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Signals and Systems

The document discusses different types of signals and systems. It defines continuous and discrete time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, deterministic and random signals, causal and non-causal signals. It also describes even, odd, energy, and power signals. Common signals like complex exponential, unit step, signum, rectangular pulse, triangular, sinc, and unit impulse are defined. Finally, it discusses linear, time-invariant, and causal systems.

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Tman Dokoda
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views12 pages

Signals and Systems

The document discusses different types of signals and systems. It defines continuous and discrete time signals, periodic and non-periodic signals, deterministic and random signals, causal and non-causal signals. It also describes even, odd, energy, and power signals. Common signals like complex exponential, unit step, signum, rectangular pulse, triangular, sinc, and unit impulse are defined. Finally, it discusses linear, time-invariant, and causal systems.

Uploaded by

Tman Dokoda
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Systems

Classification of signals

Continuous-time signal

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Discrete-time signal

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Periodicity

Let x(t) be an expression of a signal. The signal x(t) is periodic if

x(t ) = x(t ± nT ), n ∈ℤ

Non-periodic signal
x(t ) ≠ x(t ± nT ), n ∈ℤ

Deterministic/random

A deterministic signal can be described explicitly using a


mathematical expression at any point of time in its domain.
x(t ) = cos(100π t )
e.g.
x(t ) = e−2t + e − t + cos(2π t )

A random signal cannot be predicted precisely at any point in time.


However, probabilistic and statistical methods are used to
understand its effects.

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Amplitude

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time

Figure: A random signal

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Causality

A signal x(t) is called causal if the signal assumes a value of zero for
all instances of t less than zero.

 x(t ), t≥0

x (t ) = 
0, t<0

A signal that does not satisfy the above definition is non-causal.

Even/Odd signals

Even Signal: x(t ) = x(−t )

Odd signal: x(t ) = − x(−t )

Also, a signal x(t) can be expressed as a combination of even and odd


signals, i.e.,

x (t ) = xeven (t ) + xodd (t )

where
1
xeven (t ) = ( x(t ) + x(−t ) )
2
1
xodd (t ) = ( x(t ) − x(−t ) )
2

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Energy/Power signals

A signal x(t) is called an energy type signal if the following integral is


defined and is finite.
∞ T

∫ ∫
2
2 2
E= x(t ) dt = lim x(t ) dt
T →∞
−∞ − T2

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Note that for some real signal x(t), x(t ) = x 2 (t )

A signal is classified as a power type if the following integral is


defined and is finite.

1 
T


2
2
P = lim  x(t ) dt 

T →∞ T
− T2 

i.e. x(t) is a power type is signal if 0 < P < ∞ .

NB.

1. Most periodic signals are power-type and their power is


expressed as
T


1 2
2
P= x(t ) dt
T − T2

2. The energy content of a periodic signal is infinite. Hence, a


signal cannot be a power-type and an energy-type, at the same
time.

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Some basic signals
The complex exponential signal

x(t ) = Aeα t , A,α ∈ℂ

Consider the case where A,α ∈ℝ , then the signal x(t) is called a real
exponential signal.

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Let x(t ) = Ae jωt , α = jω
x(t) is now called a complex exponential

Is x(t) periodic?
x(t ) = x(t ± nT )
= Ae jω ( t ±nT )
= Ae jωt e ± jωnT
= Ae jωt

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The unit step function

1, t ∈(0, ∞)

u (t ) =  12 , t =0
0, t < (−∞,0)

u (t )

1
2

The signum signal

 1, t ∈ (0, ∞)

sgn(t ) = −1, t ∈ (−∞,0)
 0, t =0

sgn(t )

−1

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The rectangular pulse signal

The rectangular pulse signal is defined by

1, t ∈(− 12 , 12 )

∏ (t ) =  12 , t = ± 12
0, elsewhere

∏ (t )

1
2

t
− 12 1
2

The triangular signal

1 − t , t ∈ (0, 1)

Λ(t ) = t + 1, t ∈ (−1, 0)
0, elsewhere

Λ (t )

t
−1 1

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The sinc signal

 sin(π t )
 , t ≠0
sinc(t ) =  π t
1, t =0

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The unit-impulse signal


δ (t )

∫δ τ
du (t )
δ (t ) = u (t ) = ( )dτ
dt
−∞

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Classification of systems

A signal x(t) can be transformed into another signal y(t) after passing
through some system.

x(t ) y (t )

One can use the following notation to indicate an input-output


relationship of the system

x(t ) → y (t )

A continuous-time system

x(t ) y (t )

A discrete-time system: x[ n] → y[ n]

x[n] y[n]

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Linearity

A system is linear if for some inputs x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) , and their


respective outputs of the system, y1 (t ) and y2 (t ) , a linear
combination of the inputs should give a linear combination of the
individual outputs. i.e.

if x1 (t ) → y1 (t )
x2 (t ) → y2 (t )
then α x1 (t ) + β x2 (t ) → α y1 (t ) + β y2 (t )

Example.

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Time invariance

A system is described as time-invariant if for some time translation of


the input signal, the output signal is also translated by the same
amount.

if x (t ) → y (t )
then x (t − to ) → y (t − to ) , for some to

Causality

A system is said to be causal if the output at any time to depends on


value of the input at t= to and t < to

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