EE324 HW12 SPRING12

Problem 8.27 A plane wave in air with

e i = ŷ 20e− j(3x+4z)
E (V/m)

is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with εr = 4, occupying the
half-space z ≥ 0. Determine:
(a) The polarization of the incident wave.
(b) The angle of incidence.
(c) The time-domain expressions for the reflected electric and magnetic fields.
(d) The time-domain expressions for the transmitted electric and magnetic fields.
(e) The average power density carried by the wave in the dielectric medium.
Solution:
e i = ŷ 20e− j(3x+4z) V/m.
(a) E
Since Ei is along ŷ, which is perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the wave is
perpendicularly polarized.
(b) From Eq. (8.48a), the argument of the exponential is

− jk1 (x sin θi + z cos θi ) = − j(3x + 4z).

Hence,
k1 sin θi = 3, k1 cos θi = 4,
from which we determine that
3
tan θi = or θi = 36.87◦ ,
4
and p
k1 = 32 + 42 = 5 (rad/m).
Also,
ω = up k = ck = 3 × 108 × 5 = 1.5 × 109 (rad/s).
(c)

η1 = η0 = 377 Ω,
η0 η0
η2 = √ = = 188.5 Ω,
εr2 2
· ¸ · ¸
−1 sin θi
◦
−1 sin 36.87
θt = sin √ = sin √ = 17.46◦ ,
εr2 4
η2 cos θi − η1 cos θt
Γ⊥ = = −0.41,
η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
 τ⊥ = 1 + Γ⊥ = 0.59.

In accordance with Eq. (8.49a), and using the relation E0r = Γ⊥ E0i ,

e r = −ŷ 8.2 e− j(3x−4z) ,

E
e r = −(x̂ cos θi + ẑ sin θi ) 8.2 e− j(3x−4z) ,
H
η0
where we used the fact that θi = θr and the z-direction has been reversed.

e r e jω t ] = −ŷ 8.2 cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x + 4z) (V/m),

Er = Re[E
Hr = −(x̂ 17.4 + ẑ 13.06) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x + 4z) (mA/m).

(d) In medium 2,
r
ε2 √
k2 = k1 = 5 4 = 20 (rad/m),
ε1
and ·r ¸ · ¸
ε1 −1 1
θt = sin −1
sin θi = sin ◦
sin 36.87 = 17.46◦
ε2 2
and the exponent of Et and Ht is

− jk2 (x sin θt + z cos θt ) = − j10(x sin 17.46◦ + z cos 17.46◦ ) = − j(3x + 9.54 z).

Hence,

e t = ŷ 20 × 0.59 e− j(3x+9.54 z) ,
E
e t = (−x̂ cos θt + ẑ sin θt ) 20 × 0.59 e− j(3x+9.54 z) .
H
η2
e t jω t
E = Re[E e ] = ŷ 11.8 cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z) (V/m),
t

11.8
Ht = (−x̂ cos 17.46◦ + ẑ sin 17.46◦ ) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z)
188.5
= (−x̂ 59.72 + ẑ 18.78) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z) (mA/m).

(e)
t |E0t |2 (11.8)2
Sav = = = 0.36 (W/m2 ).
2η2 2 × 188.5
Problem 8.29 A plane wave in air with

e i = (x̂ 9 − ŷ 4 − ẑ 6)e− j(2x+3z)

E (V/m)

is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with εr = 2.25, occupying
the half-space z ≥ 0. Determine
(a) The incidence angle θi .
(b) The frequency of the wave.
e r of the reflected wave.
(c) The field E
e t of the wave transmitted into the dielectric medium.
(d) The field E
(e) The average power density carried by the wave into the dielectric medium.
Solution:

θ2
z
θi

(a) From the exponential of the given expression, it is clear that the wave direction
of travel is in the x–z plane. By comparison with the expressions in (8.48a) for
perpendicular polarization or (8.65a) for parallel polarization, both of which have
the same phase factor, we conclude that:

k1 sin θi = 2,
k1 cos θi = 3.
Hence,
p
k1 = 22 + 32 = 3.6 (rad/m)
θi = tan−1 (2/3) = 33.7◦ .

