ n- e m°n- ° n- ´ p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn tImS- X nsb kao- ] n°mw.-
FXn¿I£n hnkΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS kzØv I≠p
sI´p-∂-Xn\pw, FXn¿I£nsb Pbn-e-n-eS-bv-°p-hm\pw AXn\v hmd≠v
]pd-s∏Sp-hn-°m\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. 125˛mw hIp∏v {]Imcw A\p-h-
Zn®pIn´p∂ XpI Hcp h¿j-Øn-\IwXs∂ tImSXnapJm-¥ncw Bh-
iy-s∏-´n-√m-sb-¶n¬ {]kvXpX Ime-b-f-hn-te-°p-≈ XpI l¿-Pn-°m-
cn°v \jvSwhcm-\n-S-bm-Ipw.
Cßs\ 125˛mwhIp∏v {]Imcw At]£ ka¿∏n®v DØ-chv ]pd-
s∏- S p- h n- ° m≥ sshIp- I - b m- s W- ¶ n¬, tIkv \ S- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ n- S - b n¬
Xmev°m-en-I-ambn l¿-Pn-°m-cn°v sNe-hn\p-\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn tImS-
Xn°v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Xm≥ ]m-∏-cm-sW∂v FXn¿
I£n-bpsS hmZwsIm≠v Poh-\mwiwsImSp-t°≠ _m[yXbn¬ \n∂v
tImSXn Abmƒ°v Cfhp\¬-In-√. 500 cq]-bn¬Ihn-bm-Ø XpI
\¬I-W-sa∂ \n_-‘\ t`Z-KXnsNbvX-tXmsS Poh-\mw-i-XpI
F{X-sb∂v hn[n-°m≥ tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. I£n-bpsS [\-
ÿn-Xnbpw Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-chpwa‰pw ]cn-K-Wn®v Hcp XpI Nne-
hn\v\¬I-m≥ tImS-Xn°v- DØ-c-hn-Smw.

6.- hnhmlkw_-‘-amb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃

\n b-a]
- c
- a
- mbn hnhmlwIgn-°msX Hcp kv{Xosb `mcybmsW∂p-
]d™v hniz-kn-∏n®v IqsSXma-kn-∏n®v ssewKnI _‘-Øn-te¿s∏-
Sp∂Xv- ]pcp-j≥am¿°v ]Øph¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw in£ e`n-
31
°m-hp-∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
`¿Øm-thm, `mcytbm Pohn-®n-cnt° as‰mcp hnhmlwIgn-°p-∂Xv
7 h¿jwhsc XShv e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv. -]t£ CXp ap…ow
]pcp- j ≥am¿°v _m[- I - a - √ . BZyhnhmlw ad- ® p- s h- ® p- s Im- ≠ v ,
c≠mwhnhmlw Ign-°p-∂Xp ]Øp-h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw e`n-
°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
\nb-a-km-[pX Cs√-∂-dn-™p-sIm-≠p- Xs∂ h©n-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-
iy-tØmsS kXy-hn-cp-≤-ambn hnhmlwsNøp-∂Xv 7 h¿jw XShpw
]ngbpw e`n-°p∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
Hcp kv{Xobp-ambn Ah¿ as‰m-cm-fpsS `mcy-bm-sW∂dn™p-
sIm≠pXs∂ ssewKnI_‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv 5 h¿jw XS-thm,-
]n-gtbm c≠pwIqSntbm e`n-°m-hp-∂- Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
hnhm-ln-X-cmb kv{Xosb Ah-cpsS `¿Øm-hn-¬\n∂v AI-‰n-
\n¿Øn Ahn-ln-X-thgvN\S-Ø-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS XS-™p-sh-
°p-∂Xpw C¥y≥ in£m-\n-baw 498 {]Imcw c≠p-h¿jw-hsc XSthm
]ngtbm c≠pwIqSntbm e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
Hcp kv{XotbmSv `¿Ømthm `¿Øm-hns‚ _‘p-°sfm {Iqc-X-
tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv in£m¿l-am-Wv. Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°v \bn-°m-
hp∂Xc-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]oU\hpw,- \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn ]Wtam
kzØp-h-Itbm Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v \S-Øp∂ D]-{Zhhpw {Iqc-X-
bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Spw. C¥y≥ in£m\nba{]Imcw CØcw Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-Øn\v tIsk-Sp-°mw.
kv{Xo[\ ac-Ww.
hnhm-lnX-bmbn Ggp h¿jØn-\Iw kv{Xo[\hp-am-bn- _\v-
[s∏t´m- kv-{Xo-[\w- Bhiy-s∏´p-sIm-t≠m- `¿Øm-hn-s‚sbm `¿Øm-
hns‚ _‘p-°-fp-sStbm ]oU\-tam, {Iqc-amb s]cp-am-‰tamaqetam
Hcp kv{Xo Xos]m-≈-tet‰m at‰-sX-¶nepwXc-Øn¬ ico-c-Øn¬ apdn-
tht‰m AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Akm-[m-cW kml-N-cy-Øntem ac-W-s∏-´m¬
`¿Øm-hn\pw Sn-bm-s‚ _‘p°ƒ°p-sa-Xnsc kv{Xo[\ac-W-sa∂
Ip-‰Øn-\v- tIsk-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv- C¥y≥ in£m-\nbaw 304
_n hIp-∏p-{]Imcw Ggp h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bm-sXbpw, Poh-]-cy¥w
hsctbm XShp-in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv.
C¥y≥ in£m\nbaw 306-˛mwhIp∏p{]Imcw Hcp hy‡nsb Bfl-
l-Xy°v \bn-°p-∂X - v ]Øp h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-
Ip‰-am-Wv.
K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°¬ XpS-ßnb Ip‰-߃
DØ-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-IqSn K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{XobpsS Poh≥ c£n-°p-
hm≥th≠n-b-√msX tkz—bm K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°p∂ H-cmƒ°pw aq∂p
h¿j-tØmfw BIm-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn-\X-S-hnt\m in£n-°-s∏-
Sm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p]pdsa Abmƒ°p ]ng-in-£bpw \¬I-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. B kv{Xo Po-h\p-≈ K¿`-ÿ-in-ip-hn-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-fm-sW-¶n¬
32
XShpin£ Ggp h¿j-tØmfw BIm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p]pdta ]ng-in-
£-IqSn D≠m-Im-hp-∂-Xpam-Wv. Xs‚ K¿`w kzbw Ae-kn-∏n-°p∂
kv{Xobpw C{]-Im-ca - p≈ in£bv°v A¿l-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂X - mWv. C°m-
cy-߃ hyh-ÿs - N-bvXn-´p-≈Xv 312-˛mw hIp-∏n-em-Wv.
ta¬∏-d™{]Imcw K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kv{XobpsS kΩXw
IqSm-sX-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp- sN-øp∂ GsXm-cmfpw Poh-]-cy¥w XS-
hp-in-£bvt°m ]Øp-h¿jwhsc- shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m
in£n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xpw AXn\p-]pdsa ]ng-in-£-bpw D≠mIpw F∂v
313-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
K¿`w Ae-kn-∏n-°W - s
- a∂ Dt±-iyØm-Sp-IqSn kv{XobpsS acWw
kw`-hn-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw {]hrØnsNøp∂ GsXm-cmfpw ]Øp-
h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m in£n-°s - ∏-Sm-
hp-∂h - b
- m-W.v {]kvXpX {]hrØn kv{XobpsS kΩXwIqSm-sX-bm-sW-
¶nepw ta¬∏-d™ in£ e`n°mw. Xm≥sNøp∂ {]hrØn ac-WØ - n-
\n-Sb- m-°n-tb°msa∂v {]hr-Øn-sN-øp∂ Bfn\v Adn-bn-s√-¶n¬t]mepw
B {]hrØn Ip‰-Ic - hpw in£m¿l-hp-am-bn-cn°pw 314-˛mwhIp-∏n-emWv
ta¬∏-d™ hyh-ÿI - ƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-°s - ∏-´n-´p-≈X
- .v
GsX-¶nepw inip-hns‚ P\-\-Øn-\p-apºv, GsX-¶nepw {]hrØn
sNøp∂Xp-hgn AXp Poh-t\msS ]nd-°p-∂Xp XS-b-W-sat∂m P\n-
®-tijw acn-°m-\n-S-bm-I-W-sat∂m D≈ Dt±-iy--tØm-Sp-IqSn B
{]hrØnsNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ^e-ambn inip Poh-t\msS ]nd-°p-
∂Xp XS-bp-Itbm P\n®tijw acn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p-Itbm sNøp∂
GsXm-cm-fpw, B {]hrØnsNbvXXv DØahnizmk]q¿hw amXm-hns‚
Poh≥ c£n-°p-hm≥th≠n A√m-Ø-]-£w, ]Øp-h¿jwhsc-bm-Im-
hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m ]ng-in-£bvt°m As√-¶n¬
c≠pwIqSnb in£bv°v hn[n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv F∂v 315˛mw h-Ip-
∏n¬ hyhÿsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
Ip‰-I-c-amb \c-lXybmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≈
]cnXx-ÿnXn-bn¬ sNbvX GsX-¶nepw {]hrØnaqew Ne-\-ap≈
K¿`ÿinip-hn\v acWwkw`-hn-∏n-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw ]Øp-h¿j-
tØm-f-am-Im-hp∂ shdpwXS-hnt\m ITn\XS-hnt\m in£n-°-s∏-Sm-
hp-∂-Xp-amWv F∂v 316-˛mwhIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.
Hcp inip-hns‚ tZlw, B inip acn-®Xv ]nd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-aptºm
]nd-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ti-jtam ]nd-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmtgm Bbmepw cl-
ky-ambn ssIsbm-gn-bp-Ihgn, B inip-hns‚ P\\w a\x-]q¿Δw Hfn-
®p-h-bv°p-Itbm Hfn-®p-h-bv°m≥ {ian-°p-ItbmsNøp∂ GsXm-cmfpw
c≠p- h ¿jwhsc- b m- I m- h p∂ shdpwXS- h nt\m ITn\XS- h nt\m
]ngbvt°m XS-hp-w ]n-gbpwtN¿∂ in£bvt°m A¿l-\m-bn-cn°pw-
F∂v 318-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ hyhÿsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
]{¥-≠p-h-b- n¬Xmsg {]mb-ap≈ Ip´nsb AXns‚ ]nXmthm
kwc-£W®pa-X-e-bp≈ Btfm AXns\ ]q¿Æ-am-bpw Dt]-£n-°-
W-sa∂ Dt±-i-y-tØm-Sp-IqSn Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw ssIhn-´n´vt]mIp∂

33
]£w Ahƒ°v / Abmƒ°v Ggp- h ¿jwhsc- b m- I m- h p∂ shdpw
XSthm ITn\XSthm ]ng-in-£tbm e`n°mw. XShpw ]ngbpw IqSn-
t®¿∂ in£bpw e`n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A{]-Imcw Ac-£n-X-amb Ah-
ÿ-bn¬ hn´n´vt]mIp-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn Ip´n -a-cn®pt]mbm¬ sIme-
]m-X-I-°p-‰-Ønt\m Ip‰-I-c-amb \c-l-Xyt°m hnNm-cWsNø-s∏-
Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 317-˛mw hIp-∏n-emWv Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-°-
s∏-´-Xv. 1984˛¬ Cu \n-b-aØnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ I¿i-\-am-
°n-s°m≠v t`Z-K-Xn-sN-bvXp.
kv{Xo[\ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw
kv{Xo[\k{¼-Zm-bsa¶ kmaqlyhn]-¯n\v AdpXnhcp-¯p-hm³
1961þÂ kv{Xo[\\ntcm-[\\nbaw (The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961)
\ne- h nÂh- ¶ p. BXy- ´ n- I - a mbn kv { Xo[\w sImSp- ¡ p- ¶ Xpw
hm§p¶Xpw XS-bp-I F¶ Dt±-iy-apÅ Cu \nb-a-¯nse hIp-¸p-
IÄ¡v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w\ÂInb tI{µkÀ¡mÀ 1985þ kv{Xo[\
\ntcm-[\\nb-a-¯nsâ ]cn-[n-bn N«-§fpw \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
(The Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of lists of presents to the bride
and bride groom Rules, 1985.)
kv{Xo[\w˛\n¿h-N\w
hnhm-l-_-‘-Ønse Hcp]£w adp-]-£-Ønt\m hnhm-ln-X-cm-
Ip∂ hy‡n-I-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm a‰p-hy-‡n-Itfm hnhm-ln-X-cm-
Ip- ∂ - h ¿t°m a‰p- h y‡n- I ƒt°m hnhmlka- b tØm AXn\p
ap≥t]m ]n≥t]m hnhm-lm-\p-_-‘n-bmbn \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ kztØm
(Property) hne-a-Xn-¡p¶ ]{X-§-tfm, (valuable security) t\cnt«m
]tcm-£-amtbm \evIp-¶Xns\-bmWv kv{Xo[\w F¶ ]ZwsIm≠v
hnh-£n-¡p¶Xv.
ap…ow hy‡n\nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂ al¿ AYhm Uh¿
Cu \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n√
hnhmlw Imc-W-ambn ka-b-]-cn-[n-bn-√msX ssIam‰wsNø-s∏-Sp∂
]Wtam kztØm aqey-hØ - mb hkvXp-°tfm Cu \n¿hN-\Ø - ns‚
]cn-[n-bn¬hcp-∂X
- m-W.v F∂m¬, Cu \n¿Δ-N\w XpS¿∂p-hc - p∂ hIp-
∏nse \n›-bß - ƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv hmbn-s®-¶nte ]q¿Wam-Iq.
\nb-a-Ønse in£-Iƒ
kv{Xo[\w hmßp∂Xpw \evIp-∂-Xpw, hmßp-hm\pw \evIp-hm\pw
t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kv{Xo[\w Bhiy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw \nb-a-Øn¬ Ip‰-
I-c-am-Wv.
Hcp \n›nX XpItbm B`-c-W-ßtfm `qkztØm sImSp-°m-sa-
∂p≈ hmKvZm-\-amWv Hcmsf hnhm-l-Øn\v kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-∂sX-¶n¬
AXv- - kv{Xo-[-\-am-Wv.

34
kv{Xo[\w
kv{Xo[\-w- sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv \nba-hn-cp-≤-am-sW-¶nepw X\n-°p≈
Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv{Xo[\-am-bn- hm-ßn-b- kz-Øp-
°ƒ 3 amk-Øn-\Iw h[p-hn\v \¬In-bn-s√-¶n¬ in£m¿l-amb Ip‰-
amWv hnhm-ln-X-\m-Ip∂ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ kv{Xo[\w hmßn-
bn-´n-s√∂ kXy-hm-Mvaqew Xs‚ ]nXmhv, `mcy, `mcym-]n-Xmhv F∂n-
h-cpsS km£y-]-{X-߃-s°m∏w taep-tZym-K-ÿ\v ka¿∏n-°Ww
F∂-\p-im-kn-°p∂ ]pXnb N´-߃ cq]-s∏-SpØns°m≠v kwÿm-
\-k¿°m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
1. kv{Xo[\wsImSp-°p-∂Xpw hmßp-∂Xpw AXn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
Ip‰-I-camWv A©p-h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØ XS-hpw ]Xn-\-øm-bncwcq]-
bn¬ Ipd-bm-ØtXm kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ aqeytam GXmtWm IqSp-X¬
A{Xbpw XpI ]ng-bn-\-Ønepw in£ hn[n°mw.-
2. t\cnt´m ]tcm-£-am-tbm, h[p-hn-s‚tbm hc-s‚tbm amXm-]n-Xm-
°-tfmtSm _‘p-°-tfmtSm c£m-I¿Øm-hn-t\mtSm kv{Xo[\w
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv in£m¿l-am-Wv. Cu Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v 6 amk-
Øn¬ Ipd-bm-ØXpw c≠vh¿jwhsc \ofm-hp-∂Xpamb XS-hpw,
]Xn-\m-bncw cq]hsc ]ngbpw hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu c≠-h-k-c-Ønepw G‰hpwIpd™ in£ F{X-bm-sW∂v
\nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬t]mepw aXnbmb Imc-W-߃ hn[n-
\ym-b-Øn¬ tN¿Øv XShpin£ CfhpsNøm≥ AXmXv tImS-
Xn-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠vv. a‰v kml-N-cy-ß-sf√mwIqSn IW-°n-
se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw D]-tbm-Kn®v \n›-
bn-®n-´p≈ G‰hpw Ipdhv XShp-in£mka-b-tØ-°mƒ Ipd™
in£ hn[n-°m≥ tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠mbn-cn-°pw.
hnhm-l-k-a-bØv h[p-hnt\m hct\m \evIs∏-Sp∂ kΩm-\-ßsf
kv{Xo[-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v F∂m¬ C\n-
]-d-bp∂ \n›-b-߃ ]men-°-s∏-´m¬am{Xta Cu Hgn-hp-e-`n-°q.
1. k½m-\-§Ä Ah-Im-i-ambn Bh-iy-s¸-«-Xm-I-cpXv (Demand)
2. kv{Xo[\\ntcm-[\\nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ D≠m-°-s∏-´n´p≈ N´-߃
{]Imcw kΩm-\-߃ tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´n-´p≈
enÃv kq£n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
3. h[p-hn\p-th≠ntbm, h[p-hn-t\mSp- _‘-ap≈ Bsc-¶n-eptam
Iogv\-S-∏-\p-k-cn-®p≈ (customary) \evI-s∏-tS≠ kΩm-\-ß-fpsS
t{iWn-bn¬s∏tS-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
4. CØcw kΩm-\-Øns‚ aqeyw, sImSp-°p∂ BfptStbm B¿°p-
th-≠n-bmtWm sImSp-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv Ah-cp-sStbm, kmº-Øn-I
kml-N-cy-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-√mØ Xc-Øn-em-I-cp-Xv.

35
36
 `m-Kw- ˛ c≠v-
{In-an-\¬- \n-ba߃-

37
 1.- Hcp {Inan-\¬tIkv cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂Xpw
Nm¿÷p sNøp-∂Xpw Fßs\
t]m eokv Hcp tIkv cPn-ÿ sNbvXm¬ AXv At\z-jn®v Nm¿÷v
tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm°n hnNm-cW - bv°v k÷-am-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ \S-]S- n-
{I-aß
- ƒ {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-aØ - n¬ ]{¥≠mw A≤ym-bØ - n¬ {]Xn-
]m-Zn-®n-cn-b°v p-∂p. kzImcy A\ym-bß - ƒ°pw t]meokv Nm¿÷v sNøp∂
tIkp-Iƒ°pw shtΔsd \S-]Sn {Ia-ßf - mWv \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- .v Hcp
tIkv Nm¿÷p-sNbvXv hnNm-cW - s - °-Øp-∂X
- p-hsc hfsc k¶o¿Æhpw
\n›n-Xh - p-amb Nne \- S- ]
- S- n-{I-aß- ƒ ]men-btv °-≠X - p-≠.v
F^v.s- F.-B¿
CXv Hcp tIkv cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ BZy-\-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv. F^v.-
sF.-B¿ F∂p-≈Xv BZy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ As√-¶n¬ BZy-am-
bn- e`n-bv°p∂ hnh-c-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Npcp-°-
t∏-cm-Wv.
t]meo-kn\v cPn-ÿ sNbvXv At\z-jn-°m-hp-∂Xpw (Cognizable)
A{]- I mcw cPn- Ã ¿ sNøm≥ \nhr- Ø n- b n- √ m- Ø Xpw (Non-
Cognizable)F∂p c≠phn[-ambn tIkp-Isf Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.
tIkv cPn-ÿ sNbvXv At\z-jn-°m-hp∂ tIkp-Ifpw A√mØhbpw
GsXm-s°-sb∂v {Inan--\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-ambn
tN¿Øn-´p≈ ]´nI bn¬ {]tXyIw hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v.
t]meokn\p cPn-ÿ sNøm-hp∂ Hcp Ip‰IrXyw \S-∂X - mbn tcJm-
aq-e-amtbm A√m-sXtbm Hcp t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ hnhcw e`n-bv°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B k-abw tÃj≥ Nm¿÷n-en-cn-bv°p∂ Npa-X-e-s∏´
DtZym-K-ÿ≥ AX-t∏mƒXs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, Aßs\ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ønb hnh-c-߃ Abm-sf hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®v t_m≤y-s∏-SpØn
H∏p-Sp-hn®p hmßn-°p-Ibpw thWw. AXn-s‚ ]I¿-∏v- hn-hcw- \ev-In-
b Bƒ-°v- ku-P\y-am-bn- sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw- thWw.- CXmWv B tI-
kns‚ F^v.-sF.-B¿ F∂ tcJ. Cßns\ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xns‚
hnhcw cPn-Ã-dn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-bv°Ww F∂pw AtX-Xp-S¿∂v tIkv
cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-cn-°Ww F∂p-≈Xpw t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿs‚ IS-
a-bm-∂v.- Hcp sSe-t^m¨ sat -Pv, Iºn-hm¿Ø Chbpw km-lNcy-
ßf\p-kcn-®v- F.I.R Bbn ]cn-K-Wn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂pw \nbaw
38
A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Ip‰-IrXyw sNbvX-h-cpsS t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw
Cs√-¶n¬t]mepw tIkv cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww. km-lNcy-ßf\p-
kcn-®v- F.I.R tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂-bm-fn\v kw-`-h-sØ-
∏‰n t\cn-´p≈ Adnhv D≠m-bn-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂n-√.
Hcp tIkv cPn-ÿ sNbvXp Ign-™m¬ DS≥Xs∂ tIkns‚ At\z-
jWw XpS-tß-≠-Xm-Wv. kw`-h-ÿew kμ¿in®v th≠ At\z-j-W-
߃ \S-Øp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Ip‰-hm-fnsb AdÃp sNøp-∂-Xn\p≈
\S-]-Sn kzoI-cn-bv°pbpw thWw.
F∂m¬ t]meo-kn\v tIkv FSpØv At\z-jWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
A[n-Im-c-an-√mØ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv tÃj-\n¬ dnt∏m¿´p sNø-s∏-Sp-
∂-sX-¶n¬ B hn-hcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw aPn-kvt{S-´ns‚ tcJm-
aq-e-ap≈ A\p-hmZw hmßn°gn™v tIkv cPn-ÿ sNbvXv At\z-
jWw \S-Øm-w-.- A{]-Imcw At\z-jWw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬
B hn-hcw DS≥Xs∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-sØ-∏‰n tÃj-\n¬ hnhcw \¬Ip-
∂-bm-fns\ tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-®n-cn-°-Ww. F∂p-am-{X-a√, tae-[n-Im-
cnsb B hn-hcw Adn-bn-°p-I-bpw thWw. Aßns\ tIsk-Sp-°m-sX-
bn-cp-∂m¬ taep-tZym-K-ÿ\pw B hn-hcw tImS-Xnsb [cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-
Ww. tImS-Xn°v B hn-h-csØ∏‰n kzbw At\z-jn-°pItbm Xs‚
Iogn-ep≈ as‰mcp PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-´ns\ sIm-≠v At\z-jn-∏n-
°p-Itbm sNømw.
Hcp t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ e`n-bv°p∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy -hnh-csØ-∏‰n
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v t]meo-k-[n-Imcn Xøm-dm-bn-s√-¶n¬
Ip-‰I- r-XysØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn tIkv At\z-
jWw XpS-cp-∂-Xn\v t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿt-\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v.-
aPn-kvt{S-´n\v A[n-Imcw D≠v.
tIk-t\z-jWw
tIkv tcJm-aqew cPn-ÿ sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w tIkns‚ At\z-
jWw Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-
Im-c-ap≠v. Cu tIknse kw`-h-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-sa∂pw Adn-bm≥
km≤y-Xb - p-s≠∂pw ImWp-∂ B - t- cbpw tIk-t\z-jW - Ø
- n-\p-th≠n
t\m´o-k-b®p hcpØn tNmZyw sNbvXv sXfnhp tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
At\z-jt- Wm-tZym-Kÿ - \v A[n-Imcw D≠v-. Aßs\ t]meokv Bh-
iy-s∏-´m¬ tÃj-\n¬ lmP-cmbn sXfn-hp-\¬Im≥ Xøm-dm-Im-Øh - -
cpsS t]cn¬ t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]S- n- kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂X
- n\pw At\z-jt- Wm-
tZym-Kÿ- \v A[n-Im-ca
- p-≠v. F∂m¬ kv{XoIsfbpw, ]Xn-\©p hb-
 n¬ Xmsg am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ Ip-´n-Itfbpw A{]-Imcw t\m´o-kb - ®p
hcp-Øm≥ ]mSn√.- Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ AXv \nb-ae - w-L\- a
- m-bn I
- W- -
°m-°W-sa∂v \μn\n kXv]X - n-bpsS tIkn¬ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-
®n-´p-≠v.

39
 C{]-Imcw lmP-cm-Ip∂ Bfn-t\mSp tIknse kw`-h-sØ-∏‰n
tNmZn®v tÉvsa‚ v Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - n\v At\z-jW - D-tZym-Kÿ - \v A[n-
Im-c-ap-≠v.
161-˛mw hIp∏v A\p-kc - n®v t]meokv DtZym-Kÿ - ≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
tÉp-sa‚n¬ km£n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. B km-
£nsb hnkvX-cn-°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ B tÃ-‰p-sa‚n\p hncp-≤-ambn
tImS-Xn-bn¬ samgn-\¬Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B samgn`mKw Abm-fpsS
{i≤-bn¬s∏-SpØn Abmsf FXn¿°p-∂-Xn\v am{Xta AXp-]-tbm-
Kn-°mhq. t]meo-kn-\p -sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ samgn-bn¬ F¥p-]-d-™n-
cp-∂mepw AXp tImSXn kzoIm-cy-amb sXfn-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-
I-bn-s√∂p am{X-a√ B Im-c-Ww-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Abmƒ ]c-kv]-c-hn-
cp-≤-ambn tÉp-sa‚p \¬Ip∂p F∂v hcp-Øn-Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\pw Abm-
fpsS tÉvsa‚ v \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°pw.
C{]-Imcw t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
bmsXm-cp -{]-tem-`-\-ßfpw kzm[o-\hpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√.
tIk-t\z-jW - Ø- n-\nsS Hcp {]Xn- Ip‰kΩ-Xs - amgn \¬Ip-Ib - m-
sW-¶n¬ AXp tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\v 164˛mw hIp-∏\ - p-kc - n®p aPn-kvt{S-
´ns\ kao-]n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. Hcp tUmIvSdpsS ASptØm DØ-ch - m- Z--
s∏´ Hcm-fpsS ASptØm sImSp-°p∂ Ip‰-kΩ - X - s- am-gnbpw {]kv‡-
amb sXfn-hmbn IW-°m-°pw. aPnkvt{S-´mWv A{]-Imcw samgn tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n¬ samgn \¬Ip-∂-Xn\papºv ho≠p-hn-Nm-c-Øn\v
Abmƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw, B tÃ-‰p-sa‚ns‚ \nb-ak - m-[pX
Abmsf _m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, A{]-Imcw Hcp tÉp-sa‚ v kzta-[bm
\¬Ip-∂X - mtWm F∂v t_m≤yw hcp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
tIk-t\z-jWthf-bn¬ tÉp-sa‚ v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\pw sXfnhv
Is≠-Sp-°p--∂-Xn\pw th≠n tim[-\sNbvXv (Search) sXfnhv Is≠-
Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw At\z-j-W DtZym-K-ÿ\v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v. AXn-\p-
th≠n sk¿®v hmd≠v tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw hmßp-∂-Xn\pw At\z-
j-tWm-tZym-K-ÿ\v \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°mw. A{]-Imcw \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-
cn-°p-∂Xv Ime-Xm-akw hcp∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ sXfnhp \in-∏n-°m-sX-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn Hcp satΩm Xø-dm°n tImS-Xn°v Ab®
tijw sXc-®n¬ \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
tIk-t\z-jW - Ø- n-\p-th≠n `mc-XØ - n\p shfn-bn¬ t]mIp-∂X - n\pw
tImS-Xn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn- hm-ßm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
At\z-j-W-Øn-\nsS Hcp- Ip-‰-hm-fnsb Ad-Ãp- sN-bvXm¬ Ccp-]-
Øn-\m-ep- a-Wn-°q-dn-\Iw Abmsf tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bn-cn-
°Ww. Ad-Ãns\ kw_-‘n®v kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS am¿§-\n¿t±-i-
߃ ]men-®n-cn-°-Ww. Pmayw sImSp-°m-hp∂ tIk-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn°v
14 Znh-k-tØ°v tImSXn dnam‚ v A\p-h-Zn-°pw. AXn-\nsS tIk-t\z-
j-W-Øn\mbn Abmsf tImSXn A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS t]meo-kv I-Ã-
Un-bn¬ hmßm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
40
 A{]-Imcw dnam‚p sNøp-∂-bm-fns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Ip‰w ]Øp-sIm-
√-Øn¬ IqSp-Xtem Poh-]-cy-¥tam in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ H∂m-sW-¶n¬
sXmÆq-dp- Zn-h-k-Øn-\Iw Nm¿÷p lmP-cm-°n-bn-´n-s√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-
bn¬ \n∂pw Abm-sf Pmay-Øn¬ hn´-b-°-mw.
C{]-Imcw \S-Øp∂ At\zjW-Øn¬ HcmfpsS ta¬ Nm¿÷p- sIm-
Sp-°Ø- ° Ip‰w shfn-hm-bn-´n-s√-¶n¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ tImS-Xn-bn¬
lmP-cm-Im-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿb - n¬ Abmsf hn´-bbvt°-≠X - m-Wv.
tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°p∂ Nm¿÷n¬ {]Xn-bpsS ta¬hnemkw,
Ip‰-Øns‚ kz`mhw, km£n-I-fpsS ta¬hn-em-khpw hnh-c-ßfpw
F∂nh AS-ßn-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXp-Iq-SmsX F√m dn°m¿Up-I-fp-sSbpw
]I¿∏p-Ifpw {]Xn°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v th≠n lmP-cm-°p-Ibpw thWw.
174-˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v Hcp acWw Bfl-l-Xy-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-
\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t]meokv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃ tcJ-
s∏-SpØn t{]X-hn-Nm-cWbpw sXfn-sh-Sp∏pw \S-ØpIbpw sNbvXn-cn-
°Ww. Bfl-l-Xytbm Zpcq-l-a-c-Wsam B-sW-¶n¬ AtX-∏‰n sXfn-
sh-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Unkv{Sn-Iv‰v (F-Ivkn-Iyp-´ohv) aPn-kvt{S-
´n-\m-Wv.
kzImcy A\ymbw ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnNm-cW sNøp-
∂-Xn\pw D≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hyXy-ÿ-am-Wv.

