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Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T Standards

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 derstand
To help un
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The book covers

the changes and
improvements in the
ASME Y14.5-2018
standard
 Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards

FOREWORD

Designers create perfect and ideal geometries through drawings or by means of

Computer Aided Design systems, but unfortunately the real geometrical features
of manufactured components are imperfect, in terms of form, size, orientation and
location.
Therefore, technicians, designers and engineers need a symbolic language that
allows them to define, in a complete, clear and unambiguous way, the admissible
variations, with respect to the ideal geometries, in order to guarantee functionality
and assemblability, and to turn inspection into a scientifically controllable process.
The Geometric Product Specification (GPS) and Geometrical Dimensioning and To-
lerancing (GD&T) languages are the most powerful tools available to link the perfect
geometrical world of models and drawings to the imperfect world of manufactured
parts and assemblies.
This book is intended for designers, process engineers and CMM operators, and it
has the main purpose of presenting the ISO GPS rules and concepts. Moreover, the
differences between ISO GPS and the American ASME Y14.5 standard are shown
as a guide and reference for the drawing interpretation of the most common dimen-
sioning and tolerancing notations.
A complete SolidWorks MBD tutorial has been added to the appendix of this book:
SOLIDWORKS Model Based Definition (MBD) is a drawingless manufacturing so-
lution that is embedded inside a SOLIDWORKS user interface. It helps companies
define, organise and publish product and manufacturing information (PMI) in a 3D
format that complies with international standards.

The book covers the changes and improvements in the ASME Y14.5-2018 standard

The author, Professor Stefano Tornincasa, has carried out research activities
for over thirty years in the field of functional design and geometric tolerances.
He was President of the ADM Improve Association (Innovative Methods in
PROduct design and deVElopment) from 2011 to 2015 and has published
more than 180 national and international scientific papers.
He is co-author of the best-selling book on Industrial Technical Drawing, which
is currently adopted in the design courses of most Italian universities (E. Chirone,
S. Tornincasa, Industrial Engineering Design, Volumes I and II, ed. Il capitello
Torino).
Professor Tornincasa has conducted training courses on GD&T in many of the
main manufacturing companies in Italy, and it is from this activity that he has
derived his skill and experience in functional design.
His other research topics have been focused on product development, cycle
innovation through digital models and virtual prototyping methodologies (PLM)

http://webd.polito.it/workbook/

3
 Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards

2. CLASSIFICATION AND INDICATION

OF GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
Putting off the discussion of new rules pertaining to the GD&T methodology
to the next section, it is here opportune to recall some basic definitions in the
context of what is now defined, in the rules and in practice, as GPS, that is,
Geometrical Product Specification.
Figure 8 shows some basic concepts of ISO 14460/1, which is often referred
to in the ISO 1101 standard as the definition of Integral and derived features.

 Fig. 8. The ISO standard

Drawing-solid model provides terms that allow
Manufacturing an engineer to understand
the impact of the drawing
specifications on inspection.
A nominal integral feature is a
theoretically exact feature that
has been defined in a technical
drawing. A nominal derived
Nominal integral Nominal derived feature is an axis that has
feature feature (axis) Real integral
been derived from one or more
feature
integral features. Extracted and
associated features are parts
Inspection elaboration Inspection of the inspection domain. An
associated integral feature is an
integral feature of a perfect form
associated with the extracted
integral feature. An associated
derived feature is an axis or
Associated centerplane of a perfect form.
Associated Extracted Extracted
derived integral derived integral
feature feature feature feature

The integral surface is a surface or line on a feature. The derived feature

is a centre point, median line or median surface derived from one or more
integral features.
A modelled cylinder is an integral feature, while the cylinder axis is an
abstract element that can be derived from the cylindrical geometry. A derived
or integral feature can be either nominal or real (that is, the manufactured
element). In metrology, through the use of a CMM measuring machine, the
extracted feature (integral or derived, that is, an approximated representation
of the real feature, which is acquired by extracting a finite number of points)
is obtained from the real (integral) feature. A perfect associated feature (a
cylinder or the derived axis, which can be used, for example, as a Datum)
can thus be obtained from the extracted features. Geometrical features can be
found in three domains:
• the specification domain, where several representations of the future
workpiece are imaged by the designer;
• the workpiece domain, that is, the physical domain;
• the inspection domain, where a representation of a given workpiece is
used through the sampling of the workpiece by measuring instruments.
9
 Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards

Fig. 52. Verification procedure of a shaft according to

the envelope principle or ASME Rule#1. The minimum

tan um
material condition is controlled by an external gauge (the
dis minim
ce
measurement between two opposite points), while the
,9

maximum material condition is checked by means of an

16

envelope of perfect form with MMC dimensions.

