Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Tacloban City

REPORT/CULMINATING
ACTIVITY
(DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)

SUBMITTED BY:
REYNO D. PACA-ANAS BSME – 2A
Student

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. PEDRO G. AZORES
Assistant Professor I
 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

Where:
Deriving the Formula:
𝑑𝑥 x = quantity of substance present at
= 𝑘𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡 any time
t = time
x = Cekt general equation
k = proportionality constant

PROBLEM NO. 1
Radium decomposes in air at the rate proportional to the present amount. If initially there
are 20 grams, and after 10 years, 0.6% of the original amount decomposed:
a) Set a model that will predict the amount of radium at any time t.
b) When will the half-life of the radium?
c) What is the amount remaining in 900 years?

𝑑𝑥 Solution:
a) = 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
@ t = 0, x = 20g
𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑥
20 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑒 =𝑒 𝐶 = 20
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
@t = 10 years, x = 20-20(0.06) = 19.88g
𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
19.88 = 20𝑒 𝑘(10)
19.88
= 𝑒 10𝑘
20
19.88
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 10𝑘
20
1 19.88
𝑘= ln ( )
10 20

1 19.88 𝑡
𝑙𝑛( )
𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 

b) Solution: c) Solution:
x = 10g, t = ? 𝑡 19.88
1 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 ln( 20
)
10 𝑙𝑛 ( )
1 19.88 𝑡 𝑡= 2
10 = 20𝑒 10 𝑙𝑛( 20 ) 19 ⋅ 88
𝑙𝑛 ( ) @ t = 900, x =?
10 𝑡 19.88 20
= 𝑒 10 ln( 20 ) 900
ln(
19.88
)
20 𝑡 = 1151.78 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20
𝑡
1 19.88 10
=𝑒 𝑙𝑛(
20
)
 𝑥 = 11.64 𝑔 
2
𝑡
1 19.88 10
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 20

1 𝑡 19.88
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 10 20

1 19.88
10 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑡 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 20
PROBLEM NO. 2
The population of the town grows at the rate proportional to the population present at any
time t. The initial population of 500 increases by 15% in 10 years. What will be the population in
30 years?

Solution:
x = Cekt
x = 500, t = 0 @t = 30 years, x =?
500 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) 𝑥 = 500𝑒 0.01397619424(30)
𝐶 = 500
𝑥 = 760.44 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒

@t = 10 years, x = 500+(0.15) (500) = 575
x = Cekt
575 = 500𝑒 𝑘(10)
575
= 𝑒 10𝑘
500
23
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 10𝑘
20
23
𝑙𝑛
20
𝑘= = 0.01397619424
10
 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

Derivation of the Formula:

𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡
General Solution:
𝑑𝑇 Where:
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚) T – temperature of the substance/body
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇 t – time
∫ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 k – proportionality constant
ln(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚) = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 Tm – temperature of the medium
𝑒 ln(𝑇−𝑇𝑚) = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

PROBLEM NO. 1
A thermometer reading 10 degrees Celsius is brought in a room whose temperature is 18
degrees Celsius. One minute later, the thermometer reading is 14 degrees Celsius. How long
does it take until the reading becomes 16 degrees Celsius?

Solution:
@t = 0, T = 10°C, Tm = 18°C @t =?, T = 16°C, Tm = 18°C
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
10 = 18 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) 1
𝐶 = −8 16 = 18 − 8𝑒 ln(2)𝑡
1
16 − 18 = −8𝑒 ln(2)𝑡
@t = 1 min., T=14°C, Tm = 18°C 1
−2 = −8𝑒 ln(2)𝑡
14 = 18 − 8𝑒 𝑘(1)
−2 1
14 − 18 = −8𝑒 1𝑘 = 𝑒 ln(2)𝑡
−8
−4 = −8𝑒 1𝑘 1 1
−4 ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 ln(2)𝑡
= 𝑒 1𝑘 4
−8
1 1
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 1𝑘 ln (4)
2 𝑡=
1 1
𝑘 = ln (2) = -0.6931471806 ln (2)

𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠. Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 2
A metal is heated up to a temperature of 500 degrees Celsius. It is then exposed to a
temperature of 38 degrees Celsius. After 2 minutes, the temperature of the metal becomes 190
degree Celsius. When will the temperature be 100 degrees Celsius? What is the temperature after
4 minutes?

Solution:
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 general solution
@t = 0, T = 500°C, Tm = 38°C

500 = 38 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝐶 = 462
@t = 2 mins., T = 190°C, Tm = 38°C

190 = 38 + 462𝑒 𝑘(2)

190 − 38 = 462𝑒 2𝑘
152 = 462𝑒 2𝑘
76
= 𝑒 2𝑘
231
76
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑘
231
76
ln( )
231
𝑘= = -0.5558421851
2

@t =? T = 100 Tm = 38°C
−0.5558421851𝑡
100 = 38 + 462𝑒
100 − 38 = 462𝑒 −0.5558421851𝑡
62 = 462𝑒 −0.5558421851𝑡
31
ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 −0.5558421851𝑡
231
31
ln( )
231
𝑡 = −0.5558421851 = 3.61 mins. Ans.

@t = 4 mins. T =? Tm = 38°C
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑚 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

𝑇 = 38 + 462𝑒 −0.5558421851(4)
𝑇 = 88°C Ans.
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Formula: Where:
𝑑𝑖 L = inductance in Henry’s (H)
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 𝐸 R = resistance in Ohms (Ω)
𝑑𝑡
i = current in Amperes (A)
E = voltage source in volts (V)

PROBLEM NO. 1
An inductance of L Henrys and a resistance of 10 ohms are connected in series with EMF
of 100 Volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to 9 Amperes after 1 second, Find L and
find the current after 0.5s.