2.- AdÃv, Pmayw

ssZ\w-Zn\w tI´pw I≠pw ]cn-Nb - n® Hcp ]Z-amWv Ad-Ãv. t]meo-
kn-\p-t]m-epw ]e-t∏mgpw \nb-ah - n-t[-ba - mb Ad-Ãn-\p-ti-ja - p≈ \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ icn-bmb hn[-Øn¬ Adn-bn√ F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. Adkv-‰v- F∂m¬- ssIhn-eßWn-bn-°¬- F∂√ A¿-∞w.- Adkv-
‰p- sNøs∏tS≠bm-fn-s‚ tZlØv- kv-]¿-in-®v- ""Xm-¶ƒ- Adkv-‰p-
sNøs∏´n-cn-°p-∂p''- F∂v- Adkv-‰p- sNøp-∂ t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kÿ≥-
]d™m¬- AXv \n- b am- \ p- k r- X am- b Adkv - ‰ m- W v . - Adkv - ‰ p-
sNøs∏´bmƒ- Hm-Sn- c£s∏Sp-hm≥- km-[y-Xbp-s≠¶n-tem- a‰p- kp-
c£m- Im-cWßfm-tem- am-{Xta ssIhn-eßv- AWn-bn-°m≥- ]m-Sp-≈q.-
AdÃpw IÃ-Unbpw sX‰n-≤c - n-∏n-°m-hp∂ kam-\X - I
- f
- p≈ ]Z-ßf - mWv.
CXv ]e-t∏mgpw amdnbpw adn®pw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcmsf
IÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-Øm¬ am{Xw Abmƒ Ad-Ãn-em-hp-Ib - n-√. IÃ-Un-bn-
se-SpØ Bfns\ ]e-t∏mgpw Znh-kß - t- fmfw Aßs\ Xs∂ kq£n-
®-Xn-\p-ti-ja
- mhpw t]meokv Ad-Ãn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. CXv \nb-ah - n-t[-
b-a√ CØ-cØ - n¬ \nb-ah - n-t[-ba - √- mØ IÃUn kq£n-∏p-Iƒ IqSp-
X¬ hym]-Ia - m-Ip-∂X
- mbn t_m[y-s∏-´X - p-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS ]c-tam-
∂X \oXn-]oTw 1997-˛¬ Ad-Ãns\ kw_-‘n® Nne I¿i\ \n¿t±-i-
߃ Hcp hn[n-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈X - v. B am¿§-\n¿t±-i-
41
߃ Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.
Ad-Ãn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn
\nb-a-Øn-emW.v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A©mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ 41
apX¬ Adp-]-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ Ad-Ãn-s\-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂p. t]meo-kn\v tIkv cPn-ÿ sNøm-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰w
sNbvX (Cognizable offence) Hcm-sftbm A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰w sNbvXn-
cn- ° m- \ n- S - b p- s ≠∂v \ymb- a mbn kwi- b n- ° m- h p∂ Hcm- s ftbm
t]meokptZymK-ÿ\v AdÃp sNøm-hp-∂Xm-sW∂pw AXn\v tImS-
Xn-bpsS hmd‚ns‚ Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw {In.-\.\n 41-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp-
∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ `h-\-t`-Z-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Bbp-[-
km-a-{Kn-Iƒ ssIh-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Hcm-sfbpw ÿncw Ip‰-hm-
fn-bmb Hcm-sfbpw tImS-Xn-bpsS hmd-≠p -Iq-SmsXXs∂ t]meo-kn\v
Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmbp-[-tk-\-bn¬\n∂v Hfn®v t]m∂ Hcm-
sfbpw, Ih¿®-ap-X¬ ssIhiw kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Bsf-bpw, Ad-Ãp-
sN-øp-∂-Xn\v hmd-≠ns≥d Bh-iy-an-√. Hcp t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥
Uyq´n-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Abmƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-
F√m DØ-c-hn-s\bpw A\p-k-cn-°msX Ccn-°p∂h-sc-tbm, [n°-cn-
bv°p-∂h - s - ctbm Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂X - mWv F∂v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-
a-Ønepw t]meokv BIv‰nepw hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-´p-≠v.
ÿncw Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿ\v hmd-≠n-
√msX Ad-Ãp- sN-øp-I-tbm, Abmsf AdÃp sNøp-∂-Xn\v km[m-c-
W-°m-c-\mb ]uc-t\mSv \n¿t±-in-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Uyq´n-
bn-ep≈ Hcp t]meo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ≥ kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp∂
Hcm-tfmSv t]cpw ta¬hnem-khpw Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬, AXv sX‰mbn ]d-
bp-I-tbm, ]dbm≥ hnap-JX Im´p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Abmsf t]meo-
kptZym-K-ÿ\v AdÃp sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. icn-bmb hnh-c-߃ 24
aWn-°q-dn-\Iw In´p-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬IqSn Abmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw
aPn-kvt{S‰p apºmsI lmP-cm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
km[m-cW ]uc\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ømw!
Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Hcmsf t]meo-kp-tZym-Kÿ - \v Ad-Ãp-sNømw F∂-
Xp-t]mse Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcmsf Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-∂X - n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
Hcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nbaw A\p-hZ- n-®p-Xc - p-∂p-≠v. Hcp {]Jym-]n-
- m-fn-sbbpw (Proclaimed offender) Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´p-sIm-
X- Ip-‰h
≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcm-sfbpw GsXmcp km[m-cW ]uc\pw \nb-ah - n-t[-b-
ambn Ad-Ãp-sN-øm-hp-∂X - m-W.v A{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp- sN-bX v m¬ DS≥Xs∂
B Ip‰-hm-fnsb G‰hpw ASp-Øp≈ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ lmP-cm-
t°-≠X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ Abmƒ Hcp Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Ønepw Dƒs∏-´n-´n-√m-
sb∂v hy‡-am-hp∂]£w DS≥Xs∂ Abmsf hn´-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

42
ta¬]-d™ c≠p kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n¬ Hcp km[m-cW - ] - u-c≥ t]meokv
DtZym-Kÿ - \v Xpey-\m-hp∂p F∂p-≈X - mWv {Inan-\¬ \S-]S- n-\n-baw
43-˛mw hIp∏psIm-≠p≈ t\´w. C{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´-bmsf
t]meokv ho≠pw AdÃv (Re-arrest) sNtø-≠X - p-≠v.
Hcp aPn-kv{S-´ns‚ apºn¬h®v Hcp Ip‰-IrXyw sNøp-∂-bmsf At±-
l-Øn\p Xs∂ Ad-Ãp-sN-øp-Itbm as‰m-cm-tfmSv B Ip‰-hm-fnsb Ad-Ãp-
sN-øp-∂-Xn\v DØ-chp sImSp-°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
AdÃp sNø-s∏-tS-≠-bmƒ Ad-Ãn\p Iogvs∏-Sp-∂n-√m-sb-¶n¬
F¥p-sN-øW - s- a∂pw \nbaw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-
fpsS tZlØpsXmt´m _‘-\Øn-em-°ntbm Ad-Ãp-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.
Bhiyw th≠p-∂-Xmb _e-{]-tbm-K-sØ-∏‰n Chn-sS-bmWv kqN-\-
bp-≈X - v. Ad-Ãn\p Iogvhg-ßm-Øb - m-fns\ c£-s∏-Sp-hm-\\ - p-hZ- n-°msX
AdÃp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bhiyw th≠-Xmb _e-{]-tbmKw \S-
Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-
Ad-ÃvsN-øp-tºmƒ ]men-t°≠ \n_‘\-Iƒ
t]meokv IÃ-Unbn¬sh®p≈ ]oU\w XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn A\p-
h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne \n¿tZ-i-߃ Un.-sI.-_mkp F∂ Bƒ
]›n-a-_w-Kmƒk¿°m-cn-s\-XnscsImSpØ tIkn¬ kp{]owtImSXn
\¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ah Xmsg∏dbpw{]Im-c-amWv
1. AdtÌm tNmZyw-sN-¿tem \S-¯p¶ t]meokv DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ
Ahsc Xncn-¨d - n-b¯
- ¡
- h
- n-[¯
- n-epÅ Xncn-¨dn-b NnÓ-§fpw t]cpw
DtZym-K-t¸cpap-Å SmKpw [cn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. Ad-Ìp-sN¿s¸«n-«pÅ
Bfns\ tNmZywsN¿p-¶-Xn DÄs¸-«n-«pÅ FÃm t]meokv DtZym-K-
سam-cptSbpw hnh-c-§Ä Hcp cPn-Ì-dn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
2. AdÌp-\S-¯p¶ t]meokv DtZym-K-س Ad-Ìp-\-S-¯p¶ ka-
b¯v Hcp sat½m Xøm-dm-t°≠Xpw B sat½m A-dÌpsN¿-s¸«
Bfnsâ IpSpw-_-¯nse Hcp AwKtam AdÌp\S¶ Øes¯ _lp-
am-\y-\mb Hcp hyàntbm km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
3. Ad-Ìp-sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Itbm XS-ªp-hbv¡s¸Sp-Itbm sN¿p-Ibpw
t]meokvtÌj-\ntem tNmZywsN¿ÂtI{µ-¯ntem tem¡-¸ntem IÌ-
Un-bn-em-bn-cn-¡p-IbpwsN¿p¶ Bfn\v Xm³ A{]-Imcw Ad-Ìp-sN-
¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw XS-ªp-h-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn Xsâ
Hcp kplr-¯n-t\tbm _Ôp-hn-s\tbm Xm³ Adn-bp-¶tXm X¶nÂ
Xm¸-cy-ap-ÅtXm Bb asäm-cm-fns\tbm Adn-bn-¡p-hm³ Ah-Imi-
ap-≠v. (F-¶m ta¸-dª sat½m km£y-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv A¯cw
Hcp kplrt¯m _Ôpthm BsW-¦n Cu hyhØ _m[-I-a-Ã.)
4. Ad-Ìp-sN-¿-s¸« Bfn-sâ kplrt¯m ASp¯_Ôpthm B
PnÃbvt¡m ]«-W-¯nt\m shfn-bnem-sW-¦n Ad-Ìp-sNbvX kabw,
43
Xob-Xn, IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ CSw F∂nh AdÃv \S∂v 8 aWn-
°q-dn-\pw 12 aWn-°q-dn\pw CS-bn¬ Pn√-bnse \nb-a-k-lmbkwL-S-
\-bn-eq-sSbpw _‘-s∏´ {]tZ-isØ t]meokvtÃj≥ aptJ-\bpw
hnRvPm-]\wsNøn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
5. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf Xs‚ Ad-Ãn-s\tbm XS-™p-h-bv°-en-
t\tbm]‰n ta¬]d™{]Imcw Adn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØ-
∏‰n t_m[-hm-\m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
6. XS-¶-en¬h®n-´p≈ ÿeØv Hcp Ub-dn-bn¬ Ad-Ãns\∏‰n-
bp≈ Hcp Ipdn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw AXn¬ ta¬∏-d™{]Imcw
hnhcw Adn-bn-°-s∏´ ASpØ kplr-Øn-s‚tbm _‘p-hn-s‚tbm-
t]cpw Ad-ÃvsN-ø-s∏´ Bsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-´p≈ t]meokv DtZym-
K-ÿ≥am-cpsS t]cpw a‰p-hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv.
7. Ad-ÃvsN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Bƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂]£w B ka-bØv
Abm-fp-sStbm Ah-fp-sStbm ico-c-Ønep≈ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb
£X-ßfpw apdn-hp-Ifpwa‰pw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
Cu ]-cn-tim-[\msatΩm-bn¬ AdÃp-sNø-s∏´ Bfpw ]cn-tim-[\
\S-Ønb t]meokv-DtZym-K-ÿ\pw H∏p-sh-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXns‚
]I¿∏v AdÃvsNø-s∏´ Bƒ°pw AdÃp-\S-Ønb t]meokv DtZym-
K-ÿ\pw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
8. Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf, Abmsf IÃ-Un-bn¬h®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-
b-f-hn¬ Hmtcm 48 aWn-°q-dnepw kwÿm\k¿°mcns‚ Btcm-Ky-
h-Ip∏v Ub-d-IvS¿ AwKo-I-cn® tUmIvS¿am-cpsS ]m\-en¬s∏´ Hcp
tUmIvS¿ ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
9. ta¬∏-d™ AdÃp kw_-‘n® satΩm Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m
tcJ-I-fp-sSbpw ]I¿∏v X¬{]-tZ-iØv B[n-Im-cnI-X-bp≈ aPn-kvt{S-
‰n\v At±-l-Øns‚ tcJ-I-fn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ab-®p-
sIm-Sp-t°≠Xm-Wv.
10. tNmZyw-sN-ø¬ka-bØv Xs‚ A`n-`m-j-Is\ ImWp-hm≥ Ad-
Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bsf A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ tNmZyw-sN-øp∂
kabw apgp-h≥ C-{]-Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂n-√.
11. F√m Pn√mXeÿm-\ß - f - nepw kwÿm-\X- eÿm\Øpw Hmtcm
t]meokv I¨t{Smƒdqap-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw Hcp AdÃp\-S∂p
12 aWn-°p-dn-\p-≈n¬ AXns\ kw_-‘n® hnhcw AdÃp\S-Øp∂
DtZym-Kÿ- ≥ I¨t{Smƒdqan¬ Adn-bn-t°-≠Xpw AhnsS AXv {]Xy-
£-ambn ImW-Ø° - h
- n[w Hcp t\m´okvt_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-t°-≠-
Xp-am-Wv. kv{- Xo-Isf Adkv‰ - p-sNøp-tºmƒ- km-[m-cWKXn-bn¬- h\n-
Xm-t]m-eo-kv- D≠m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂v- t]m-eo-kn-\v- \n¿-t±iap-s≠¶n-epw-
Ip-‰hm-fn- c£s∏Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Xp-Sßn-b {]tXy-I km-lNcy-
ßfn¬- ]p-cp-j\m-b t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y\pw- kv-{Xo-sb Adkv-‰p-
44
sN¿mw.- A¯cw- kµÀ-`§fnÂ- {]tXy-I km-lNcy-§Ä- F´m-bn-
cp-¶p-sh¶v- B t]m-eo-kp-tZym-Kkv-Y³- tcJs¸Sp-¯Ww.- kv-{Xo-bp-
sS am-\y-X ]m-en-®p-sIm-≠p-thWw- B kµÀ-`§fnÂ-t¸m-epw- t]m-
eo-kv- Adkv-äp-sNtø≠Xv.-
Pmayw
AdÃp sNbvXp Ign™ Hcmsf 24 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw tImSXn
apºmsI lmP-cm-t°-≠-XmWv F∂v t\csØ ]d-™p-h-t√m. tIkp-
Iƒ km[m-cW Pmayw In´m-hp-∂Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb c≠p-hn-[-Øn-
emWv FSp-°m-dp-≈-Xv. (Bailable and non bailable) Pmayw e`n-°m-
hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ {]Xnsb AYhm AdÃp sNø-s∏-
´-bm-fns\ t]meo-kn\p Xs∂ Pmay-Øn¬ hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Pmayw
e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Øn\v Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏-´-bmƒ Pmayw FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v
Xøm-sd-¶n¬ Abmƒ°v Pmayw Hcp Ah-Im-i-am-Wv.
Pmayw e`n-°m-\-h-Im-i-an-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ Nne \n_-‘-\-
Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn Nne {]tXy-I -tI-kp-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´n\pXs∂
Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. GXp-Xcw tIkp-Iƒ°pw Pmayw A\p-
h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v skj≥kv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-hmØ tIkp-
I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´v Pmay-a\
- p-hZ- n-°m-dn-√. Aß-s\-hc
- p-tºmƒ skj≥kv
tImS-Xn-t°m, skj≥kvtIm-SXn A\p-h-Zn-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬ sslt°m-
SXn apºmsItbm Pmaym-t]-£ -sIm-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu tImS-Xn-
Iƒ°v kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm \ntj-[n-
°p-Itbm sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ap≥Iq¿Pmayw F∂m¬
ap≥Iq¿Pmayw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡n-b-√. ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw
tImSXn A\p-hZ- n-®m¬ {]Xnsb AdÃp tcJ-s∏-SpØn Pmay-Øn¬ hnS-
W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw. AXm-bXv tIkn¬ \n∂pw Xe-bq-cp-∂X - n-\p≈
Hcp D]m-[n-b√ ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw. F√m kml-Nc - y-Ønepw ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw
A\p-hZ- \- o-bh
- p-a√
- . ab-°p-ac- p∂v \nb-aØ
- n-t\m, t]m´ \nb-a-Øn-t\m,
]´n-I-PmXn/h¿§ -]o-U-\\nbaØn-t\m ap≥-Iq¿-Pm-ay-an-√. Ct∏mƒ
A_vImcn tIkp-If - nepw ap≥Iq¿ Pmayw A\p-hZ- n-°m-dn-√.
ap≥-Iq¿- Pmayw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v sslt°m-S-Xn-sbtbm skj≥-
kv tIm-S-Xn-sbtbm kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ap≥Iq¿ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ At]£ tIkns‚ hnNm-cW - bv°v A[n-
Im-ca
- p≈ tImS-Xn-bn¬Øs∂ ^b¬ sNø-Ws - a-∂n-√ F∂v kp{]ow-
tIm-SXn hn[n-®n-´p≠v. GXp ÿe-Øp-h®v AdÃp sNøm-\n-Sb - p-t≠m,
Ahn-SpsØ tImS-Xn-bn¬ At]£ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®Xv sX‰m-bn-´m-sW-¶n¬ ta¬t°m-S-Xn°v B
DØ-chp ]cn-tim-[n®v d±p-sN-øm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
45
Pmayw FSp-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?
{Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw sImSp-°m-hp∂ tIkp-Ifpw Pmayw
sImSp-°m-\m-hmØ tIkp-Ifpw Ds≠∂v t\csØ ]d-™-t√m. Ah-
bn¬ Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ tIkp-I-fn¬ t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ \n∂p-
Xs∂ Pmayw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv F∂pw Adn-™p-I-gn-™p. a‰p≈
tIkp-I-fn¬ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw tImS-Xn-
Iƒ°mWv. aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw Pmayw e`n-®n-√m-sb-¶n¬
Pn√m-tIm-S-Xn-bntem AXp-a-√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-Xn-bntem Pmaym-t]£
\¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A_vIm-cn -\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-Øn\v ]pXp-°nb
\nb-a-{]-Imcw Pmayw \nb-{¥n-X-am-Wv. ab-°p-a-cp∂p kw_-‘n® Ip‰-
߃°pw CtX t]mse-X-s∂-bmWv Pmay-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ. SmU
\nbaw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Pmayw e`n-°p-∂Xv Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-
∂n-√. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn¬h∂ t]m´ (`o-Ic hncp≤ \nb-aw) \nb-a-a-\p-
k-cn®pw Pmayw e`n-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. s]m-Xp-ap-X¬- \in-∏n-°p-∂Xp-
kw-_‘n-® Ip-‰Ir-Xy-ßfn¬- ]ªn-Iv- s{]m-kn-Iyq-´dp-sS hm-Zw-Iq-Sn-
tI´tijta tIm-SXn- Pm-ayw- A\p-hZn-°p-Ibp-≈q.-
1977˛se kp{]ow tImS-Xn- hn-[n-{]-Imcw Ad-Ãp-sN-øs - ∏´ hy‡n
\nb-aØ - ns‚ ]nSn-bn¬\n∂pw IpXdn c£-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿb - n-√m-sb-
¶n¬ Pmayw A\p-hn-Zn-°s - W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Pmayw \¬Im-
hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ tIkp-If - n¬ Pmay-Øn-\p≈ hyh-ÿI - ƒ Xøm-dm-
sW-¶n¬ Pmayw B hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-ia - mWv F∂v tImS-Xn-Iƒ
]e-Xh - W A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´n-´p-≠v.
Pmayw \¬Im-hp∂ Ip‰-ß-fn¬ {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw 436-˛mw
hIp-∏p-{]-Im-chpw Pmaym-l¿X-bn-√mØ tIkp-I-fn¬ 437-˛mw hIp-∏p-
\p-k-cn-®p-amWv Pmay-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Poh-]-cy¥w XS-hp-in-
£tbm h[-in-£tbm hn[n-°m-hp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-߃°v Cu
hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. AXn\v {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn
\nbaw 439-˛mw hIp-∏mWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v
Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ tImS-Xn°v \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ad-Ãp-sN-ø-s∏´ Bƒ°v Pmayw \¬Ip-∂Xv kz¥-Pm-ay-Ønepw
a‰p c≠p-t]-cpsS Pmay-Ønepw Bbn-cn-°pw. Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv
Pmayan√mØ hIp-∏p-If - n¬s∏´ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-\m-sW-¶n¬, {]Xn tImS-
Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ hogvN-h-cp-ØmsX Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-
bmWv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Pmay-hy-hÿ ewLn-®m¬
Pmayw Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw Pmay-ØpI apgp-h-\m-tbm, `mKn-I-
amtbm I≠p-sI-´p-∂-Xm-Wv.
tImSXn {Iaw
aPn-kvt{S-´p -tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv {Inan-\¬ \nb-a-Ønse ASn-ÿm\
tImS-Xn-Iƒ. k_vUn-hn-j-W¬ aPn-kvt{S´v (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v
46
(I-fIvS¿) XpS-ßn-b-h-scms° Ds≠-¶nepw PpUo-jy¬ ^Ãv¢mkv
aPn-kvt{S-´mWv ASn-ÿm-\Xe-Øn-ep≈ {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-bmbn Icp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F√m t]meokv tIkp-Ifpw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw BZyw
^b¬ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn-bn-em-Wv. aPn-kvt{S-´n\p
hnNm-cW sNøp-hm-\m-hmØ {Inan-\¬ tIkp-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-
Xn-bn¬ \n∂v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bn-te°v Abv°p-I-bmWv sNtø-
≠- X v . C{]- I mcw skj≥kv hnNm- c - W - b v ° p- t h≠n tIkp- I ƒ
Ab°p-∂-Xn\v IΩn-‰¬ s{]mko-UnwKvkv (Committal Proceedings)
F∂mWp ]d-bp-I. Cßs\ IΩn‰v sNøs∏Sp-∂ tIkn¬ XpS¿ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn-Ifm-Wv- \SØp-∂Xv.
H∂mw-¢mkv aPn-kvt{S-´p- tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°p sXm´p-ap-I-fn-emWv No^v
PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-´ns‚ ÿm\w. a‰p- Pp-Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-´p -tIm-
S-Xn-Ifp-sS ta¬-t\m-´w- No^v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-´ns‚ A[n-Im-c-
Øn¬ hcp-∂p.
Ch-Iq-SmsX skj≥kv tImS-Xn-I-fmWv D≈-Xv. Pn√m Xe-Øn¬
Hcp skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bp-≠m-hpw. knhn¬ tIkp-I-fnse Pn√m tImS-
Xn-bpsS ÿm\w Xs∂-bmWv {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifn¬- skj≥kv tImS-
Xn-°p-≈-Xv. skj≥kv tImS-Xn IqSmsX AUo-j-W¬ skj≥kv
tImS-Xn-Ifpw Akn-Â v skj≥kv tImS-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-hpw. Cu
tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´n\v hnNm-cW sNøm-\m-Im-ØXpw in£ hn[n-
°p-hm-\m-hm-Ø-Xp-amb tIkp-Iƒ hnNm-c-Wbv°p hcp-∂p.
skj≥kv tImS- X n- I ƒ°p apI- f n- e p≈ A∏o¬ tImSXn
sslt°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv. sslt°m-S-Xnbv°p apI-fn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-
bpap≠v.
k_vUn-hn-jW - ¬ aP-kvt{S´v (RDO), Pn√m aPn-kvt{S´v (I-fI - vS¿)
XpS-ßnb FIv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- aPn-kv-t{S´p-am-cp-sS tImS-Xn-Iƒ {]tXyIw
\njvI¿jn-®n-´p≈ {Inan-\¬ \nb-am-[n-Im-cß - f - mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-
Xv. apJy[mcm {Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-If - p-ambn Aev]w thdn´p \n¬°p∂
a´n-emWv Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\s - a-¶nepw F√m Imcy-ßf - nepw Hcp Pp-
Uo-jy¬- aPn-kvt{S-´n-s‚tbm AXnepw Aev]w Xmsgtbm Bb A[n-
Im-cß- ƒ Cu tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p≠v.
Ip‰-hn-Nm-cW GXp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ BWp \S-t°-≠Xv F∂v {Inan-
\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm tImS-Xn-Iƒ°pw hn[n-
°m-hp∂ in£-Ifpw a‰pw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Ip‰-IrXyw GXp-
tIm-SXnbn¬ hnNm-cW \SØpw F∂p \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm¿÷p
sNbvXn-´p≈ Ip‰-߃°v hn[n-°m-hp∂ ]c-am-h[n in£-bmWv CXns‚
am\-Z-WvUw. aPn-kvt{S´p tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ aq∂p-h¿jw-hsc XShpw a‰p
tImS-Xn-If- n¬ AXn\p apI-fn-ep≈ in£-If - p-amWv hn[n-°m-hp-∂X- mbn
\n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp tIkv GXp tImS-Xn-bnemWv hnkvX-cn-t°-
≠Xv F∂v {Inan- \ ¬ \S- ] Sn \nb- a - Ø ns‚ H∂mw sjUyq- f n¬
{]tXyIw \njvI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v.
47
 3.- {Inan-\¬ tIkp-IfpsS hnNm-cW
{Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-If - n¬ tIkp ^ - b- ¬ sNøp-∂Xpw ^b¬ sNbvX
tI p-Iƒ hnNm-c-W-s°-Sp-°p-∂Xpw a‰pw Fß-s\-bm-sW-∂p-≈Xv
kmam\y P\-߃°v C∂pw A⁄m-Xa - mW.v aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-SX - n-bnepw
skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-ep-sams° lmP-cm-Ip∂ I£n-Ifpw km£n-I-
fpw, tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ X߃°v A{]m-]y-am-sW-∂p≈ [mc-W-bm-
tem Ft¥m, Zqsc-\n∂v t\m°n-Im-WpI am{Xsa sNøm-dp-≈q.
aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tI p- ^-b¬ sNøp-∂Xv c≠p-hn-[-Øn-
em-Wv. Hcp Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂-Xm-bp≈ ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw
Hcp-t]m-eokv dnt∏m¿´v (Nm¿Pv) e`n-°p-tºmgpw aPn-kvt{S-´p-tIm-S-Xn°v
tI v^-b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v {Ian-\¬ \S-]Sn \nbaw
190-˛mw hIp∏v hnh£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-Iƒ ^b¬sN-øp∂ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ (A-\ym-bw), Bh-
em-Xn-°m-cs‚ samgn -tIm-S-Xn- tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw, ^b-en¬ kzoI-
cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv hyh-ÿ. F∂m¬ samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ah-k-c-
Øn¬ aPn-kvt{S-´n\v Bh-emXn kwK-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]q¿Æ-t_m≤yw h∂n-
´n- s √- ¶ n¬ km£n- I sf lmP- c m°n samgn- t c- J - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b - X n\p
tijsam l¿Pn -t]m-eo- n-te-°-b®v AXn-e-S-ßnb hnh-c-ß-sf-∏‰n
t]meokv dnt∏m¿´v hcp-Øn-b-Xn-\p- ti-jsam ^b-en¬ kzoI-cn-®m¬
aXn. Cu ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ°ptijw tI p- ^-b-en¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂-Xn\v aPn-kvt{S-´n-\[n-Im-
c-ap-≠v.
Hcp- kw-ÿm-\- K-h¨sa‚ v DtZym-K-ÿs‚ t]cn¬, As√-¶n¬
tI{μ- K-h¨sa‚-ptZym-Kÿ - s‚ t]cn¬ Abm-fpsS HutZym-KnI IrXy-
\n¿Δ-l-WsØ kw_-‘nt®m AXn-\n-S-bv°p≈ sNbvXn-I-sf- kw-
_-‘nt®m BWv kzImcy hy‡n-bpsS A\ymbw F-¶n¬, Abmsf
\nb-an-°p-∂-Xn\pw Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ in£-W-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ taep-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚tbm, Kh¨sa‚n-s‚tbm
ap≥Iq-´n-bp≈ A\p-hmZw (Sanction) Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ^b-en¬
kzoI-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn-°-[n-Im-c-ap≈q.-
tI v ^-be - n¬ kzoI-cn-®X - n-\p-tijw {]Xn l - m-Pc- m-Ip-∂X - n\v tImS-
Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw ka≥kv Ab-°W - w. ka≥kp- In-´n-bt- ijw {]Xn -
tIm-SX - n-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂t- Xm-sS-bmWv tI ns‚ hnNm-cW - X
- p-Sß
- p-
∂-Xv. tI-kp- hn-Nm-cW - s
- N-øp-∂X - n\v {]tXy-I- \n-_‘ - \ - I
- f - p-≠v.
F√m {Inan\¬ tIkp-Ifpw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ, ka≥kp-tI- p-Iƒ
F∂v th¿Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠p-sI-m√-Øn-\p- ap-If - n¬ in£- h-cp-∂-
Xmb, Poh-]c - y-¥X- S- thm h[-in-£tbm hsc hn[n-°m-hp∂ tI p-I-
sf√mw hmd‚ v tI p-Iƒ F∂ hn`m-KØ - nepw, a‰p-≈h - sb ka≥kp-
48
tI-kp-Iƒ F∂ h - n-`m-KØ
- nepw s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hmd‚p- tI- p-I-
fn¬Xs∂ t]meokv Nm¿÷p-sN-bvX t- I- p-Iƒ°pw kzImcy A\ym-
b-{]-Im-ca
- p≈ tI p-Iƒ°pw hn`n-∂- \-S] - S- n-{I-aß
- f
- mWv kzoI-cn-bvt°-
≠-Xv.
kzIm-cy- A-\ymbw ^b-en¬ kzo-I-cn-®-tijw {]Xn- lm-P-cm-Ip-
tºmƒ ka≥kp-tI- p-I-fpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ {]Xn-
Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bmtWm \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmtWm sNøp-∂-sX∂v aPn-
kvt{S´v tNmZn-°Ww. {]Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ At∏mƒ-
Xs∂ in£n-°mw. \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ sXfn-hp- lm-P-cm-°p-∂-
Xn\v A\ym-b-°m-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏´v, hnNm-cW \S-]Sn kzoI-cn®,v
hmZn-`m-Kw -lm-P-cm-°p∂ km£n-Isf hnkvX-cn®,v Ccp-`m-K-sØbpw
hmZw- tI-´-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn -Ip-‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p I≠m¬ in£n-°p-
Ibpw Ip‰w-sX-fn-™n-´n-s√-¶n¬ {]Xn-sb -sh-dp-sX-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNø-
Ww. CØcw ka≥kp-tI-kp-I-fn¬ t\cn-´p- lm-P-cm-Im-sX-Xs∂ A`n-
`m-j-I≥ apJm-¥ncw lmP-cm-bn -hnNmcWsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]Xn-°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.
Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂X - n\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hn-s√-¶n¬ {]Xnsb hn´-
b-t°-≠X - m-Wv. Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ Ip‰wsNbvX- co-Xn, ÿew,
XobXn Ch hni-Za - mbn {]Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - n-cn-°W
- s
- a-
∂mWp \nb-aw.
Ip‰]{Xw \ - ¬Ip-tºmƒ {]Xn I - p‰w \ntj-[n-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ {]Xn-
s°-Xnsc sXfn-hp -lm-P-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ `mK-Øn-\v A-
h-kcw sImSp-°-Ww. AY-hm- {]-Xn- Ip‰w kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
Bb-Xp -kz-ta-[bm sNøp-∂-XmtWmsb∂v t_m≤yw hcp-Øn-b-tijw
{]Xnsb in£n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ `mK-Øp-\n∂v lmP-
cm-°p-∂ -sX-fn-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw X\n-bvs°-Xn-cmbn lmP-
cm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Isf∏‰n hni-Zo-Ic - Ww \¬Ip-∂X - n\v km£n-
sam-gn-bpsS {]k‡-`m-K-߃ {]XnbpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-ØWw. {]Xn-
sb-tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw {]Xn-`m-K-tØ°v sXfn-hp -lm-P-cm-°p-
∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-cn°Ww.
skj≥kv- tI p-I-fpsS hnNm-cW
aPnkvt{S´p- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ ^b¬ sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ tI p-I-fn¬
skj≥ p-tIm-S-Xn-am{Xw hnNm-c-W-sN-tø≠ tI p-Iƒ aPn-kvt{S-´p-
tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn-te°v IΩn-‰p-sN-bv-Xv Ahn-
sS-thWw hnNm-cW XpS-tc-≠Xv F∂v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.
sIme-°p-‰w, sIme-°p-‰-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb `h-\-t`-Z-\w, Ih¿®, cmPy-t{Zm-
l-Ip-‰w, _em¬kw-Kw, A_vImcn\nbaw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ tI p-Iƒ,
]´n-I-PmXn ]´n-I-h-¿§ ]oU\w kw_-‘n-®- tI- p-Iƒ, kv{Xo[-\- a-