Envelope of
perfect form

44,2 maximum Envelope of

two-point perfect form
distances (maximum
cylinder)

 Fig. 53. Verification procedure of a hole according to the envelope principle. The minimum material condition is
controlled by an internal gauge (measured between two opposite points), while the maximum material condition is
checked by means of a pin with the MMC dimensions.

appropriate in the case of mating, may be restrictive of such an indication depends on the choices of
for all the other geometrical features, and may the designer or rather on an oversight within a
make it necessary, in the latter case, to furnish an complex technical document.
indication of exception (the ASME standards have Apart from this problem, the verification of the
introduced the È symbol, see Fig. 55), with the envelope principle, which requires the use of
consequence of a source of ambiguity being created functional gauges1 or controls carried out by
as it is not possible to be certain that the absence means of measurement machines that have
1
Gage in ASME

ASME
drawing

ISO
drawing
Fig. 55. If one
wishes to apply the
Fig. 54. The envelope requirement in the ISO standard independency principle
is indicated by means of a circled E, which is placed in ASME drawings, it is
next to the tolerance dimension; the hole has a necessary to insert the
perfect form when all the local diameters are in the independence symbol I
maximum material conditions, that is, 18 mm. next to the dimension.

33
 Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards

Datum system taken from two cylinders and a plane

1. first associated feature without a constraint

2. second associated feature with a perpendicularity constraint from the first
associated feature
3. third associated feature with a perpendicularity constraint from the first
associated feature (and parallelism constraint from the second one)

Resulting datum system

4. plane which is the first associated feature
5. point of intersection between the plane and the axis of the second associated
feature
6. straight line which is the intersection between the associated plane and the
plane containing the two axes

 The ASME Y14.5 standard makes a

distinction between the concept of a
datum feature, a datum and a datum
datum
feature simulator1 A datum is an abstract datum feature B
geometrical feature (point, axis or plane feature A
from which a dimensional measurement
is made), which represents the perfect
counterpart of a datum feature (e. g.
an ideal plane or the axis of the perfect
geometrical counterpart).
The simulated datums are conceptually
perfect (physically almost perfect), and
they represent a bridge between the
imperfect real world of datum features and
the perfect imaginary world of datums.
Ultimately, it is opportune to distinguish
between the real datum feature of the
workpiece (named datum feature) and
the datum, the equivalent theoretical
datum (plane, axis or centerplane),
simulated by the associated inspection or
manufacturing equipment.

The datum system of a tool machine

is shown in Figure 85: the production
equipment has the duty of aligning the
features of the workpiece with the datums
of the machine (for example, datum feature
A is aligned with the clamping machine  Fig. 85. No datums exist on a workpiece but they are simulated
and datum feature B is made to coincide by the datum feature system of the tool machine.

1
In the ASME Y14.5:2018 the term “theoretical datum feature simulator” was replaced with “true geometric counterpart”
47
simultaneously by means
of a pattern specification,
using tolerance zone pattern
modifiers CZ, CZR or SIMn
(fig. 288).
The use of the concept of
“simultaneous requirement”
transforms a set of more than
one geometrical specification
into a combined specification,
i.e. a pattern specification.

Fig. 287. The two pattern 

tolerance zones are contained
in simultaneous tolerance
zone frameworks related to
the same DRF, thus they are
basically aligned.

Fig. 288. In order to obtain the

same functional requirements
of the previous figure, the ISO
standard uses the modifiers CZ
and SIM1.

