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Cost Minimization

This document provides an overview of cost minimization in production. It defines key concepts like inputs, outputs, production functions, isoquants, marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), and isocost lines. It explains that a firm aims to minimize costs subject to producing a given output level. The optimal solution occurs where the isoquant, representing possible input combinations to produce the output, is tangent to the lowest possible isocost line, indicating minimum total cost.

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Anshuman Mohanty
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views

Cost Minimization

This document provides an overview of cost minimization in production. It defines key concepts like inputs, outputs, production functions, isoquants, marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), and isocost lines. It explains that a firm aims to minimize costs subject to producing a given output level. The optimal solution occurs where the isoquant, representing possible input combinations to produce the output, is tangent to the lowest possible isocost line, indicating minimum total cost.

Uploaded by

Anshuman Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COST

 MINIMIZATION  

SUBHRA  K.  BHATTACHARYA    


FALL  2015  
SNU  
Produc>on:  Inputs  and  Outputs  
•  Firm  uses  the  available  technology  to  convert  
(factors  of  produc>on)  into  OUTPUTS.    
•  The  inputs  are  the  factors  of  produc>on,  that  
goes  into  the  produc>on  process,  oRen  
classified  into  broad  categories  Capital,  Labor  
and  Raw  Materials..  
•  Output  is  the  outcome  of  the  produc>on  
process.  
Produc>on  Process  
•  We  assume  there  are  broadly  two  categories  
of  input  in  the  produc>on  process,  Labor  (L)  
and  Capital  (K).  Also,  for  the  >me  being,  lets  
focus  on  Long  Run,  when  both  the  factors  are  
variable.  
•  The  produc>on  func>on  is  given  by:  Q=F(L,  K),  
which  gives  the  maximum  level  of  output  that  
can  be  produced  from  the  given  set  of  inputs.  
The  produc>on  set  is:  Q  <=  F(L,  K).  
Produc>on  Func>on  and  Set  
ISOQUANTS  
•  Def:  An  isoquant  is  a  locus  of  combina>ons  of  
all  the  inputs  in  a  produc>on  process  that  
produces  same  level  of  output.  
•  Given  the  produc>on  func>on  Q=F(L,  K),  the  
equa>on  of  isoquant  is  given  by  level  sets  of  
the  produc>on  func>on,  F(L,  K)=  a  constant.  
•  Slope  of  the  isoquant  is  termed  Marginal  Rate  
of  Technical  Subs>tu>on  (MRTS).  
MRTS  
•  The  MRTS  gives  the  rate  of  exchange  between  
both  the  inputs  so  that  total  output  remains  the  
same.    
•  Illustra>on:  Reducing  one  unit  of  labor  reduces  
the  output  by  MPL.  Now  adding  a  unit  of  capital  
adds  MPK  amount  of  total  output.  The  number  of  
capital  that  would  exactly  match  the  loss  of  labor  
is  given  by  MPL/MPK,  which  is  termed  as  MRTS.    
•  Remember:  Marginal  Product  is  defined  as  the  
increase  in  total  produc>on  due  to  increase  in  a  
factor  of  produc>on  by  one  unit.  
Proper>es  of  Isoquants  
•  Monotonic:  Increasing  at  least  one  of  the  
inputs  should  enable  you  to  produce  at  least  
what  you  were  producing  before.  
•  Convex  Technology:  you  have  two  ways  to  
produce  y  units  of  output,  (x1,  x2)  and  (z1,  z2),  
then  their  weighted  average  will  produce  at  
least  y  units  of  output.  
•  Diminishing  MRTS  
Objec>ve  
•  The  objec>ve  of  a  firm,  usually,  is  to  maximize  
profit.  Profit  is  defined  as  the  difference  between  
total  revenue  and  total  cost.  
•  Total  revenue  =  P  .  Total  Output.  
•  Profit  =  P.  Q  –  C  (Q)    
•  Total  Cost  is  the  total  opportunity  cost  of  all  the  
factors  used  in  the  produc>on  process.  Assuming    
there  are  two  factors  of  produc>on,  Labor  (L),  
and  Capital  (K),  and  their  prices  are  fixed  at  w  and  
r  respec>vely,  then  total  cost  is  (wL  +  rK).    
Cost  Minimiza>on  
•  One  way  to  achieve  the  objec>ve  of  profit  
maximiza>on  is  to  minimize  the  cost  of  
produc>on.    
•  The  Problem  is  to  find  the  combina>on  of  
both  the  factors  of  produc>on,  L  and  K,  such  
that  a  given  amount  of  output  can  be  
produced  in  a  least  costly  way.  
•  We  are  assuming  that  both  the  factors  are  
freely  variable  in  this  process.  
Cost  Minimiza>on:  The  Problem  
•  Minimize  wL  +  rK  subject  to  F(L,  K)=Q.  
•  Constraint  in  this  problem  is  the  given  level  of  
output,  so  we  first  draw  the  isoquant  that  
shows  all  the  input  combina>ons  that  
produces  Q.  
•  Next,  we  find  the  cheapest  possible  one  from  
amongst  all  those  feasible  combina>ons  that  
produce  the  desired  output  level  Q.    
Iso-­‐Cost  Lines  
•  All  the  combina>ons  of  inputs  that  have  some  
given  level  of  cost,  wL  +  rK  =  C,  which  can  be  
rearranged:  K  =  C/r−  (w/r)  L.  
•  This  is  a  straight  line  with  a  slope  of  −(w/r)  and  
a  ver>cal  intercept  of  C/r.  Every  point  on  an  
isocost  curve  has  the  same  cost,  C,  and  higher  
isocost  lines  are  associated  with  higher  costs.  
•  Find  the  point  on  the  isoquant  that  has  the  
lowest  possible  isocost  line  associated  with  it.  
Cost  Minimiza>on  
Equilibrium  
•  At  the  cost  minimizing  point,  isocost  line  is  
tangent  to  isoquant,  which  means  the  slope  of  
those  two  curves  are  the  same.  
•  MRTS  (MPL/MPK)  =  Factor  Price  Ra>o  (w/r),  
which  can  be  rewrifen  as  w/MPL=r/MPK.  The  
last  unit  of  output  produced  using  either  of  
the  factors  of  produc>on  costs  exactly  the  
same,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  reshuffle  and  
reduce  cost.  
Cost  Func>on  
•  The  choices  of  inputs  that  yield  minimal  costs  for  
the  firm  will  in  general  depend  on  the  input  
prices  and  the  level  of  output.    
•  L(w,  r,  Q)  and  K(w,  r,  Q).  These  are  called  the  
condi>onal  factor  demand  func>ons,  or  derived  
factor  demands.  
•  The  solu>on  to  this  cost-­‐minimiza>on  problem—
the  minimum  costs  necessary  to  achieve  the  
desired  level  of  output,  is  termed  Cost  Func>on,  
C(w,  r,  Q).  
A  Worked  Out  Example  
•  Produc>on:  Q  =  K^{1/2}L^{1/2}  
•  Cost:  wL  +  rK  =  C  
•  Op>mality:  MRTS  =  K/L  =  w/r  
•  Op>mal  K  =  (w/r)  L  
•  Subs>tute  that  into  the  constraint:  Q  =  L^{1/2}  
(w/r)^{1/2}  L^{1/2}  =    L  (w/r)^{1/2}    
•  Condi>onal  factor  Demand:  L  =  Q  (r/w)^{1/2};    
•  K  =  Q  (w/r)^{1/2}  
•  Cost  wL  +  rK  

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