49
cWw (Dowry Death), h[- { iaw XpSßn hf- s c- t bsd tI p- I ƒ
skj≥kp-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw hnNm-cW sNø-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv.-
skj≥kp-tI- p-I-fn¬ hnNm-c-W- h-cp-tºmƒ F¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv
tIkv F∂v tImS-Xn°v cq]w In´p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n tI p-tc-J-I-sf-
∏‰n t{]mkn-Iyq-´¿ tImS-Xnsb t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-ØW - w. F√m- sk-j≥kp
tI p-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚n-\p-th≠n lmP-cmbn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-
Xe ]ªnIv t{]mkn-Iyq-´¿°mWv.- AXn-\p-tijw tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-
[n®v {]Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Ip‰-]{Xw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-
ap≥]v tcJ-I-f-\p-k-cn®v hnNm-c-W -sN-ø-Ø° Hcp- Ip-‰hpw Cs√∂p
I≠m¬ tImS-Xn°v Ip‰m-tcm-]n-Xs\ shdp-sX -hn-´-b°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ip‰-]{Xw sImSp-°p-∂ t- I- p-If
- n¬ {]Xn- Ip‰w \ntj-[n-®X
- n-\p-tijw
hnNm-c-W-Xo-bXn {]Jym-]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ip‰-]{Xw hmbn-®p-
tIƒ∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]Xn- Ip-‰w -k-Ω-Xn-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ B Ip-‰-k-
Ω-Xw kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.

4. dmKnßv \ntcm-[\ \nbaw

(Zn tIcf s{]mln-_nj≥ Hm^v dmKnßv BIvS v 1998 )
1. dmKnßv XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n tIc-f-Øn¬ \nehnep≈ ta¬
]d™ \nbaw Hcp ZznXe kwhn-[m-\a - mWv D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- v.kwhn-
[m-\Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Xe-h-\n¬ Nne
Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.-A-t±lw X\n°v e`n-®- dmKnß v kw_-
‘-amb ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬ \S-Øp∂ At\z-jWw hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-
Xm-Wv.At\z-jWØn¬ ]cmXn Ig-ºp-≈-Xm-sW∂v t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬
]cmXn t]meo- k n\v ssIam- d p- I bpw _m°n At\z- j WØn\pw
XpS¿∂p≈ tImSXn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw t]meo-kmWv Npa-Xe hln-°p-
∂-Xv.
2. Hcp hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n°v am\-kn-
Itam imco-cn-Itam Bb D]-{Zhw D≠m-°p-Itbm B hnZym¿∞n-bn¬
`oXntbm Pmfy-X-tbm,-th-h-em-Xn-tbm,-\m-W-t°tSm D≠m-°p-∂-co-Xn-
bn¬ s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ Abm-sf dmKv sNbvX-Xmbn ]d-bmw.-Hcp
hnZym¿∞nsb Ifn-bm-°pI,B-t£-]n-°p-I,-A-bmsf ]cn-lm-k-]m-{X-
am-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ Xam-i-Iƒ ImWn-°p-I,-A-bmƒ km[m-c-W-K-
Xn-bn¬ sNømØ Imcy-߃ sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI apX-em-bh
F√mw dmKn-ßns‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ hcp∂ {]h¿Ø-n-I-fmWv.dm-Knßv
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øn\p≈n¬ ht®m,-]p-d-Ø-vht®m Fhn-sS-h®v \S-
∂mepw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb \S-]-Sn-bmWv.
3. dm-Knßv \S-Øp∂ hy‡n°v c≠v sIm√w hsc XS-hp-in-£bpw
50
]Xn- \ m- b ncw cq]- h sc ]ngbpw e`n- ° m- h p- ∂ - X m- W v . - I q- S msX B
hnZym¿∞nsb Abmƒ ]Tn®psIm≠ncn-°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-
Øn¬ \n∂pw Unkvankv sNøp-∂Xpw Abmƒ°v at‰-sXmcp ÿm-]-
\-Ønepw ASpØ aq∂v sIm√-tØ°v {]th-i\w e`n-°mØXp-am-Wv.
4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnZym¿∞ntbm,-c-£-I¿Øm-thm,-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-
tfm,A≤ym-]-Itcm, dmKnßv kw_-≤n®v tcJm-aqew ]cmXn D∂-bn-
®m¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øns‚ Xe-h≥ B ]cm-Xn-bn≥ta¬ ]cmXn
e`n®v Ggv Znh-k-Øn-\Iw At\z-jWw \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.-]-cm-Xn-bn¬
]d™ Imcy-ßfn¬ Ig-ºp-s≠-¶n¬ Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X\ - mb hnZym¿∞nsb
kkvs]‚ v sNøp-Ibpw dmKnßv kw_-≤n-®p≈ ]cmXn t]meo-kn\v
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.]-cm-Xn-bn¬ Ig-ºns√¶n¬ ]cmXn D∂-bn®
hnZym¿∞nsb tcJm-aqew A°mcyw Adn-bn-t°-≠-XpamWv.ta¬]-
d™ coXn-bn¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\Øns‚ Xe-h≥ {]h¿Øn-®n-
s√-¶n¬ At±lw dmKn-ßn\v t{]c-I-am-b-coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-Xmbn
KWn-®p-sIm≠v dmKnßv \S-Ønb hy‡n°v \¬Im-hp∂ XS-hp-in-
£bv°pw ]ngbv°pw A¿l-\m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
5. tIcf dmKnßv \ntcm[\ \nbaw IqSmsX dmKnßv XS-bp-∂Xv kw_-
‘n®v _lp-am-\-s∏´ kp{]ow tImSXn Viswa Jagrati Mission Vs.
Central Government F∂- tI-kns‚ hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬ Nne am¿§
\n¿t±-i-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p-≠v.-dm-Knßv D≠m-b-Xn\p tijw A®-
S° \S-]Sn FSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°m-ƒ dmKn-ßn\v FXn-cm-bp≈ hnImcw
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\߃ \nc-¥-c-amb I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-∂mWv kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±-in®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.-
Iq-SmsX dmKnßv XS-bp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ \njv{In-ba - mb ÿm]-\ßfpsS
A^o-en-tb-j≥ d±v sNøp-Ibpw kmº-ØnI klmbw \n¿Ø-em-°p-
∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kp{]ow tImSXn \n¿t±-ißfn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v.
dmKnßv kw_-‘amb \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\v eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv
AtXm-dn-‰n°pw bp.-Pn.-kn°pw sl¬]vsse≥ e`y-am-Wv.
hni-Zm-wi߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
tIcfm tÉv eoK¬ k¿ho-kkv AtXm-dn-‰n
\nb-a-k-lmb `h≥, sslt°m¿´v tImºu-≠v,
Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, sIm®n ˛ 682031.
sSen/^mIvkv : 0484 ˛ 2396717
C˛-sa-bn¬ : [email protected] , website : www.kelsa.gov.in
sI¬k-bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 9846 700 100
bp.-Pn.-kn bpsS 24 aWn-°q¿ sl¬]vsse≥ ˛ 1800 180 5522
C˛-sa-bn¬: [email protected]

51
 5.- {`qW ]cn-tim-[\ \nb-{¥W \nbaw
{`q W ]cn-tim-[\bpw K¿`ÿinip-hns‚ enwK]cn-tim-[-\bpw
Ht´sd ss\XnI kmaq-lnI{]iv\-߃ krjvSn-®p. kmt¶-XnIhnZy-
Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn K¿`m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-ff inip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æ-
bhpw XpS¿∂v s]¨{`q-W-l-Xybpw _‘-s∏´ IrXy-ßfpw XS-bm-
\m-Wv 1994 ¬ CØcw Hcp {]tXyI \nb-a-Øn\v cq]w\¬In-b-Xv.
K¿`-ÿ-in-ip- ]cn-tim-[\m-\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂m¬ K¿`m-ib imkv{X
˛{]khkw_-‘-amb taJ-e-I-fn-se BtcmKyimkv{Xkmt¶-Xn-I-
hnZybpw, Aƒ{Sm-tkm-tWm-{K-^n, s^mbn-t‰m-kvtIm-∏n, c‡-km-ºnƒ,
Aav\n-tbm-´nIv kmºn-fp-Iƒ, t{ImWn hn√n, amwkI-e-Iƒ apX-em-
bh AS-ßp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
K¿`ÿinip-hns‚ P\n-XIsshI-ey-߃,- t{Imatkmw hyXn-
bm-\-߃, imco-cnI Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-Iƒ, lotam-t•m-_n≥ Ipd-hv,
ssewKn-ItcmK-߃ apX-em-bh Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ {`qW-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw
imkv{Xobam¿§-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn°p-∂X - n\v \nbaw XS- a
- √
- .
P\n-XI Iu¨k-enwKv sk‚¿, P\n-XI ¢n-\n°v, P\n-XI
emt_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSta¬ \nb-{¥-W-ß-fp≠v.
AXp{]Imcw Cu \nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cPn-ÿsNø-s∏-SmØ Hcp
ÿm]-\-Øn\pw {`qW-]-cn-tim-[\ kw_-‘n® kmt¶-XnIhnZyIƒ
D]-tbm-Kn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥]mSn-√. (A-Øcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ Cu
\nbaw \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ \n›nX tbmKy-X-Ifp-≈-hsc am{Xta \nb-an-
°phm≥ ]mSp-f-fq.)- G-sXmcp ssK\-t°m-f-PnÃpw {]k-hm-\p-_-‘-
tcmKhnZ-Kv[-cpw, inip-tcmKhnZ-Kv≤cpw, cPn-kvt{SUv saUn-°¬
{]mIvSo-j-Wdpw, t\cn-t´m at‰-sX-¶nepw Bƒ apJm-¥n-ctam Cu \nb-
a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cPn-ÿsNømØ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ {`qW]cn-tim-[-\-
tbm, K¿`-ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\tbm \S-Øp-hm≥]mSn-s√∂v
\njv°¿jn-°p-∂p.
C´y³ saUn-¡Â Iu¬kn \nb-a-¯n\p (Indian Medical Coun-
cil Act, 1956) Iogn¬ cPn-ÿsNø-s∏´ BtcmKy{]h¿Ø-I-\mWv cPn-
tÿUv saUn°¬ {]IvSo-j-W¿. Aßns\ cPn-ÿsNø-s∏´ ]q¿Æ-
ambpw tbmKy-X-bp≈ Hcp- hy‡n°v- {`qW]cn-tim-[\m- kt¶-Xn--IXzw
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-hp-∂Xv Xmsg sImSp-
°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ am{X-am-Wv.
˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xo°v 35 hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-°Ww
˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xo apºv XpS¿®-bmbn ct≠m, aqt∂m AXn¬
A[n-Itam K¿`-On-{Z-Øn\p- hnt[-b-bm-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬
52
þ K¿`nWn Kuc-h-am¿∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ap-f-hm-°p∂ cmk-]-Zm¿∞-
ß-tfm hnIn-c-Wtam D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ NnIn¬kbv-t°m AWp-_m-
[bvt°m hnt[bbmbn-´p-s≠¶n¬
˛ K¿`n-Wn-bmb kv{XobpsS IpSpw-_-]-c-º-c-bn¬ at\m-tcm-K-Ønt\m
imco-cnIsshI-ey-Øn-t\m P\n-XIXI-cm-dp-Iƒt°m CS-bp-s≠¶n¬
˛ tI{μ \nco-£-Wkan-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-c-W-ap-ff CXc kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬
ta¬]d™ kml-N-cy-ß-fnepff Hcp kv{Xosb Xmsg]d-bp∂ Imc-
W-߃s°m≠-√msX {`qW]cn-tim-[-\tbm- K¿`-ÿinip-]cn-tim-
[-\tbm \n¿h-ln-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
1. t{Ima-tkm-a¬ Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-Iƒ
2. P\n-XILS-\-bnse XI-cm-dp-Iƒ
3. lotamt•m_n≥ LS\
4. ssewKn-I-_-‘-tcm-K-߃
5. {]kh-kw-_-‘-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ
6. K¿`m-ib tcmK-߃
\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ {`qW enwK]cn-tim-[\Ifnepw,- hnZ-Kv[¿ Xmsg
]d-bp∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°Ww {`qW-enwK ]cn-tim-[\m hn[n-
Iƒ°v kv{XoIsf hnt[-b-cm-°-cp-Xv.
˛ \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠p∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS Bh-iy-IX, ]cn-tim-[-\m-
co-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS {]XymLm-X-߃ F∂nh kw_-‘n®v K¿`n-
Wn-bmb kv{Xosb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
˛ K¿`n-Wn-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-ap-ff kΩ-X-]-{Xhpw Dd∏pw Ah¿°v a\-
 n-em-Ip∂ `mj-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn H∏v hmßp-I.
˛ C{]-Imcw e`n-°p∂ kΩ-X-]-{X-Øns‚ ]I¿∏v hnt[-b-bm-Ip∂
kv{Xo°v \¬Ip-I.
˛ {`qW-˛-enwK ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw K¿`-
ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æbw K¿`n-Wn-tbm-tSm, _‘p-°-tfmtSm
hmt°m, Nn”-tam, a‰p am¿§tam D]-tbm-Kn®v shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
˛ Cu \nb-a{- ]-Imcw P\n-XI ]cn-tim-[\m-tI{μ-ßf - ntem, a‰p ÿm]-
\-ßf - ntem K¿`-ÿi - n-ip-hns‚ enwK-\n¿Æ-bØ
- n\pth≠n Aƒ{S-mt- km-
tWm-{Km^n Dƒ∏sS as‰mcp sSÃp-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ ]mSn-√.
˛ Cu \nbaw hyhÿsNøp∂ Npa-X-e-I-fpsS \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-\mbn
Hcp tI{μ-\n-co-£I t_m¿Un\v cq]w\¬Im≥ tI{μk¿°m-cn\v
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. CXn\p-]pdsa tI{μ-˛kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcpIfp-sS
\b Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw {]tXyI AtXm-dn-´ntbm D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xntbm
Cu \nb-a-Øn≥Iogn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
P\n-XI]cn-tim-[\mkw_-‘n-bmbn GsXmcphn[ ]c-kyhpw
{]kn-≤s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\n-S-bm-°p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv.
53
{`qW-l-Xy,- K¿`ÿinipenwK]cn-tim-[\ apX-em-b-h-bv°p-ff kuI-
cy-߃ kw_-‘n® ]c-kyhpw \¬Im≥]mSn-√. hy‡n-tbm kwL-
S-\-tbm ÿm]-\tam CØcw ]cky{]kn-≤o-I-c-Wtam {]Nm-c-Wtam
sNøm≥]mSn-√. CXn\v hncp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hsc ]c-am-h[n
3 h¿jwhsc XS-hn-t\m, 10,000 cq]hsc ]ngin£bv-t°m- hn[n-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-®-Sn® t\m´o-tkm k¿°p-etdm te_¬, dm∏¿ apX-
em-b-htbm at‰-sX-¶nepw tcJtbm Dƒs∏sS Zriy˛{imhy km[y-X-
Ifp-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ GsXmcp ]c-kyhpw Cu hni-Zo-Ic - W
- Ø
- n¬ s]Spw.
Ip‰-I-c-ambcoXn-bn¬ K¿`-ÿ-in-ip-hns‚ {`qW-]-cn-tim-[\mkuIcyw
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂ GsXmcp hy‡n°pw 3 h¿jwhsc
XS-hp-in-£tbm 10,000 cq]hsc ]ngin£tbm hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Cu \nbaw \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ P\n-X-I-imkv{X ÿm]-\-Øns‚ DS-a-
tbm DtZym-K-ÿ-t\m- Cu \nbaw ewLn-®-Xmbn sXfn-™m¬ 3
h¿jwhsc XS-hnt\m ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]hsc ]ngbvt°m in£n-°-
s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ip‰w Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´Xmbn sXfn-™m¬ 5
h¿jwhsc XSthm 50,000 cq]hsc ]ngtbm hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
C¥y≥ sXfnhp\nbahyh- ÿ - { ]- I mcw Cu \nb- a - a - \ p- k - c n®v
adn®v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sm-Øn-S-tØmfw,- {`qW]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-
b- b m- ° - s ∏- S p∂ K¿`- h - X n- b m- s bmcp kv { Xosb {]kv X pX IrXy-
Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-®-Xm-tbm \n¿_-‘n-®-Xmtbm ]cn-K-Wn®v Ah-cpsS
`¿Øm-hn-s\-Xnscbpw _‘p-°ƒs°-Xn-scbpw hnNm-c-W-bm-cw-`n-
°p-∂-XmWv.
6.- `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ambw tN¿°¬
C∂p \mw \ntXy\ Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ `£-Wk - m-[\
- ß
- f
- n¬
Fs¥-¶nepw Ie¿∏n-√m-ØXv Is≠-Øp-hm≥ km[n-b° v ptam? `£-W-
km-[\ - ß
- f
- n¬ ambw tN¿°¬ C∂v AXn-`b - ¶
- c
- a
- mb hn]-Ømbn amdn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p.
ambw tN¿Ø- `-£W ]Zm¿∞-߃ hnev°p-∂Xv tZi-hn-cp-≤hpw
kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xnbv°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amWv F∂p am{X-a√ `mc-X-Øns‚
al-Ømb ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw A¥xkØ-sbbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-
bv°p∂ Hcp alm-hn-]Øpw IqSn-bm-Wv F∂v ]©m_v sslt°m-
SXn Hcp tIkn¬ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sIm≈-em-`-Øn-
\p-th≠nbp≈ AXym-{Klw sIm≠v \√ `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fpsS IqsS
D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-a-√mØXpw hne-Ip-d-™-Xp-amb CX-c -]-Zm¿∞-߃
Iq´n-°-e¿Ønbpw \ntcm-[n-®n-´p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ tN¿Øpw `£y-tbm-
Ky-a-√m-Øh \√-Xm-sW-∂p≈ `mh-Øn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v FØn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xpw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw XS-bp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv

54
1954˛se `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ambw tN¿°¬ \ntcm-[\ \nbaw
sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv.
a\p-tjym-]-tbm-K-Øn\p ]‰mØ ]pfn-¶p-cp-t]mepw s]mSn®v `£-
W-km-[-\-ß-fpsS IqsS tN¿Øv hnev°p-∂-Xmbpw a‰pw ]{X-am[ya-
ß-fn¬ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hcm-dp-≠-t√m. \ΩpsS kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fmb Ipcp-
ap-fIv, Gew XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw \ntXym-]-tbm-K-km-[-\-ß-fmb Im∏n,
tXbne Ch-bnepw GsX√mw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmWv Iq´n-°-e¿Øn hn]-
Wn-bn-se-Øn-bv°p-∂Xv? hS-s° C¥y-bn¬ ]ip-hn\v Ime-Øo-‰-bmbn
sImSp-Øn-cp∂ ]´m-Wn--∏cn∏v Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amb tImƒ-
´m¿ssU -tN¿Øv \ndhpw `wKnbpw sImSpØp hn]-Wn-bn¬ a\pjym
lmc-ambn hn‰n-cp-∂p. CXp a\p-jym-lm-c-tbm-Ky-a-s√∂p I≠v \ntcm-
[n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw \ΩpsS \m´nse ]mh-s∏´ F{Xtbm sNdp-I-®-h-
S-°m¿ CXp- hn-‰-Xn\v Pbn-ene-S-bv°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v F∂p-≈Xv ZpxJI-c-
amb Hcp kXy-am-Wv. CXp hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-bv°p-∂- h≥InS hnX-
c-W-°mcpw Dev]m-Z-Icpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂pw hgp-Xn-am-
dp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-fmWv 1954˛se ambw tN¿°¬
\ntcm-[\ \nb-a-Øns‚ t{]c-I-i-‡n.
ambw tN¿°¬ \nb-a-Øns‚ c≠mw hIp-∏n¬ ambw tN¿°¬
F∂m¬ F¥m-sW∂v hni-Za - mbn \n¿Δ-Nn®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. D]-t`m-‡mhv
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ km[-\-߃°p ]Icw KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-ØXpw hne-
Ip-d-™Xpw Bb `£W ]Zm¿∞-߃ sImSp-°p-∂Xpw D]-tbm-
KtbmKy-amb km[-\-ß-fp-sS-IqsS D]-tbm-Ky-tbm-Ky-a-√m-ØXpw hne-
Ip-d-™Xpw Bb ]Zm¿∞-߃ Iq´n-I-e¿Øn Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏´
km[-\-am-sW-∂p≈ coXn-bn¬ hn¬°p-∂-Xpw, Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\o-
I-c-amb `£W ]Zm¿∞-߃ hn¬°p-∂Xpw hne-Ip-d™ ]Zm¿∞-
߃ hne-Iq-Snb ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®p hn¬°p-∂-Xpw, A\m-
tcm-Ky-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-Ønepw Np‰p-]m-Snepw \n¿Ωn®v ]mbv°v
sNbvXv kq£n-°p-∂-Xp-amb hkvXp-°fpw No™v Agp-Inb amwkm-
lm-chpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw hn¬°p-∂Xpw {]mWn-Ifpw ]pgp-°fpw \in-
∏n® ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw hnjw-I-e¿∂ If¿ tN¿Øv hn¬∏-\°p hn®n-cn-
°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw F√mw ambw tN¿Ø ]Zm¿∞-ß-fmbn IW-
°m-°p-∂p.
Cß-s\-bp≈ `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn®v Ah hn¬∏-\°v
Cd-°n-b-h-cp-sSbpw hym]m-c-Øn-\p-th≠n tÃm°v sNbvX-h-cp-tSbpw
hn‰-h-cp-tSbpw t]cn¬ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xt±i
kzbw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-߃°pw (tem-°¬ AtXm-d-n‰n) Ahn-SpsØ
_‘-s∏´ km\n-´dn DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°pw (B-tcm-Ky hIp-∏nse
sl¬Øv C≥kv]-IvS¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿) D≠v.

