This document provides an overview of cost minimization in production. It defines key concepts like inputs, outputs, production functions, isoquants, marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), and isocost lines. It explains that a firm aims to minimize costs subject to producing a given output level. The optimal solution occurs where the isoquant, representing possible input combinations to produce the output, is tangent to the lowest possible isocost line, indicating minimum total cost.
This document provides an overview of cost minimization in production. It defines key concepts like inputs, outputs, production functions, isoquants, marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), and isocost lines. It explains that a firm aims to minimize costs subject to producing a given output level. The optimal solution occurs where the isoquant, representing possible input combinations to produce the output, is tangent to the lowest possible isocost line, indicating minimum total cost.
FALL
2015
SNU
Produc>on:
Inputs
and
Outputs
• Firm
uses
the
available
technology
to
convert
(factors
of
produc>on)
into
OUTPUTS.
• The
inputs
are
the
factors
of
produc>on,
that
goes
into
the
produc>on
process,
oRen
classified
into
broad
categories
Capital,
Labor
and
Raw
Materials..
• Output
is
the
outcome
of
the
produc>on
process.
Produc>on
Process
• We
assume
there
are
broadly
two
categories
of
input
in
the
produc>on
process,
Labor
(L)
and
Capital
(K).
Also,
for
the
>me
being,
lets
focus
on
Long
Run,
when
both
the
factors
are
variable.
• The
produc>on
func>on
is
given
by:
Q=F(L,
K),
which
gives
the
maximum
level
of
output
that
can
be
produced
from
the
given
set
of
inputs.
The
produc>on
set
is:
Q
<=
F(L,
K).
Produc>on
Func>on
and
Set
ISOQUANTS
• Def:
An
isoquant
is
a
locus
of
combina>ons
of
all
the
inputs
in
a
produc>on
process
that
produces
same
level
of
output.
• Given
the
produc>on
func>on
Q=F(L,
K),
the
equa>on
of
isoquant
is
given
by
level
sets
of
the
produc>on
func>on,
F(L,
K)=
a
constant.
• Slope
of
the
isoquant
is
termed
Marginal
Rate
of
Technical
Subs>tu>on
(MRTS).
MRTS
• The
MRTS
gives
the
rate
of
exchange
between
both
the
inputs
so
that
total
output
remains
the
same.
• Illustra>on:
Reducing
one
unit
of
labor
reduces
the
output
by
MPL.
Now
adding
a
unit
of
capital
adds
MPK
amount
of
total
output.
The
number
of
capital
that
would
exactly
match
the
loss
of
labor
is
given
by
MPL/MPK,
which
is
termed
as
MRTS.
• Remember:
Marginal
Product
is
defined
as
the
increase
in
total
produc>on
due
to
increase
in
a
factor
of
produc>on
by
one
unit.
Proper>es
of
Isoquants
• Monotonic:
Increasing
at
least
one
of
the
inputs
should
enable
you
to
produce
at
least
what
you
were
producing
before.
• Convex
Technology:
you
have
two
ways
to
produce
y
units
of
output,
(x1,
x2)
and
(z1,
z2),
then
their
weighted
average
will
produce
at
least
y
units
of
output.
• Diminishing
MRTS
Objec>ve
• The
objec>ve
of
a
firm,
usually,
is
to
maximize
profit.
Profit
is
defined
as
the
difference
between
total
revenue
and
total
cost.
• Total
revenue
=
P
.
Total
Output.
• Profit
=
P.
Q
–
C
(Q)
• Total
Cost
is
the
total
opportunity
cost
of
all
the
factors
used
in
the
produc>on
process.
Assuming
there
are
two
factors
of
produc>on,
Labor
(L),
and
Capital
(K),
and
their
prices
are
fixed
at
w
and
r
respec>vely,
then
total
cost
is
(wL
+
rK).
Cost
Minimiza>on
• One
way
to
achieve
the
objec>ve
of
profit
maximiza>on
is
to
minimize
the
cost
of
produc>on.
• The
Problem
is
to
find
the
combina>on
of
both
the
factors
of
produc>on,
L
and
K,
such
that
a
given
amount
of
output
can
be
produced
in
a
least
costly
way.
• We
are
assuming
that
both
the
factors
are
freely
variable
in
this
process.
Cost
Minimiza>on:
The
Problem
• Minimize
wL
+
rK
subject
to
F(L,
K)=Q.
• Constraint
in
this
problem
is
the
given
level
of
output,
so
we
first
draw
the
isoquant
that
shows
all
the
input
combina>ons
that
produces
Q.
• Next,
we
find
the
cheapest
possible
one
from
amongst
all
those
feasible
combina>ons
that
produce
the
desired
output
level
Q.
Iso-‐Cost
Lines
• All
the
combina>ons
of
inputs
that
have
some
given
level
of
cost,
wL
+
rK
=
C,
which
can
be
rearranged:
K
=
C/r−
(w/r)
L.
• This
is
a
straight
line
with
a
slope
of
−(w/r)
and
a
ver>cal
intercept
of
C/r.
Every
point
on
an
isocost
curve
has
the
same
cost,
C,
and
higher
isocost
lines
are
associated
with
higher
costs.
• Find
the
point
on
the
isoquant
that
has
the
lowest
possible
isocost
line
associated
with
it.
Cost
Minimiza>on
Equilibrium
• At
the
cost
minimizing
point,
isocost
line
is
tangent
to
isoquant,
which
means
the
slope
of
those
two
curves
are
the
same.
• MRTS
(MPL/MPK)
=
Factor
Price
Ra>o
(w/r),
which
can
be
rewrifen
as
w/MPL=r/MPK.
The
last
unit
of
output
produced
using
either
of
the
factors
of
produc>on
costs
exactly
the
same,
so
that
it
is
impossible
to
reshuffle
and
reduce
cost.
Cost
Func>on
• The
choices
of
inputs
that
yield
minimal
costs
for
the
firm
will
in
general
depend
on
the
input
prices
and
the
level
of
output.
• L(w,
r,
Q)
and
K(w,
r,
Q).
These
are
called
the
condi>onal
factor
demand
func>ons,
or
derived
factor
demands.
• The
solu>on
to
this
cost-‐minimiza>on
problem— the
minimum
costs
necessary
to
achieve
the
desired
level
of
output,
is
termed
Cost
Func>on,
C(w,
r,
Q).
A
Worked
Out
Example
• Produc>on:
Q
=
K^{1/2}L^{1/2}
• Cost:
wL
+
rK
=
C
• Op>mality:
MRTS
=
K/L
=
w/r
• Op>mal
K
=
(w/r)
L
• Subs>tute
that
into
the
constraint:
Q
=
L^{1/2}
(w/r)^{1/2}
L^{1/2}
=
L
(w/r)^{1/2}
• Condi>onal
factor
Demand:
L
=
Q
(r/w)^{1/2};
• K
=
Q
(w/r)^{1/2}
• Cost
wL
+
rK