1.

pengukuran dengan terminasi impedansi karakteristik (Measurement with

characteristic impedance terminationith)
Tujuan
komponen percobaan

Waveguide components
An X-band oscillator with mechanical
frequency adjustment is used to
generate high-frequency
electromagnetic waves. Frequency
Gunn oscillator adjustment is performed using a
micrometer screw.

Operating voltage: 8 to 10 V DC
Power: + 17 dBm (50mW)
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Connection : BNC socket
Waveguide type: R100
SO4100-4A Dimensions: 59 x 53 x 186 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 535 g

The variable attenuator is a

waveguide element with
mechanical adjustment allowing
Variable attenuator for attenuation of
electromagnetic energy by
converting it into heat. A
micrometer screw adjusts the
attenuation.

Attenuation: > 20 dB
Max. power consumption: 1 W
Frequency range : 8.5...9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 41.5 x 110 x 188
SO4100-4D mm (HxWxD)
Weight: 800g

A slotted line measuring system

consists of a waveguide that
Slotted line
has a slot along the horizontal
plane and a slide carriage with
a vernier measuring scale
 positioned above it. The
measuring slider accomodates
an electric field probe with an
amplitude detector which is
inserted through the slot in the
waveguide. The depth to which
the electric field probe can be
inserted is variable. The
SO4100-4F position of the sliding
measurement carriage may be
adjusted along the slot and
fixed using knurled screws.
Slotted line units are designed
for obtaining graphical records
of measured values.

Slider range: 70mm

Residual ripple SWR <1.05
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6
GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 92 x 87 x 210 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 1.080g

The waveguide terminator is a

load matched to the
Waveguide terminator characteristic impedance
associated with the waveguide
and is designed to completely
absorb electromagnetic waves
propagating within the
waveguide.

SWR <1.05
Directivity: 20 dB aperture
Frequency range: 8.5 – 9.6 GHz
Dimensions: 42 x 53 x 84 mm
(HxWxD)
SO4100-4K Weight: 65 g

rangkaian percobaan
langkah kerja

1. From the instrument menu open the Microwave Control Center.

2. Switch on the GUNN POWER SUPPLY and set the Gunn diode voltage
to approx. 7.5 V.
3. Set the measurement probe over the clamp screw so that a level of
approx 25 mV RMS is displayed and then tighten the clamping screw until
it is secure. This setting should be maintained for all of the subsequent
experiments.
4. Set the microwave frequency to 9 GHz by turning the micrometer screw
on the Gunn oscillator.
5. Open the standing wave diagram at the top right in the menubar.
6. Set the slide carriage on the slotted measuring line to the far left limit by
turning the thumb screw to the left.
 7. Start the standing wave diagram measurement by pressing and
slowly slide the measuring carriage to the right until far right limit is
reached by turning the transport button.
8. Complete the measurement by pressing .
9. Press the dimensioning button in the standing wave diagram and set
the horizontal cursor line to the maximum and minimum of the measured
curve.
10. Transfer the measuement into Diagram 1.

Diagram 1. Location dependent voltage display on the slotted measuring line with
waveguide termination SO4100-4K.

The experiment can be repeated often using different penetration depths for the SWR
probe.

How high is the standing wave ratio S when the transmission line is terminated with
characteristic impedance?

The measured standing wave ratio amounts to S = UMax / UMin =

1.2
Correct.

How high is the power reflection coefficient ρ when the transmission line is terminated
with characteristic impedance?

1,0
When the line is matched then ρ=((1-S)/(1+S))2 = % reflected of the microwave
power fed into the waveguide.

Data Percobaan
 50

U [mV]
X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
21.9
Ma x:
31.1 mV
S:30
1.42
r:
3.02%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]

1.0
I [A]

0.9

0.8
5.6V , 0.79A

9.3V , 0.66A
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
U [V]

2. Pengukuran dengan 3 trafo scrup

Tujuan
Komponen
Waveguide components
An X-band oscillator with mechanical
frequency adjustment is used to
generate high-frequency
electromagnetic waves. Frequency
Gunn oscillator adjustment is performed using a
micrometer screw.

Operating voltage: 8 to 10 V DC
Power: + 17 dBm (50mW)
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Connection : BNC socket
Waveguide type: R100
SO4100-4A Dimensions: 59 x 53 x 186 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 535 g

The variable attenuator is a waveguide

element with mechanical adjustment
Variable attenuator allowing for attenuation of
electromagnetic energy by converting it
into heat. A micrometer screw adjusts
the attenuation.

Attenuation: > 20 dB
Max. power consumption: 1 W
Frequency range : 8.5...9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 41.5 x 110 x 188 mm
(HxWxD)
SO4100-4D Weight: 800g

A slotted line measuring system

consists of a waveguide that has a slot
along the horizontal plane and a slide
carriage with a vernier measuring scale
Slotted line
positioned above it. The measuring
slider accomodates an electric field
probe with an amplitude detector which
is inserted through the slot in the
waveguide. The depth to which
 the electric field probe can be inserted
is variable. The position of the sliding
measurement carriage may be
adjusted along the slot and
fixed using knurled screws. Slotted line
units are designed for obtaining
graphical records of measured values.