55
 ambw tN¿Ø `£-WW]Zm¿∞-߃ \nb-am-\p-k-cWw al-
 dn¬ hnh-cn®v kmºnƒ tiJ-cn-®-tijw `-{Z-ambn s]mXn-™p-sI´n
koep-sNbvXv AXn\p ]pdØpw al- -dnepw hn¬∏-\°v h®n-cn-°p∂
Bfn-s\-s°m≠pw ÿeØv Cu kw-`hw I≠ -km-£n-I-sf-sIm≠pw
H∏n-Sp-h-n®n-cn-°Ww. s\øv XpS-ßnb {ZmhI ]Zm¿∞-ßfn¬\n∂v
kmºnƒ tiJ-cn-t°-≠Xv ipNnbp≈Xpw Cu¿∏-an-√m-Ø-Xp-amb ]m{X-
ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw. kmºnƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v kmºnƒ FSpØ
]Zm¿∞-߃ Ccp∂ ]m{X-Øn¬ \n∂v icn-bmbn Cf-°n -tbm-Pn-∏n-
®-Xn-\p-ti-jta kmºnƒ FSp-°mhq F∂mWv \nb-aw. kmºnƒ FSp-
Ø-Xn-\p-tijw an®-an-cn-°p∂ km[-\-߃ hn¬°msX \ntcm-[n-°p-
∂-Xn\pw I≠p-sI-´p-∂-Xn\pwhsc ^pUv C≥kv]IvS¿°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
^pUvC - ≥kv]I - vSd - psS HutZym-Kn-I I - rXy\n¿Δ-lW - sØ XSbp∂Xv
Hcp {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-am-Wv. ^pUv C≥kvs]-IvS¿ \S-]S- n k - zo-Ic - n-°p-∂Xv
{Inan-\¬ \S-]-Sn-\n-b-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-
bm-bn-cn-°W - w. hy‡n sshcmKyw aqe-tam, ASn-ÿm-\c - l- n-Xa - m-bn-t´m,
DØ-ah - n-izm-kc - l- n-Xa - mbn t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]S- n-kzo-Ic - n-°p∂ ^pUv
C≥kv]I - vSd - psS \S-]S- nbpw in£m¿l-am-Wv.
kmºnƒ- F-Sp-Øt- ijw hni-Ie - \w sNbvXp ]cn-tim-[n®v dnt∏m¿´p
ka¿∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn\v em_-d-´-dn°v Abv°-Ww. em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw
ambw tN¿Ø-Xm-sW∂v k¿´n-^n-°‰p e`n-®m-ep-S≥ em_-d-´dn dnt∏m¿-
´ns‚ tIm∏n klnXw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xm-
sW∂pw, B dnt∏m¿´ns\ ]‰n X¿°-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Xt±i kzb-w`-c-
W-ÿm-]-\-Ønse A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]°¬ \nb-a-{]-Imcw kq£n-®n-
cn-°p∂ at‰ kmºnƒ tI{μ -^p-Uvem-_-d-´-dn°v Abbv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw ImWn®v ]Zm¿∞w hn¬∏-\ -\-S-Ønb Bfn\v
t\m´okv Ab-®n-cn-bv°-W-w.- sk≥{S¬ ^pUv em_-d´- d - n-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v
A¥n-aa - m-bn-cn°pw.- kmºnƒ tiJ-cn®bmƒ B ]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ hmd‚n-
tbm, _nt√m lmP-cm-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ B _n-√\ - p-kc - n®v tlmƒsk-
bn¬ I®- h - S - ° m- c - s \tbm `£- W - ] - Z m¿∞- Ø ns‚ D¬]m- Z - I -
s\tbmIqsS {]Xn- tN¿°p-∂X - n\v ^pUv C≥kvs]-IS- ¿°-hI - m-ia- p-
≠v. ^pUv C≥kvs]-I-S¿ A{]-Imcw sNbvXn-´n-s√-¶n¬ _nt√m
hmd‚ntbm tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm°n D¬∏m-ZI - s
- ‚tbm (Manufacturer)
samØ-hn-Xc - W- ° - m-cs - ‚tbm t]cn¬ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°W - s - a∂p sNdp-
In-SI- ®- h - S- °- m-c\v At]-£n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
IS-bn¬ \n∂pw km[\w hmßn-°p∂ Bfn\pw km[-\-߃ em_-
d-´-dn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\-h-Im-i-ap-≠v.
`£-W-]-Zm¿∞-߃ \n¿Δ-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. acp-∂p-Ifpw ip≤-P-ehpw
Hgn®v a\p-jym-lm-c-Øn\v DX-Ip∂ `£W ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]m\o-b-

56
ßfpw, `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-∂-Xnt\m Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xnt\m th≠n
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw, `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-߃°v \ndhpw
aWhpw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ hkvXp-°fpw `£-W-]-Zm¿∞-߃ F∂-
Xns‚ \n¿Δ-N\ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. aWhpw KpWhpw ta∑bpw D≈
GXp `£-W-]-Zm¿∞hpw Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-
∂-Xn\v \nb-aw-aqew t\m´n-^n-t°-j≥ Cd-°p-∂X - n\p tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n-
\-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
^pUv C≥kv]IvSdp-sS-bS- pØv t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw a‰p hnh-cß - fpw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\v hn¬]-\\ - S- Ø
- nb Bfn\v \nb-am-\p-krXw _m≤y-
X-bp-≠v.
GXp- `-£W ]Zm¿∞hpw hnjw tN¿∂-Xm-sW∂p I≠m¬ AsX-
]‰n Adn-hp-In-´p∂ tUmIvS¿am-cpw, saUn-°¬ {]mIvSo-j-W¿amcpw
hnhcw DS≥Xs∂ tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ns\ Adn-bn-®n-cn-°W - s- a∂v \nbaw
A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.
t{]mkn-Iyq-j\n¬\n∂pw \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-∂-
Xn\v Fs¥-¶nepw am¿§-apt≠m?
samØ-hn-Xc - W- °- m-c\pw D¬∏m-ZI - \pw Uoe¿am¿°v hn¬°p-tºmƒ
D¬∏-∂Ø - ns‚ hn¬∏-\s - bk - w-_‘ - n®v Hcp hmd‚n (Warranty) \n›n-
X-^m-dØ - n¬ hn‰-km-[\ - Ø- ns‚ ta∑bpw a‰p-Im-cy-ßfpw hnh-cn®v sImSp-
Øn-cn-°W - s - a-∂mWv \nb-aw. Cu hm-d‚n ImWn®v Xm≥ hm-ßnb km[\w
AtX-co-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p- sh∂pw hmd‚n-bn¬
]d-™n-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w Xs∂-bmWv Xm≥ hn‰-sX∂pw sXfn-bn-®m¬
sNdp-In-SI - ®
- h- S- °- m-ct- \m, Uoe¿t°m tI n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-
Xm-W.v hmd‚n- \¬In-bbmƒ hymP-ta¬hn-em-kw \¬Ip-It- bm, Hgn-™p-
am-dp-Itbm sNbvXmepw hmd‚n-bpsS KpWw I®-hS- ° - m-c\v e`n-°p-sa∂v
tImSXn hn[n-®n-´p≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ {]mY-anI `£y-]Z- m¿∞-߃
Xs‚-X√ - mØ Ip‰w-sIm≠v kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn KpW-ta∑ Ipd-™X - mbn
Xo¿∂-Xm-sW∂p sXfn-bn-®mepw Uoe¿t°m, I®-hS- ° - m-ct\m c£-s∏-
Sm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. DZm-lc - W- a - mbn IoS-ßf - psS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒsImt≠m
]mbv°v sNbvX Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ hmbp-{]-th-in-®X - p-aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂
cmk-]c - n-Wm-aß - ƒsImt≠m {]mY-anI `£y-]Z- m¿∞-Øn\v hyXn-bm-\-
߃ kw`-hn-®XmImw F∂p sXfn-bn-®mepw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]Sn \ne-
\n¬∏n-√m-sX-bm-Ipw. ]m¬, s\øv, sFkv{Iow apX-em-bh th≠-hn[w
tbmPn-∏n®v Cf-°n-bn-s√-¶nepw kmºnƒ FSp-°p-∂X - n¬ ]ngIƒ hcp-
Øn-bmepw AXn-s‚-sb√mw Zqjyw t{]mkn-Iyq-j≥ \S-]S- nsb _m[n-
°p-∂X - m-Wv.
{Inan-\¬ tI p-If - n¬, {]tXy-In®v C¥y≥ in£m \nb-aa - \
- p-kc- n-
®p≈ Ip‰-߃ \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-tºmƒ {]Xn-bpsS a\x]q¿Δ Dt±iw hfsc
57
{]k-‡a - m-Wv. Xs‚ {]h¿Øn-bn¬ acWw kw`-hn-°m-\n-Sb - p-s≠∂pw
Aßs\ acWw kw`-hn-°p-sa-∂p≈ a\:]q¿Δ Dt±-ihpw (Mens rea)
Adnhpw Ip‰-Øns‚ Kuc-hsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `£-Wk - m-[-
\ßfn¬ ambw tN¿°¬ F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v a\x]q¿Δ Dt±-ihpw Icp-
Xepw Hcp {]iv\t- a-b√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ H∂p-ad - n-bmsX h≥InS
D¬∏m-Z-I-cn¬ \nt∂m samØ-hym-]m-cn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m km[-\-߃
hmßn hn¬°p∂ ]mh-s∏-´-h-cmWv an°-hmdpw in£n-°-s∏-SpI
F∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu \nb-aØ - ns‚ Hcp t]mcm-bvab - mbn Nq≠n-Im-
Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. he-bn¬ sNdp-ao≥ IpSp-ßp-Ibpw hen-b X - n-an-wK-e-
߃ he-bn¬ IpSp-ßmsX c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu coXn am‰n-
h≥InS D¬∏m-ZI - s
- cbpw samØ hym]m-cn-Is
- fbpw \nb-aØ- ns‚ ]cn-
[n-bnepw hym]vXn-bnepw sIm≠p-hs - ∂-¶n¬ am{Xta Cu \nbaw ^e-
{]-Z-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.

58
 `m-Kw- ˛ aq-∂v-
a‰p-\n-ba߃-

59
 1.- D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nbaw..
D ]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbpw, Ah-
cpsS Xmev]-cy-߃ \ymbambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\pwth≠n D]-
t`m‡r X¿°]cn-lmc GP≥kn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv 1986--˛se D]-t`m‡r
kwc-£W\nbaØneq-sS-bm-Wv.
D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nba{]Imcw {]Xn-^ew\¬In km[-\-tam
tkh-\tam ssI]-‰p∂ GsXm-cmfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv.
km[\w hnebv°p-hmßp-tºmƒXs∂ {]Xn-^ew (hn-e) \¬Ip-
I-tbm, {]Xn-^ew\¬Im-sa∂v hmKvZm\wsNbvXv km[-\-߃ hmßp-
I-tbm, {]Xn-^ew `mKn-I-ambn \¬In km[-\-߃ hmßp-I-tbm,-A-
s√-¶n¬ {]Xn-^ew `mKn-I-ambn \¬Imsa∂ hmKvZm-\-Øn¬ km[-
\-߃ hmßp-Itbm sNøp-∂-h¿ D]-`m-‡m-hm-Wv.
{]Xn-^ew\¬In as‰m-cm-fpsS tkh\w Iqens°Sp-°p∂ GsXm-
cmfpw D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv. tkh-\w-t\-Sp-tºmƒXs∂ {]Xn-^ew \¬In-
tbm, As√-¶n¬ \¬Imsa∂v- hmKvZm-\w-sN-bvtXm, As√-¶n¬ {]Xn-
^ew \¬Ip-hm≥ Ah-[n°p-sh°p∂ GsX-¶nepw coXn {]Im-c-tam,
tkh\w Iqens°Sp-°p-∂-h¿ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-Wv.
km[-\-߃ hnebv°phmßnb BfpsS ]°¬\n∂pw Abm-fpsS
kΩ-X-{]-Imcw B km[\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰p- hy‡n-Ifpw AXp-
t]mse tkh\w hnebv°phmßnb BfpsS ]°¬\n∂pw Abm-
fpsS kΩ-X-{]-Imcw tkh\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏Sp-Øp∂ a‰phy‡n-Ifpw
A\p-`hAh-Im-i-°m-¿- F∂\ne-bn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°fm-Wv.
F∂m¬ km[-\-߃ hne-sIm-SpØv hmßp-∂Xv em`ap-≠m-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn adn®v hn¬°p-∂X - n-t\m, hmWn-Py-hym-]mc Bh-iy-Ønt\m
BsW-¶n¬ A{]-Imcw {Ib-hn-{Ibw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\mbn km[\w
hmßn-°p∂ Bƒ D]-t`m-‡mhv A√.
hmWnPykw_-‘-amb Bh-iy-߃°m-bn hmß-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp
km[-\-Øn\pw D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw e`n-
°p-Ibn√. ]t£ kzbwsXmgn¬Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hne-sIm-Sp-Øp-
hm-ßnb BƒXs∂ kz¥w D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w Is≠-Øp-hm-\mbn D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv hmWnPym-h-iy-ambn IW-°m-°p-I-bn√. hmWn-
Py-]-c-amb Bh-iy-ßsf D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-
[n-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-s√-¶nepw, D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hym-]m-csØ
Cu \nbaw kwc-£n-°p-∂p F∂¿∞w.

60
 {]Xn-^ew \¬In ssI∏-‰p∂ km[-\-߃°v Fs¥-¶nepw \yq\-
X-Iƒ Ds≠∂v a\- n-em-Ip-tºmgpw tkh-\-߃°v Fs¥-¶nepw
t]mcmbvabp-s≠∂v a\- n-em-Ip-tºm-gpam-Wv D]-t`m‡r X¿°-߃
D≠m-hp-∂-Xv.
km[-\-ß-fnse \yq\X,- AXm-bXv Af-hv, KpWw, \ne-hm-cw, ip≤n
F∂n-h-bnse \yq\-X-Iƒ˛DXv]m-Z-Icpw hym]m-cn-Ifpw D]-t`m-‡m-
hns\ I_-fn∏n-°p-∂-X-S-°-ap≈h CXnepƒs]-Spw. Hcmƒ \nb-a-{]-
Im-c-tam, Icm¿{]-Im-c-tam ]men-®n-cn-t°≠ tkh-\-Ønse KpW-Øn-
epw kz`m-h-Øn-epw {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw tZmjtam
A]q¿Æ-X-tbm Ipd-thm A]-cym-]vX-Xtbm BWv tkh-\-Ønse
t]mcmbva.
A\ym-b hym]mck{º-Zm-bsØ kw_-‘n-t®m, ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Ønb
hym]m-c-k-{º-Zm-bsØs®m√ntbm Bhmw X¿°w.- km[m-cW ]c-
ky-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ KpW-\n-e-hmcw C√m-Xn-cp∂mepw, Af-hnepw a‰pw
ambwtN¿Ømepw KpW-t`m-‡m-hn\p ]cm-Xn-s∏-Smw. KpW-\n-e-hmcw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm\pw IrXy-amb hnebv°v hkvXp-°ƒ e`y-am-°m\pw
hne-bnepw Af-hn-ep-ap≈ h©\ XS-bp-I-bp-amWv Cu \nb-a-Øn-s‚
{][m\ e£y-߃.
Hcp D]t`m‡m-hn\v \jvSwkw`-hn-°p-Itbm tkh\w bYm-hn[n
e`y-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v, kw`hw \S∂v Hcp
h¿jØn\Iw ]cmXn t_m[n∏n°mw.- 20-e£w cq]-bn¬ Ihn-bmØ
X¿°-߃°v Pn√mt^md-Øn-em-Wv ]cmXnsImSp-t°-≠-Xv. Pn√m-
X¿°-]-cn-lm-c-t^m-d-Øn\p]pdsa kwÿm\ D]-t`m-‡r-I- Ωo-j\pw
tZiob-IΩ - o-j\pw \nehnep≠v. hn[n \S-∏n-em-°p-∂X - n\pw hn[n A\p-
k-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p∂ FXn¿I£nsb Pbn-e-S-°p-∂-Xn\pw
t^md-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W\nb-a-Øn¬,- tkh\taJ-e-bn¬,- _m¶nMv,
ss^\m≥kn-Mv, C≥jzd≥kv, KXm-KXw, kwkv°-cWw,
sshZypXnbpsSbpw AXpt]mse-bp≈ Du¿÷ßfpsS hnX-cWw,
t_m¿Unw-Mv, temUvPnw-Kv, `h\\n¿ΩmWw, hnt\m-Zw, hm¿Ø-Iƒ
tiJ-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-߃ tkh\ kuI-cy-ß-fm-Wv. --
hne-sIm-SpØv km[-\tam tkh-\tam hmßp-∂b - m-fmWv D]-t`m-‡m-
hv. kuP\y tkh\wt]mse-bmWv kwc-£W \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]cn-[n-
bn¬ hcp-Øp-I.
BXpctkh-\Ø - nse A\m-ÿb - vsI-Xnsc D]t`m-‡ kwc-£W
\nb-a{- ]-Imcw \jvS] - c
- n-lm-cØ- n-\mbn D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ thZn-Isf kao-
]n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. tUmIvSd - psS A{i-≤a - qew tcmKn°v Fs¥-¶nepw
\jv-S]cn-lm-cw- hn[n-°m≥ t^md-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F¶mÂ

61
k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kuP\y NnIn-’-bm-sW¶n
¬- \jv-S]cn-lm-cw- e`n-°p-Ibn-√.-
]cmXnsIm-Sp-t°≠Xv Fßs\ ?
]cmXn ka¿∏n-°m≥ \nbXamb amXrI \nb-a-Ønen-√. ]cm-Xn-
°m-cs‚ hn-em-khpw FXn¿I-£n-bpsS t]cpw- -hn-em-khpw ]cm-Xn-
bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØWw. _n√p-s≠¶n¬ AXpw- ]-cm-Xn-s°m∏w lmP-
cm-°Ww. km[-\-ß-tfm- tk-h-\-ßtfm ]Ww-\¬In hmßn-sb-¶n¬
AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-߃ Fgp-XWw. FXn¿I-£n-bpsS tkh-\-Ønse
A]m-I-X- ]cm-Xn-°mc≥ hy‡-am-°-Ww. ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥ Bh-iy-s∏-
Sp∂ \nhrØn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v Fgp-X-Ww.
\S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃
efn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-{Iaw.- knhn¬tIm-S-Xn-t]mse hni-Z-am-b- sX-fn-
sh-Spt∏m hnkvXm-ctam C√.
D]-t`m‡rkwc-£W(t`Z-KXn)N´w 2004 {]Imcw Pn√mt^md-
Øn¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp e£whsc ]cn[nhcp∂ hyh-
lm-c-Øn\v 100 cq]bpw Hcp e£-Øn-\p -ap-I-fn¬ A©v e£Øn\v
Xmsghscbp-≈ hy-hlm-c߃-°v- 200 cq]bpw A©v e£w cq]-ap-
X¬ ]Øv e£-Øn¬Xmsghscbp-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-°v- 400 cq]bpw
]Øv e£-Øn\v apI-fn¬ Ccp-]Xp- e£w cq]-hscbp-≈ tIkp-
Iƒ-°v- 500 cq-]bpw- ^o-kv- AXmXv t^md-Øn¬ AS-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
]cmXn GXv Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°Ww
1) ]cmXn°v B[m-c-amb CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-∂Xv FhnsSsh®m-tWm,
B ÿ-e-Øp≈ Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn\¬Imw.
]cm-Xn°v Imc-W-amb CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ `mKn-I-ambn \S-∂n-´p≈
ÿesØ Pn√mt^md-Ønepw ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°mw.
2) ]cm-Xn-bn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ FXn¿I£n-Iƒ FhnsSbmtWm
Xma- k n- ° p- ∂ Xv B ÿe- Ø p≈ Pn√mt^md- Ø n¬ ]cmXn
ka¿∏n-°mw.
3) H∂n-e[- nIw FXn¿I£n-Iƒ D≈-t∏mgpw Ah¿ hyXykvX Pn√m
t^md-Øns‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-tºmgpw Ah-cn¬ GsX-
¶nepw Hcmƒ Xma-kn-°p-It- bm, _nkn-\ v \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-
tbm, {_m©v Hm^okv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-It- bm, sXmgn¬sNbvXpsIm≠n-
cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ ÿe-Øp≈ Pn√mt^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn
ka¿∏n-°mw.

62
kwÿm\ IΩo-j≥
Ccp-]Xv- e-£-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw Hcp-tIm-Sn-bn¬ Ihn-bm-Ø-Xp-amb D]-
t`m‡rX¿°-߃ kwÿm\IΩo-j\v ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. Pn√mt^md-
Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-߃s°-Xn-cmb A∏o¬ kwÿm\IΩo-j-\nem-Wv-
^b¬sNtø-≠-Xv. kwÿm\ D]-t`m‡rIΩo-j-\n¬ {]kn-U‚pw
c≠p saº¿amcpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. {]kn-U‚ v Hcp sslt°m-SXn
PUvPntbm As√-¶n¬ PUvPn Bbn-cp-∂bmtfm Bbn-cn-°pw. c≠v
saº¿am-cn¬ Hcmƒ h\nXbm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
tZiob IΩo-j≥
tZinb D]-t`m‡rIΩo-js‚ Bÿm\w \yqU¬ln-bnem-Wv.
tZiobIΩo-j-\n¬ {]kn-U‚pw a‰p \mev AwK-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-
°pw. \mev AwK-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ h\nXbm-bn-cn-°pw. Pn√mt^md-
Ønse saº¿am¿°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ tbmKy-X-IƒXs∂-bmWv
tZiobIΩo-j-\n-tebpw saº¿am¿°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
kwÿm\IΩo-j-\p-I-fpsS DØ-c-hp-Iƒ°v FXn-sc-bp≈ A∏o-
ep-Iƒ ka¿∏n-t°-≠Xv tZiobIΩo-j\ - n-em-Wv. kwÿm\IΩo-j-
\p-If
- psS hn[n-If
- ntem kwÿm\IΩo-j\ - p-If
- n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ tI p-
I-fntem CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ tZiobIΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Hcp-tImSn
cq]-bne[nIwhcp∂ X¿°-߃ tZiobIΩo-j\ - n¬ D∂-bn-°mw.
D]-Ivt`m-‡m-hns‚ ]cm-Xn°v ASn-ÿm-\-amb kw`hw \S∂v c≠v
h¿j-Øn-\Iw _‘-s∏´ t^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n-t°-≠-X-m-Wv.

2.- A¥-co-£, Pe, ]cn-ÿnXn -a-en-\o-I-cWw

\ Ωƒ izkn-°p∂ hmbp-hn¬ b{¥-km-a-{Kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p -
Im-c-W-߃sIm≠pw hnjmw-iw -I-e¿∂v a\p-jy-Po-h\v A]-I-SIc-
ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ IpSn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂
ip≤-Pew hnjhpw a‰p-am-en-\y-ßfpw Ie¿∂v Imfn-μo-\-Zn-t]mse aeo-
-a-k-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
`mc-XØn¬ 1981- ¬ hmbp-hn¬ hnjmwiw Ie¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpw
hmbp-a-en\am-°p-∂-Xns\bpw XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW
\ntcm-[\ \nb-{¥W-\n-bahpw (The Air Prevention and Control of
Pollution Act of 1981), 1974-se Bdmw BIvSmb Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW
\nb-{¥W \nbahpw (The Water Prevention and Control of Pollutiton
Act) \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu \nb-aw- \n-e-hn¬ D≠m-bn´pw ^e-{]-Z-ambn
\nb-{¥Ww km≤y-am-Im-ØX - p-sIm≠v th≠ am¿§-\n¿t±i߃ \¬I-

