Volume 53, ISSUE 1 (JAN - APR), 2019 ISSN: 0008-6452

Power Quality Improvements Using Multi

Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner
DHAYANANDH1, MANOHARAN2,
1
Audisankara College of Engineering and Technology, Gudur, 524101, India
2
Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, 641032, India
[email protected]
the both feeders.
1
Abstract—The Power Quality (PQ) problems, such as transients,
voltage sag/swell and interruption due to lightning strikes on III. THE CONTROL SCHEME OF THE SHUNT VSC
transmission lines, switching of capacitor banks and various network
faults have become serious concerns because of the increasing The control diagram of shunt VSC block is shown
applications of nonlinear and electronically switched devices in in Figure1. The shunt VSC used in simulation is designed
distribution systems and industries. In addition, On the other hand, a using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame (MSRF)
complex process controller requires pure sinusoidal supply voltage for theory with FLC technique. The designed system of shunt
proper load operation, it may be necessary to include some sort of VSC gives the better compensating of harmonics. Phase-
compensation. In this work, a multi converter Unified Power Quality
Locked Loop (PLL) is used to achieve synchronization with
Conditioner (UPQC) has been modelled to improve the power quality
issues. This controller is connected to a source in order to compensate the supply voltage is got distorted. The PLL is sensed supply
voltage and current in the two feeders. This proposed system is based voltage and generate two quadrature unit vectors, namely
on the instantaneous p-q theory based fuzzy logic controller. Modified sine and cosine outputs in order to compute the 120º phase
synchronous reference frame theory is used in one of the feeder of displacement for each phase.
Multi-Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner (MC-UPQC) to
mitigate power quality issues. The relevant simulation and
The shunt VSC is based on the unit vector template, based
compensation performance analysis of multi converter-UPQC with on the concept of MSRF theory. According to this theory,
fuzzy logic controller is performed using MATLAB/Simulink software the phase angle of each phase voltage and current is
extracted as a three independent two-phase system usually
Index Terms— Power quality, Process controller, Multi given by quadrature lead or lag. This theory is applied for
converter, Unified power quality conditioner, Fuzzy logic
three-phase balanced system as well as unbalanced of each
controller.
phase system independently. The three phase load currents
I. INTRODUCTION for Feeder one is transformed into load synchronous
reference currents using Equation (1).
In recent day’s hundreds of generating stations power
systems networks are complicated and load centers being
interconnected through power transmission lines. Earlier the main ---------------- (1)
concern of consumers of electricity was the reliability of supply. In
order to compensate the PQ issues, a new technique of a UPQC
called the MC-UPQC. The system is extended by adding a series-
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) in an adjacent feeder [1], [2]. The
proposed technique is used for simultaneous compensation of
voltage and current imperfections in both feeders by sharing power
compensation capabilities between two adjacent feeders which are
not connected [3],[4]
The two series VSC’s are connected in series between
the two feeders through a series transformer, the shunt VSC is
connected to Feeder one through a shunt transformer in load
side. To avoid the flow of switching harmonics in MCUPQC
the RC high pass filter with commutation reactor is connected
to all VSC’s. To achieve this problem, examine one suitable
structure of the MC-UPQC with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC).
Figure 1. Synchronous Refrence Frame based control strategy of
II. CONTROL STRATEGY FOR MC-UPQC WITH VSC the shunt VSC
The proposed control strategy aims to generate
The fundamental direct axis component current is
reference signals for both shunt and series voltage source
converter of the MC-UPQC. The control technique is transferred into dc quantities using second order low-pass-
capable of extracting most of the load current, source filter and it is added to the fuzzy logic output to generate a
voltage distortions, voltage sags, swell, harmonics, voltage new reference shunt feeder currents in equation (2) & (3)
and current unbalance, reactive and harmonic component of

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Volume 53, ISSUE 1 (JAN - APR), 2019 ISSN: 0008-6452

-------------- (2)

-------------- (3)