CONTROL WITH FUNCTIONAL GAUGES

As pointed out in the previous sections, the ISO In short, a gauge is nothing more than a simulated
standard is defined as “CMM Friendly”, that is, physical datum feature that allows the relationships
the preferred control system is the coordinate between geometrical and dimensional errors to
measurement machine. The ASME standard is be verified at the same time, and the effect of an
based on the idea of specifying the geometrically increase in tolerance, due to a maximum material
perfect zones within which the real surfaces modifier applied to either the feature itself (bonus)
should fall. This is often indicated as a preference or to the datums (called shift or MMB), to be
for “hard gauging”, which means that it is possible foreseen. Generally, the tolerance on a gauge
to construct functional gauges that represent a is about 10% of the tolerance that has to be
physical representation of the tolerance zone. controlled, with temperature conditions of 20° and
A functional gauge basically represents the humidity no higher than 45%. If a functional gauge
materialisation of the feature that has to be mated is mated with the piece that has to be controlled,
(worst case) according to the specifications it is possible to be almost absolutely certain of the
indicated on the drawing. assembly with the mating counterpart.

113
 THE STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE IN
THE ASME STANDARD
centre points of each cross section
 By default, the ASME Y14.5 standard applies
the envelope requirement, and the rule shown axis
in Figure 164 therefore applies. However, it is AME
necessary to pay particular attention, because
whenever the straightness tolerance is applied
to a derived median line, Rule #1 is no longer straightness tolerance
derived median line zone diameter 0,04
applicable, that is, the component does not have
a perfect form at the maximum material (and the
rule in Figure 165 is therefore valid). Fig. 170. The concept of derived median line for the case
of a shaft, obtained from a set of central points of the
Figure 170 shows, for the case of the shaft in
single perpendicular points of the axis of the smallest
Figure 165, the concept of derived median line,
restricted cylinder (Actual Mating Envelope): the derived
obtained from the set of central points of the
median line should fall within a cylinder centred on the
singular perpendicular sections of the axis of the
nominal axis of an envelope of perfect form.
smallest restricted cylinder: the derived median
line should fall within a cylinder centred on the
nominal axis of an envelope of perfect form.
The configuration indicated in Figure 167 is called
“virtual condition”, and it defines the fixed size of
the functional gauge that should be used for the
verification of a straightness error (Fig. 171). 

Virtual condition

gauge

derived median line

Virtual condition
In the ASME Y14.5:2018 the supplementary geometry in
gauge the annotated model avoids the use of the intersection
plane of the ISO standard

derived median line

Virtual condition
 Fig. 171. Whenever straightness is specified on an
gauge
LMS
the part produced with the MMC basis, functional gauging techniques may be used.
actual low limit size (LMC)
permits the straightness to be
increased to 0,24

Flatness
Flatness represents the condition of a surface which has all its points
belonging to the same plane: the flatness error is constituted by the deviation of
the real surface points from the plane.
A flatness tolerance specifies a three-dimensional zone, determined by
two parallel planes with a distance that is equal to the flatness control tolerance
value. One of the two planes of the tolerance zone is orientated by the highest
points of the surface, while the other plane is parallel to the first and offset by the
flatness tolerance value.
74
 Technical product documentation using ISO GPS - ASME GD&T standards

B, resulting in only one pattern specification. The constraint between them (at 16 mm [24 mm between
tolerance zone pattern (combined zone) is composed the groups] apart in a horizontal direction and 12
of twenty-four cylindrical zones of diameter 0,6 mm mm [28 mm between the groups] apart in vertical
with orientation constraint (parallel between them direction and constrained from datum B and C to a
and perpendicular to datum A) and with location distance of 12 mm).

Alternative indication with the same

meaning as in previous figure

135
 Designed with
Fig. 26

General profile tolerance

properties are thus defi-
ned, and when finished,
a “Part1” feature with a
surface profile associated
to it will appear in the
DimXpert manager feature
based tree.
In this case, an important
best practice that should
be followed is to add a note to define an all-o-
ver general profile tolerance: this can easily be
accomplished by adding a note and clicking on
the “Insert DimXpert general profile tolerance”
in the note property manager (Fig. 26).