63
W-sa-∂p-Im-Wn®v Hc-`n-`m-j-I≥ sslt°m-S-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-Ibpw
A∂v tIcf sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ PÃokv sI.‰n. tXmakv
CXns‚ Kuchw IW-°n-se-SpØv Nne am¿§-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-°p-Ibpw B am¿§-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ inc- m-hl - n®v th≠ \n¿t±-iß - ƒ
DS-\Sn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v A∂sØ AUz-t°‰v P\-d¬ tImS-
Xn-bn-ep-d∏v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. \K-ck - `
- I
- f- nepw a‰pw Btcm-Ky-]c - n-
]m-e\- c- wKw Imcy-£a - a
- m°n sImXpI,v A¥-co£ aen-\o-Ic - Ww XpS-
ßn-bh - b - n¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy\v kwc-£Ww sImSp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ \S-
]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v sslt°m-SXn _‘-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v
\n¿t±iw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. s]mXp-\n-cØ - nepw Xotb-‰d - p-If- nepw a‰pw ]c-
ky-ambn ]pI-he - n®v a‰p-≈h - ¿°v ieyhpw A¥-co£w aeo-ak - h - pam-
°p∂ coXn C∂p- Ip-sd- Ip-d™n-´p-s≠∂p≈Xv Hcp hmkvXh - a- m-Wv.
AXp-t]mse ]pI-Xp-∏p∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS DS-a-Iƒ ]pI-]-cn-tim-[\
k¿´n-^n-t°‰v lmP-cm-°W - s
- a∂v \n¿∫-‘n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv F{X-
am{Xw ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-a-Øn¬ aen-\o-I-cWw F∂m¬ aen-
\o-I-c-W-h-kvXp-°ƒ sIm≠v a\p-jyt\m a‰p-Po-hn-Iƒt°m hr£-e-
Xm-Zn-Iƒt°m tISp-h-cp-Øp∂ {]h¿Øn-bmWv F∂p \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-
°p-∂p. aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp F∂Xv hmbpthm sh≈tam aeo-a-k-am-
°p∂ Kymkv AYhm ]pI, {Zmh-I-߃, ]Zm¿∞-߃, i_vZw F∂n-
h-bm-Wv.
A¥-co-£ -a-en-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-c-W- \n-b{¥W
t_m¿Up-Iƒ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v \ne-hn¬h-∂p. GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-
\Øv Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Up-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-s≠-
¶n¬ B t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈
t_m¿Up-I-fmbn XpS¿∂p {]h¿-Øn-°mw. ImcWw A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-
I-cWw \nbaw 1981˛¬ \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW
\nb-{¥W \nbaw 1974 apX¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p F∂p-≈-Xp-Xs∂.
kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Ifn¬ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W kwhn-
[m\w kw_-‘n®v {]mK-¤y-ap≈ Hcmsf apgp-h≥kab sNb¿am-\m-
tbm, ]m¿´vssSw sNb¿am-t\mtbm \nb-an-t°-≠-XmW.v AXp-t]mse
Cu cwKØv {]mK-¤y-ap-≈-hsc t_m¿Unse AwK-ß-fmbpw \nb-an-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
tI{μ-t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v aen\oIc-W-{]-h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n®pw, aen-
\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw tI{μ-K-
h¨sa‚n\v D]-tZ-ihpw am¿§-Z¿i-\hpw \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw,
hnZ-Kvt≤m-]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]pdta kwÿm-\-t_m¿Up-I-
fpsS {]h¿Ø\w \nb-{¥n®pw ]-c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®pw {]h¿Øn-°p-
64
∂-Xn-\p≈ Npa-X-e-bp-ap≠v.
kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°v 1974˛se Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W -\n-b-{¥W
\nb-a-Ønse \n¿t±-i-߃°-\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A¥-
co-£˛-P-e- a-en-\o-I-cWw kw_-‘n® Imcy-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\ -K-
h¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-Ibpw D]-tZiw \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xn-\pap≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. hmbp˛-P-e -a-en-\o-I-cWw kw_-
‘n® hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Aß-s\-bp≈ ÿe-߃
kμ¿in®v aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw hni-
Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v ae-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±iw sImSp-
°p-∂-Xn\pw, hmbp-ip-No-I-cWw aen-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥Ww XpS-ßn-b-
h- kw-_-‘n®v tI{μ- \n-b-{¥W t_m¿Up-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn
bp‡-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-
{¥-W -\n-baw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n Bfp-Iƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w-
sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
GsX-¶nepw taJ-e -hm-bp-a-en-\o-I-cW taJ-embmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-
∂-Xn\pw, hyh-kmb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ \nb-{¥-Ww -G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn-\pw, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cW D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v k¿´n-^n-
°‰v \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\ -t_m¿Up-Iƒ°[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ GsX-¶nepw hyh-km-b- ÿm-]\ - ß
- s
- fm-, bq-Wn-‰p-
I-sfm, hy‡nIsfm \nb-{¥W DØ-chp ]men-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ah- \-S-
∏m°n In´p-∂X - n-\p-th≠n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂X - n\pw \nh¿Øn tXSp-
∂-Xn\pw \ntcm-[\ - D
- Ø
- c
- h
- p- k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂X
- n\pw kwÿm-\t- _m¿Up-
Iƒ°-[n-Im-ca - p-≠v.
Hcp- ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ DS-a,- kwÿm\ t_m¿Unse DtZym-K-ÿ≥
Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ th≠ hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v _m≤y-ÿ-\m-Wv.
Hcp-{]-tZ-iØv A¥-co-£w -a-en-\-am-Ip∂p F∂p I≠m¬ AhnSw ]cn-
tim-[n®v kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v \nb-aw-aqew hyh-ÿ -sN-bvXn-´p≈
emt_m-d-´-dn°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw dnt∏m¿´-p h-cpØn bp‡-
amb \S-]-Sn- kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwÿm-\- t_m¿Up-Iƒ°-[n-Im-c-
ap- ≠ v . tI{μ˛- k w- ÿ m\ Kh¨sa‚p- I - f psS \n¿t±im\p- k - c Ww
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂ em-_-d-´-dn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v A¥n-a-am-bn-cn°pw. AtXm-
dn-´n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-߃ bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw knhn¬tIm-S-
Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-h-b-√.
in£m \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
\nb-aØ
- n\p h
- n-cp-≤a
- mbn {]h¿Øn®v Ip‰w sNøp-∂h - ¿s°-Xn-cmbn,
kwÿm-\- t_m¿Un\pw t_m¿Up N - p-aX
- e
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp∂ DtZym-Kÿ
- \pw
]pdta 60 Znh-ksØ ap≥Iq-´n-bp≈ t\m´okv \¬In-b-Xn-\p-tijw
Hcp kzIm-cy -hy-‡n°pw ]cm-Xn -t_m-[n-∏n°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-hn-
65
cp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂p -I-≠m¬ B Bfns\ Bdp-sIm√w
hsc XShn\pw \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp∂ Hmtcm -Zn-h-k-Øn\pw 5000
cq] ]ng-H-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw in£n-°m≥ \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.
F∂m¬ XShp in£ -bm-sXm-cp- Im-c-W-h-imepw Hcp sIm√-Øn¬
Ipd-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W \nbaw
Aan-X-amb hnj-{]-tbmKw sIm≠v a’yw- N-Øp-s]m-ßp-∂-Xpw
^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-tØ-s°m-gp-Ip∂ aen-\-Pewaqew \Zn-I-
fn¬ kv\m\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw \nhrØn-bn-√mØ hn[w hnj-en-
]vX-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xpw Xoc-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS IpSn-sh-≈-sØ-t∏mepw
aen-\-am-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßsf _m[n°p-∂-Xp-
sams° Ne-\m-fl-I-amb hyh-km-bnI hnπ-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^-e-ß-fm-
Wv. CXv IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw ip≤-
amb IpSn-\o¿ e-`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-wth-≠n-bp≈ e£y-tØmsS 1974˛¬
Pe-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W \nbaw ]m- m°n \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-b-Xv.
sIan-°-ep-Itfm GsX-¶nepw ]Zm¿∞-ßtfm D]-tbm-Kn-®p Pe-
tam-P-em-i-b-ßsfm Pe-t{km-X-kp-Isfm aen-\-am-°p∂Xns\-bmWv
Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw F∂v \n¿Δ-Nn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv. Pe-t{km-X-s -∂Xv
sh≈- s am- g p- I p∂ Acp- h n- I - ƒ , sh≈w- sIm- ≠ p- t ]m- I p- ∂ - X n- \ p- ] -
tbm-Kn-°p∂ ss]∏v a‰p-]-I-c-W-߃ Ch-sbm-s°-bmW.v Stream
(A-cp-hn-Iƒ) F∂m¬ \Zn-Iƒ, sh≈-sam-gp-Ip∂ sNdnb Acp-
hn-Iƒ, Ir{Xn-a -P-em-i-b-߃ Ir-{Xn-ahpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xpw,
ASn-sbm-gp-°p≈ sh≈w, kap-{Z-P-ew, Hmcp-sh≈w Ch-sb√mw
Dƒs∏- S pw.
A¥-co£ aen-\o-Ic - W \nb-{¥W t_m¿Un-te-Xp-t]mse Xs∂
Pe-ae - n-\o-Ic - W \ntcm-[\ - Ø
- n\pw \nb-{¥-WØ- n-\p-ambn tI{μ˛-kw-ÿm-
\- t_m¿Up-If - p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X- mWv. Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw A[n-
Im-c]- c- n-[n-bpw, {]h¿Ø-\s - si-enbpw A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-Ic - W \n-b-
{¥-Wt- _m¿Un-t‚-Xp-t]m-se-Xs - ∂-bm-Ib- m¬ {]tXyIw hnh-cn-t°≠-
Xn-√. aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-amb Pe-Øn-s‚bpw ]Zm¿∞-ß-fp-
sSbpw Dd-hnSw apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂X - n\pw kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-
cn®v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ hcpØn bp‡-amb \S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw
aen-\o-Ic - Ww XS-™v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂X - n\pw aen-\o-Ic - Ww
XSbp-∂X - n-\p-th≠n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂X - n\pw t_m¿Un-\[ - n-I-
c-ap-≠v.
Ip‰-°m-sc∂p I≠m¬ Bdp-sIm√w-hsc XS-thm, XS-thm-Sp-IqSnb
]ngsbm hn[n°p∂-Xn\pw tImS-Xn-bv°-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu
in£ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bp-hm≥ ]mSn-√. Ip‰w
66
sNøp∂ Iº\n-I-fpsS t]cnepw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip‰-
°m-cpsS t]cp-hn-hcw AS-ßn-b -enÃv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nb-
a-ap-≠v.
\nbaw ewLn-°p-∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp Un∏m¿´p-sa‚m-sW-¶n¬
\nbaw ewLn-°p∂ Hcp -hy-‡n-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ B Un-∏m¿´p-sa‚ v
taep-tZym-Kÿ
- ≥ Ip‰-°m-c\
- m-sW∂p I≠v Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ t{]mkn-
Iyq-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]tXyIw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nbaw
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww C∂v hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m\yw ssIh∂
hm°m-Wv. A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Hmtkm-¨ ]mfn-
I-fn¬ hn-≈ep-Iƒ- hoWv temI-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]p Xs∂ k∂n-Kv≤m-
h-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂ Im-cyw- 1980Ifn¬- sXfn-bn-°s∏´p.-
1960Ifn¬- cm-kam-en-\y-߃- Ie¿-∂ taLßfn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂
Aæagaq-ew- h\kºØpw- Ir-jn-bpw- \in-°p-∂Xn-s\Xn-sc kv-Im≥-
Un-t\hn-b≥- cm-Py-߃- ap-dhn-fn-Iq-´n-bXn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v- imkv{X-⁄-
∑mcpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw 1972-˛¬ tÃm°vtlm-an¬ ktΩ-fn-®p. sFIy-
cmjv{S k`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S∂ Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ `mc-
Xhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ Dt±-i-ß-fpw e£y-ßfpw
km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A¥-co£ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ Btcm-Ky-I-
c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nbaw ]mkm°n
\S-∏m-°n.
]cn-ÿnXn F∂m¬ hmbp, Pew, `qan Ch-bp-ambn ]c-kv]c _‘-
ap-≈Xpw, kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpw, ktN-X-\hpw AtN-X-\-hp-amb
kq£va-tIm-i-ßfpw AS-ßp-∂Xv F∂mWv \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-Ic
- Ww F∂m¬ hmX-Ihpw Jc-hk - vXp-°fpw {Zh-
cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-°fpw F√mw aen-\-s∏-SpØn \in-∏n-°p∂ A¥-
co£ aen-\o-I-cWw F∂v A¿∞w sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn
aen-\o-I-cWw D≠m-°p∂ GXp-hn[ {]h¿Ønbpw ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-
I-c-W-am-Wv. Cßs\ aen-\o-I-c-W-\-ap-≠m-°p∂ GsXmcp hkvXphpw
A]-I-S-I-c-amb hkvXp (Hazardous substance) BWv F∂p \n¿h-Nn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu \nb-a-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≈
^e-{]-Z-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v `uam-¥-co-£-sØbpw kakvX
Poh-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _m≤yX tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-
\m-Wv. CXn-te-°mbn tZi-hym-]-I-amb {]N-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-
Sn-∏n-°p-I, aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-
67
Øn\pw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I, ^mIvS-dn-Ifn¬\n∂pw a‰pw
]pd-tØ°p hcp∂ amen-\y-߃ XS-bp-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
I, AXn-te-°p≈ Kth-j-W-߃ \S-Øp-I, Cu e£y-{]m-]vXn°p
th≠ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-ØpI F∂n-h-sbms° tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\
Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn \nb-an-°p∂ DtZym-
K-ÿ¿°v Fhn-sSbpw ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw bp‡-amb \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-
W-Øn-\m-bp≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ \S-∏m-°m-sX-bn-cn-°p-Itbm ewLn-°p-
Itbm sNbv X m¬ A©p h¿jw hsc XSthm ]ngtbm c≠pw
IqsStbm in£ hn[n-°mw. Ip‰w Bh¿Øn-®m¬ Bh¿Øn-°p∂
Hmtcm Znh-k-Øn\pw Aøm-bncw cq] hsc ]ng-bn-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-
ÿn-Xn- kw-c£WtØm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-Ik\ {]h¿-
Ø\߃-Iq-Sn- \St°≠Xv- A\n-hm-cy-am-Ibm¬- kp-ÿn-chn-Ik\w-
(Sustainable Development) F∂ XXzw- 1980 Ifn¬- cq-]s∏´p.- Xeap-
dIƒ- XΩn-ep-≈ ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I Xp-ey-X (intergenerational equity) hn-
h£n-°p-∂Xm-Wv- Cu- XXzw.-
hmbp˛-Pe˛A¥-co-£- a-en-\o-I-cWw a\p-jy-Po-hs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-
s\-t∏mepw _m[n-°p∂ `oI-chpw `bm-\-I-hp-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-
t®¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿsb XInSw adn®v
a\p-jym-cm-in-sb-Xs∂ D∑q-e\w sNøp-hm-\n-S-bp≈ `bm-\-I-amb Cu
Ip‰-߃°v \n m-c-amb in£-bmWv hn[n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p-≈Xv
thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. Hcp -hy-‡nsb sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcm-fn\v h[-in-
£-bmWv hn[n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp hy‡nsb am{X-a-√, kaq-
lsØbmsI ac-W-Øn-te°p X≈n-hn-Sp∂, As√-¶n¬ ac-W-Xp-ey-
amb bmX-\bpw thZ-\bpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-h¿°v
Ah-c¿ln-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ in£ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw (Polluter Pays
Principle) e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n \nbaw IqSp-X¬ I¿°-»-am-t°-
≠nbncn°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-_‘n-® hn-]Øp-Iƒ- ap≥-Iq-´n- I≠v-
Ahbv-s°Xn-scbpw- \S]Sn-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-t°≠Xm-Wv- (Precautionary
Principle).

3.- BtcmKy kwc-£Ww

C ¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-
\mbn Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv
A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.
68
 A\p-tOZw 21 {]Imcw `cWLS\ hy‡n°v Pohn-°m-\p-ff
`cWLS\m Ah-Im-ihpw, kzmX-{¥yhpw \¬Ip∂p F∂-XvsIm≠v
A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°m-\p-
≈ Ah-Im-isØIqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚
{]mY- a n- I _m- [ y- X - b mWv hy‡n- b psS BtcmKykwc- £ - W w.
BtcmKykwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw, Btcm-Ky-tI-{μ-ßfpw
kv-Ym-]n-°p-Ibpw- P\-߃°m-h-iy-amb sshZyklm-b-sa-Øn®p
sImSp°pIbpw-sNøm≥- Kh¨sa‚n\v _m-[y-Xbp≠v
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \n¿t±-i-IXXz-ß-fn¬ `c-W\b-߃ cq]o-I-cn-
°p-tºmƒ hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-c-£bv°v Du∂¬sImSp°Ww
F∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI_m[y-X-aqew _me-thebpw AXp-
h-gn-bp≈ A\m-tcm-Kyhpw D≠m-I-cpXv.- \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-
fpsS Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb hf¿®-bv°pw, Iuam-c-{]m-b-°m-cp-sS-bpw, AΩ-
am-cp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-c£ - bv°pw {]tXyI Du∂¬\¬Ip-hm≥ k¿°m-
cn\v _m[y-X-bp-≠v. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v an\naw thX\w \¬Ip-∂-
Xn\pw, sa®-s∏´ sXmgn¬kml-Nc - y-ßf- n¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-hm\pw Pohn-
X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂Xn-\pw -th≠coXn-bn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmWw \S-
Øp-hm\pw `c-W-L-S\ `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
aZy-]m\w, ab-°p-a-cp∂v XpSßnbh \n¿am¿-P\wsNøm\pw
s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw `c-W-IqSw {ian-°-W-sa∂v
\n¿t±iI XXz-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
`-cWLS-\-bpsS auenIIS-a-I-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£-WØns‚
`mK-ambn h\w, Imb¬, \Zn-Iƒ, h\y-ar-K-߃- F∂n-hbp-sS kw-c-
£Ww Dƒs]-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. imkv{Xob D∂-Xnbpw, am\-hn-I-Xbpw,
]cn- j v I m- c hpw, hy‡n- h n- I - k - \ hpw,- Iq´mb{]bXv \ hp- w aqew
cmPysØ Db-c-Øn-te-s°-Øn-°pI F∂Xv Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw
_m[y-X-bm-Wv.
sshZy-cw-K-Øv tUmIvS-dpsS AYhm `nj-Kz-cs‚ tkh-\w
hfsc hne-s∏-´X - m-Wv. tcmKn-Ifpw tUmIvS¿amcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-w
a\p-jyXzØnepw ]c-kv]chnizm-k-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww
F∂Xv- G‰hpw- {][m-\am-Wv.-
tUmIvS¿°v tcmKn-tbm-Sp-f-f- I-S-a-Iƒ
þ Xs∂ -k-ao-]n-°p∂ tcmKn-bpsS As√-¶n¬ A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´-
bm-fpsS Poh≥c-£n-°p∂Xn-\mbn Xs‚ tkh-\w -D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibm-Wv-, tUmIvS-dp-sS- {]mYanI I¿Ø-hyw.
˛ GsXm-cmƒ°pw- ssh-Zy-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂v tUmIvS¿am-
sc- Hcp \nb-a-Ønt\m, `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-t\m- X-S s∏Sp-Øm≥ Ah-Im-
i-an-√.
69
˛ Hcp-tcmKn Xs∂- k-ao-]n-®m¬ Xs‚ tkh\wam{XwsIm≠v B
tcmKn-sb- kw-c-£n-°m≥ Ign-bn√m-sb∂v t_m[y-am-bm¬ Bh-iy-am-
b- hn-Z-Kv[-cpsS tkh-\w- F-{Xbpwt\csØ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
klmbsam-cp-°pI- F-∂-Xpw- tUm-IvS-dpsS _m[y-X-bm-Wv.
˛ Hcp- tcm- K n- b psS kzIm- c y- X - k q- £ n- ° p- h m≥ _m- [ yÿ\mb
tUmIvS¿ AXv a‰m-cp-tSbpw apºn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. ]t£
B kzIm-cyX kq£n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kaq-l-Øn\v samØw A]-
I-S-ap-≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠m-bm¬ tcmKn-bpsS kzIm-cy-X-bv°p≈
Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-Spw.
˛ Hcp- tcm-Knsb ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥XpS-ßp-tºmƒ tcmK-Øns‚ kz`m-
hhpw Abmƒ°v \¬Ip∂ NnIn-’m-co-Xn-Ifpw, a‰ph√ coXn-Ifpw
Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah-sb√mw tcmKnsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-hm≥
tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v.
˛ AXym-lnXwkw`-hn-®m¬ tcmKn°m-h-iy-am-b- Nn-In’ as‰-√mw
am‰nh®v,- ASn-b-¥n-c-am-bn- \¬Im≥ tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp-≠v.
tcmKn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\mWv {]mY-anI]cn-KW - \ \¬tI-≠X - v. GXp
kml-N-cy-Ønepw tcmKn-bpsS Poh≥ kwc-£n-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWv
tUmIvS-dpsS _m[y-X.
Hcp tcmKn°v Bh-iy-amb sshZy-kl - mbw F{Xbpws]s´∂v
\¬Ip-hm≥ tUmIvS¿°v _m[y-X-bp≠v. Hc-Xym-lnXwkw`-hn-®m¬
hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh≥ c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cn-°Ww apJy{][m\yw
\¬tI-≠Xv. [m¿Ωn-I-amb Cu _m[yX tUmIvS¿°p-am{X-a-√,
t]meokvHm^o-k¿°pw, Hcp km[m-cW - ° - m-c\pt]mepw _m[-Ia - m-Wv.
km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp A]-ISwkw`-hn-®m¬ AX-s√-¶n¬ Hc-Xym-
ln-X-Øn-tem, kwL-´-\-Øn-tem- ]-cn°p]‰n-bm¬, AXp-a-s√-¶n¬
ssewKn-I-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏´m¬- s]¨Ip´n-tb-tbm, B¨Ip-´n-
tbtbm sshZy-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-s∏´m-¬ tUmIvS¿am¿
Chsc kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ hni-Z-ambn tcJs]Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-
Wv. apdn-hns‚ Bgw, hym]vXn, ]cn-tim-[\mkabw, B-cmWv tcmKnsb
sIm≠p-h-∂Xv, ]cn-°ns‚ kz`mhw F∂nhbpw {]tXyIw {]tXy-I-
ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv tIkns‚ hnNm-c-W-bn¬ sXfn-hmbn lmP-
cm-°p∂p.- Cß-s\-bp-≈- Imcy-߃ _‘-s∏´ t]meokv Hm^o-ksd
Adn-bn-°m\pw tUmIvS¿°v _m[yXbp-≠v
_em¬kw-KØ - n-\n-cb
- mb kv{Xotbtbm Ip´n-tbtbm ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥-
tUmIvS¿°v {]tXyI _m[y-Xb - p≠v.- Cß-s\bp≈hsc ]cn-tim-[n-t°-
≠Xv H∂p-In¬ Hcp kv{XotUmIvStdm, Hcp kv{XotUmIvS-dpsS
ta¬t\m´Ønsem, GsX-¶n-ep-samcp kv{XobpsS km∂n[y
Øntem am{Xam-bn-cn-°-Ww. Kh¨sa‚ v tUmIvS¿am¿ CØcw tIkp-
70
Iƒh∂m¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ ssha-\kywImWn-°p∂ {]h-W-Xsb,
Cub-SpØImeØv kp{]owtImSXn \nin-Xa - mbn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw, `c-
W-Iq-St- ØmSv Cu kml-Nc
- y-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-]S- n-Is
- f-Sp-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-
in-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

4.- sN°v kw_-‘-amb \nb-a-߃

km º-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-If - n¬ Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw h©-\I
- ƒ \S--°m-
dp≠v . km[m-cW kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sn¬ sN°n¬ H∏n´v \¬In-bm¬
sN°ns‚ DSa AXn¬ Fgp-Xnb ]Ww \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ\ - m-W.v
sN°v _m¶n¬ \¬In-bm¬ A°u-≠n¬ ]W-an-s√∂v ]d™v
C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ satΩmklnXw sN°v Xncn-®p-X-∂m¬
satΩm e`n®v 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw sN°v ]W-an-s√∂ Imc-W-Øm¬
aS-ßnb hnhcwImWn®v sN°v X∂-bmƒ°v t\m´okv Ab-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. t\m´okv ssI∏‰p-Itbm ssI∏‰msX Xncn-®p-h-cn-Itbm
sNbvXm¬ At∂XobXn apX¬ 15 Znh-k-Øn-\p-tijw XpS-ßp∂
30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw AXm-bXv 45 Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]WwXcm-\p-≈-
bmsf t{]mkn-Iyq´vsNø-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v H∂mw¢mkv
aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-apºmsI ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
sN°v \¬Inb ÿe-Øns‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂tXm
sN°v aS-ßnb _m¶ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp-∂tXm sN°v \¬Inb
_m¶ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ CS-]mSv \S∂ ÿe-
Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂tXm {]Xn- Xm-akn-°p-∂ ÿeØp-≈tXm-
Bb H∂mw¢mkv aPn-kvt{S´vtImSXn apºm-sI-bmWv A\ymbw
t_m[n-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]Wan-S]m-Sp-Ifn¬- Pm-ay-°m-c≥- F∂\n-ebn-
tem,- ]WØn-s‚ Dd∏n-\p-th≠n- F∂ \n-ebn-tem- sN°p-Iƒ- \¬-
In-bm-epw- sN°v- \¬-Ip-∂bm-fn-\v- \n-ba{]Im-cw- _m-[y-Xbp-≠m-bn-
cn-°pw.- Xp-I Fgp-Xm-sX ªm-¶v-sN°v- H∏n-´p-sIm-Sp-ØXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂
hm-Zw- \n-jv-^eam-Wv.--
]c-am-h[n c≠p-h¿jwhsc XShpw ]ngbpw c≠pw-Iq-Sntbm e`n-
°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-amWv s\tKm-jy-_nƒ C≥kv{Sq-sa‚ vkv- BIvSv
138˛mw- hIp- ∏ p- { ]Im- c - a p≈ Cu Ip‰- I r- X yw. Cu- Ip- ‰ w- hn- N m-
cWthfbn¬- HØp-Xo¿-∏m-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.-

5.- _me\oXn \nb-aw

H
cp cmjv { S¯nsâ `mhn Ip«nI- f nemWv . Ip«n- I sf kwc-
£n¡pIbpw Ah-cpsS kÀh-tXm·p-J-amb hnImkw Dd¸phcp-¯p-

71
Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ _m[yX kaq-l-Øn-\p≠v. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-
bnse A\p-tO-Z-߃ Ip´nI-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p≈
DØ-c-hm-Z-nXzØn\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. A¥m-cmjv{S I¨sh≥j-\p-
Ifpw Ip´n-If - psS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ cmjv{S-߃°v _m[y-
X-bp-s≠∂v {]Jym-]n-®p. Cu ]›mØeØn-emWv \ΩpsS ]m¿e-
sa‚ v 2000˛Øn-¬ _me-\oXn\n-baw ]mkm-°n-b-Xv.-1986˛se _me-
\oXn\nbasØ \mw ka-{K-ambn s]mfn-s®-gp-Xn.
_me-\oXn t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw hgnsX‰nt∏mIp∂ Ip´n-
Iƒ°mbn \nco-£W\ne-b-߃ ÿm]n-°m\pw _me-t£-a-k-an-Xn-
Iƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°m\pw \nbaw hyhÿsNøp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ Ip‰w
sNbvXm¬ Ahsc km[m-cW t]meokv AdÃp-sNbvXv km[m-cW
tImS- X n- b n¬ hnNm- c WsNbv X p- I q- S m. Ah¿°p- t h≠n {]tXyI
t]meokv D≠m-hWw. Ahsc hnNm-cWsNtø-≠Xv _me-\oXn
t_m¿Um-Wv. Ahsc \nbaw Ip´n-°p-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ F∂p-t]m-ep-a-√
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-hp-ambn kw-L¿-jØn-ep-≈ Ip´n (Child in
confict with law) F∂p-am-{X-am-Wv. AdÃp-sNø-s∏-´m¬, AsX-{X -h-
en-b-Ip-‰-am-bmepw Ip´n-Iƒ Pmay-Øn-\-¿-l-cm-Wv. B hnhcw c£n-
Xm-°sf Adn-bn-°-Ww. Iu¨k-enwKv, kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w, \√\S-
∏v, {]tXy-I-`-h-\-Ønse Xmakw-, kpc-£n-X-am-bn-SØv ]m¿∏n-°¬
XpS- ß n- b - h bv- ° v DØ- c - h n- ´ p- s Im- ≠ mWv hgn- s X- ‰ p∂ Ip´n- I sf
ssIImcyw sNtø-≠-Xv.-
Ip‰wsNbvXtXm ]oU-\Ø - n\v Cc-bm-btXm Bb Ip´n-If
- psS hni-
Zmw-i-߃ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ am[y-a-߃ Ip‰wsNbvX-Xmbn ]cn-K-
Wn-°-s∏-Spw. AXn\v 1000 cq]-hsc ]ng in£-bm-Imw F∂pw \nbaw
]d-bp-∂p.
Ip´n-I-tfmSv {Iqc-X-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ahsc kw-c£n-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- Ahsc bmN-I-hr-Øn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-
scbpw Ah¿°v ab-°p-a-cp∂pwa‰pw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw Ah-
sc-s°m≠v tPmen-sN-øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-
Ifp-≠v.

6.- tZio-b-h-\n-Xm- I-Ωo-j≥

kv{Xo Iƒs°Xnsc h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ a\p-jym-h-Imi [zwk-\-
ßfpw B{I-a-W-ßfpw XS-bm-\m-bpw, kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fn¬
]c-am-h[n \oXn Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbpw C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1990
¬ ]m m-°nbXmWv tZiobh\nXm-IΩo-j≥ \nbaw.
72
h\n-Xm-I-Ωo-js‚ IS-a-Iƒ
þ `c-W-L-S-\-bnepw a‰p\nb-a-ß-fnepw kv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-
\mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnj-bßsf°p-dn®v ]cn-tim-[n®v
At\zjWw\S-Øp-I.
˛ kv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn \S-Øp∂ CØcw At\z-
jW dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw k¿°mdn\v ka¿∏n-°p-I.-
˛ kv{Xokw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn `c-W-L-S-\-bn-sebpw _‘-s∏´ \nb-
a-ß-fn-sebpw hIp-∏p-Iƒ ImemIme-ß-fn¬ ]p\x--]-cn-tim-[\
\SØpIbpw GsX-¶nepw ]gp-Xp-I-tfm Ipd-hp-Itfm Ds≠-¶n¬
Ah am‰m-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcp-
Øp-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I.
˛ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-ImiewL\w, Ah-cpsS kwc-£Ww, kaXzw,
hnI-k\w F∂nh Dd∏phcp-Øp∂ \nb-a-߃ \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI Chsbkw_-‘n® ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-Ibpw-, kzta-[bm IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
˛ kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ B{I-aW - ß- sfbpw hnth-N\- s
- Øbpw Ah-
bn¬\n-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ {]tXyI {]iv\ß-sfbpw kml-N-cy-ß-
sfbpwIpdn®v ]T-\ß
- tfm At\z-jW - ß- tfm \S-ØpI; ]cn-lm-cß
- ƒ
\n¿t±-in-°pI.-
˛ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw Dd∏p hcpØm-
\p≈ Kth-j-W-߃ \S-Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\p≈
am¿§-߃ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw- sNøp-I.-
˛ kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-loI kmº-ØoI D∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bkq-
{XW {]{In-b-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv D]-tZ-i-߃ \evIp-I.
˛ kv{XoI-fpsS D∂-a-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®sb°pdn®v hnebn-
cp-Øp-I.
˛ kv { XoIsf ]m¿∏n- ° p- ∂ `h- \ - ß ƒ, Pbn¬, ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ
F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-®v Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-I.
˛ kv{Xo kaq-l-Øns‚ {]iv\-ß-fn¬ tIkv \S-Øn-°m-\p≈ [\-
k-lmb am¿§-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
˛ kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
k¿°m-cn\v ImemIm-e-ß-fn¬ dnt∏m¿´v \evIp-I.
At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn IΩo-j\v tIkv \S-Øp-tºm-gp≈
knhn¬ tImS-Xn-bpsS AsX A[n-Imcw D≠v., {]tXy-In®pw
˛ C¥y-bpsS GXp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw Hcp hy‡n-sbbpw ka≥kv
Ab®v hnfn-∏n-°m\pw, kXyw sNøn-∏n®v samgn-sb-Sp-°m\pw
˛ GsX-¶nepw tcJ-Iƒ Is≠Øm\pw lmP-cm-°p-hm\pw kXy-
hm-ßvaqew hgn sXfnhv kzoI-cn-°m\pw.
73
˛ s]mXp-tc-J-Itfm ]I¿t∏m tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m at‰-sX-¶nepw
Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ \nt∂m Bh-iy-s∏-Sm\pw.
˛ tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m hy‡n-Isf hnkvX-cn-°p-∂-
Xnt\m IΩo-j≥ \nb-an-°phm\pw A[n-Im-cw- D≠v.-
tIcf h\nXm IΩo-j≥
kwÿm\ Xe-Ønepw h\n-Xm-I-Ωo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.
A≤y-£bpw c≠v saº¿amcpw tN¿∂ Cu kwÿm-\-I-Ωo-j\pw
tZiob IΩo-j-\p-ff AtX A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. 1990 se tIcf h\nXm
IΩo-j≥ \n-ba{]Imcam-Wv CXv \ne-hn¬h∂-Xv.

