NOMBRADO

FABREGAS
PALOMPO
PANUGAN
ADONA
KILALA
FERMIN
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Legal Bases
Republic Act No. 10687

SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the declared policy of the State to promote social justice
and pursuant thereto, provide all its citizens access to quality education. Towards this end, the
State shall provide adequate funding and such other mechanisms to increase the participation rate
among all socioeconomic classes in Tertiary Education, especially the poor but academically
able and highly motivated students. This policy should enable them to successfully pursue and
complete Tertiary Education programs in quality institutions, thereby promoting equitable and
Rationalized Access by poor Filipinos to quality Tertiary Education
Republic Act NO. 10533

Pursuant to Section 19 of Republic Act No. 10533, entitled “An Act Enhancing the Philippine
Basic Education System by Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of Years
for Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes,” otherwise known as
the “Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013,” approved on May 15, 2013, and which took effect
on June 8, 2013, the Department of Education (DepEd), the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), hereby issue
the following rules and regulations to implement the provisions of the Act.
Republic Act No. 10931

An act promoting universal access to quality tertiary education by providing for free tuition and
other school fees in state universities and colleges, local universities and colleges and state-run
technical-vocational institutions, establishing the tertiary education subsidy and student loan
program, strengthening the unified student financial assistance system for tertiary education, and
appropriating funds therefor
Republic Act No. 4090

An act providing for state scholarship in science, arts and letters and for poor and deserving
students, creating a state scholarship council to integrate, systematize, administer and implement
all program of scholarship, and appropriate funds thereof.
Republic Act No. 896

This Act provides for compulsory education of seven years and made it mandatory on the part of
the parents to enroll their children in public schools upon attaining seven years of age.
The policies mentioned above proves that many students need a financial support from the
government because of their parent’s low socio-economic status. Many students are inquiring for
scholarship because they can’t pursue their preferred career choice.

Related studies (Foreign)

According to Heyneman and Loxley they suggest that there are differences in the effects of the
family's socio-economic characteristics and school on student achievement depending on the
degree to which the country is developed. As the level of development of a society increases, the
impact of the family's socio-economic characteristics on the student’s success increases and the
impact of the school decreases. As the society’s level of development decreases, the impact of
the family's socio-economic characteristics on student success decreases and the impact of the
school increases. They also stated that the education of parents has an impact on children’s
school attainment. Studies emphasizes that education level of parents of successful students is
higher than education level of the parents of unsuccessful students.

Based on the previous study it tackles all about the overall success of a student’s depending on
their parent’s socio-economic status. It also refers that the impact of socio-economic status
decreases the student’s success. It is related in our study because it focuses on the characteristics
on how socio-economic status affects the student’s career choices.

Socioeconomic status (SES) it includes not just income but also educational attainment, financial
security, and subjective perceptions of social status and social class. Socioeconomic status can
also involve quality of life and attributes as well as the opportunities and privileges given to
people within society.

In this research specifies that children from low-SES households and communities develop
academic skills slower than children from higher SES groups (Morgan, Farkas, Hillemeier, &
Maczuga, 2009). For example, low SES in childhood is connected to poor cognitive
development, language, memory, socioemotional processing, and consequently poor income and
health in adulthood. The school systems in low-SES communities are often under resourced,
negatively affecting students’ academic progress and outcomes (Aikens & Barbarin, 2008).
SES is one of the problems of some families not just in the Philippines but also in other country
that are still facing until now. It also affects many aspects of our lives especially in terms of
education of our children that needs special treatment to resolve this kind of problem. Our study
focuses on the socio-economic status of parents and student’s career choice they prefer and based
on the information socio-economic status can affect the students’ academic progress and
outcomes that may results to different failures mentally and emotionally.

According to Kalil (2005), high occupational status people have more resources to meet the
needs of their homes, while the low occupational status people have limited resources for their
family. An unstable or insufficient fund limits family the ability to purchase resources and goods
including (schooling, housing, food and intellectual enriched learning environment) that are
threaten the successful development and academic performance of their children.