IV.THE CONTROL SCHEME OF THE SERIES VSC

The control algorithm of the series VSC block
is shown in Figure 2.The series VSC is proposed using
MSRF theory with the improved PWM technique.
Compared to conventional method [5], the proposed
system of series Figure 3. Block diagram of New Source controller
VSC’s gives the better compensation of voltage sag,
swell and interruptions in Feeder two. The series VSC Where, Vp = phase-phase rms voltages, t1 and t2
block is based on the unit vector template by the new timers to generate a signal changing at a specified time. An
MSRF theory. The distorted three-phase supply voltages ideal voltage source is a mathematical abstraction that
are sensed by PLL to generate two quadrate unit vectors. simplifies the analysis of electrical circuits. If the voltage
across an ideal voltage source is specified independent
voltage source, conversely, if the voltage across an ideal
voltage source is determined by some other voltage or
current in a circuit then it is called dependent or controlled
voltage source (CVS).
The use of CVS is converting the simulink input
signal into an equivalent voltage source. The generated
voltage is driven by the input signal block, and then
initializes the circuit with a specific AC to DC voltage [6].
To start the simulation in steady state, the block input must
Figure 2. The control algorithm of the series VSC be connected to a signal starting as a sinusoidal or DC
waveform of respective initial values. The design parameters
V.DESIGN OF NEW SOURCE CONTROLLER of source controller are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Design parameters of source controller
Block diagram of new source controller which
Parameters Upper switches Lower switches
gives the supply voltage to the system is shown in Figure (SW1,SW3,SW5) (SW4,SW6,SW2)
3. In this controller six sine waveforms are considered in Amplitude 0.22 1
continuous mode operation, it is modified by the change Bias 0 0
of amplitude, angular frequency and phase sequence to Φ (deg) 120º 120º
get the discrete sine waveform. The sine wave ω (rad/sec) 2×Π×50×7 2×Π×50
determines the computational technique which is used Sample time 50e-6 50e-6
the parameters Sp and Nos in Equation (4) & (5). Here,
the bias value is zero, with phase angle of 120º phase VI. DESIGN OF TWO FEEDER 3PHASE 4WIRE
shift. The signal output equation of the sine wave is DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM UTILIZING MC-UPQC
given in Equation (6). The MC-UPQC is connected to the distribution
Sp = 2Π / (ft + Φ) +B ------------------ (4) side to make the source and load voltage free from any
Nos = (P × Sp)/ 2Π -------------------- (5) distortions. At the same time, the reactive current drawn
S0 = Vsin (ft +Φ) +B ------------------ (6) from the source should be similar to that of the currents at
Where, source side which would be in phase with utility voltages.
Sp = Samples per
period f = VII. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Frequency The schematic circuit consists of two series
t = Time converter having three legged VSC, one shunt converter
period B = with four-legged VSC. The two feeders are connected to two
Bias
different substations that are supplying the linear/non-linear
Φ = phase angle
loads. The active filters are connected in both shunt & series
Nos = Number of offset in order to eliminate the harmonic currents. However, the
samples P = Phase sequence
shunt filters are preferred more than series filters due to
S0 = Signal output
V = sine wave amplitude. greater ease of protection. While considering to controlling
the voltage sources in which three linear transformers
The three phase source voltage is generated by using below connected in series along with two series inverter. If any
Equation neutral current is found to be present it would flow through
Sa = Vp [SW1+ (SW4×t1)] ×t2 -------------- (7) the fourth wire of the series transformer neutral point.
Sb = Vp [SW3+ (SW6×t1)] ×t2 -------------- (8)
Sc = VP [SW5+ (SW2×t1)] ×t2 -------------- (9)

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The four-leg VSC based shunt active filter The direct axis load current is added to the fuzzy logic
topology [7],[8],[9] is used to compensate the negative output and it is forwarded to reference feeder dqo current.
sequence of the source current, load balancing, power The MSRF based currents are directly given to relay and it
factor correction as well as to eliminate the harmonics in is senses a control signal to shunt VSC control circuit. FLC
source currents.This result makes the current at is being used for its transient response to make MC-UPQC
transformer neutral 101 point as zero. The proposed very fast in reducing the total harmonic distortions on source
scheme can be used to compensate the power quality and load side voltages as well as currents on both the
problems related to different types of faults that occurs feeders.
in the two feeders (L-G, L-L, L-L-G, L-L-L, L-L-L-G
VII.SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and without faults)
The simulation based proposed system is compared
VIII. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER with and without MC-UPQC controller [5]. The proposed
The fuzzy rule base is essential to control the control system gives better simulation results as expected.
fuzzy system, which is obtained from expert knowledge The performance of the MC-UPQC along with FLC is
or heuristics contained in a database collection of fuzzy connected with two feeder system to compensate in terms of
conditional statements. It is expressed as a set of voltage sag, swell, interruption, voltage unbalance. The
IFAND-THEN rules. The paper deals with fuzzy proposed control strategies for series and shunt VSC’s with
memberships that are designed based on the below FLC are discussed in below. Design of new source
equation controller simulation circuit diagram is shown in Figure 5.
B (p) = IF X1 is F1 AND X2 is F2 .......Xn is Fn THEN
Y is C(p)