Also,
√ √
k2 = k1 εr2 = 3.6 2.25 = 5.4 (rad/m)
" r #
1
θ2 = sin−1 sin θi = 21.7◦ .
2.25

(b)
2π f
k1 =
c
k1 c 3.6 × 3 × 108
f= = = 172 MHz.
2π 2π
(c) In order to determine the electric field of the reflected wave, we first have to
determine the polarization of the wave. The vector argument in the given expression
e i indicates that the incident wave is a mixture of parallel and perpendicular
for E
polarization components. Perpendicular polarization has a ŷ-component only (see
8.46a), whereas parallel polarization has only x̂ and ẑ components (see 8.65a). Hence,
we shall decompose the incident wave accordingly:

ei = E
E e i⊥ + E
e ik

with
e i⊥ = −ŷ 4e− j(2x+3z)
E (V/m)
e ik
E = (x̂ 9 − ẑ 6)e− j(2x+3z) (V/m)

From the above expressions, we deduce:

i
E⊥0 = −4 V/m
p
i
Ek0 = 92 + 62 = 10.82 V/m.

Next, we calculate Γ and τ for each of the two polarizations:

q
cos θi − (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Γ⊥ = q
cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Using θi = 33.7◦ and ε2 /ε1 = 2.25/1 = 2.25 leads to:

Γ⊥ = −0.25
τ⊥ = 1 + Γ⊥ = 0.75.

Similarly,
q
−(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Γ⊥ = q = −0.15,
(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
cos θi cos 33.7◦
τk = (1 + Γk ) = (1 − 0.15) = 0.76.
cos θt cos 21.7◦
The electric fields of the reflected and transmitted waves for the two polarizations are
given by (8.49a), (8.49c), (8.65c), and (8.65e):

e r⊥ = ŷ E⊥0
E r
e− jk1 (x sin θr −z cos θr )
e t⊥ = ŷ E t e− jk2 (x sin θt +z cos θt )
E ⊥0
e rk = (x̂ cos θr + ẑ sin θr )E r e− jk1 (x sin θr −z cos θr )
E k0
e tk = (x̂ cos θt − ẑ sin θt )E t e− jk2 (x sin θt +z cos θt )
E k0

Based on our earlier calculations:

θr = θi = 33.7◦
θt = 21.7◦
k1 = 3.6 rad/m, k2 = 5.4 rad/m,
r
E⊥0 = Γ⊥ E⊥0
i
= (−0.25) × (−4) = 1 V/m.
t
E⊥0 = τ⊥ E⊥0
i
= 0.75 × (−4) = −3 V/m.
r
Ek0 = Γk Ek0
i
= (−0.15) × 10.82 = −1.62 V/m.
t
Ek0 = τk Ek0
i
= 0.76 × 10.82 = 8.22 V/m.

Using the above values, we have:

er = E
E e rk
e r⊥ + E
r
= (x̂ Ek0 cos θr + ŷ E⊥0
r r
+ ẑ Ek0 sin θr )e− j(2x−3z)
= (−x̂ 1.35 + ŷ − ẑ 0.90)e− j(2x−3z) (V/m).
(d)

et = E
E e t⊥ + E
e tk
= (x̂ 7.65 − ŷ3 − ẑ 3.05)e− j(2x+5z) (V/m).

(e)

|E0t |2
St =
2η2
|E0 | = (7.65)2 + 32 + (3.05)2 = 76.83
t 2

η0 377
η2 = √ = = 251.3 Ω
εr2 1.5
76.83
St = = 152.86 (mW/m2 ).
2 × 251.3
Problem 8.31 A parallel-polarized plane wave is incident from air onto a dielectric
medium with εr = 9 at the Brewster angle. What is the refraction angle?
Solution:

θ1
εr1 = 1

εr2 = 9
θ2

Figure P8.31: Geometry of Problem 8.31.