This analysis focuses on the resources at home in our daily lives, it stated that the high
occupational status you have the more you can save more for your family while the other one
tells about the opposite side if you have a low occupational status therefore you have limited
resources for your family that may results for unstable performance at school.

Jungen (2008) stated in her research paper that choosing a career is often considered a major
turning point in a young adult's life. This decision alone has the potential to open the door for
success or close the door of opportunity. While often supposed to be an individual choice,
research suggests that a variety of influences such as family, school, community, social and
economic factors are likely to influence one's ultimate career decision. All of these factors,
students report that parents have the greatest influence on which career they choose. Most
parents believe that they should remain unbiased with regard to their child's career development.
According to Kniveton (2004) studies show that parents have a greater influence than even
teachers on student’s career choice. While direct parental career advice may be influential,
parents may be uninformed that they can also exert a strong career influence simply by serving
as examples of good workers to their children (Kniveton, 2004).

It is considered that our parents can influence their children because they know it well, in terms
of their personality and behaviors at home they can easily classified it instantly. Parents also is
the responsible to take care of their children and provide them a better living and especially
enrolled them in a school with a quality education that every child need.

Teese (2003) in his analysis of the performance of students in Victoria. He found clear and
consistent trends for children from lower socio-economic status families to have lower VCE
scores (Year 12 results) and Year 5 benchmarking test results. The same relationship was found
for other measures of student engagement with schooling, such as attendance rates. Teese also
introduces the concept of equity density, drawing together a number of factors such as family
status, family occupation, and language background status and so on.

This analysis focuses on the children who consistently have a lower VCE scores such as the
attendance rates is almost affected and this is because of the socio-economic status in their
society the more you SES lower the less opportunity you have.

The educational and career aspirations of Australian school students have been of increasing
interest to policy makers and university leaders especially during the past six years since the
Review of Australian Higher Education, also known as the “Bradley Review” (Bradley et al.
2008). They have seen a flurry of activity across schools and higher education institutions in
relation to student aspirations, especially the aspirations of students from low-socioeconomic
status (SES) backgrounds. Motivated by Bradley-inspired targets for 40 % of all 25- to 34-year-
olds in Australia to have a degree by the year 2025 and 20 % of all university students to be from
low-SES backgrounds by the year 2020 (Commonwealth of Australia 2009), as well as
associated financial rewards for universities to meet their targets, activity focused on aspirations
has been high. In 2011, for example, nearly 27 % of funding from the Higher Education
Participation and Partnerships Programme (HEPPP) was spent by universities on outreach
initiatives, in various attempts to ‘widen horizons’ and pique students’ interest in and sense of
belonging to university education (Gale and Parker 2013; Naylor et al. 2013).