7.- a\p-jymh-Imi IΩo-j≥

`cWLS-\b - ntem A¥m-cmjv{S {]Jym-]\
- ß
- f
- ntem Dd∏p \¬Ip-
∂Xpw hy‡n-bpsS Poh-\pw, kzmX{¥yØn\pw, ka-Xz-Øn\pw, A¥-
 n\pw- Df-fXpw am\p-jn-I-hp-amb GsXm-c-h-Im-i-sØbpw a\p-
jym-h-Im-iw F∂p hnfn-°mw. C¥ybn¬ CØcw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS
]cn-c£ ap≥\n¿Øn cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-ff ÿm]-\-amWv tZio-b-a-
\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥. 1993-˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-
£W \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ A[nIm-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßfpw
\n¿Δ-ln-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚ Npa-Xe.
tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ cq]-o-IcWw- \SØp-∂Xv tI{μ-
K-h¨sa‚mWv.- Hmtcm kw-kv-Ym-\ßfn-epw- kwÿm-\a-\p-jym-h-Im-
i-I-Ωo-j\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v-.
tZiob IΩo-j-\n¬ sNb¿am≥ C¥y≥ No^v Pkvd-dnkv ]Zhn
hln-®n-cp∂bmƒ Bbn-cn-°Ww. sNb¿am\v ]pdsa a‰v \mew-K-߃
IqsS IΩo-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.
IΩo-js‚ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw
a\p-jym-hI- mi ewL\w kw_-‘nt®m AØcw kw`hw Hgn-hm-
°p-∂-Xnse Dt]-£ kw_-‘nt®m- {]kvXpX IrXy-Øn\v hnt[-b-
\m-b hy‡ntbm hn`m-Ktam \¬Ip∂ ]cmXnbn≥tatem, AXv kw_-
‘-ambn e`n-°p∂ hnh-cØ - n≥ta¬ t\cnt´m At\z-jWw \S-Øp-I.
˛ a-\p-jym-h-Imi ewL\w kw_-‘n® tImSXn \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ I£n-
tN-cp-I.
˛ P-bn-ep-Iƒ, kwc-£-Wm-e-b-߃, ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-tI-{μ-߃, NnIn-
’m-e-b-߃ apX-em-bh kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jvI-cW \n¿t±-
74
 i-߃ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-S-ß-fnse At¥-hm-kn-I-fpsS
t£aw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
˛ `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-chpw \nb-a-]-c-hp-ambn \ne-hn-ep-ff a\p-jym-h-Imi
]cn-c£mkwhn-[m-\-ßfpsS \n¿Δ-l-Whpw ^e-{]m-]vXnbpw hne-
bn-cpØn bp‡-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ e`y-am-°p-I.
˛ a\p-jym-h-Imi [zwk-\-߃, AXn-{I-a-߃, `oI-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-
߃ apX-embh kw_-‘n®v \nco-£Ww\SØn ]cnlmc-߃
\n¿t±-in-°pI .
˛ a\p-jym-h-Imiw kw_-‘n® A¥¿t±iob Icm-dp-Iƒ, {]Jym-
]-\-߃ apX-em-bh hni-I-e\wsNbvXv {]mtbm-KnI\S-]-Sn-Iƒ
\n¿t±-in-°p-I.
˛ a-\p-jym-h-Imiw kw_‘n® Kth-jW]T-\-߃ t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-°p-Ibpw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
IΩo-js‚ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃°v 1908se knhn¬\S-]Sn \nbaw A\p-
im-kn-°p-∂Xpw Hcp knhn¬tImS-Xn-°p-≈-Xp-amb F√m A[n-Im-c-
ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. I£n-I-sfbpw km£n-I-sfbpw hnfn-®p-h-cp-
Øp-I, {]Xn-⁄-sNm√n samgnsbSp-°p-I, tcJ-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I, t\cnt´m {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ aptJ-
\tbm sXfn-sh-Sp-°p-I. CXctImS-Xn-I-fn¬\nt∂m Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬
\nt∂m s]mXp-tc-J-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-SpI F∂nh IΩo-js‚ A[n-
Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kwÿm\ IΩo-j≥
sslt°m-SX - n-bn¬ No^vP- Ãokv]Zhn hln-®n-cp-∂b
- m-fm-bn-cn-°Ww
kwÿm\ a\p-jym-hI - mi IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am≥. tIc-fØ - nse IΩo-
j\v \ne-hn¬ sNb¿ams\°qSmsX c≠w-Kß - ƒIqsS-bp-≠v. AXp-
\mep-hs- c-bm-Imw. tZiob a\p-jym-hI - mi IΩo-js‚ AtX A[n-
Imc߃Xs∂-bmWv kwÿm\ IΩo-j\ - p-Iƒ°pw D≈-Xv.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i-[zw-k-\-߃ \S-°p-tºmƒ Ahsb kw_-‘n®
]cm-Xn, [zwk-\-߃°v Cc-bmb hy‡n-t°m Abmƒ-°p-th≠n
a‰m¿s°-¶n-eptam kuP-\y-ambn \evImw. ]cmXn°v {]tXyI cq]w
\njvI¿jn-°p-∂n-√. ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ a\p-jym-h-
Imiw ewLn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn IΩo-j\v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
\evIp-∂-Xn-\mbn IΩo-j\v `c-W-IqStØmSv ip]m¿isNømw
hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-߃, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, tPmen-ÿ-e-߃ XpS-
ßn-b-h-bn-sems° \S-Øp∂ a\p-jym-h-ImiewL-\-ßsf ]cn-tim-
[n®v At\z-jWw\S-Øm≥ IΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
75
 a\p- j ym- h - I miewL- \ - t I- k p- I ƒ ]cn- t im- [ n- ° m≥ {]tXyI
Pn√mXetImS-Xn-Iƒ \nbp-‡-am-°m≥ kwÿm\k¿°m-cn\v Cu
\nbaw A[n-Imcw\evIp-∂p.

8. hnhcm-hI
- mi \nbaw
cmP-ÿm-\nse \nc-£-c-cmb {KmaoW kv{Xo sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ
kwL-Sn-X-ambn \S-Ønb t]mcm-´-amWv hnh-cm-h-Im-i-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
tZiob kwhm-Z-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv.
hnh-cm-h-Imiw F∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 21--mw A\p-tO-Z-{]-Im-c-
ap≈ Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kp{]ow-
tIm-SXn {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≠v. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 19-mw A\p-tOZw Bi-
b-{]-Im-i\ kzmX{¥yw ]uc\v \¬Ip-∂p≠v. Cu auen-Im-h-Imiw
^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ bYm¿∞ hnh-c-߃ Adn-bWw.
AXn-\m¬ Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw 19--mw A\p-tO-Z-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-
\-amWv.
hnh-cm-hI
- mi \nb-aØ
- ns‚ Ncn{Xw
C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-cØ - ns‚ Xo®q-fb
- n-emWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Xß-
fpsS Xm¬]cy kwc-£-Wm¿∞w HutZym-KnI clky \nbaw \n¿an-
®Xv. 1923-¬ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-csØ ASn-s®m-Xp-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn® Cu
\nbaw kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bnepw \ne-\n∂p. cmPy-kp-c-£sb
l\n-°mØ k¿°m¿ hnh-c-߃ t]mepw HutZym-KnI cl-ky-\n-b-a-
Øns‚ ad-bn¬ P\-߃°v \ntj-[n-°-s∏´p. 1997¬ tKmh, Xan-gv\mSv
XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]n∂oSv cmP-ÿm≥, alm-cmjv{S, I¿Æm-
SI, U¬ln, PΩp-Im-ivao¿, B mw, a≤y-{]-tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-
ß-fnepw \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂p. hnhc kzmX{¥y \nbaw 2002
C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°p-Ibpw cmjv{S-]Xn AXn¬ H∏p-h-bv°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw HutZym-KnI hn⁄m-]\w sNøm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ \nbaw cmPyØv \S-∏m-bn√. XpS¿∂v 2005¬ k¿°m¿ hnh-cm-
h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏n-em°n.
Cu \nbaw tI{μ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-߃°p am{X-a√ kwÿm\
Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃°pw _m[-I-amWv. PΩp-Im-ivao¿
HgnsI C¥y apgp-h≥ Cu \nb-a-Øn\v {]m_-ey-ap≠v.
hnhcw F∂m¬ tcJ-Iƒ, {]am-W-߃, ]{X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Adn-bn-
∏p-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS bm{Xm-tcJ, Icm-dp-Iƒ, amXr-I-Iƒ, ]I¿∏p-
Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ GXp hkvXp-X-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. k¿°m¿ Hm^o-
76
kp-I-fnepw s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw Ib-dn-s®∂v tcJ-Ifpw {]am-W-
ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw hkvXp-X-I-fpsS km£y-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]I¿∏p-
Iƒ e`n-°p-hm\pw hnh-cm-h-Im-i-\n-baw ]uc\v Ah-Imiw \¬Ip∂p.
F¥v Bh-iy-Øn-\mWv hnhcw tNmZn-°p-∂Xv F∂v hy‡-am-t°-≠-
Xn√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hn`mKw FIvkn-Iyp-´ohv F©n-
\o-b-dpsS Hm^o-kn¬ t]mbn \nß-fpsS \m´n¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Hcp
]me-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS kmºn-fp-Ifpw Icm-dns‚
]I¿∏pw km£y-s∏-SpØn hmßmw. \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-
°p∂ kma- { Kn- I ƒ \n›nX A\p- ] m- X - Ø n- e p- ≈ - X m- t Wm- s b∂v
\n߃°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw. {Ia-t°Sv Is≠-Øn-bm¬ _‘-s∏´
DtZym-K-ÿt\m, tIm¨{Sm-IvStdm CXn\p kam-[m\w ]d-tb≠n hcpw.
DtZym-K-ÿ≥ HutZym-KnI hml\w Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-t®m-sb-∂-dn-bm≥
temKv_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´h
]c-am-h[n hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw hfsc Ipd®p hnh-c-߃ am{Xw
shfn-hm-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kao-]-\-amWv \nb-a-Øn¬ kzoI-
cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv . hnh-c-߃ Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ ]ucs‚ Ah-Imiw
t]mse-Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpc-£bpw. AXn-\m¬
cmPy-kp-c-£-tbbpw AJ-WvU-X-sbbpw _m[n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ e`n-
°m≥ ]uc\v Ah-Im-i-an√. hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ßsf
_m[n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃, Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn-tebv°p \bn-°-s∏-Sm-hp∂
hnh-c-߃, tImSXn DØ-chp aptJ\ \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ hnh-c-߃,
tImS-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn\p Imc-W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Imcy-߃, hym]mc cl-
ky-߃, ]m¿e-sa‚n-s‚tbm \nb-a-k-`-bp-sStbm khn-tij Ah-Im-
isØ l\n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃, Ip‰m-t\z-jWw kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-
c-߃ F∂nh e`n-°m≥ ]uc\v Ah-Im-i-an√. s]mXp-Xm¬∏-cy-an-
√m-ØXpw XnI®pw hy‡n-]-chpw Hcm-fpsS kzIm-cy-Xsb l\n-°p-
∂-Xp-amb hnh-chpw \nb-a] - c- n-[n-bn¬\n∂pw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. hnh-
c-߃ e`n-°m-\mbn At]£ ]ªnIv C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k¿°mWv
\¬tI-≠Xv. CXn-\mbn C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-ksd Hmtcm k¿°m¿
Hm^o-knepw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-
h-cmWv At]-£-I-sc-¶n¬ ^okv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw Ahsc Hgn-
hm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. \nc-£c - \- mWv At]-£I - s
- \-¶n¬ _‘-s∏´ DtZym-
K-ÿ≥ Abmsf klm-bn-°m≥ _m≤y-ÿ-\mWv. At]-£-Is‚
Bhiyw tNmZn-®-dn™v DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Xs∂ At]£ Xøm-dm°n
77
Abmsf hmbn®p tIƒ∏n-®-tijw At]-£-bn¬ H∏p-h-bvt°-≠-Xp-
amWv.
At]£ In´n-bm¬ Ign-bp-∂Xpw thK-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n 30 Znh-k-
Øn-\Iw Hm^o-k¿ hnhcw tcJm-aqew At]-£-I\p \¬IWw.
At]£ \nc-kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ Imc-Whpw tcJm-aqew
\¬IWw. at‰-sX-¶nepw k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv hnhcw e`y-
am-t°-≠Xv. F¶n¬ At]£ {]kvXpX hIp-∏n-tebv°v 5 Znh-k-Øn-
\Iw ssIam-dp-Ibpw A°mcyw At]-£-Is\ tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-
°p-Ibpw thWw. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Poh-s\tbm kzmX-{¥y-sØtbm
_‘-s∏´ hnh-c-am-sW-¶n¬ 48 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw hnhcw \¬In-bn-cn-
°Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcmsf t]meokv ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bm¬
Abm-fpsS AdÃv kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ 48 aWn-°q-dn-\Iw At]-
£-I\v \¬In-bn-cn-°Ww.
A∏o¬
C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-k-dpsS Xocp-am\w {]Xn-Iq-e-am-sW-¶n¬
A∏o¬ t_m[n-∏n°mw. 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw At]-£-bn¬ Xocp-am\w
FSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm At]£ \nc-kn-°p-Itbm sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-
Itbm A]q¿Æ-amb hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-Itbm sNbvXm¬ A∏o-en-
eqsS ]cn-lmcw tXSm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂n´pw ]cn-lmcw e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬
C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-js\ kao-]n°mw. icn-bmb hnhcw \¬Ip-∂-
Xp-hsc Znhkw H∂n\v 250 cq] hoXw ]c-am-h[n 25,000 cq] hsc
_‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ\v ]ng-in£ hn[n-°m≥ IΩo-j\v A[n-Im-c-
ap≠v. am{X-a√, hIp-∏p-Xe in£W \S-]-Sn-Ifpw D≠mImw.
\n߃ sNtø-≠Xv
\nß-fpsS kao-]-Øp≈ k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kp-I-fn¬ t]mbn AhnsS
hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Hm^o-ksd \nb-an-
®n-´p-t≠m-sb∂v At\z-jn-°pI. A{]-Imcw sNbvXn-´n-s√-¶n¬ \nß-
fpsS A≤ym-]-Is‚ klm-b-tØmsS Xe-ÿm-\-Øp≈ hnh-cm-h-Imi
IΩo-js\ C°mcyw Adn-bn-°pI.

tIcf kwÿm\ C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-js‚ hnemkw

sk{I-´dn
tIcf kwÿm\ C≥^¿ta-j≥ IΩo-j≥
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 696 039
t^m¨: 0471 - 2320920
^mIvkv: 0471 - 2330920

78
 9. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv
XS-bp∂ \nbaw
( Zn {]nsh≥j≥ Hm^v UmtaPv ‰p ]_vfnIv t{]m∏¿´n BIv‰v 1984 )
1. ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw {]t£m-`-ß-fp-sSbpw ad-hn¬ hym]-I-ambn
s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw \S-°m-dp-≠v.-C-Øcw
\io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ aqew \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-Is‚ ]Ww
sIm≠v D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-ØXpw s]mXp-\-∑-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
hp-∂Xpw Bb BkvXn-I-fmW v \in-°p-∂Xv.\-in∏n-°-s∏´
BkvXn-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m `oa-amb XpI-
Iƒ thWw.-hn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂
XpI-Iƒ Aßs\ D≠m-bn-cp∂ BkvXn-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-
°mt\m \∂m-°mt\m hgn-amdn Nne-hn-tS-≠n-hc - p-tºmƒ \jvSw
s]mXp-P-\-Øn-\p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
2. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw BWv k¿°m-cn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-
tj[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§w F∂ hnizm-k-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn-emWv A{]-Im-c-ap≈ {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ Bfp-Iƒ
km[m-cW - b- m-bn- G¿s∏-Sp-∂X.vCØcw {]h¿Øn-If - psS Xn‡-
^ew ]uc-∑m¿ Xs∂-bmWv A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv F∂-
Xn-\m¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v amXr-Im-
]-ca- mb in£ \¬In Ah XS-tb≠ Bh-iy-IX DSse-SpØp.
3. 1984 se \nb-a{- ]-Imcw s]mXp-ap-Xens‚ \n¿h-N\ - Ø- n¬ tI{μ
kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fp-sSbpw Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-
ß-fp-sSbpw k¿°m-¿ tIm¿∏-td-j\ - p-If
- psSbpw k¿°m¿ Iº-
\n-I-fp-sSbpw ssIh-i-Øntem A[o-\-Xbntem D≈ ÿmh-
c-Pw-K-a-h-kvXp-°ƒ F√mw Dƒs∏-Spw.Pew,-ssh-Zyp-Xn,-Du¿÷w
F∂n-h-bpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\pw,-hn-X-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb
sI´n-S-߃, -hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ,-J-\n-Iƒ,-s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KX
kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-Iƒ,F-Æ Dev]m-Z-\-im-
e-Iƒ F∂n-hs - b√mw s]mXp-ap-XembmWv ]cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- .v
4. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWw GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ \SØn F∂-Xns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AØcw {]h¿Øn-Isf c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-
®n-´p-≠v.A- ·- n-tbm,-kvt^m-SI- h
- k
- vXp-°tfm D]-tbm-Kn®v s]mXp-
ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ in£ Hcp sIm√-Øn\pw ]Øp
sIm√-Øn\pw CS-bn-ep≈ ITn-\X-S-hmWv.an\naw in£ Hcp
79
 sIm√w ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw tImS-Xn°v X°-Xmb
Imc-W-߃ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXnepw eLp-hmb in£ \¬Im\pw
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. A·n-bpw, kvt^m-S-I-h-kvXp-°fpw D]-tbm-Kn-
°msX \S-Øp∂ s]mXp-ap-X¬ \io-I-cWØn\v km[m-c-W-
K-Xn-bn¬ A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff X-Shpin£bpw ]ngbpw
e`n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.F
- ∂
- m¬ \io-Ic - W {]h¿Ø\w Pew,-ssh-
Zyp- X n,- Du¿÷w F∂n- h - b psS D¬∏m- Z - \ - Ø n- \ pw,- h n- X - c - W -
Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb sI´n-S-߃,-hy-h-km-b-im-e-Iƒ,-J-\n-Iƒ,-
s]m-Xp-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb BkvXn-Iƒ,F-
Æ Dev]m-Z-\-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-s°Xn-cm-sW-¶n¬ AØcw
{]h¿Ø-\ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-Iƒ°p Bdv amkw apX¬
A©p sIm√w hsc-bp-ff ITn\X-Shp in£ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv.an\naw in£ Bdv amkw ITn-\X-S-hmsW-¶n¬ t]mepw
tImS-Xn°v X°-Xmb Imc-Wß - ƒ Ds≠-¶nepw AXnepw eLp-
hmb in£ \¬Im\pw A[n-Im-ca - p-≠v.G
- Xp Xc-Øn-ep-ff \io-
I-cW{]h¿Ø\w Bbmepw X-Shpin£tbmsSm∏w ]ng-Np-a-
Øm\pw tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.
5. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \miw kw_-‘n-®p-ff tIkv {]Xn-Iƒ°v Pmayw
e`n-°m-hp∂ tIkp-IfpsS KW-Øn¬s∏-´X - m-Wv.F - ∂- m¬ \io-
I-cWw kw_-‘-amb tIkv Pmayw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v apºv
t{]mkn-Iyq´¿°v Pmayw \¬Ip∂Xns\ FXn¿°m-\p-ff Ah-
kcw \¬tI-≠-Xm-sW∂v \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠v.
6. s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in∏n°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, s]mXp-ap-
X¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff DØ-c-hm-ZnØhpw ]uc-[¿Ωw
F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw Hm¿t°≠-Xm-Wv.

80
 10. amXm]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn-¿∂
]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Pnh-\mw-i-Øn\pw
t£a-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007
‘hm¿≤Iyw’ C∂v kaq-l-Ønse {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fnsem∂m-
Wv.hr≤P\-ßf - psS kwc-£W - Ø- n\pw _lp-am-\Ø - n\pw Du∂¬
\¬Ip∂ ]c-º-cm-KX aqey-ßfpw \nbaßfpw B¿j-`m-cX
ss]Xr-IamWv.F-∂m¬ AWp-Ip-Spw-_ß - f - psS Bhn¿`m-ht- ØmsS
Iq´pIp-Spw-_-ß-ƒ°p≠mb XI¿®bpw A{]-Xy-£-am-I-epw Cu
apey-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ De-®n-ep-≠m-°n.-\n-c-h[n htbmP\߃
C∂v Bcpw kwc-£n-°m-\n-√msX imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw
kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb t¢i-߃ aqew Ah-cpsS PohnX kmbm-
”-Øn¬ ISpØ GIm-¥-X-bnepw Zpcn-X-Øn-ep-am-Wv.
Cu kmaqly-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw
apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Poh-\mw-ihpw t£ahpw `c-W-L-S-
\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Dd-∏ph-cp-Øm-\p-ambn cq]oI-cn-°-s∏-
´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv, amXm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw
Poh-\mw-iØn\pw t£aØn\p-am-bp≈ \nbaw 2007 (The Mainte-
nance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 2007). 1973 ˛ se
{Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nb-a-{]-Imcw amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°pw apXn¿∂-
h¿°pw a°-fn¬\n∂v Poh-\mw-iw e`n-°p-sa-¶nepw AXnepw
Ipd™ ka-b-ssZ¿Ly-Ønepw kmº-ØnI Nne-hnepw \S-∏m-
°m-hp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv ]pXnb \nb-aØnep-≈-Xv.-kz-¥-ambn
hcp-am-\tam kºm-Zytam C√m-ØXpw Adp-]Xv hb- n\v apI-fn-
ep≈ A∏q-∏\pw AΩq-Ωb - psams°-bmb apXn¿∂ ]uc≥am¿°pw
amXm- ] n- X m- ° ƒ°pw Adp- ] Xv hb-   n\v apXn¿∂- h - c - s √-
¶n¬t∏mepw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-c-£bpw anI® NnIn’m kuI-cy-
߃ \¬Im\pw Ah-cpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kwc-£Ww
\¬Im\pw AXn-te-°mbn Pn√-IƒtXmdpw hr≤-P-\-k-Z-\-߃
ÿm]n-°m-\p-amWv Cu \nb-aw e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. apXn¿∂
]uc≥amscbpw amXm-]n-Xm-°sfbpw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ _m≤yX
A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-cpsS a°ƒ°p-≈-
XmW.vamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ F∂ \n¿h-N-\-Øn¬ c≠m-\-—\pw c≠m-
81
\-Ωbpw As√-¶n¬ ZsØ-Sp-Øn-´p≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-∂p-≠v.-k-¥m-\-ß-fn-√mØ Hcp hy‡nsb kw_‘n®v B
_m≤yX Ah-cpsS kzØns‚ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-inbmb _‘p-hn-
s‚-Xm-Wv. A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fmb a°fpw _‘p-°fpw H∂n-e-
[n-I-am-hp-tºmƒ _m≤yX Xpey-am-bn-cn-°pw.-km-[m-cW Pohn-X-
Nn- e hp t]mepw a°tfm _‘p- ° tfm \¬Ip- ∂ n- s √- ¶ n¬
apXn¿∂h¿t°m amXm-]n-Xm-°-ƒt°m sabn‚-\≥kv ss{S_yq-W-
en¬ Poh-\mw-i-Øn-\mbn ]cmXn \¬Imw.-t\-cn´v ]cmXn \¬Im≥
Ah¿°v Ign- b n- s e- ¶ n¬ Ah¿ A[n- I m- c - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂ Hcp
hy‡nt°m As√- ¶ n¬ kwL- S - \ bvt°m sabn‚- \ ≥kv
Hm^ok¿t°m Ah¿°v t h≠n ss{S_yq- W - e n¬ ]cmXn
\evImw.ss{S_yq-We - n\v kzta-[b
- mbpw \S-]S- n-sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂X- pam-
Wv.-]-cmXn e`n-®m¬ a°ƒ°v As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ°v ss{S_yq-
W¬ t\m´okv sImSp-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS `mKw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥
Ah-kcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.Cu \S-]Sn{Ia-߃°n-S-bn¬
Xs∂ Hcp CS-°me Poh-\mw-iw \¬Im≥ ss{S_yq-W-en\v
a°tfmtSm _‘p-°tfmtSm Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.Poh-\mw-iw Bh-iy-
s∏-´p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cmXn a°ƒ As√-¶n¬ _‘p-°ƒ B¿s°-
Xn-sc-bmtWm Ah¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂tXm As√-¶n¬ Ah-km\w Xma-
kn-®n-cp∂tXm Bb Pn√-bn-ep≈ sabn‚-\≥kv ss{S_yq-W-
enemWv ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv.Cu ]cmXn {]Imcw _‘s∏´-h-tcmSv
lmP-cm-Im≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v t\m´o-k-b-°p∂ ss{S_yq-W-
en\v Cu Imcy-Øn¬ 1973˛ se {Inan-\¬ \S-]Sn \nba {]Imcw
H∂mw ¢m v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S-‰n-\p≈ F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw
D≠v.Poh-\mw-iw \¬tI≠ a°tfm _‘p-°tfm C¥ybv°v
]pd-Øm-sW-¶n¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ HutZym-KnI hn⁄m-]\w hgn
\n¿t±-in°p∂ AtXm-dn‰n hgn ka≥kv Ab-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-k-
a≥kv e`n- ° p∂ a°tfm _‘p- ° tfm ss{S_yq- W - e n¬
a\:]q¿Δw lmP-cm-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ahsc IqSmsX ss{S_yq-W-
en\v hmZw tI´v Xo¿∏pI¬∏n°mw.kzbw kwc£n-°m≥ {]m]vXn-
bn-√mØ Hcmsf kwc£n-°p∂-Xn\v a°tfm _‘p-°tfm hnk-
ΩXw {]ISn∏n°pItbm Ah-K-Wn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh∂v
hy‡-am-bm¬ ss{S_yq-W¬ Xs∂ Abm-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-
te-°mbn ]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bn¬ IqSmØ Hcp XpI \n›-bn-°p-
Ibpw AXv amkw tXmdpw \¬Im≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-∂-XpamWv.-C-ß-
s\-bp≈ DØ-chv hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb sX‰p-aq-etam sX‰n-≤-cn-°-
s∏- ´ Xp aqetam BsW∂v sXfn- ™ m¬ CXn¬ am‰w hcp-
Øm\pw ss{S_yqWen\v Ign-bpw.
a°tfm _‘p-°tfm aXn-bmb Imc-W-ß-fn-√msX ss{S_yq-
W¬ DØ- c - h n\v FXn- c mbn Poh- \ mw- i w sImSp- Ø n- s √- ¶ - n ¬
ss{S_yq-W¬ hmd≠v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°pIbpw DØ-chv ewL-\-
82
Øn\pw XpIbpw IpSn-in-I-bp≈ amk-ß-fnse Poh-\mw-ihpw
\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS Nnehpw CuSm-°pw.-apgp-h≥ ]Whpw CuSm-
°m\ns√-¶n¬ B ]Ww AS-°p-∂Xv hsctbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp
amkw hsctbm XS-hp-in-£bv°pw hn[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.-F-∂m¬
Poh-\mw-i XpI apS°w hcpØn aq∂p-am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IpSn-
inI CuSm-°p∂Xn-\p≈ ]cmXn ss{S_yq-Wen¬ ka¿∏n-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. ss{S_yq-W-ens‚ DØ-c-hn¬ Adp-]Xv Znh-k-߃°p-
≈n¬ A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wen¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
F∂m¬ Cu Ime- b - f - h nepw Poh- \ mwiw \¬tI- ≠ - X m- W v .
ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-Wentem ]cm-Xn-°msc
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ A`n-`m-j-I¿°v Ah-Imi-an√.\n-b-a-Øns‚
18˛mw hIp∏p {]Imcw k¿°m¿ \ntbm- K n- ® n- ´ p≈ Pn√m
tkmjy¬ sh¬^-b¿ Hm^oktdm AXn\v Xpey ]Z-hn-bp-≈-
bmtfm ]cm-Xn-°m-cs‚ Xm¬]-cy-{]-Imcw am{Xw ]cm-Xn-°m-
cs\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ss{S_yq-W-entem A∏-te‰v ss{S_yq-
Wentem lmP-cm-Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