Where, X1, X2.........Xn is the input variables vector Y

is the output or control variable n is the no. of fuzzy
variables (N=5) F1, F2.......Fn is the fuzzy sets P =1, 2,
3....N N is the number of rules (N=5). From the given
rule base the fuzzy controller has to compute necessary
specific input signal conditions that can determine its
effective control action. Composition operation can be
used in several composition methods is dealt in this
paper. Secondly, ‘defuzzification’ is performed through
fuzzy values into crisp values. The Membership
functions considered for two inputs and one output. The Figure 5. Simulation circuit diagram of new
range of both inputs and output parameters are shown in source controller
below.
The membership function type is triangular –shaped X. CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE MC-UPQC WITH
(trimf). APF
NB: [-0.25 0 0.25], NM: [0 0.25 0.5], ZR: [0.25 0.5 The proposed control strategy aims to generate
0.75], PM: [0.5 0.75 1], PB: [0.75 1 1.25]. To design reference signals for both shunt and series Active Power
an FLC, the plant control is inferred from the two input Filters (APF) of the MC-UPQC. The function of series APF
state variables, namely error dc capacitor voltage (ΔVdc) is to eliminate harmonics and compensating reactive power
and change in reference dc and supply voltage in both feeders.
in below equation. XI. THE CONTROL SCHEME OF THE SERIES APF’S
ΔVdc = vdc- vdcref When the supply voltage is distorted from its
The proposed structure of a complete FLC is given in original value in Feeder one, the PLL is used to accomplish
Figure 4. The Fuzzy control rules are designed for a synchronization to bring back to its original supply voltage.
fuzzy set of the control input in each combination of The control algorithm for series APF’s of two feeders is
fuzzy sets for Vdc and ΔVdc through which a very small shown in Figure 6, 7. When any distorted supply voltages
amount of real loss is required for voltage regulation are sensed by PLL, it generates two quadrature unit vectors
taken as the output from the FLC. The 90 input and namely, the sine and cosine outputs which are used to
output variables are converted into linguistic variables. compute the 120º phase displacement for each phase. The
instantaneous p – q theory is expanded from the concept of
single phase p-q theory [10], [11], [8], [3] and the
corresponding voltage equations are mentioned below in
Equation (7) to (9). The voltages found at the point of
common coupling are added to the above Equations and it is
given to the relay. The relay output after getting compared
with the reference voltages are given to convert block to
generate a gate signal for the series inverter.
Figure 4. Proposed structure of a complete Fuzzy
logic controller.

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According to the expanded theory, the phase angle of The proposed control system is compensating these
each phase voltage and currents can be extracted as a unbalanced source currents on the source side by expanding
three independent two phase system is charitable by Π/2 the concept of modified p-q theory [12]. The control
lead or lag, this can be applied for three phase balanced algorithms for the shunt APF block diagram are shown in
system as well as an unbalanced system also. The Figure 8.
control block diagram is shown in Figure 6. On load side the three phase load currents are
Va = Vm sin (wt) ------------------ (7) different due to fundamental load active and reactive power.
Vb = Vm sin (wt-120º) ----------- (8) To overcome this unequal load power demand from the
Vc = Vm sin (wt+120º) ---------- (9) source side, the fundamental three phase active powers can
The series controller is connected in Feeder two, leads to be perfectly balanced; by the following method the unequal
mitigate voltage sag, swell, voltage distortions such as load power should be correctly redistributed between source,
harmonics and interruption. The control algorithm for MC-UPQC and load such that the three phase load from the
the series VSC block diagram is shown in Figure 7. The source would be linear and equal loads. The power obtained
series VSC is designed by using MSRF theory with from the dc-link capacitor through the series inverter and
improved Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generator in switching losses decreases the average value of dc bus
the proposed scheme. The series VSC is based on the voltage. In this dc-bus voltage all other distortions like
unit vector template by expanding from the concept of unbalance conditions, sudden changes in load current can
MSRF theory. According to this theory, this can also be result in oscillations, if the transient response of the dc-link
applicable for both three phase balanced and unbalanced capacitor voltage is very slow. In order to overcome from
system. this error between desired capacitor voltage and measured
values, at FLC is installed. The output control signal is
applied to the current control system in shunt VSC which
stabilizes the dc capacitor voltage by receiving required
power from the source.