Government policies and university outreach activities that target students from low-SES
backgrounds, often framed in terms of ‘raising’ aspirations, are based on the assumption that
these students have lower aspirations than their higher SES peers. It is true that low-SES students
are under-represented in universities (Gale and Parker 2013; James 2002), but to what extent is
this explained by differences in aspirations? We know relatively little about how career
aspirations intersect with SES and other markers of social difference, especially across the years
of schooling and across all SES categories.
Parents‟ profession and skills, knowledge, socio-economic, educational and cultural
backgrounds and their financial and moral support to children are important factors in career
selection (Jodl, et. et al, 200; Kracke, 1997; Noreen & Khalid, 2012). While several studies also
indicate that personal interests and choices are very important in the process of decision making
of individual’s career selection (Ilagan et al, 2003;Bundura et al., 2001; Angela & Bardick,
2004).In addition, career counseling is also an important factor that helps individuals to choose
among diverse nature of profession around globe (Amundson, 1984).Therefore, there is an
exhaustive list of factors that influence the individual’s career selection process but the basic
objective of this study is to explore direct effects of “parent’s profession,” “mass media” and
“personal choice” on students‟ career selection. In addition, it analyzes mutual influence of
parent’s profession, mass media and personal choice on career choice. There are several factors
that influence students‟ career selection. This study analyzes the impact of three major
factors including “parent’s profession, ”mass media” and “personal choice/interests “on
students‟ career selection.
Parents have significant impact on children career section (Amundson, 1984; Bundura et al,
2001).Various studies concludes that parent profession, income level and their knowledge
about various professions, the beliefs, norms, information regarding modern occupations,
exposure to local and international job market and the job skills they acquire can affect the career
selection of their children. In addition, Parents‟ influence, approval or disapproval to certain
professions and children’s financial dependency upon parents‟ have also restricted children to
select the careers of their choices (Jodl, et. et al, 2001). Among other factors including socio
economic conditions of parents‟ (Arthur, 1996), education level of parents‟(Ilgen, 2003),
parents‟ expectations from children (Amundson, 1984), children idealization of parents‟
profession (Angela & Bardick, 2004), parents‟ supervision and the confidence and trust
parents‟ incorporates in children(Steinberg, 2001) and the kind of exposure and training
provided to children (Lapan, 2002)that motivate or limit the children to select the career of
their choices. Cracked (1997) maintains that the influence of parental education and behaviors
on adolescents' career exploration is very significant. The data was collected from 236 9th-grade
students enrolled in German middle-track schools. The results indicated that parental
authoritativeness, openness to adolescents' issues, and concern with promoting career
exploration significantly related to the career exploration by their children, independent of
parental educational background and adolescent gender. Leppel, et al. (2001) examines
gender perception regarding the effects of socioeconomic status and parental occupation on
choice of college major. The study concludes that father’s professional or executive
occupation has a significant effect on female students compare to mothers in a similar
occupation. The opposite holds for males. Women from families with high socioeconomic status
are less likely to major in business; the opposite holds for males. Students who believe that being
very well off financially is very important are more likely to major in business than are other
students. Adya & Kaiser (2005) argue that in students‟ selection of IT as career, the
parental involvement is pivotal. Moreover, mothers have strong impact on general career
direction and academic lives of their children, while fathers may have greater influence in
choice of computing careers. Mothers‟ professional status and education has significant impact
on daughters‟ career choices. Bright, Pryor, Wilkenfeld and Earl (2005) conduct a survey from
651university students and measured the influence various factors including family, friends,
teachers and the media on career decision-making and concluded that students were under
influence of family and teachers in their career decision making. Moreover, distal influences
such as the media and web-based information were also significant. Students‟ current course
enrolments and career intentions were significantly more likely to be in interest categories
congruent with their father’s job.

SES can also be categorized into high SES and low SES according to the position of parents’
education, Occupation and income. There are differences between high SES student and low
SES student. The studies reported that high SES student intends to pursue tertiary education,
attends university and pursues post graduate Degrees (St John 1991; James 2000; Looker &
Lowe 2001). However, low SES students take different direction. James (1999) stated that
students from low SES were less presented in HEI. They are less confident and have many things
to consider especially on the financial aspects in making decision to enter HEI. Both statuses also
affect the student choice of course program in the college or university. High SES students prefer
to study Engineering and science. While, Davies and Guppy in Lapel ET at (2001) found that
low SES students tend to choose subjects that can guarantee immediate job prospects upon
graduation. In our country, there are many cases where children are at risk of not getting proper
education because of the Critical SES. The Ministry of Education reported a socioeconomic gap
is one of the factors that influence Student’s dropout from school. This gap refers to the different
health status, discipline quality, student’s welfare and poverty (Ministry of Education, 2007).
According to Shumow et al (1998), Dodge et.al (1994) and Small and Luster (1994) in Arshat et
al(2002), children at risk due to low SES do not perform well at school and have Many social
and cognitive problems compared to moderate and high SES students. Hence, this SES factor is
capable to give a long term effect in our education system. Therefore, there’s a need to observe
the SES issue among Malaysian matriculation students in their decision making to enter tertiary
Education level