It can be noted that, even though basic dimen-

sions have not been created, all the manufactu-
ring features are completely defined; this is
because, in model-based processes, downstre-
am applications, such as CAM or inspection
software, can automatically derive this informa-
tion from the PMI.
If needed, it is possible to display the basic
dimensions by making
DimXpertmanager as an Fig. 27
annotation based tree,
and by right clicking on a
positional tolerance and
selecting “recreate ba-
sic dim” from the context
menu.
As shown in Fig. 27, in
this way, basic dimen-
sions will be created with
respect to the datum refe-
rence frame.

OTHER GD&T TOOLS

SOLIDWORKS Model Based definition includes other tools that can be used to dimension
tolerances to tolerance a part in compliance with ASME standards, such as:
 Manual basic location dimension
 Manual basic size dimension
 Moveable datum targets
These tools can be found in the MBD
tab in the command manager.

170
 Designed with

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 8

By using the concepts learnt in

the previous sections, a 3D View
may then be created to show the
part and the table (Fig. 9).

As can be noted in Fig. 6, the au-

to-dimensioning process is able
to completely define all the ma-
nufacturing features, but being
an automated process, it cannot
replace a designer’s experience
in applying GD&T best practices.
It is therefore suggested to use a
Fig. 7 combination of manual and auto-
matic dimensioning to obtain the
best results.
Select three datum features, as tolerance value explicit on certain Before illustrating an example
shown in Fig. 5, and the “All fe- dimensions by clicking on a di- of this approach, all the annota-
atures” option will be selected in mension and selecting “General tions should be deleted: this can
the “Scope” pane. Finally, click on with tolerance” in the dimension easily be achieved by deleting
OK in the DimXpertManager. property manager (Fig. 7). the dimensioning scheme in the
DimXpertmanager. It is sufficient
The model will be dimensioned Instead of showing explicit tole- to right-click on the part name,
with respect to the 3 datums, and rances, an alternative approach then select “delete” from the con-
if the tolerance status is checked, could be to insert a general to- text menu (Fig. 10). If the mes-
a green colour will indicate that all lerance table in the model. This sage “Do you want to delete all
the manufacturing features have can be done by choosing Insert DimXpert features, dimensions,
been defined completely (Fig. 6). g Tables g General tolerance and tolerances?” appears, select
It is possible to make a general (Fig. 8). “Yes”.

172
INDEX
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................................................................................. PAGE 3
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. C LASSIFICATION AND INDICATION OF GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES...................................................................... 9
3. D IMENSIONING WITH GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES........................................................................................................ 18
4. THE GD&T LANGUAGE ACCORDING TO THE ISO AND ASME STANDARDS................................................. 22
The fundamental ISO 8015 standard....................................................................................................................................................................25
General geometrical tolerances.................................................................................................................................................................................29
The main differences between the ISO GPS and ASME GD&T standards...................................................................35
5. I NTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE SIZE AND FORM....................................................................................................... 37
Maximum material condition........................................................................................................................................................................................37
Least material conditions...................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Virtual condition...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................40
6. DATUMS........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Indication of the datum features..............................................................................................................................................................................44
Terms and definition in ISO 5459..............................................................................................................................................................................45
Location of a workpiece in a datum reference frame .....................................................................................................................50
Selection of the datum features.................................................................................................................................................................................51
Types of datums............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Datum features referenced at MMR and LMR (Size datum) ......................................................................................................57
Customised datum reference frame......................................................................................................................................................................58
Examples of other modifiers used to indicate datums....................................................................................................................61
Datum targets.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................63
Contacting feature.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
7. FORM TOLERANCES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 70
Straightness tolerance...........................................................................................................................................................................................................70
Flatness...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74
Roundness...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
Cylindricity..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
8. ORIENTATION TOLERANCES....................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Parallelism............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................81
Perpendicularity...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................84
Angularity............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87
9. LOCATION TOLERANCES................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Position tolerances....................................................................................................................................................................................................................91
Position tolerance applied to median surfaces........................................................................................................................................95
Effects of Specifying the MMR Modifier........................................................................................................................................................ 107
Concentricity................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 109
Symmetry......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110
10. PROFILE TOLERANCES................................................................................................................................................................................116
ISO 5458:2018. Pattern and combined geometrical specification................................................................................. 123
11. RUN-OUT TOLERANCES.............................................................................................................................................................................124
Circular run-out........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 125
Total run-out................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 126
12. G  EOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION FOR NON-RIGID PARTS............................................................130
ISO 5458:2018. Multi-level single indicator pattern specification......................................................................... 134
Tolerancing of a cone.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
1. Introduction to SOLIDWORKS MBD.........................................................................................................................................138
2. The first step towards MBD: making a 3D model the master by leveraging
on modelling dimensions with annotation views..................................................................................................140
3. Using DimXpert for coordinate tolerancing..................................................................................................................147
4. 3D Views....................................................................................................................................................................................................................158
5. GD&T with DimXpert.................................................................................................................................................................................164
6. Preparing the model and reading manufacturing information............................................................171
7. Leveraging on PMI........................................................................................................................................................................................178
INDEX..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182
ANALITIC INDEX