SO4100-4F Slider range: 70mm

Residual ripple SWR <1.05
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 92 x 87 x 210 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 1.080g

The transformer with its three screws

consists of a waveguide with the
Transformer with 3 screws for impedance screws aligned in the centre (along
matching the magnetic plane) so that they can
be turned in order to protrude by
varying depths into the electric plane.
The L and C components produced by
the screws allow the impedance to be
matched as appropriate to the
wavelength in the waveguide.

Number of screws: 3
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 60 x 53 x 55 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 254 g

SO4100-4G

The waveguide terminator is a load

matched to the characteristic
impedance associated with the
Waveguide terminator
waveguide and is designed to
completely absorb electromagnetic
waves propagating within the
 waveguide.

SWR <1.05
Directivity: 20 dB aperture
Frequency range: 8.5 – 9.6 GHz
Dimensions: 42 x 53 x 84 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 65 g

SO4100-4K

Rangkaian percobaan

Langkah percobaan

1. From the instrument menu open the Microwave Control Center.

2. Switch the GUNN POWER SUPPLY on and set the Gunn diode voltage
to approx. 7.5 V.
3. Set the mircowave frequency to 9 GHz by turning the micrometer screw
on the Gunn oscillator.
4. Open the standing wave diagram at the top right of the menubar.
5. Set the slide carriage of the slotted measuring line to the far left limit by
turning the thumbwheel to the left.
6. Start the standing wave diagram measurement by pressing and
slowly slide the carriage to the right until far right limit is reached by
turning the transport knob.
7. Set the slide carriage to one of the maxima on the curve.
8. Try to obtain as low a voltage as possible in the above mention position
of the curve by turning the screws of the transformer.
9. Repeat points 5-6
10. Complete the measurement by pressing .
11. Activate the dimensioning button in the symbol bar and set the
horizontal cursor line onto the maximum and minimum of the measured
curve.
12. Transfer the measurement into Diagram1.
 50

U [mV]
X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
23.6
Ma x:
31.4 mV
S:30
1.33
r:
2.00%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
13. X [mm]

Fig. 1. Location dependency of the voltage display on the slotted measuring line

 On the left-handed edge of the standing wave diagram read off the
voltage values UMax and UMin, the standing wave ratio S and the power
reflection factor ρ.

How high is the standing wave ratio S in this case?

The measured standing wave ratio amounts to S = UMax / UMin = Unfortunately your
12 answer is wrong
.

How high is the power reflection factor ρ in this case?

When the 3-screw transformer has been set optimally then we have reflected ρ=((1-
12
S)/(1+S))2 = % of te fed-in microwave power.
Hasil percobaan
(5mm)
50

U [mV]
X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
5.235
mV
Ma x:
31.4 mV
S:30
6.09
r:
51.52%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]
 1.0

I [A]
0.9

5.6V , 0.79A
0.8

9.3V , 0.66A
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
U [V]

(7mm)
50
U [mV]

X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
26.8
Ma x:
31.4 mV
S:30
1.17
r:
0.61%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]
 1.0

I [A]
0.9

5.7V , 0.79A
0.8

9.3V , 0.66A
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
U [V]

3. Pantulan saluran transmisi dengan ujung terbuka

Tujuan
Komponen

Waveguide components
An X-band oscillator with mechanical
frequency adjustment is used to
generate high-frequency
electromagnetic waves. Frequency
Gunn oscillator adjustment is performed using a
micrometer screw.

Operating voltage: 8 to 10 V DC
Power: + 17 dBm (50mW)
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Connection : BNC socket
Waveguide type: R100
SO4100-4A Dimensions: 59 x 53 x 186 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 535 g

The variable attenuator is a waveguide

Variable attenuator element with mechanical adjustment
allowing for attenuation of
 electromagnetic energy by converting it
into heat. A micrometer screw adjusts
the attenuation.

Attenuation: > 20 dB
Max. power consumption: 1 W
Frequency range : 8.5...9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 41.5 x 110 x 188 mm
(HxWxD)
SO4100-4D Weight: 800g

A slotted line measuring system

consists of a waveguide that has a slot
along the horizontal plane and a slide
carriage with a vernier measuring scale
positioned above it. The measuring
slider accomodates an electric field
probe with an amplitude detector which
Slotted line is inserted through the slot in the
waveguide. The depth to which
the electric field probe can be inserted
is variable. The position of the sliding
measurement carriage may be
adjusted along the slot and
fixed using knurled screws. Slotted line
units are designed for obtaining
graphical records of measured values.