In the U.K., compulsory schooling ends at 16, when students continue into advanced academic
schooling, shift to vocational training, or enter the labor market. Youth from high-SES
backgrounds are five times more likely to take the first option than low-SES students. About
three-fourths of this effect reflects the higher levels of academic achievement among high-SES
16 year olds (primary effect), with the remainder explained by the greater tendency for high-
achieving high-SES students to continue academic schooling compared to equally high-
achieving low-SES students (secondary effect) (Erickson et al. 2005). They argue that this focus
should be expanded beyond the transitions that occur at major branch points of the system (e.g.,
continuing into college or exiting the system altogether after high school). Primary and
secondary effects are also likely at work at more specific transitions that occur between major
branch points (e.g., continuing on a curricular sequence or shifting into a new one when
changing from one grade to another within the same school level). Such transitions are examples
of the “micro-events” in curricular pathways that Stephen Morgan (2002) has specified as critical
points of academic decision-making in which inequalities are rooted. These between- and within-
level transitions are, of course, related, as the micro-events occurring just after a major branch
point transition.

Related Studies (local)

The choice of career is a delicate issue for students which requires caution and serious
considerations – factors affecting their choices. The kind of career the youths pursue can affect
their lives in many ways. Shumba and Naong (2012) found out that the family is a significant
factor in determining children’s career choice, the ability of the learner self to identify his
preferred career choice, and teachers influence career choice of their learners. These findings are
consistent with the findings of other studies that have examined the influences of each parent on
the career choices of their sons or daughters and have found that mothers tend to have more
influence on the career decision and aspirations of their children than fathers. Similarly Leppel,
Williams and Waldauer (2001) revealed that parental education, family income, and family
head’s occupational status were found to be positively associated with offspring’s educational
achievement. Khoo (2015) showed that college students and non-college students who were
involved in this study agreed that parents are the most influential or important person when
choosing their choice of college or university and course of study because parents perceive as
their main source of finance and normally seek advice from them due to the perception that
parents have the relevant information or experience with regards to higher education, and hence,
parents are viewed as a credible source of advice. In addition, Kaneez and Medha (2018)
supported that parental influence have significant effect on the career choice of their children.
Al-Rfou (2013) explored that the parents have a significant influence on the major selection,
siblings and friends also consider important source to select the major, while teachers and media
are the least amongst the selected factors. Umar (2014) showed that although parents have
influence on the choice of career of their children so also other factors such as peer group,
employer and relatives. Identically, Dagang and de Mesa (2017) identified the results which
point to the strong influence of parents on their children choice of tertiary school. It is deeply
rooted in the consciousness of the Filipino people the respect for elders, hence the strong
influence of parents on children decision. In a Filipino family children are financially dependent
on their parents, hence their submission to their parents decision, thus explaining the moderate
influence of others such as the peers, friends and relatives. Another factors were affordability of
tuition, followed by scholarship. Ibrahim (2017) revealed that family members have the highest
contributions in influencing students to the profession of medical laboratory science due to the
fact that family is usually who provided financial supports to them. Eremie and Okwulehie
(2018) indicated that factors such as environmental, opportunity and personality can influence
the choice of career among secondary school students. In terms of environmental factors, it
revealed that family, socioeconomic status and peer groups have significant influence of the
students’ choice of career while in opportunity factors such as education and mentorship also had
influence to the choice of career as well as the personality factors such as the students’ interest,
values and skills in choosing their courses.

According to the study conducted by Siguan Jr. (1994), it was discovered that the under studies
self-idea demonstrated no critical impact on their vocation inclinations. The scholarly
accomplishments of under studies demonstrated to be noteworthy identified with their vocation
inclinations. The school were under studies originated from had no impact on their decision of
profession. He prescribes that a progressively improved and practical direction gave in school to
enable that based in the studies to settle on sound profession decisions. The direction benefits in
school must be community-oriented endeavors of the manager, direction advocate, and
instructors. Homeroom educators are urged to do their best in improving showing learning
forms, considering the scholarly accomplishment of understudy impacts their vocation
inclinations.

