A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
SOUND OPERATED SWITCH USING 555 TIMER IC
TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
(IOT)
ENGINEERING

SESSION 2018-19

Submitted To : Submitted By :
Mr. Pritesh Kumar Jain Piyush Ramawat
Mr. Lalit Bhanwrela (18010BTIOT04132)
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

SVITS, INDORE
INDORE - UJJAIN ROAD GRAM BAROLI, INDORE [M.P.]
 CONTENTS

1) ABSTRACT

2) INTRODUCTION

3) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4) COMPONENT USED

5) OPERATION OF SOUND OPERATED SWITCH

6) APPLICATIONS

7) ADVANTAGES

8) DISADVANTAGES

9) FREQUENCY CALCULATION
 1.ABSTRACT

Sound operated switch is one of the interesting applications of 555 timer IC. The
circuit uses a

555 timer IC and transistor BC547 for its operation. The electrets microphone is used to
provide the

pulse to the 555 timer. The operation is simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again
it turns off.

The electrets microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that
knocked off

the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding
transistor stage.

Two transistor cross connected as a bistable multivibrator change state at each signal.
One of these

transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a lamp.

The transistor type is not critical and any n-p-n silicon transistors can be used.
 2. INTRODUCTION

Clap switch is an beginners project done using 555 timer IC. Its application is
interesting that

we can switch on an off by just clapping the hands. Simply by lying on the bed
even we can

switch on and off the light. The circuit which is provided in this report is the most
simple and

economical circuit for a clap switch. Since it uses a simple condenser mike to
produce the pulse

signal more voltage is not necessary. It can be used for controlling ornamental
lightning circuit.
3.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 4.COMPONENTS USED

RESISTOR:

A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is
in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of
the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the
circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a
high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid
and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance:

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required
precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the
chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of
the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical
resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed
the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is
mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power
ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit,
attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the
resistor.
CONDENSER MICROPHONES

Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in

the form of an electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has
stuck as the name for this type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert
acoustical energy into electrical energy.

Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The

resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also
tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics, making them well-suited to
capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-volume work, as their
sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

How Condenser Microphones Work

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic,
one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The
diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between
the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the
plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When
the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs.

A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied
either by a battery in the mic or by external phantom power.

Cross-Section of a Typical Condenser Microphone

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely

different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. A battery has
two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one
terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler than
a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a
non-conducting substance, or dielectric. We can easily make a capacitor from two
pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper.

The dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical

applications, specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica,
ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-
conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for
what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors
are better for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage
applications. Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any purpose, from the
smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra capacitor that can power a
commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's
circuitry and help deploy space probes. Here are some of the various types of
capacitors and how they are used.

Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits

Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms
and counters Glass - Good for high voltage applications
Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-ray and
MRI machines Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars
BC547 TRANSISTOR

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547

transistor is a general-purpose transistor in a small plastic packages. It is used in
general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN
general-purpose transistors.

The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and
"P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor.
Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is higher
than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation.
NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between
two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is
amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its
base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is
on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional current flow when
the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the
symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be
considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the
emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse
biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the
base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the
repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing
thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander
(or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter
towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the
base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make
holes the majority carrier in the base

BC547 Transistor Symbol

555 TIMER IC

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing pulses. It is an

8pin timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation: monostable and astable. In
monostable mode time delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an external
resistor and a capacitor whereas in astable mode the frequency & duty cycle are
controlled by two external resistors and a capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for
generating time delays and pulses.

The 555 timer IC is an amazingly simple yet versatile device. It has been
around now for many years and has been reworked into a number of different
technologies. The two primary versions today are the original bipolar design and the
more recent CMOS equivalent. These differences primarily affect the amount of power
they require and their maximum frequency of operation; they are pin-compatible
and functionally interchangeable.

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer,

pulse generation and oscillator applications. The part is still in widespread use, thanks
to its ease of use, low price and good stability.

PINOUT DIAGRAM

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose
1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.

3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.