For nonmagnetic materials, Eq. (8.72) gives

r
ε2
θ1 = θB = tan −1
= tan−1 3 = 71.57◦ .
ε1
But
sin θ1 sin θ1 sin 71.57◦
sin θ2 = √ = = = 0.32,
εr2 3 3
or θ2 = 18.44◦ .
Problem 8.35 A parallel-polarized beam of light with an electric field amplitude of
10 (V/m) is incident in air on polystyrene with µr = 1 and εr = 2.6. If the incidence
angle at the air–polystyrene planar boundary is 50◦ , determine the following:
(a) The reflectivity and transmissivity.
(b) The power carried by the incident, reflected, and transmitted beams if the spot
on the boundary illuminated by the incident beam is 1 m2 in area.
Solution:
(a) From Eq. (8.68),
q
−(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Γk = q
(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
p
−2.6 cos 50◦ + 2.6 − sin2 50◦
= p = −0.08,
2.6 cos 50◦ + 2.6 − sin2 50◦
Rk = |Γk |2 = (0.08)2 = 6.4 × 10−3 ,
Tk = 1 − Rk = 0.9936.

(b)
i |2
|Ek0 (10)2
Pki = A cos θi = × cos 50◦ = 85 mW,
2η1 2 × 120π
Pkr = Rk Pki = (6.4 × 10−3 ) × 0.085 = 0.55 mW,
Pkt = Tk Pki = 0.9936 × 0.085 = 84.45 mW.
Problem 8.36 A 50-MHz right-hand circularly polarized plane wave with an
electric field modulus of 30 V/m is normally incident in air upon a dielectric medium
with εr = 9 and occupying the region defined by z ≥ 0.
(a) Write an expression for the electric field phasor of the incident wave, given that
the field is a positive maximum at z = 0 and t = 0.
(b) Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients.
(c) Write expressions for the electric field phasors of the reflected wave, the
transmitted wave, and the total field in the region z ≤ 0.
(d) Determine the percentages of the incident average power reflected by the
boundary and transmitted into the second medium.
Solution:
(a)

ω 2π × 50 × 106 π
k1 = = = rad/m,
c 3 × 108 3
ω√ π √
k2 = εr2 = 9 = π rad/m.
c 3
From (7.57), RHC wave traveling in +z direction:

Ee i = a0 (x̂ + ŷ e− jπ /2 )e− jk1 z = a0 (x̂ − jŷ)e− jk1 z

h i i
Ei (z,t) = Re E e e jω t
h i
= Re a0 (x̂ e j(ω t−k1 z) + ŷ e j(ω t−k1 z−π /2) )
= x̂ a0 cos(ω t − k1 z) + ŷ a0 cos(ω t − k1 z − π /2)
= x̂ a0 cos(ω t − k1 z) + ŷ a0 sin(ω t − k1 z)
£ ¤1/2
|Ei | = a20 cos2 (ω t − k1 z) + a20 sin2 (ω t − k1 z) = a0 = 30 V/m.

Hence,
e i = 30(x0 − jy0 )e− jπ z/3
E (V/m).
(b)
η0 120π
η1 = η0 = 120π (Ω), η2 = √ = √ = 40π (Ω).
εr2 9
η2 − η1 40π − 120π
Γ= = = −0.5
η2 + η1 40π + 120π
τ = 1 + Γ = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5.
(c)

e r = Γa0 (x̂ − jŷ)e jk1 z

E
= −0.5 × 30(x̂ − jŷ)e jk1 z
= −15(x̂ − jŷ)e jπ z/3 (V/m).
t
e = τ a0 (x̂ − jŷ)e− jk2 z
E
= 15(x̂ − jŷ)e− jπ z (V/m).
ei + E
e1 = E
E er
= 30(x̂ − jŷ)e− jπ z/3 − 15(x̂ − jŷ)e jπ z/3
= 15(x̂ − jŷ)[2e− jπ z/3 − e jπ z/3 ] (V/m).

(d)

% of reflected power = 100 × |Γ|2 = 100 × (0.5)2 = 25%

η1 120π
% of transmitted power = 100|τ |2 = 100 × (0.5)2 × = 75%.
η2 40π