Figure 6. Control block diagram of Series APF for Feeder one

Figure 8. Control block diagram of Shunt APF

The three phase load instantaneous p-q theory
Figure 7. Control block diagram of Series APF for Feeder voltage and current can be added to get the active power
Two estimation using Equation (10). The reference source current
According to series control objective, the load voltage generation is extracted by the per phase fundamental active
must be kept sinusoidal with constant amplitude as far power estimation which is added to FLC output, the three
as the supply voltage. The compensated synchronous phase source currents were compared to the reference
reference abc voltages are forwarded to improve the
currents through which generates the appropriate shunt gate
operation of PWM generator. The output of the PWM
generator is directly given to control part of series VSC signals to be given for shunt VSI.
as shown in Figure.7. Plabc = Vlabcα-β + Ilabcα-β -------- (10)
However, even the source voltage is distorting
XIII.PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MC-UPQC
the series control objective have to be maintained. The CONNECTED TO FEEDER ONE
improved PWM generates switching signal such that the
voltage at Power Control Centre becomes the desired The performance of the MC-UPQC connected to
sinusoidal reference voltage. Due to the series Feeder one with proposed new control techniques simulation
result is presented in Figure 11–15.The time t=0.1sec, the
transformer across the injected voltage which cancel out shunt APF is turned on which injects the compensating
the harmonics present in the supply and load voltage currents to realize the balanced source current free from
with the help of ripple filter, thereby making them free- distortions. The compensated source, load and injected
from distortion. currents are shown in Figure 13. Due to unbalanced load
condition the load neutral current (25A) that may follow
XII.THE CONTROL SCHEME OF THE SHUNT towards the transformer neutral point. The load, injected
APF’S shunt neutral current, dc-link capacitor voltage, transformer
neutral current and harmonic spectra are shown in Figure
It consists of the generation of three phase
14-15 respectively.
reference supply currents; due to the non-linear load on
the 3P4W system connected to the source side by which
currents are unbalanced.
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In this wave form we can see that transformer

neutral current is without any distortions, with reduced
THD from 0.31% to 0.21% and the dc-link capacitor
voltage is maintained constant without any distortions.
The series APF is turned on at time t = 0.2 sec, the
injected voltage, source and load voltage profile are
shown in Figure 13. The harmonic spectra of source,
load and injected voltages are also shown in Figure 12. It
is observed that in the mentioned time the THD value
has reduced for source voltage from 29.08% to 27.06%,
load voltage from 1.61% to 1.49% and injected voltage
from 154.56% to 154.53%.
Figure13. Simulation results of (a) compensated source currents
(b) load currents (c) injected currents

Figure9. Simulation diagram for Series APF

Figure14. Simulation results of (a) load neutral current (b)
injected shunt neutral current (c) dc-link capacitor voltage
(d) transformer neutral current

Figure15. Harmonic Spectra for Transformer Neutral Current

Figure10. Simulation diagram for Shunt APF
XIV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MC-UPQC
CONNECTED TO FEEDER TWO
The performance of MC-UPQC under new control scheme
connected to Feeder two is done to improve the source voltage and
load current from distortion using MSRF based control techniques
incorporated with FLC techniques.
The simulation results are shown in Figure 18 to Figure
18. At time t = 0.25 sec, the series APF is turned on, the series APF
gets starts compensating for the source voltages harmonics
immediately by injecting out the phase harmonic voltages thus by
making the source and load voltage free from distortions. The
source voltage, source current, injected voltage and load voltage
simulations, harmonic spectra are shown in Figure 17, 18
Figure11. Simulation results in Feeder one (a) Source respectively.
voltage (b) load voltage (c) injected voltage

Figure16. Results of Feeder two (a) source voltages, (b)

source current, (c) injected voltage and (d) load Voltage
Figure12. Harmonic spectra of (a) source voltage, (b) load
voltage and (c) injected voltage
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balanced on the source side, when they act individually.

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Figure17. THD Results of Feeder two (a) source Voltage,
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compensate the neutral current it also to make the current

Caribbean Journal of Science 547