83
 11. ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zmb
(\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw, 1976
`c-W-L-S\ F√m-Øcw \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \ntcm-[n-®n-
´p-s≠-¶nepw cmPy-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw IS-_m-[y-X-I-fpsS
t]cn¬ hy‡n-Is - fbpw Ah-cpsS B{in-Xs
- cbpw \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-
ep-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]›m-Ø-
e-Øn-emWv ASnaØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zm-bw(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nb-aw,
1976 (1976-˛se 19-˛mw \nb-aw) \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. Cu \nbaw Zp¿_e
P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf kmº-Øn-I-ambpw imco-cn-I-ambpw NqjWw sNøp-
∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-Zmbw \n¿Ø¬ sNøp-
∂-Xn-\p-ambn D≈-Xm-W.v Cu \nbaw 1975 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw 25-˛mwXob-
XnbmWv {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xv.
Cu \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v, a‰p \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-
I-fp-ambn sshcp-≤y-ap≈ ]£w Ahsb adn-IS- ° - m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-tijw Hcmfpw ASn-a-
Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mK-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kmº-Øn-I-k-
lmbw hmKvZm\w sNøp-Itbm a‰m-sc-sb-¶nepw ASn-a-Ø-sØm-gn-
ent\m at‰-sX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ \n¿_-‘nX sXmgn-ent\m \n¿_-
‘n-°p-Itbm sNøp-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-ØX - m-Wv. IqSmsX Cu \nbaw \ne-
hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-ti-jtam AXn-\p-ap≥t]m ASn-aØ sXmgn¬ k{º-
Zmb ssien-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ \ne-
hn¬ h∂n-´p≈ GsXmcp DS-ºS- nbpw Cu \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-
tijw Akm-[phpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-ØXpw Bbn-cn-°pw. ASn-
aØ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Cu k{º-Zm-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Xß-fpsS
IS-߃ Xncn-®-S-bv°p-∂-Xn\v DØ-c-hm-ZnØw D≠m-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pw
Ah kw_-‘n® \nba \S-]S- n-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-Ib - n-s√∂pw \nbaw
hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
Cu \nb-a-{]-Imcw d±m-°-s∏´ IS-_m-≤y-X-I-fpsS `mK-ambn
bmsXmcp XpIbpw hmbv] \¬In-b-h¿ kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂v
\nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Cu \n-ba - Ø
- nse hyh-ÿI- ƒ \S-∏m-°p-
∂-Xn\v kwÿm\ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v Pn√m aPn-kvt{S-‰ns\ Npa-X-e-s∏-
Sp-Øm-hp-∂Xpw Pn√m aPn-kvt{S-‰n\v At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn≥
Iogn-ep≈ as‰mcp DtZym-K-kYs\ Cu \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Npa-X-e-
Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂X - n\v \ntbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv.
\nb-ak- a
- £w F√m ]uc-∑m-cpsS Xpey-Xbpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-
ly-hp-amb kzmX-{¥yhpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂X
- n\v DX-Ip∂ \nb-aa
- mWv ASn-
a-Ø-sØm-gn¬ k{º-Zm-b(-\n¿Ø-em-°¬) \nbaw 1976.
84
 12. alm-flm-Km‘n {Km-ao-W
sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- \n-baw- 2005
N{μafietØm-fap-b¿-∂ hn-Ik\ kz-]v-\߃-°v- Xøm-
sdSp-°p-tºm-gpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-\n¿-am¿-÷\w- C¥y-bp-sS ap-Jy-e£y-
ßfn-sem-∂m-Wv.- ÿn-cXbm¿-∂ sXm-gn-epw- hcp-am-\hpw- ]u-
c∑m¿-°v- e£y-am-°p-∂Xn-eq-sS Zm-cn-{Zyw- Xp-S®p-\o-°m-\m-Ipw.-
Cu- e£yw- ssIhcn-°p-∂Xn-\m-Wv- tZio-b {Km-ao-W sXm-gn-ep-
d∏v- \n-baw- 2005 (The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employ-
ment Guarantee Act, 2005) ]m¿-esa‚ v- ]m-km-°n-bXv.- {Km-ao-W
C¥y-bn-se ÿn-chcp-am-\am¿-§an-√m-Ø Akw-Jyw- {Km-ao-W¿-
°v- Hm-tcm- km-ºØn-Ih¿-jØn¬- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- \q-dv- Zn-hksa¶n-
epw- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- \¬-Ip-∂p.- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- CXn-
\m-bn- hn-hn-[ ]≤Xn-Iƒ- Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.- CXn-s‚ Io-gn¬- Hm-
tcm- Pn-√bn-epw- ]©m-bØp-Iƒ- ]≤Xn-Iƒ- hn-`m-h\w- sNøp-
Ibpw- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- Pn-√m-Xeßfn¬- CXn-\v- t\Xr-
Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂Xv- Pn-√m- tIm-˛Hm¿-Un-t\‰dm-bn-cn-°pw.- Pn-√m-
IeŒtdm- As√¶n¬- Pn-√m-]©m-bØn-se No-^v- FIv-kn-Iyq-´o-
hv- Hm-^o-ktdm- Bbn-cn-°pw- Pn-√m- t{]m-{Kmw- tIm-˛Hm¿-Un-t\‰¿.-
C{]Im-cw- Xøm-dm-°p-∂ ]≤Xn-Iƒ-hgn- Hcp- Ip-Spw-_Øn-se ap-
Xn¿-∂ Aw-KØn-\v- Np-cp-ßn-bXv- \q-dv- As√¶n¬- AXn-¬-Iq-Sp-
X¬- Im-ebfhn¬- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°pw.- Zn-hk°q-en- IW°m-°n-
Bgv-NtXm-dpw- Iq-en-bpw- \¬-Ipw.- ]≤Xn-{]Im-cap-≈ sXm-gn-en-
\m-bn- At]£n-°p-∂bmƒ-°v- At]£ e`n-®v- ]Xn-\©v- Zn-
hk߃-°p-≈n¬- As√¶n¬- ap≥-Iq¿- At]£bn¬- tPm-en-
Bcw-`n-°p-∂ Xo-bXn-ap-X¬- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°p-∂n-s√¶n¬- \n-
ba{]Im-cw- Abmƒ-°v- sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\Øn-\v- A¿-lXbp-
≠v.- F∂m¬,- At]£It\m- As√¶n¬- Abm-fp-sS ho´n-se
Hcp- ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-KØn-t\m- sXm-gn¬- \¬-Ip-Ibm-sW¶n¬- CXp-
e`n-°n-√.- ]≤Xn-{]Im-cap-≈ sXm-gn-en-\v- ]≤Xn-bhkm-\w-
hscbpw- At]£I≥- Xøm-dm-hm-Xn-cn-°¬,- Hcp- km-ºØn-Ih¿-
jØn¬- \q-dv- Zn-hksa¶n-epw- sXm-gn¬- e`n-°p-I,- \q-dv- Zn-hksØ
85
sXm-gn-en-s‚ Iq-en-°v- Xp-ey-am-b Xp-I sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\am-
bn- e`n-°p-I Xp-Sßn-b km-lNcy-ßfn¬- sXm-gn¬-cln-X thX\w-
e`n-°p-∂X√.- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- ]≤Xn- \S∏m-°p-∂Xn¬- {Km-ak`Iƒ-
°v- {]ap-J ÿm-\ap-≠v.- ]©m-bØv- {]tZißfn¬- sXm-gn-ep-
Iƒ- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- ]≤Xn-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-tØ≠ sXm-gn¬-
taJeIsf°p-dn-®p-≈ \n¿-t±i߃- \¬-Ip-I,- ]≤Xn-\SØn-
∏n-s‚ ta¬-t\m-´hpw- IWs°Sp-∏pw- \n¿-hln-°p-I,- Iq-Sm-sX sXm-
gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS lm-P¿- ]p-kv-XIw,- A\p-aXn- DØchp-Ifp-sS tIm-
∏n-Iƒ,- Afhv- ]p-kv-XI߃,- hu-®dp-Iƒ,- A°u-≠v- ]p-kv-
XI߃-,- a‰p- t]∏dp-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-bh kq-£n-®p-sIm-≠v- Ir-Xy-
am-bn- tkm-jy¬- Hm-Un-‰n-Mv- \StØ≠Xv- {Km-ak`Ifm-Wv.- sXm-
gn-ep-d∏v- \n-baØn-s‚ ta¬-t\m-´Øn-\m-bn- tZio-b˛kw-ÿm-\
Xeßfn¬- sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- Iu¨-kn-ep-Ifp-sS cq-]o-IcWhpw- \n-
baw- hn`mh\w- sNøp-∂p.- A≤y-£\pw- πm-\n-Mv- IΩo-js‚bpw-
kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Ifp-sSbpw- {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw- ]Xn-\©v- A\u-
tZy-mKn-I Aw-Kßfpw- saº¿- sk{I´dn-bpw- ASßp-∂Xm-Wv- tI{μ
sXm- g n- e p- d ∏v - Iu¨- k n¬.- A≤y- £ \pw- ]©m- b Øv - ÿm-
]\ßfn¬-\n-∂pw- sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-LS\Ifn¬-\n-∂pw- k¿-°m¿-
\m-a\n¿-t±iw- sNøp-∂ ]Xn-\©v- A\u-tZym-Kn-I Aw-Kßfpw-
ASßp-∂Xm-Wv- kw-ÿm-\ sXm-gn-ep-d∏v- Iu¨-kn¬.- ]≤Xn-
sfbpw- AXn-s‚ \SØn-∏n-s\bpw- Ip-dn-®v- k¿-°m-cp-Isf D]tZin-
°p-I,- \n-baw- ^e{]Zam-bn- \S∏n-em-°p-∂p-s≠∂v- Dd∏p-hcp-
Øp-I,- ]cm-Xn-]cn-lm-c kw-hn-[m-\ßfp-sS Im-cy-£aX ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-Ibpw- Im-em-Im-eßfn¬- ]cn-jvI - cn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-I,- hm¿-
jn-I dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ- Xøm-dm-°p-I Xp-Sßn-bhbm-Wv- sXm-gn-ep-
d∏v- Iu¨-kn-ep-Ifp-sS ap-Jy-Np-aXeIƒ.- \n-baØn-se hy-
hÿIƒ- ew-Ln-°p-∂Xn-\v- Bbn-cw- cq-]hsc ]n-gin-£ Cu-Sm-
°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv.- CXp-am-bn- _‘s∏´p-≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-
°p-∂Xn-\pw- ]cn-lcn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m¿- N´w-hgn-
tªm-°v,- Pn-√m-Xeßfn¬- ]cm-Xn-]cn-lm-c kw-hn-[m-\߃- sIm-
≠p-hcpw.- tIcfØn¬ BZyambn 2007 am¿®v 26˛mw XobXn Cu
\nbaw CSp°n, Imk¿tImUv Pn√Ifn¬ \nehn¬ h∂p.

86
 13. Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-
km-aq-ly- kp-c£m- \n-baw- 2008
ASn-ÿm-\ sXm-gn-ep-Ifn¬- G¿-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂ C¥y-bn-se
hen-sbm-cp- P\hn-`m-Kw- C∂pw- Akw-LSn-Xcm-Wv.- cm-Py-Øv-
BsIbp-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS \m¬-∏Øn-sbm-∂v- iXam-\hpw-
Cu- Akw-LSn-X taJebn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-∂p.- Chcp-sS km-aq-ly-
kp-c£ Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-Ibm-Wv- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS
km-aq-ly- kp-c£m- \n-baw- 2008 (Unorganised Workers' So-
cial Security Act, 2008)s‚ e£yw.- _o-Un-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,-
a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- kn-\n-a sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- s\bv-Øv- sXm-
gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- t\m¨- tImƒ- J\n- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- Xp-Sßn-b Np-
cp-°w- Akw-LSn-X taJeIfn¬- tI{μ˛kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-
Iƒ- Ahcp-sS sXm-gn¬- kw-c£WØn-\pw- km-aq-ly-kp-c£bv-
°p-am-bn- t£a]≤Xn-Iƒ- Bhn-jv-Icn-®n-´p-≠v.- Ch Iq-Sp-X¬-
Du¿-÷kz-ehpw- ^e{]Zhp-am-°n- am-‰p-Ibpw- Im¿-jn-I sXm-gn-
em-fn-Iƒ,- \n¿-Ωm-WsØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,- Xp-I¬- ]Wn-°m¿- Xp-Sßn-
b Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn¬- taJeIsf°q-Sn- t£a]≤Xn-Ifn¬-
Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øp-I F∂ e£y-hpw- \n-baw- ap-t∂m-´p-hbv° - p-∂p.- CXn-
\m-bn- tI{μk¿-°m¿- tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- D]tZiIkan-
Xn-bpw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- kw-ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m-
D]tZiIkan-Xn-bpw- cq-]o-Icn-°pw.- tZio-b sXm-gn¬-hIp-∏p-a{¥n-
A≤y-£\m-bn- ap-∏Øn-\m-ew-K D]tZiIkan-Xn-bm-Wv- tI{μØn-
ep-≈Xv.- CXn¬- Ggp-t]¿- Akw-LSn-X taJesb {]Xn-\n-[o-
Icn-°pw- Ggp-t]¿- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn¬-Zm-bI¿,-
]u-ckaq-lØn-se al\o-bcm-b Ggp-t]¿,- cm-Py-k`sbbpw- tem-
Iv-k`sbbpw- {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- c≠p-t]¿,- tI{μa{¥m-
ebßsfbpw- hIp-∏p-Isfbpw- {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- A©p-
t]cpw- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Isf {]Xn-\o-[o-Icn-®v- A©p-t]cpw-
tN¿-∂Xm-Wv- tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- D]tZiIkan-Xn.- kw-
ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- kan-Xn-bp-sS Aw-K_ew- 28 BWv.-
sXm-gn¬-hIp-∏p-a{¥n- A≤y-£\m-bp-≈ kan-Xn-bn¬-,- Akw-LSn-
X taJebn¬-\n-∂pw- Ggp-t]¿,- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-

87
gn¬-Zm-bIcn¬-\n-∂pw- Ggp-t]¿,- \n-bak`sb {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®v-
c≠p-t]¿,- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m¿- hIp-∏p-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-®v-
Ggp-t]¿,- kaq-lØn-se al\o-bcm-b A©p-t]¿- F∂n-h¿- Dƒ-
s∏Sp-∂p.-

88
 14. tZio-b km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- \nbaw
Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifp-sS Po-h\pw- hn-
IeXIƒ-s°Xn-scbp-≈ kw-c£Ww,- Ahcp-sS Btcm-Kyw,-
{]khm-\p-Iq-ey-߃,- htbm-P\ kw-c£Ww- F∂n-hbp-am-bn-
_‘s∏´v- kabm-kabßfn¬- t£a]≤Xn-Iƒ- cq-]o-Icn-°p-
Ibpw- AXv- \S∏m-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-
fn-Ifp-sS t{]m-hn-U‚ v- ^≠v,- `h\ ]≤Xn-Iƒ,- Ip-´n-Ifp-sS hn-
Zym-`ym-k ]≤Xn-Iƒ,- sXm-gn¬- sshZKv-[yw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xn-
\v,- acWm-hiy-߃-°v-,- hr-≤kZ\߃- cq-]o-Icn-°p-∂Xv- Xp-
Sßn-b taJeIfn¬- kw-ÿm-\ km-aq-ly-kp-c£m- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-
Bhn-jv-Icn-°pw.-
Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se 14 hb v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b F√m-
h¿-°pw,- Xm-s\m-cp- Akw-LSn-X taJebn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-
sW∂v- hy-‡am-°p-∂ {]kv-Xm-h\ kzo-Icn-®p-sIm-≠v- k¿-°m¿-
cPn-kv-t{Sj≥- \¬-Ipw.- CXn-\m-bn- tbm-Ky-Xbp-≈ Akw-LSn-X
sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- \n-›n-X t^m-an¬- Pn-√m- `cWIq-SØn-\v- At]£
ka¿-∏n-°Ww.- F√m- Akw-LSn-X sXm-gn-em-fn-Isfbpw- cPn-
ÿ- sNøp-Ibpw- Ah¿-°v- sIm-≠p-\S°m-hp-∂ XcØn-ep-≈
"kv-am¿-´v- Im¿-Uv'- Xn-cn-®dn-b¬- \ºcn-´v- \¬-Ip-Ibpw- sNøpw.-
CXn-\m-bn- k¿-°m¿- klm-btI{μ߃- ÿm-]n-°pw.- Akw-LSn-
X sXm-gn-em-fn kaq-lØn-s‚ a\p-jym-hIm-i߃- kw-c£n-°p-
∂Xn-\pw- a\p-jy-s\∂ \n-ebn-ep-≈ Ahcp-sS A¥ pw- Bflm-
`n-am-\hpw- kw-c£n-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ DØchm-Zn-Xz-hpw- cm-{„Øn-
t‚Xm-Wv- F∂Xm-Wv- Cu- \n-baØn-s‚ A¥x-kØ.-

89
 15. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-se
]pI-hen in£m¿l-amWv
]pI-h-enbpw ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw AXn-
Kp-cp-X-c-amb BLm-X-amWv a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn\v G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-
s]mXp ÿe-ßfn-ep≈ ]pI-h-en Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ-
am-{X-a√ kl-Po-hn-bpsS IqSn Btcm-KysØ l\n-°p-∂-Xm-
sW∂v imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv.-A-Xn-\m¬
CXp kw_-‘n®v Hcp Ah-t_m[w Db¿∂v htc-≠Xv Ime-L-
´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-enbpw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-
h-cpsS ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw \nbaw aqew
\ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂ -cm-Py-amWv \Ω-ptS-Xv. 2003˛se knK-c‰n-s‚bpw
a‰p ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsSbpw ]ckyw sNø¬ \ntcm-[-\hpw
hym]m-chpw a‰pw \nb-{¥n-°¬ \nb-a-Ønse \memw hIp∏v
{]Imcw s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v. \nb-
a-Ønse Bdmw hIp∏v {]Imcw {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h¿°v
]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-߃ hn¬°p-∂Xpw, hn¬∏\ ]ckyw sNøp-
∂Xpw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS 150 ao‰¿ Np‰-fhn¬ AØcw
D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn¬∏-\bpw ]ckyw sNøepw in£m¿l-amb
Ip‰-amWv.
apc- f n- t Zhv d tIknse _lp- a m- \ - s ∏´ kp{]ow- t Im- S Xn
hn[nbpw cmaIrjvW≥ tIknse _lp-am-\-s∏´ tIc-fm-ssl-
t°m-SXn hn[nbpw s]mXpÿe-ßfnse ]pI-h-en Kpcp-X-c-amb
Btcm-Ky{]iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ s]mXp-i-ey-am-bn-´mWv
{]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
2008 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛mw XnbXn Km‘n-P-b¥n Zn\-Øn¬ \S-
∏n¬h∂ s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en \ntcm-[n-°¬ N´ßƒ
2003-˛se ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ tI{μ-\n-b-a-
Øns‚ hIp-∏p-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ Dt±-in-
®n-´p-f-f-Xm-Wv.
s]mXp-P-\-߃°v {]th-i\w km[y-amb GXp ÿehpw
s]mXp-ÿew F∂-Xns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬ hcpw.- HmUnt‰m-dn-bw,-
B-ip-]{- Xn, s - d-bn¬sh- hn-{i-at- I-{μ-߃, hnt\mZtI-{μ-߃, tlm-
´-ep-Ifpw s]mXp-`£ytI-{μßfpw,- s]m-Xp-Hm^okp-Iƒ,- tIm-S-
90
Xn-sI-´n-S-߃, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃, -{K-Ÿ-im-e-Iƒ,- _-
kv, s{S-bn≥ XpS-ßn s]mXpK-Xm-K-X-am¿§-߃,-tPm-en-ÿ-e-߃,-
hym-]m-c-k-ap®b߃,kn-\n-am-lm-fp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]mXp-P-
\-߃°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb s]mXp-ÿeßfm-Wv.-
F-∂m¬ \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb
]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-ßfpw s]mXp-P-\-km-∂n-≤y-
an-√mØ Xpd- mb ÿe-ßfpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX ÿe-ß-
fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
s]mXp-ÿeßfpsStbm s]mXp-ÿm]-\-ßfpsStbm \S-
Øn-∏p-Imcpw Npa-X-e-s∏-´-hcpw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-
[\w Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø m≥ _m≤y- ÿ - c m- W v . - I q- S msX s]mXp-
ÿeßfn¬ ]pI-hen \ntcm-[nX t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-
hm\pw Ch¿°v _m≤y-X-bp-≠v.
\nb-a-Øn¬ ]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ÿe-߃ (smok-
ing area) Fßs\ k÷o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
]pI-hen A\p-h-Z-\o-bÿe-߃ (smoking area) F∂v Cw•o-
jnepw {]mtZ-in-I-`mjbnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t_m¿Up-Iƒ
ÿm]n®v \mep-`m-KØpw `nØn ]WnXv th¿Xn-cn® CØcw ÿe-
ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ kzbw \nb-{¥nX
hmXnepw hmbp-k-©mcw {]m]y-am-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI kwhn-[m-\-
ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nbaw \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p.s]mXpÿe-ßfn-
se ]pI-h-enbpw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb ]pI-bne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS
hn¬∏-\bpw 200 cq] hsc ]ng-in£ e`n-°m-hp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-
amWv.
s]mXpÿe-ßfn-se ]pI-h-en Is≠Øn ]ng Npa-Øm≥
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ≥amsc Ah-cpsS A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-
bn¬ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
1. tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ \nIpXn hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw BtcmKyw,K-
Xm-KXw F∂o hIp-∏p-I-fn-sebpw C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]Z-hn-bntem
AXn-\p-ap-I-fntem Dff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿ Ah-cpsS ]cn-[n-
bn-ep-f-f-s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬.
2. sdbn¬sh- t Ã- j - \ p- I - f nepw ]cn- [ n- b nepw _‘- s ∏´
tÃj≥am-ÿ,- A-kn-Â v tÃj≥am-ÿ,tÃj≥ Npa-X-e-
bp-ff a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.
3. tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m¿ k¿ho-knse Kk-‰Uv ]Z-hn-tbm,-
A-Xn\p apI-fntem Dff DtZym-K-ÿ¿,Xp-ey-]-Z-hn-bn¬ kzbw-
`-cW/s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\ß - f- nse DtZym-Kÿ - ∑m¿, _‘-
s∏´ k¿°m¿, kzbw-`-cW / s]mXp-ta-J-em-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS
]cn-[n-bn¬.
91
4. k¿°m¿-˛-kz-Im-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifn¬ AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿/
saUn-°¬ kq{]≠v As√-¶n¬ Bip-]{Xn `c-Wm[n-Imcn.
5. t]mÃv Hm^okp-I-fn¬ t]mÃv am-Ãtdm AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-tem
Dff DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿.
6. kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw a‰v tPmen-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw Ahn-
SpsØ ÿm]-\-ta-[mhn/D∂-Xm-[n-Imcn As√-¶n¬ amt\-
P¿ (a-\p-jy-hn-`-hw).
7. hnZym- ` ym- k - ÿ m- ] - \ - ß - f n¬ {]n≥kn- ∏ mƒ/slUv a m- Ã ¿
As√-¶n¬ A≤ym-]-I¿.
8. {KŸ-im-e-I-fnepw hmb\im-e-I-fnepw sset{_-dn-b≥/A-kn-
 v sset{_-dn-b≥/`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff a‰v Poh-\-°m¿.
9. hnam-\Øm-h-f-ß-fnepw hnam-\-ß-fnepw hnam-\-Øm-h-f amt\-
P¿/Fb¿t]m¿´v AtX-mdn‰n Hm^v C¥ym -DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hnam-
\-°-º-\n-I-fp-sSbpw hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fn-tebpw DtZym-K-ÿ¿,
IqSmsX s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw As√-¶n¬ Btcm-Ky-tk-h-\-
h-Ip-∏p-I-fnse Ub-d-IvS¿am¿, tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcn¬
`c-W-Np-a-X-e-bp-ff DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ]p-I-bne hncp-≤-sk-√ns‚
Pn√m kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-ep-ff t\mU¬ Hm^ok¿am¿ F∂n-
h¿ {]tXyI A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-Ifn-√msX F√m s]mXp-ÿ-e-
ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bp-f-fXpw ]pI-hen \ntcm-[\ \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ°pw ]ng-Np-a-Øp-∂-Xn\pw NpaX-e-s∏´hcp-am-Wv.
CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff -DtZym-K-ÿ≥amtcmSv \n -l-I-cn-°p-∂-h-
tcbpw kz¥w t]tcm ta¬hn-em-ktam shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ hn -
Ω-Xn-°p-∂-h-tcbpw XS-™p-h®v DS-\Sn ASp-Øp-ff aPn-kvt{S‰v
apºmsI lmP-cm°n \nb-a-\-S-]-SnIƒ°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw Cu
DtZym-K-ÿ≥am¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

92
 16. hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI \nbaw
2000(IT Act 2000)
hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS D]-tbmKw kpc-£n-Xhpw `{Zhpw
B°p-hm\pw \nb-{¥n-°p-hm\pw th≠n C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚-n¬
2000-˛¬ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-amWv hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI \nbaw 2000(IT
Act 2000)
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v I¿i-\-amb
\nb-a\S]SnIfpw in£bpw Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-߃ CXn¬
hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu \nb-a-Ønse IX˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw
XI˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-a-߃ {]Imcw
Ip‰w sNøp-∂-h¿°v 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Shpw 2 e£w cq]
hsc ]ngbpw AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v in£
hn[n°mw F∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
as‰m- c m- f psS Iºyq- ´ ¿ kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n- t ebv t °m ^b- e n-
tebvt°m t{]m{Kmw hgn AXn-{I-an®p Ibdn AXv X\nsb a‰p
^b- e p- I - f n- t ebv t °m irwJ- e - b n- e p- ≈ - a‰p Iºyq- ´ - d p- I - f n-
tebvt°m {]th-in-°p-Ibpw AXn-ep≈ hnh-c-߃ \in-∏n-°p-

93
Itbm am‰n adn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyhÿ
sNøp-∂Xp {]Imcw 3 h¿jw hsc ITn-\-X-Sthm 2 e£w cq]
]ngtbm As√-¶n¬ Ch c≠pw IqSntbm in£ hn[n-°mhp∂
Ip‰-am-Ip-∂p.
A«oew Ie¿∂ D≈-S°w Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS
{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv 3 h¿jw
hsc XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£ hn[n-°m-hp∂
Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-Wv. Ip‰-hmfn CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn-te¿s∏-
Sp-∂Xv BZysØ Xh-W-bm-sW-¶n¬ ta¬∏-d™ in£bpw
XpS¿∂pw {]kvXpX Ip‰-IrXyw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ 5
h¿jw-hsc XShpw 10 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw F∂ \ne-bn-
te°v in£-bpsS ]cn[n h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.
IT \nb-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ip‰-IrXyw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v Hcp t]meokv
DtZym-K-ÿt\m k¿°m¿ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ at‰-sX-
¶nepw DtZym-K-ÿt\m \ymb-amb kwibw tXm∂p∂ ]£w
{]kvXpX DtZym-K-ÿ\v s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn-¬ {]th-in®v Ip‰-hm-
fn-Iƒ°mbn Xnc-®n¬ \SØp∂-Xn\pw hmd‚n-√msX Ip‰-hm-fn-
Isf AdÃv sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nbaw hyhÿ sNøp-∂p.
cmPy-Øns‚ kpc£bpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw s]mXpkwhn-
[m-\-ßfpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Cu \nb-a-Ønse 70-˛mw hIp-∏n¬∏d-
bp∂ kpc£mkwhn-[m-\-߃°v £Xw kw`-hn-°p∂ coXn-
bn-ep≈ ssk_¿ AXn-{I-a-ßfpw ssk_¿ `oI-cm-{I-a-W-ßfpw
\SØn kaq-l-Øn¬ P\-߃°v ac-Wtam ac-W-Øn\p Imc-
W-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ amc-I-amb apdn-hp-I-tfm, ASn-b-
¥nc k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ \in-∏n®v P\-Po-hnXw Xs∂ Zpx -l-am-°p∂
Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßtfm sNøp-∂-h¿°v Poh-]-cy¥w in£