A Cone tolerancing; 136 G Least

ACS (Any Cross Section); Contacting feature; 67 Gage; 33, 113 Material Size (LMS); 99
61; 109 Coordinate dimensioning; 6 Gauges; 33 Least Material Virtual
Actual Mating Envelope, Coplanar Surfaces; 121 Gaussian (G) method; 61 Condition, LMVC; 40
AME; 48 Customised datum Gaussian circle; 72 Least Material
All around; 14 reference frame; 58 Gaussian dimensioning Virtual Size, LMVS; 40
All over; 14 Cylindricity; 79 concept; 35 LMB Least Material
Altered default GPS CZ (Combined Zone); 118 Gaussian interpolation; 72 Boundary; 57
specification; 25 GD&T; 5; 22 Location tolerances; 10; 91
Angularity; 87 D General geometrical
ASME BSC (Basic); 69 Datum; 42 tolerances; 29 M
ASME Y14.5 standard; 23 Datum axis; 44 General specification Maximum Material
ASME-ISO comparison; 37 Datum conical surfaces; 57 principle; 29 Boundary (MMB); 63
Associated feature; 9 Datum feature simulator; 47 General standard; 24 Maximum Material
Association Datum features; 43 Geometrical Casting Requirement, (MMR); 37
methodology; 61 Datum pattern of holes; 55 Tolerance Grades; 31 Maximum Material
Axis methodology; 96 Datum targets; 63 Geometrical tolerances Size (MMS); 41
Default principle; 28 Summary chart; 137 Maximum Material Virtual
B Degrees of freedom of a GPS; 9; 22 Condition, MMVC; 40
workpiece; 50 GPS Matrix Model; 23 Maximum Material
Basic Dimension; 14
Derived feature; 9 Virtual Size, LMVS; 40
Bi-directional tolerance
Derived median line; 74 I Maximun Material
of position; 107
DRF (Datum Reference Condition (MMC); 32
Bonus; 38 Independency principle; 25
Frame); 50 Minimax Chebyshev; 18
Indication of a derived
Duality principle; 28, 35 Minimum circumscribed
C feature; 13
DV (distance variable; 56 association; 80
Indication of the
Centerplanes; 54 Minimum zone criterion
datum features; 44
CF symbol, see Contacting (Chebyshev); 79
E Inspecting
feature MMB Maximum Material
Envelope requirement; 32 concentricity; 111
Circular run-out; 124, 125 Boundary; 57
Extracted derived Inspecting flatness; 76
Circularity, MMR Applicability; 39
feature; 9 Inspection of roundness; 79
see Roundness; 78 modifier T; 18
Integral; 9
Classification modifier U; 121
F Integral feature,
of Geometrical modifier X; 18
indication; 13
Tolerances.; 11 Feature of Size; 19 Intersection plane; 15
Coaxiality; 109 Feature-Relating Tolerance Invocation principle; 26 N
Collection plane; 17 Zone Framework; 111 Non Rigid part; 130
ISO 10579-NR; 130
Combined zone; 15 Filter specification; 79 ISO 1101; 9, 24
Common datum; 55 Fixed fastener formula; 100
Common Zone, see
ISO 14638; 24 O
Flatness; 74 ISO 2768/2; 29
Combined Zone; 15, 18 Order of the datums; 51
Flatness (ASME); 77 ISO 5458:2018; 123, 134
Complementary Orientation plane; 16
Floating fastener formula; ISO 5459; 43, 45, 60
standard; 24 Orientation
99 ISO 8015; 25
Composite Position tolerances; 10, 81
Form tolerances; 10; 70 ISO 8062-3; 31
Tolerancing; 103 OZ symbol; 119
Free State condition; 130 ISO/TC 213; 23
Composite Functional dimensioning; 4
profile feature; 120 Functional gauge; 68, 113 P
Composite tolerance Functional gauging L Parallelism; 81
frame; 73 techniques; 74 Least Material Condition Pattern-Locating Tolerance
Computer Aided Design; 5 Functional limits; 28 (LMC); 32, 40 Zone Framework; 111
Concentricity; 109 Fundamental standard; 24 Least Material Pattern specification; 123,
Concentricity ASME; 111 Requirement, LMR; 40 134
 Analitic index