Slider range: 70mm

SO4100-4F Residual ripple SWR <1.05
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 92 x 87 x 210 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 1.080g

Rangkaian
 Langkah percobaan

In the instruments menu open the Microwave Control Center.

1. Switch the GUNN POWER SUPPLY on and set the Gunn diode voltage
to approx. 7.5 V.
2. Set the microwave frequency to 9 GHz by turning the micrometer screw
on the Gunn oscillator.
3. Open the standing wave diagram and plot the standing wave graph
for the open-end transmission line.
4. Activate the dimensioning button in the menu of the standing wave
ratio diagram and set the horizontal cursor lines to the maximum and
minimum of the measured curve.
5. Transfer the measurement to Fig. 1.
 Fig. 1. Standing wave diagram of an open-end waveguide

How high is the standing wave ratio S for the open-ended waveguide?

1.29 Correct.
The measured standing wave ratio is S = UMax / UMin = .

How high is the power reflection factor ρ for the open-end waveguide?

1.64
When the waveguide is open-ended we have reflected ρ=((1-S)/(1+S))2 = % of the
coupled microwave power.

Data
 50

U [mV]
X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
22.9
Ma x:
32.1 mV
S:30
1.40
r:
2.81%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]
 1.0

I [A]
0.9

0.8
5.6V , 0.79A

9.3V , 0.65A
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
U [V]

4. Pengukuran waveguide dengan amtena horn

Tujuan
Komponen

Waveguide components
An X-band oscillator with mechanical
frequency adjustment is used to
Gunn oscillator
generate high-frequency
electromagnetic waves. Frequency
adjustment is performed using a
 micrometer screw.

Operating voltage: 8 to 10 V DC
Power: + 17 dBm (50mW)
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Connection : BNC socket
Waveguide type: R100
SO4100-4A Dimensions: 59 x 53 x 186 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 535 g

The variable attenuator is a waveguide

element with mechanical adjustment
Variable attenuator allowing for attenuation of
electromagnetic energy by converting it
into heat. A micrometer screw adjusts
the attenuation.

Attenuation: > 20 dB
Max. power consumption: 1 W
Frequency range : 8.5...9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 41.5 x 110 x 188 mm
(HxWxD)
SO4100-4D Weight: 800g

A slotted line measuring system

consists of a waveguide that has a slot
along the horizontal plane and a slide
Slotted line carriage with a vernier measuring scale
positioned above it. The measuring
slider accomodates an electric field
probe with an amplitude detector which
is inserted through the slot in the
waveguide. The depth to which
the electric field probe can be inserted
is variable. The position of the sliding
measurement carriage may be
adjusted along the slot and
SO4100-4F fixed using knurled screws. Slotted line
units are designed for obtaining
graphical records of measured values.
 Slider range: 70mm
Residual ripple SWR <1.05
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 92 x 87 x 210 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 1.080g

Horn antenna 10 dB

A horn antenna facilitates the transition

of TExx waves emerging from the
waveguide into free space.

Antenna gain: 10 dB
Frequency range: 8.5 to 9.6 GHz
Waveguide type: R100
Dimensions: 68.5 x 80 x 132.5 mm
(HxWxD)
Weight: 395 g

SO4100-8K

Gambar rangkaian
 Langkah percobaan

1. In the instruments menu open the Microwave Control Center.

2. Switch the GUNN POWER SUPPLY on and set the Gunn diode
voltage to approx. 7.5 V.
3. Set the microwave frequency to 9 GHz by turning the micrometer
screw on the Gunn oscillator.
4. Open the standing wave diagram and plot the standing wave
graph for the open-end transmission line.
5. Activate the dimensioning button in the menu of the standing
wave ratio diagram and set the horizontal cursor lines to the
maximum and minimum of the measured curve.
6. Transfer the measurement to Fig. 1.
50
U [mV]

X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
28.1
Ma x:
30.9 mV
S:30
1.10
r:
0.21%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]
7.

Fig. 1. Standing wave diagram of the horn antenna

 On the left-hand edge of the standing wave diagram read off the voltage values
max and min, the standing wave ratio S and the power reflection factor ρ.
How high is the standing wave ratio S when the waveguide is terminated with the horn
antenna?

The measured standing wave ratio for the waveguide terminated

1.10 Correct.
with a horn antenna is S = UMax / UMin =

How high is the power reflection factor ρ for a waveguide terminated with the horn
antenna?

0.02
With horn antenna termination the waveguide reflects ρ=((1-S)/(1+S))2 = % of the
coupled microwave power.
Data

50
U [mV]

X1 :
5.0 mm
X2 :
45mm
135
l:
260 mm
l/ 2:
40
130 mm
Min:
35mV
29.1
Ma x:
31.4 mV
S:30
1.08
r:
0.13%
25

20

15

10

0
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
X [mm]
I [A] 1.0

0.9

5.6V , 0.79A
0.8

9.3V , 0.65A
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
U [V]