94
Dd-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw Cu \nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ sNøp∂p
F∂Xv FSpØp]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS kpc-£n-X-amb
D]-tbmKw
Iºyq- ´ ¿, C‚¿s\- ‰ v , C˛- s a- b n¬, samss_¬ t^m¨,
t^m¨Iym-a-d, Nm‰nßv Ch-sbms° C∂v \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\-
Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-am-Wv. hnh-c-˛-hn-
\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠mb Cu IpXn-®p-Nm´w temIsØ Xs∂ Hcp
{Kma-am°n am‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. `c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-kw,
kmº-ØnI cwKw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb Ht´sd taJ-e-I-fn¬
hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-߃ \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ F√m
Imcy-ßfp-tSXpwt]mse Cu \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Ifpw \ΩpsS
Pohn-X-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ sX‰mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \h-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-
Iƒ am‰w-sIm-≠p-h-∂n-´p-s≠∂v ]d-bp-tºmgpw Ch-bpsS sX‰mb
D]-tbmKw sIm≠v kzIm-cy-X-bn¬ IS-∂p-I-b‰w D≠m-hp-Ibpw
kpc-£n-XXzw \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn \ap°v ImWmw.
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃
hnhc hn\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Knt®m Ahsb
e£yw-ht®m \S-Øp∂ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-߃ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Iºyq-´¿, samss_¬ t^m¨,
UnPn-‰¬ Iyma-d-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ß-
fnse D]-I-c-W-߃.
C‚¿s\-‰pw, samss_¬ t^mWp-sams° ]e Ip‰-Ir-Xy-
߃°mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Iºyq-´¿ t]mep≈ \qX-\-km-
t¶-XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X, sNdnb CS-Øn¬
95
[mcmfw hnhcw tiJ- c n®p hbv ° m≥ Ignbpw F∂- X m- W v .
Aßs\ tiJ- c n- ® p- h - ® n- c n- ° p∂ hnh- c - ß ƒ tNm¿Øn- s b- S p-
°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p.
hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ kv{XoIfpw
Ip´n-Ifpw {]mb-am-b-hcpw D≠m-Ipw. Ch-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ
hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°mØ [mcmfw t]¿ Ch-cn¬ D≠m-Ipw.
AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃°v s]s´∂v Cc-
I-fm-Ip-∂Xv IqSp-Xepw Cu hn`m-K-Øn-¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw.
ssk_¿ temIØv hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-߃ Ffp∏w e`y-am-
Wv. Hm¿°p-´v, s^bvkv_p°v XpS-ßnb kmaq-lnI irwJ-e-Iƒ
hgn CØcw hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßfpw t^mt´m-Ifpw B¿°pw
e`y-am-Ipw. Chbpw ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃°v hf-am-Ip-∂p.
{][m-\-s∏´ Nne ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃
ssk_¿ Ip‰- I r- X y- ß sf ]e- co- X n- I - f n¬ XcwXncn- ° m
-dp≠v.
1. hy‡n-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ Ip‰-߃(-ssk-_¿ A-Xn-{I-aw).
2. kmº-ØnI Ip‰-߃ (s{I-Un‰v Im¿Uv hnhc tamjWw
apX-em-b-h).
3. `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc (ssk-_¿ `oI-cm-{I-a-Ww, \nb-a-]-
c-a-√mØ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ).
C‚¿s\‰v/samss_¬ t^m¨ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
{i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃
Iºyq-´¿ s\‰vh¿°n¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xpw A]-cn-Nn-X-cp-ambn Nm‰v
sNøp-∂Xpw sabn-ep-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.
Cu Bfp-Iƒ Bscm-s°-bm-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bn-√. kv{XobpsS
96
t]cn¬ sabn¬ Ab-bv°p-∂Xv ]pcp-j-\m-Imw. ]pcp-js‚ t]cn¬
kv{Xobp-am-Imw. Hm¨sse-\n¬ Hcmƒ°v Fßns\ thW-sa-
¶nepw kzbw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
Nm‰n-ßn-eq-sS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSv \nß-fpsS t]cv, A{U-
 v, kvIqfn-s‚ t]cv, t^m¨ \º¿ XpS-ßnb hy‡n-]-c-amb
hnh-c-߃ Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw \nß-fpsS t^mt´m Ab-°p-Itbm
apXn¿∂-hsc Adn-bn-°msX Bsc-sb-¶nepw t\cn¬ ImWm≥
{ian-°p-Itbm Acp-Xv.
hrØn-sI-´Xpw A«oew \nd-™-Xp-amb ktμ-i-߃, `oj-
Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ktμ-i-߃ XpSßn \n߃°v {]bmkw D≠m-
°p∂ A\m-hiysa∂v tXm∂p∂ Hcp ktμi߃°pw adp-
]Sn Ab-bv°-cp-Xv. Ch Bh¿Øn-®m¬ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS {i≤-
bn¬s∏-Sp-ØpI.
samss_¬ Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®v A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Bcp-
sSbpw t^mt´m FSp-°m≥ ]mSn-√. AXp as‰m-cm-fpsS kzIm-cy-
X-bpsS ewL-\-am-Wv.
A«oe Nn{X-߃, hmN-I-߃ XpS-ßnbh sat Pv Bbn
Ab-bv°-cpXv.
A«oe ktμ- i - ß ƒ/ t^mt´m- I ƒ apX- e m- b h Ab-
bv°p∂Xv IT \nb-a-{]-Imcw in£m¿l-am-Wv. 3 h¿jw hsc
XShpw 5 e£w cq] hsc ]ngbpw in£-bmbn e`n-°mw.
A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS sat -Pp-Iƒ°v (sms/mms) adp-]Sn Ab-bv°m-
Xn-cn-°pI.

97
 Nm‰v sNøp-tºmƒ e`n-®tXm Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw s{]mss^-
ep-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂tXm Bb A]-cn-Nn-X-cpsS \ºdp-I-fn¬ hnfn-
°-cp-Xv.
tIm∏n-ssd‰v D≈ Iºyq-´¿ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ (tkm^v‰v shb-dp-
Iƒ)tamjvSn-°-cp-Xv. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Ibdn Ah ]I¿Øm≥ {ian-
°p-∂Xv tam„n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpeyam-Wv.
C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D≈ teJ-\-ßfpw a‰pw ]I¿Øn Ah \nß-
ƒ cNn-®-sX∂ coXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv. Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øn-
setbm amkn-I-bnsetbm teJ-\-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-X( author-
ship) \n߃ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]msebmW-Xv. \n߃
I≠p]nSn-°-s∏-Smw. \nß-fpsS A≤ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ°pw AtX teJ\w C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-sW-t∂m¿°p-I.
C≥¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ Uu¨temUv sNøp-∂-
Xn\p apºv Ah-bn¬ sshdkv Dt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
Nne t{]m{Km-ap-I-fn¬ \nß-fpsS Iw]yq-´-dns\ \in-∏n-°m≥
tijn-bp≈ sshd-kp-Iƒ D≠m-Imw.
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-߃
CØcw Bi- b - h n- \ n- a tbm]m- [ n- I ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ° p- t ºmƒ
\ap°pw Nne DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fp-s≠∂v Hm¿°pI.
hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ samss_¬ t^mWns‚ D]-
tbmKw I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p≈ hkvXpX \n߃°-
dn-bm-a-t√m. CØcw \nb-{¥-W-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
\nß-fpsS \∑-bv°m-ssW∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-°-cp-Xv.
Bip-]{Xn-Iƒ, ao‰nwKv lmfp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-
fn¬ samss_¬ t^m¨ Ign-bp-∂Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

98
I. AXym-h-iy-sa-¶n¬ sske‚ v tamUn¬ am{X-an-Sp-I. kwkm-
cn-°m-\p-s≠-¶n¬ a‰m-scbpw iey-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ]pd-Øn-dßn
kwkm-cn-°p-I.
\n߃°m-cp-sS-sb-¶nepw t^mt´m FSp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A\p-
hmZw hmßn am{Xw A{]-Imcw sNøp-I.
samss_¬t^m- W n\v ªqSqØv Ds≠- ¶ n¬ AXv Hm∏¨
B°n hbv°-cp-Xv. t^mWnse hnhc-߃ tNm¿Øs∏-Sm\pw
A«oe/A\m-hiy ktμ-i-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw e`n-t®-°m\pw
km[y-X-bp-≠v.
Iº-\n-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ k¿Δokv sk‚-dp-I-
fn¬ am{Xta t^m¨ k¿Δo-kn-ßn\v \¬Im-hq-. As√-¶n¬
AXnse hnh-c-߃ tNm¿Øn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°mw.
******

99
 17.- \nba tkh\ AtXm-dn‰n \nbaw
\n b-aØ- ns‚ apºnse Xpey-Xbpw \nb-aØ - ns‚ Xpey-]c - n-c£- bpw
]uc∑m--cp-sS auenI- Ah-Im-ia - m-Wv. `cWIqS-Øn-s‚bpw ]uc-∑m-cp-
sSbpw _‘-Øn¬ F√mtaJ-eI - f- nepw Xp√y \nba]cn-c£ - bpw, Xp√y
kao-]\ - ß
- fpw \n¿_-‘a - m-Wv. \oXn e`y-am-Ip-∂X - n¬ (access to jus-
tice) \n∂v GsXmcp Imc-WwsIm≠mbmepw Hcp hy‡n ]n¥-≈-
s∏´pt]mI-cp-Xv. F∂ncn-°nepw kmºØnIhpw kmaq-lyhpw hnZym-
`ymk]chpw hy‡nKX-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ \ym-bm-k-\-ßsf
kao-]n-°p-hm\pw \oXn-\ymb Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\pw-
]e¿°pw Ign-bm-dn-√. CXv ]cn-lc - n-°p--hm-\mWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v
1987¬ \nb-at- k-h\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw (Legal Services Authorities
Act) sIm≠p-h∂ - X- v.
\nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p∂Xn-\mbn hnhn[
AtYm-dn-‰n-Isf \nb-an-°m≥ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. tI{μX-e-
Øn-epw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-epw Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw AtYm-dn‰n {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p. kp{]owtImSXn \nbatkh\kan-Xn, sslt°-SXn \nb-a-
tk-h\kanXn, Xmeq°v \nb-a-tk-h\kanXn F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ kan-
Xn-Ifpw \nehn¬h∂n-´p-≠v.- Pn√mAtXm-dn-‰nbpw Xmeq°v IΩn-‰n-Ifpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AXXv Pn√m˛Xmeq°v Bÿm-\-ß-fnse tImS-
Xn-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂mWvv. kwÿm-\sØ -\nba tkh\{]{In-bIƒ
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Øn-em-Wv.
Cu \nb-aØ- ns‚ 12˛mw hIp∏p-{]Imcw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn`m-Kß - ƒ°v
kuP\y \nb-ak - l- m-bhpw \nbatkh-\hpw e`n-°p-∂X - m-W.v
1. ]´n-I-PmXn ]´n-I-h¿§ hn-`m-K°m¿°vv
2. bmNIhrØn, s]¨h-mWn`w, ASn-at- h-e, apX-em-bh - b - v°mbn A\-
[n-IrX ssIam-‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂-h¿°v-.-
3. kv{XoIƒ-°pw- Ip´n-Iƒ-°pw-.--
4. hnI-emwKt£a -\n-b-a]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏´h¿°v.-
5. {]IrXnZpc¥w, kmap-Zm-bnIIem-]w, aX-h¿§ob Iem-]w, `qI-
ºw, hymh-km-bnI Zpc-¥w, apX-em-b-hbv°v Ccbm-b-h¿°v.-
6. hymh-km-bnI sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v.-
7. ]p\-c-[n-hm-k- Kr-l-ß-fnse At¥-hm-k-nIƒ Pph-ss\¬ tlmap-
100
I-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ, am\-kn-ItcmK NnIn-’m-e-b-߃, A\m-
Ym-e-b-߃ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnse At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h¿°v.-
Pn√m-\n-b-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn-´n-Iƒ AXmXv {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ign-hp‰
h°o-e≥am-cpsS ]m\¬ \n›-bn-®n-´p≠v.- Ah-cn-eq-sS-bmWv Pn√m-tIm-
S-Xn-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Ifn¬ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-a-
tk-h\w FØn-°p-∂-Xv. sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fnepw kp{]owtImS-Xn-bnepw
tIkv \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb kuP\y \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v A¿l-X-
s∏-´-h¿ AXXp kanXn apºmsI At]-£-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®m¬ aXn.
Db¿∂ hm¿jnI IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w 100000 cq]bn¬- Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v
kuP\y \nb-a-tk-h-\-Øn-\¿l-X-bp-≠v. kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn-bn¬- ku-
P\y- \n-baklm-bw- e`n-°m≥- 1,25,000 cq-]bv-°p-Xm-sg hm¿-jn--I hcp-
am-\ap≈hcm-bn-cn-°Ww.-
\nba km£-cX
kuP-\y- \n-batkh-\-߃°pw klm-b-߃°pw]pdsa \nb-a-
tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n-Iƒ \nbakm£-cXm¢m p-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-
∂p-≠v. sslkv-Iq-fn-epw- tIm-tfPp-Ifn-epw,- {Kma߃tXmdpw CØcw
¢m p-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. tIcf kwÿm\ \nbatkh\ AtYm-
dn´n AYhm KELSA (Kerala State Legal Services Authority) kwÿm-
\-Øn-\-IØv 9˛mw¢m v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \nb-a-km-£-cXm ]≤Xn
F√m- kvIq-fp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°nbn-´p-≠v-. k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnse
B¿´vkv B‚ v kb≥kv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°pw Cu-
]≤Xn \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kv-{Xo-im-‡o-IcWw- \n-bat_m-[\Øn-eq-
sS F∂ e£yw- h®p-sIm-≠v- tIcfØn-se Ip-Spw-_{io-an-j\n-se Aw-
Kßfm-b kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw- \n-bakm-£cXm- ¢m-kp-Iƒ- \SØp-∂p-≠v.-
\nb-am-h-t_m[w hf-¿-Øp-∂-Xp-hgn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Ah-Im-i-
ß-sfbpw IS-a-I-sfbpwIpdn®v t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-°m\pw X¿°-߃ cay-
ambn ]cn- l - c n- ° m\pw AXp- h gn hyh- l m- c - ß ƒ Ipd- b v ° m\pw
Ign-bpw.
kwÿm\ \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n
kwÿm\ßfnse \nbaklm- b - tk- h \{]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v
t\XrXzw\evIn \S-∏m-°m-\mbn AXXvkwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \nba
tkh\ AtYm-dn-‰n°v cq]w\evIm≥ kwÿm\k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v A[n-
Im-c-ap≠v.
kwÿm\ AtYmdn-‰n-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ
1. tI{μ AtYm-dn‰n \nb-a-tk-h\ klm-btaJ-e-bn¬ cq]w\¬Ip∂
\b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-I.
2. A¿l-cm-b-h¿°v \nb-a-k-lm-bhpw \nb-a-tk-h-\hpw e`y-am-°p-

101
I. sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-epƒs∏sS \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-
\mbn temIv-AZ-m-em-Øp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
3. tI{μ AtYm-dn-‰n-bp-ambn Btem-Nn®v a‰v IrXy-߃ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-
Ibpw N´hyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
4. kwÿm-\Øv \nb-a-tk-h\ klmb{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ hnhn[
GP≥kn-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw DZv{K-YnX{]h¿Ø\߃ cq]-
s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
Pn√m \nba tkh\ AtYm-dn‰n
sslt°m-SXn No^vPÃo-kp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-tk-h\ AtYm-dn‰n-Iƒ°v cq]w\¬Im-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw kwÿm\k¿°m-cn-\p-≠v.
temIv AZm-eØv
tImS-Xn-I-fn-eqsS F√m-bvt∏mgpw F√m-Xcw tIkp-Ifpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-
ambpw Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°-s∏-SpI km[y-a-√. Hcp hyh-lm-c-tam, {Inan-
\¬tItkm XpS¿∂p- t ]mhp- ∂ Xv h¿j- ß - t fm- f - a mWv . - AXns‚
{][m\ ImcWw P\-kwJymh¿≤-\hpw tIm-SXn-Ifp-sS FÆ°p-dhpw-
a‰pw BWv.- \nb-a-km-£-c-Xbv°pw \nb-a-k-lm-b-Øn\pw]pdta hnhn-
[-X-eßfn¬ \oXn-\ymb X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-
Øp∂ temIvA - Zm-eØ- p-If
- mWv \nb-at- k-h\ AtYm-dn-´n-bpsS khn-
tijamb {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e.
temIv -A-Zm-e-Øns‚ -]-cn[nbn¬ Xmsg∏d-bp-∂-h hcp-∂p≠v:˛--
1 GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ X¿°-߃
2. GsX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬hcm-hp∂ X¿°-߃
3. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-{]-Imcw tImºu≠vsNøm-hp∂ {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-
Ir-Xy-߃
AZm-e-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp tIkv FØp-
∂Xv X¿°-Øn¬s∏´ GsX¶nepw I£n-bp-sStbm As√-¶n¬ Ccp-
I-£n-I-fp-sSbpw- kwbp‡ At]£-bn≥-tatem AXp-a-s√-¶n¬
tImS-Xn kzta-[bm Xo-cp-am-\n-®{]Im-ctam- BWv.-
temIv- A-Zm-e-Øn‚ \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. At]£
e`n-®m¬ X¿°°£nIƒ°v kzoIm-cyhpw kwtbm-Pn-Xhpw cay-hp-
amb ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v AZmeØv {iaw \S-Øpw. kmam-\y-\o-Xn-bp-
sSbpw \oXn-]q¿Δ-I-amb ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hnth-N\ _p≤n-bp-sSbpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn-eqsS Hcp Xocp-am-\Øn¬
FØn-t®-cp-I. temIv AZm-e-Øns‚ Xo¿∏v {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-
™m¬ B Xo¿-∏n-\v- Hcp kn-hn¬- tImS-Xn- hn-[n-bp-sS aqeyhpw \n¿Δ-
lW £a-Xbpw e`y-am-Ipw. tIm-SXn-Ifn¬- \n-ehn-ep-≈ tIkp-Iƒ-
tem-Iv- AZm-eØn-eq-sS HØp-Xo¿-∂m¬- AS®n-´p-≈ tIm¿-´v- ^o-kv-
Xn-cn-sIIn-´pw.-
km£n- I - s fbpw l¿- P n- ° m- s cbpw hnfn- ® p- h - c p- Ø p- h m\pw
km∂n≤yw Dd- ∏ m- ° m\pw tIm- S Xn- I ƒ- ° v - sXfn- h p- I ƒ tiJ-
cn°phm\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse temIv AZm-e-Øn\pw- CØcw
A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.
102
s]¿a\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv
s]mXpPt\m-]-tbmK tkh\ taJ-e-I-fmb (1) {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v
k¿Δokv (hm-bp, Ic, Pew F∂nh aptJ-\-bp≈ k©m-chpw Nc°v
IS-Øpw), (2) t]mì, sSe-{Km-^v, sSen-t^m¨ k¿Δo-kv, (3) sshZyp-
Xn, shfn-®w, sh≈w F∂n-h-bpsS hnX-c-Ww, (4) s]mXpP\m-tcm-Ky-
kw-c-£-Whpw ipNo-I-c-W-hpw, (5) Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, Unkv]≥k-dn-
Iƒ Ch-bpsS tkh-\w, (6) C≥jp-d≥kv tkh\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1987-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-
kkv AtXm-dn-‰okv BIvSv, 2002-˛se eoK¬ k¿Δo-kkv AtXm-dn-
‰okv Aa‚ vsa‚ v BIvSv F∂nh {]Imcw ÿm]n-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-
amWv s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-eØv (]n. F¬. F.). 25 e£w cq]-
bn¬ Xmsg aXn-∏p-XpI hcp∂ tkh-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ X¿°-
߃, at‰-sX-¶nepw tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v
s]¿a-\‚ v temIv AZm-e-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°mw. ]n.-F¬.F.-bn¬ ]cmXn
ka¿∏n-®m¬ B X¿°-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ I£nIƒ at‰-sX-¶nepw
tImSXnbn¬ {]kvXpX X¿°w D∂-bn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
]n.-F¬.-F.-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ ]cmXn-I-fn¬, A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-
am-Ip∂ X¿°-߃ D`-b-I£n kΩ-X-{]-Imcw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm
A\p-c-RvP\w km≤y-a-√msX hcp∂ X¿°-ß-f-n¬ IqSp-X¬ sXfn-
hp-Iƒ tiJcn®v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p. ]n.-F¬.-F. ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ Xo¿∏p-Iƒ "Ahm¿Uv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-
Sp∂Xv. C{]-Imcw ]m m-°p∂ Ahm¿Up-Iƒ A¥n-ahpw F√m
I£nIƒ°pw _m[-Ihpw tImSXn hn[n F∂ t]mse \S-∏m-t°-
≠Xpw a‰v tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ tNmZyw sNøm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.
tIc- f - Ø n¬, \ne- h n¬ c≠v taJ- e - I fn¬ ]n.- F ¬.- F .bpsS
tkh\w e`y-am-Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm√w, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ F∂o Pn√-
Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bmbn Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Bÿm-\-ambn 2006 apX¬
]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Be-∏p-g, tIm´-bw, CSp-°n, Fd-
Wm-Ip-fw, Xr»q¿ F∂o Pn√-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bm-bn-´p≈ Fd-Wm-
Ipfw taJ-e-bn¬ 2011-˛¬ ]n.-F¬.-F.ÿm]n-X-ambn {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-
`n-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf sslt°m-S-Xn-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈ sI´nS kap-®-b-
Øn-emWv Fd-Wm-Ipfw taJ-e-bnse ]n.-F¬.-F. {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
]me-°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, IÆq¿, Imk¿tKmUv
F∂o Pn√-Ifnse P\-߃°v ]n.-F¬.F bpsS tkh\w e`y-am-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn tImgn-t°mSv Bÿm-\-ambn ]n. F¬. F.- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ \S-]-SnIƒ \S∂ph-cn-I-bm-Wv.

103
 18.- \nba ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-߃
Hm tcm- \n-ba{]iv\-߃°pw Hmtcm ]cn-lmcam¿§-߃ D≠v.
\nb-a-]-c-amb Hcp- Ah-Im-iw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\mcp
\nbam-\p-kr-X ]cn-lm-c-hp-ap-≠v. kzmX-{¥-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \o-Xn-\ym-
bhy-hkv-Y Cu XXz-ØnemWv A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cßs\
\nba Ah-Imiw \jvS-s∏-´-h¿°v ]cn-lmcw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv
\ΩpsS \m´n¬ knhn¬-˛-{In-an-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p-]p-dsa hyh-kmb
X¿° {So_q-W-ep-Ifpw em‚ v{Sn-_y-q-W-ep-Ifpw tamt´m¿ BIvkn-
U‚ v ss¢w {Sn--_y--q-W-ep-Ifpw hmSI\nb-{¥W tImS-Xn-Ifpwa‰pw
ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
knhn¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ
knhn¬X¿° ]cn- l m- c - ß ƒ°mbn kao- ] n- ° m- h p∂ G‰hpw
Xmsg°nS-bn-ep≈ tImS-Xn-I-fmWv ap≥kn^vvtImSXn-Iƒ. ]Øv
e£w cq]-bn¬Ihn-bmØ X¿°-߃ ap≥kn^vtImS-Xn-bn¬ hcp-
∂p.- sXm´p apI-fn-embn k_v-˛-tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-embn Pn√m
tImS-Xn-Ifpw sslt°m-S-Xnbpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
ap≥kn^vtImS-Xn-I-fpsS Xo¿-∏p-Ifn-t∑ep-≈ A∏o-ep-Ifpw ]Øv
e£w cq]bv°p-apI-fn-ep≈ kmº-Øn-I{]iv\-ßfpw k_vtIm-S-
XnbmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
{Inan-\¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ
{Inan-\¬kz`m-h-ap≈ tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-K-W-\bv°p-hcp-∂Xv H∂mw
¢m v aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-bpsS ap≥]m-sI-bm-Wv. Pmaywe`n-°mØ
Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃°v Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°m\p≈ A[n-Im-chpw aPn-kvt{S-
´n-\p-≠v. aq∂p-h¿jwhsc XShpw 10000 cq]hsc ]ngbpw am{Xta
H∂mw-¢m v aPn-kvt{S-´n\v A[n-Im-c-ap≈q. AXn-\p- sXm´p-ap-I-fn-emWv-
No^v PpUo-jy¬ aPn-kvt{S´v tImSXn. (kn.-sP.Fw tImS-Xn)- B
tIm-SXn-°v ]c-am-h[n 7 h¿j-Øn-\p-Xmsg-bp≈ XShp-in£bpw AXn-
cp-I-fn-√msX ]ngbpw hn[n-°p-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-
Xn-I-fpsS `c-W-]-c-amb \nb-{¥Ww kn.-sP.-Fw. tImS-Xn-°m-Wv. CXn-
\p-]p-dsa Aknkv-‰‚ v skj≥-kv tImS-Xnbpw skj≥kv- tImS-Xnbpw
\ne-hn-ep-≠v. aPn-kvt{S´v tImS-Xn-Ifn¬-\n-∂p-≈ A∏oepw skj≥kv

104
PUvPn°p- am{X-ambn hnNm-cW\S-Øp-hm≥ A[n-Im-cs
- ∏´ tIkp-Ifpw
skj≥kv tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°p- hcp-∂p. CØcw tIkp-
I-fn¬ Pmayw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xpw skj≥kv PUvPnXs∂.
IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn
1984se IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \nb-a-{]-Imcw \ne-hn¬h∂ IpSpw-_-tIm-
S-Xn-I-fn¬ hnhmlkw_-‘-amb F√m tIkp-Ifpw ]cn-K-W-\bv-°p-
hcp-∂p. Ahbv°p]pdsa hnhmlkw_-‘-ambn Db¿∂p-h-cp∂
kzØpX¿°-ßfpw Cu tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p-
≠v. tIkv ]cn-K-W-\bv°p-h∂m¬ Ccp-Iq-´scbpw hnfn®v Iu¨kn-
e¿am-cpsS klm-b-tØmsS HØp-Xo¿∏n¬ FØn-°phm≥ {ian-°pw.
hnhmlkw_- ‘ - a mb tIkp- I - f n¬ ap…owhnhmltamNnX
kv{Xokw-c-£W \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿∏pIev]n-°p-∂-
Xn\v IpSpw-_-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-an-√. IpSpw-_-tIm-SXn \ne-hn-
en-√mØ Pn√-I-fn¬ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬ _‘-s∏´
aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tIkp-Iƒ ^b¬-sNtø≠Xm-Wv.-
{Sn-_y-qW
- e
- p-Iƒ
tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p]pdsa hyXykvX \nb-a-{]-Imcw hml\m-]-IS
\jvS-]-cn-lmc {Sn_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ, hyh-kmb˛sXm-gn¬-X¿° {Sn_y-q-
W-ep-Iƒ, D]-t`m‡r X¿° ]cn-lmc t^mdw,- em‚ v {Sn_y-q-W-ep-
Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
sslt°mSXn
kn-hn¬-tIkp-Ifn¬- X¿-°kw-KXn- Ccp-]Xv -e£w- cq-]bv-°p-ta¬-
hn-e]n-Sn-∏p-≈Xm-sW¶n¬- k_v-tIm-SXn-bp-sS hn-[n-bn-t∑¬- sslt°m-
SXn- b n- e m- W v - A∏o¬- \¬- t I≠Xv . - {]m- [ m- \ y- t adn- b \n- b a{]iv -
\ßfpƒ- s °m- ≈ p- ∂ Nn- e tIkp- I fn¬- c≠mw- A∏o- e p- I fpw-
sslt°m-SXn-°v- ssIIm-cyw-sNømw.- {In-an-\¬- tIkp-Ifn¬- \n-bam-
\p-kcWap-≈ GXp- in-£ hn-[n-°m-\p-≈ A[n-Im-chpw- sslt°m-
SXn-°p-≠v.- 7 h¿-jØn-tesd Pbn¬-in-£ hn-[n-°p-∂ Akn-kv-‰‚ v-
skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn- hn-[n-bn-t∑epw,- skj≥-kv- tIm-SXn-bp-sS in-£m-
hn-[n-bn-t∑epw- A∏o-e[n-Im-cw- sslt°m-SXn-°m-Wv.- au-en-Im-hIm-
iew-L\w,- \n-bam-\p-kcWam-b a‰p-]cn-lm-cam¿-§ßfn-√m-Ø Ahkv-
Y F∂o- kμ¿-`ßfn¬- dn-´p-l¿-Pn-Ifpw,- km-[m-cW tIm-SXn-If√m-
Ø ss{S_yq-Wep-Ifp-sS hn-[n-bn-t∑¬- `cWLS\bp-sS 227˛mw-
N´a\p-kcn-®p-≈ l¿-Pn-Ifpw- sslt°m-SXn- ]cn-KWn-°p-∂p.-

105
kp{]owtImSXn
\ΩpsS cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]o-T-amWv kp{]owtImS-Xn.
sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ A∏o-ep-Ifpw dn´v l¿-Pn-Ifpw kp{]ow
tImSXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. kp{]-[m-\-amb `c-W-L-S\m{]iv\-ßfnepw
auen-Im-h-Imi {]iv\-ß-fnepw as‰√m \nba]c-amb Imcy-ß-fnepw
kp{]owtImS-Xn-bpsS Xo¿∏v A¥n-a-am-Wv.
\nb-a-]-c-ambn ]cn-lmcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ta¬ kqNn-∏n® tImS-
Xn-Iƒ°pw {Sn-_y-q-W-ep-Iƒ°pw]pdsa Xmeq°v eoK¬ k¿Δokkv
IΩn‰n Pn√m eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn‰n,- sslt°m¿-´v- eo-K¬-
k¿-Δo-kkv- IΩn-‰n,- kwÿm\ eoK¬ k¿Δokkv AtXm-dn‰n F∂n-
h-sbbpw kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

106