Perpendicularity; 84 Reciprocity SF (Fixed Size); 69 Tolerance indicator; 12

Position tolerance ASME; 111 requirement (RPR); 106 Shift; 106 Tolerance,
Position tolerance median Regardless of Simulated datums; 47 summary chart; 137
surfaces; 95 Feature Size, RFS; 37 Simultaneous
Total run- out; 122, 124
Position tolerances; 91 Related actual mating requirement; 18, 112
Position tolerances envelope; 49 Size datum; 57
calculation; 98 Restraint Note; 132 Straightness; 70 U
Profile; 116, 117 Rigid workpiece Straightness (ASME); 74
principle; 28 Symmetry; 110, 112 UF (United Feature); 18, 61
Profile any line; 118
RMB, Regardless of SZ (Separate Zone); 18, 96 UZ symbol; 119
Profile dynamic; 122
Profile tolerances; 118 Material Boundary; 57
Projected Roundness; 78 T
Rule#1; 32
V
tolerance zone; 100, 101 Tangent plane; 18, 129
Runout tolerances; 10 Variable Angle (VA); 136
Taylor’s principle Rule#1; 32
Run-out tolerances; 124 Virtual boundary condition
Q Theoretical envelope
plane; 43 methodology; 96
Qualification of the datum S Theoretically Exact Virtual condition; 40
features; 52
Selecting modifiers for Dimensions (TED); 14, 91
position tolerances.; 95 Tolerance frame; 13
R Selection of the Theoretically Z
Reciprocity; 105 datum features; 51 exact feature (TEF); 119 Zero tolerance; 105

REFERENCES

(1) Georg Henzold, Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Design, Manufacturing and Inspection: A
Handbook for Geometrical Product Specification using ISO and ASME standards, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.
(2) E. Chirone, S. Tornincasa, Disegno tecnico Industriale, vol. I e II, ed. Il capitello, 2018.
(3) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dimensioning and Tolerancing ASME Y14.5 2009, 2009.
(4) Alex Krulikowski, Advanced Concepts of GD&T Textbook Based on ASME Y14.5M - 1994, Effective Training Inc, 1999.
(5) Bryan R. Fischer, The Journeyman’s Guide to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: GD&T for the New
Millennium, Advanced Dimensional Management Press, 2009.
(6) Alex Krulikowski, Fundamentals of GD&T Self-Study Workbook 2th ed., Effective Training Inc, 1997.
(7) Don Day, The GD&T Hierarchy (Y14.5 2009), Tec-Ease, Inc., 2009.
(8) Alex Krulikowski, Alex Krulikowski’s ISO Geometrical Tolerancing Guide, Effective Training Inc., 2010.
(9) Edward Morse, Tolerancing Standards: A Comparison, Quality Magazine, 2016.
(10) Gunter Effenberger, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Consequences on the Tolerancing of Features of
Size, TEQ Training & Consulting GmbH, 2013.
(11) International Standards Organization, ISO 8015:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Fundamentals -
Concepts, principles and rules, International Standards Organization, 2011.
(12) International Standards Organization, ISO 1101:2017 - Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Geometrical
tolerancing - Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out, International Standards Organization, 2017.
(13) International Standards Organization, ISO 5459:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Geometrical
tolerancing - Datums and datum systems, International Standards Organization, 2011.
(14) Alex Krulikowski, ISO GPS Ultimate Pocket Guide, Effective Training Inc., 2015.

184

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