According to the study that conducted by Almerino (2003), it was discovered that a major image
of a major family with low instructive accomplishment and deficient venture was the sole
establishment of picking a course, which was mentally persuaded. The respondent's degree of
favored insight did not match to their picked course. This could be drawn from the required
degree of the course interestingly with their degree of favored knowledge. The need of building
up a profession building up a vocation improvement program was need so as to counteract any
misfits and to help students during the time spent crystallizing their profession throughout
everyday life. She suggested that this program be adequately executed.

Individual interests, capacities, aptitudes, and qualities are the most compelling variables in
coming picked occupation by the member as indicated by Pabiton (2007). These infer that like
other graduating students in secondary school, the participants appeared to have picked
occupation. She likewise noticed that the students be given every one of the chances to learn and
build up the attitudes and frame of mind required for different occupations. She prescribes that
vocation guides could give more accentuation on this ecological factor during individual and
little gathering profession advising.

According to Elmer (1989), career planning is life goal-setting. Without such a plan, it resembles
making an adventure to a new goal without a guide. He proposed a Career Planning Guide that
will help the students in picking the chosen course from arranging a profession, ventures in
arranging vocation, objective setting and self-comprehension. Likewise, it reveals that guidance
and counseling is intercession of underemployment people and vocation readiness must be
started.
These studies indicates that we must have the guidance and foundation of the career choice we
want to pursue, we must also process our career choices to ensure that we are committed to and
willing to meet our individual preferences.

Related Literature (Foreign)

According to Harta Dimitras (23 Sep 2010) Parental support with children’s learning is
considered to be one practices to the socio-economic factors that can influence child problems
now a days. It’s a tool for this relationship between home learning and parents’ socio-economic
status and effects on their children’s linguistic performance. The findings consistently showed
that parents engaged with new learning activities .in this socio – economic factors in this study,
you will know the relation between family and educational status that have stronger effect on
children’s linguistic performance rather on social-emotional . Socio-economic problems lack of
maternal educational essentials. To influencing pan children aged three and at the start of
primary school. For children in this study seeking for fair implications, especially as the society
at is bigger and bigger.

As a children before this study is essential for the children in primary school to focus their skills
in linguistic performance and aware the parents to be supportive on their educational system to
gain better results of their respective sons / daughter. . It concerns with the interaction factor of
new learning activities as seeking for fair conclusion. As it helps to see their future career as a
shs students when they go to Fiat Lux Academe.

Using examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject of almost
200 studies that taken the relation between socio economic and student’s career choice. Factors
such as grade level at which the measurement was taken, type of AA measure, type of SES
measure, and the year in which the data were collected were significantly correlated with the
magnitude of the correlation between in order to determine overall trends.]

Meta-analysis is the statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies. When the
treatment effect or effect size is consistent from one study to the next, meta-analysis can be used
to identify this common effect. It can help to measure the data gathered are efficient to the study.
When we go for gathering data in Fla shs students it can be essential for us using this technique.
Included in the review are statistically similar and are combined and analyzed as if they were one
study.

The correlation between socio‐economic status and adolescent physical activity talks about
parent’s social support and teenager’s physical activity. Socio‐economic status and parents’
social support was ascertain method. As results men are more productive than women now a
days were significantly more and fathers’ major stated clearly towards men was higher compared
to women. In overall, fathers’ and mothers’ logistic support was significantly higher towards
their sons. Social class and fathers’ and mothers’ social support were significantly related to
teenagers self‐reported depends on more can do physical activities.
In this study shows that parents are more focus on their son’s persistence and potential of
pursuing their career rather than women because they can make more physical activities rather
than their daughters who think they logical in higher performance on acads. The connection of
this study in our topic is biased and unfair to the students of Fla academe especially on girls on
being underestimated. We will find the factors of how girls now a days can do tasks like men do.

They are studies that tested whether hope partially mediates the relationship between
socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Better pathway to academic achievement via
hope was documented in a diverse sample of adolescents. The mediational pathway was
replicated in Study 2 in a minority sample of senior high school students, hope was found to
partially mediate the relationship grade point average. In addition, the best way of adding of
hope to academic achievement replicated across the 2 studies, indicating that the additional
problems and conflicts associated with being a majority not variable the mediation. These results
have implications for achievement demand.