5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC

6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.
7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.
8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse

generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-
width modulation (PWM) and so on.
Astable – free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses
include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation,
security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as
timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of
the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor
based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and
even provide calibration means.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched
switches.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used

as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and
infrared wavelengths, with very high
 When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[3] LEDs present many
advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater
durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively
expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact
fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for

aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signals and
indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The advantages of LEDs mentioned above
have allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their
high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.
Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial
products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.
Battery:

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.

It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One
half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged
ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate,
i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery,
cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized
(electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are
electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different
electrolytes. A separator between half cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of
the electrolytes.
 5.OPERATION OF SOUND OPERATED SWITCH

Conversion of sound to electrical pulse

Microphones are types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e.

sound signal. Basically, a microphone is made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin
piece of material that vibrates when it is struck by sound wave. This causes other
components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations in some electrical
quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated. The current generated
in the microphone is the electrical pulse.
This microphone has a stage of amplification built in. The power for this built in
amplifier is supplied by connecing a resistor to a posotive source of voltage and the
changes in current get reflected as changes in voltage across this resistor according to
the familiar relation V=T*R. A larger resistor will give you a larger voltage, but then
the current into the device gets reduce which brings down the gain.

Biasing of amplifier:
A transistor stage, biased near cut-off (that is, almost no current with no signal)
amplifier the signal from the microphone. The output of the microphone is coupled
to the base of the transistor using an electrolytic capacitor (note : using a better
capacitor here will not work). The top of the electrets microphone is at a few volts,
the base conducts at around half a volt, so the leakages current of the capacitor (all
electrolytic capacitor here will not work). The top of the electrets microphone is at a
few volts, the base conducts at around half a volt. so the leakage current of the
capacitor (all electrolytic capacitors leak at least a little bit) will eventually cause he
steady state condition in which the leakage of the capacitor goes into the base terminal
of the transistor. So the collector will have He times this leakage, which can usually be
ignored. The first time the microphone output goes positive, however, (because
somebody clapped) this change gets coupled to the base entirely due to the action of
the capacitor. This causes the current through the transistor to increase and this
increase in current causes the voltage at the collector, which was sitting near the
supply voltage at the collector, which was sitting near the supply voltage, to fall to
nearly zero. If you clapped loudly enough. This is not a high fidelity audio amplifier.
Its function is to produce no output for (slightly) bigger sounds, so the customary
biasing network can be omitted.
Changing State:

On a clap, the state of the bistable changes. The output of the amplifier is
converted to a sharp pulse by passing it through a (relatively) low valued capacitor, of
0.1 microfarads (100 nanofarads). This is connected through “streering” diodes to the
base of the transistor which is conducting. This transistor stop conducting, and the
other transistor was not conducting anyway. So at a clap, both transistors become
off. Then, those two capacitors across the base resistors come into action. The
capacitor connecting to the base of the transistor which was ON has voltage across it.
The capacitor connecting to the base of the transistor which was OFF has no voltage
across it. As the sound of the clap dies away, both bases rise towards the supply
voltage.But due to the difference in the charges of the two capacitors, the base of the
transistor which was previously not conducting reaches the magic value of half a volt
first, and it gets on, and stays on. Until the next clap. Two Red Light Emitting
Diodes have been placed in the two collector circuits so that this circuit can be made to
work by itself. If you cover up one LED, and display the other prominently, you have it
there - a clap operated light.

6.APPLICATION OF CLAP SWITCH

The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person. A clap
switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that
the person will want to turn on/off from bed.

7.ADVANTAGES :
The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can something (e.g. a lamp) on and
off from any location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply by clapping your
hands.

8.DISADVANTAGES :

The major disadvantage is that it’s generally cumbersome to have to clap one’s
hands to turn something on or off and it’s generally seen as simpler for most use
cases to use a traditional light switch.
 9.FREQUENCY CALCULATIONS

For calculating Frequency,

F = 1.44 / (R1 + 2R2) * C1

R1 = 0 Ω

R2 = 47 k Ω

C1 = 100 μf

So by putting the values in given formula, we get

F = 1.44 / (0 + 2*47 k Ω)*100* 10-6

F = 0.153191489 Hz