Solution: 𝐶
𝑖 = 10 + 10
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 𝐸 𝑒𝐿𝑖
𝑑𝑡 Given condition:
𝑑𝑖 1 @t = 0 i=0
[𝐿 + 10𝑖 = 100] 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 0 = 10 + 10
𝑑𝑖 10𝑖 100 𝑒𝐿0
+ = 0 = 10 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝐶 = −10
𝑑𝑖 10 100 10
+ ( )𝑖 = Linear in “i” 𝑖 = 10 − 10
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝑒𝐿𝑡
Using the formula of Linear DE: Condition:
𝑑𝑦 @ i = 9A t = 1s
+ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) 10
𝑑𝑥 9 = 10 − 10
𝑒𝐿
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10
10𝑒 𝐿 − 10
10 100 ∫ 10𝑑𝑡 9= 10
𝑖𝑒 ∫ 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑒 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝑒𝐿
𝐿 10 10
10 100 10 9𝑒 𝐿 = 10𝑒 𝐿 − 10
𝑖𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 10 10
𝐿 9𝑒 𝐿 − 10𝑒 𝐿 = −10
10
10 𝐿 [−𝑒 𝐿 = −10] − 1
𝑢= 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢
𝐿 10
10
10 𝑒 𝐿 = 10
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡 10
𝐿 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑛10
10
= 𝑙𝑛10
10 100 𝐿 𝐿
𝑖𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 10
𝐿 10 𝐿= = 4.34𝐻 Ans.
𝑙𝑛10
10 100 𝐿
𝑖𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 = ( ) ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐿 10 Condition:
10 @t =0.5s
𝑖𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 = 10𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 10
𝑖 = 10 − 10
10 10𝑡 (0.5)
𝑖𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 = 10𝑒 𝐿 +𝐶 𝑒 4.34
10
10𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 𝐶 𝑖 = 6.84 𝐴 Ans.
𝑖= 10 + 10
𝑒𝐿𝑡 𝑒𝐿𝑡
PROBLEM NO. 2
An inductance of 1 Henry and a resistance of 2 ohms are connected in series with a
constant emf of E volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to 10 A after 5 seconds, find
E.

Solution:
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑖𝑅 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
(1) + 2𝑖 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
+ 2𝑖 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 Given condition:
𝑑𝑖 @t = 0, i=0
= 𝐸 − 2𝑖
𝑑𝑡 @t = 5 secs, i = 10A
10 5
𝑑𝑖
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 𝐸 − 2𝑖 0
Let:
𝑢 = 𝐸 − 2𝑖
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑖
1
− 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑖
2

10 −
1
𝑑𝑢 5
=∫ 2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑢 0

1 10 5
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 0 0

1 10 5
= − [ln(𝐸 − 2𝑖)] = 𝑡]
2 0 0
1
= − [ln(𝐸 − 2(10)) − ln(𝐸 − 2(0))] = 5 − 0
2
1
= (− [ln(𝐸 − 20) − ln(𝐸)] = 5) − 2
2
ln(𝐸 − 20) − ln(𝐸) = −10
𝐸−20
𝑒 ln( )
𝐸 = 𝑒 −10
𝐸 − 20
= 𝑒 −10
𝐸
𝐸 − 20 = 𝐸𝑒 −10
𝐸 − 𝐸𝑒 −10 = 20
𝐸(1 − 𝑒 −10 ) = 20
20
𝐸= = 20 𝑉
1 − 𝑒 −10
Ans.
 MIXTURE PROBLEM

PROBLEM NO. 1
A tank initially contains 10 kg of salt in 100 Liters of water. The contents of the tank
flow out a rate of 10 Liters/min. Salt water with a concentration of 0.01 kg/Liter flows into the
tank at a rate of 10 Liters/min. How much salt is in the tank after 11 minutes?
S(t) = Salt in tank at time t 𝑑𝑆
= 0.01
𝑘𝑔
∙ 10
𝐿
= 0.1 kg/min
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛
S(0) = 10 kg
S(999) ≈ 0.01 kg/Liter ● 100 Liters = 1 kg
𝑑𝑆
= Change of Salt in tank with respect to time
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
= Rate of Salt in − Rate of Salt out
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑘𝑔 V = 100 L
= 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 = 0.01𝑚𝑖𝑛 – 0.1 S kg/min
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑆 (0.1−0.1𝑆)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 =
0.1−0.1𝑆
0.1−0.1𝑆 𝑑𝑆
= 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∙ 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝐿 𝑆(𝑘𝑔)
(−0.1) = 𝑑𝑡 (−0.1) = 10 ∙
0.1 − 0.1𝑆 𝑚𝑖𝑛 100𝐿
𝑑𝑆
∫ = ∫ −0.1𝑑𝑡
𝑆−1
𝑙𝑛|𝑆 − 1| = −0.1𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑆−1| = 𝑒 −0.1𝑡+𝐶
|𝑆 − 1| = 𝑒 −0.1𝑡+𝐶
𝑆 − 1 = 𝑒 −0.1𝑡+𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶 ∙ 𝑒 −0.1𝑡
𝑒𝐶 = 𝐷
(+1)𝑆 − 1 = 𝐷𝑒 −0.1𝑡 (+1)
𝑆 = 𝐷𝑒 −0.1𝑡 + 1

𝑆(0) = 10 = 𝐷𝑒 −0.1(0) + 1
𝐷 = 10 − 1 = 9
𝑆(11) = 9𝑒 −1.11 + 1
𝑆 = 4 𝑘𝑔 Ans.
PROBLEM NO. 2