It discussed about on performing academic activities such as in fiat lux academe that it tackles
about hope on gaining better academics and so on socio economic status as an individual .
Giving hope on pursuing your career.

The influence of parents concern on socio economic status of parental concern on mathematics
of shs students in a same size. An educational improvement for the reliability of production was
used to analyze the influence of educational resources on mathematics achievement scores. And
ordinary least squares regression were used to determine the overall strength of each relation and
the variant with the most impact on that subject. Results showed that the percentage of students
in free/reduced-price lunch programs was related negatively to students' academic performance
in mathematics. This finding supports the notion that economic circumstances are correlated with
academic achievement.

This study conclude that parents are major factors for shs students on gaining reliability to get
production on subjects like mathematics. Support is a big role because on shs on fiat lux
academe they not all are mathematical person they have some on linguistic and literary person it
can gives strength to the socio economic class like the students of fiat lux academe for gaining
the academic achievement.

STUDENTS from some particular places disproportionately receive special education services.
Due to cyclical way shortcoming in work, it remains unjustified whether this is due of
differences in academic needs or traditional equity. But four mediated pathways were identified:
were more likely to receive SE services in fifth grade when they performed poorly in math in
third grade and their teacher reported greater feelings of helplessness when teaching these
students. The findings are discussed with respect to the differential-needs hypothesis.

This conclude that special education doesn’t need for students have special disorder they can be
learn and teach like a normal student from the help of teachers to be aware of socio economic
class . And have unbiased and fair methodology as a shs student of fiat lux academe it has rights
to demands kind of disproportionality.

Related Literature (local)

The level of interest in pursuing maritime program affects by students’ personal choice with
parental support. Okiror and Otabong (2015) It is because the parents are the one who will
decide the students career choice especially when their money is not enough for the students
need. The strongest influence on the Filipino adolescents’ career targets is the parents according
to Gastardo Conaco and colleagues (2003).

The parents are the one who can help the students to achieve the career they want. It because
they might be dictate their children in choosing the strand or course. That at the end the students
will force to choose any strand or course that close to what they are desiring instead of taking it
just because the parents’ income cannot sustain their needed.

There's have a three most important motivators of students in choosing a career first are the good
salary, second stable job, and lastly low stress and its according to Alexander (2010). The
problem is how can they achieve it if they cannot get the education that they're needed especially
for those who is in lower class. Easy parents should plan everything before they born their
children. It because the parents responsibility and obligation is to assure that the students get
what they deserve . That makes the students also determine to achieve their goal and finish study
that they wanted to take .
Student should first become aware of the need for a career, Supeer (2005). This study states that
the students need to know their preferred course as early as possible if they are in a lower class
so that the parents will be given enough time to save money for their preferred career choice.

The strongest influence on the Filipino adolescents’ career targets is the parents according to
Gastardo Conaco and colleagues (2003). Because of the reason that they are the one who can
help the students to achieve the career they want.
According to the researchers Morgan, Farkas, Hillemeier, & Maczuga, (2009). Children from
low-SES households and communities develop academic skills slower than children from higher
SES groups . Of course because the parents who have a minimal income cannot afford to give a
higher education that their children needs.

Self-efficacy beliefs as shaper of children's aspiration and career trajection (Bandura,

Barbaranelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 2001). Career development is a lifelong process that students
should undertaking its process that influenced by many factors and one of it is the educational
attainment that they are needed.

According to Castillo (1963) who focused on the redirection and direction of secondary school
youth since; it is in that phase where ability, limits and choices are created. The youth should get
a through picture of their desire and supposition

According to Supeer (2005) the understudy should initially end up mindful of the requirement
for a profession. The students should think critically in every decision making.

According to Bautista (1997) expressed that at this stage, an understudy must take significant
and vita choice in the determination of a vocation which will decide his future achievement.