-LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A PROJECT REPORT ON

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AURDINO

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL

2018-2019

PREPARED BY

KISHAN VERMA

ABHISHEK KHARE

APPROVED BY:- GUIDEDBY:-

Shri R.K.Shrivastava Shri. Amit Shrivastav

(HOD) Lect . Electrical

S.V. Polytechnic Bhopal

 (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING SESSION

2018-2019

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr AMIYA PRAKASH GAUTAM , SARITA

RAJULKAR , SANJAY GUPTA , MUKESH GUPTA , SANJAY SINGH ,
SANJAY KAKORIA a student of final year Diploma in Electronics
Engineering of the institute has completed major project report of SPEED
CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AURDINO

which has been submitted in partial fulfillment of his diploma in Electronics

Engineering of M.P. Board of Technical Education Bhopal (M.P.)

Under the guidance of

Shri I.K Agrwal Shri MADAN Shri I.S Arora

Project incharge Principal HOD
Electronics Engg. Deptt S.V.Polytechnic Electronics Engg. Dept
INDEX

1. PREFACE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. WHY A PROJECT
4. MARKET SURVEY
5. DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
5.1 DIODE
6. TESTING & INSPECTION
6.1 VISUAL INSPECTION TEST
6.2 ASSEMBLE TEST
6.3 FINAL TEST
6.4 MECHANICAL VIBRATION TEST
7. PACKAGING & DELIVERY
8. SALES & PUBLICITY
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We sincerely acknowledge with a deep helpful
gratitude and endetness to Project Incharge Shri BHUPENDRA SINGH
S.A.T.I Vidisha for his valuable and faithful guidance, encouragement &
suggestion through out the completion of this work. He generously shared his
immense knowledge with us. His personal attention brought the project the
expendetiousty. We own much more to him.

Last but not the least gratitude to all those, who extended their co-
operation directly or indirectly in completion of this project work.

Deptt. of Electrical Engineering

S.A.T.I VIDISHA

WHY

PROJECT
 A student specially technical student is expected to do some
experimentation and research work on the subject, which he thought in the class
textbook during the course of his studies. Such an effort when well organized
with a definite aim or purpose is called a project.

The object of a project is to envelope technical thinking and induced the

student to make an ordinary analysis to the situation following at hand so as to
search a definite conclusion.

By doing project student display’s his spirit of inquiring creating &

criticizing way of solving a problem through under standing of existing
situation, independent thinking and ability to understand basic fact.

PREFACE

Today our country is passing through a critical stage employment is very

scarce, growing number of educated people remain unemployed for long time.
Our government is trying to do its best to provide employment, but the
government has its own limitation. So self-employment is very important aspect
according to present situation.
 To provide one with suitable guidance in this direction, project work has
been included in our curriculum of the final year of diploma course. This project
work reflects the theoretical and practical knowledge gained by the student
during their studentship in the institute. It deals with an important aspect in the
curriculum of a student in that the student should be able to design on his own
the whole aspects of the component taken at hand and be able to suggest new
ideas to manufacture a given component on the basis of economically justified
ground in the light of improved techniques.

Being a student of final year Electrical Engineering we have selected

“SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AURDINO

automation system ,with the above ends in views. This subject has a unique
importance in the field of electronics .

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AURDINO

DC motor is the most used motor in Robotics and electronics

projects. For controlling the speed of DC motor we have various methods, but
in this project we are controlling DC Motor speed using PWM. In this project
we will be able to control the speed of DC motor with potentiometer and we can
adjust the speed by rotating the knob of Potentiometer.

Pulse Width Modulation:

What is PWM? PWM is a technique by using we can control the voltage or
power. To understand it more simply, if you are applying 5 volt for driving a
motor then motor will moving with some speed, now if we reduces applied
voltage by 2 means we apply 3 volt to motor then motor speed also decreases.
This concept is used in the project to control the voltage using PWM. (To
understand more about PWM, check this circuit: 1 Watt LED Dimmer)

% Duty cycle = (TON/(TON + TOFF)) *100

Where, TON = HIGH time of the square wave

TOFF = LOW time of square wave

Now if the switch in the figure is closed continuously over a period of time then
the motor will continuously ON during that time. If the switch is closed for 8ms
and opened for 2ms over a cycle of 10ms, then the Motor will be ON only in the
8ms time. Now the average terminal over across the over a period of 10ms =
Turn ON time/ (Turn ON time + Turn OFF time), this is called duty cycle and
is of 80% (8/ (8+2)), so the average output voltage will be 80% of the battery
voltage. Now human eye cannot see that motor is on for 8ms and off for 2ms, so
will look like DC Motor is rotating with 80% speed.

In the second case, the switch is closed for 5ms and opened for 5ms over a
period of 10ms, so the average terminal voltage at the output will be 50% of the
battery voltage. Say if the battery voltage is 5V and the duty cycle is 50% and
so the average terminal voltage will be 2.5V.

In the third case the duty cycle is 20% and the average terminal voltage is 20%
of the battery voltage.

We have used PWM with Arduino in many of our Projects:

 Arduino Based LED Dimmer using PWM

 Temperature Controlled Fan using Arduino
 DC Motor Control using Arduino

Material Required

 Arduino UNO
 DC motor
 Transistor 2N2222
 Potentiometer 100k ohm
  Capacitor 0.1uF
 Breadboard
 Jumping Wires

Circuit Diagram

Code and Explanation

The complete Arduino code for controlling DC motor speed using

potentiometer is given at the end.
In the below code, we have initialized the variable c1 and c2 and assigned
analog pin A0 for the potentiometer output and 12th Pin for ‘pwm’.

int pwmPin = 12;

int pot = A0;

int c1 = 0;

int c2 = 0;

Now, in the below code, setting pin A0 as input and 12 (which is PWM pin) as
output.

void setup() {

pinMode(pwmPin, OUTPUT); // declares pin 12 as output

pinMode(pot, INPUT); // declares pin A0 as input

Now, in void loop (), we are reading the analog value (from A0)
using analogRead(pot), and saving it to variable c2. Then, subtract c2 value
from 1024 and save the result in c1. Then make the PWM pin 12 th of Arduino
HIGH and then after a delay of value c1 make that pin LOW. Again, after a
delay of value c2 the loop continues.

The reason for subtracting Analog value from 1024 is, the Arduino Uno
ADC is of 10-bit resolution (so the integer values from 0 - 2^10 = 1024 values).
This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer
values between 0 and 1024. So if we multiply input anlogValue to (5/1024),
then we get the digital value of input voltage. Learn here how to use ADC input
in Arduino.

void loop()

c2= analogRead(pot);

c1= 1024-c2;

digitalWrite(pwmPin, HIGH); // sets pin 12 HIGH

delayMicroseconds(c1); // waits for c1 uS (high time)

digitalWrite(pwmPin, LOW); // sets pin 12 LOW

delayMicroseconds(c2); // waits for c2 uS (low time)

}
Working Explanation:

In this circuit, for controlling the speed of DC motor, we use a 100K ohm
potentiometer to change the duty cycle of the PWM signal. 100K ohm
potentiometer is connected to the analog input pin A0 of the Arduino UNO and
the DC motor is connected to the 12th pin of the Arduino (which is the PWM
pin). The working of Arduino program is very simple, as it reads the voltage
from the analog pin A0. The voltage at analog pin is varied by using the
potentiometer. After doing some necessary calculation the duty cycle is adjusted
according to it.

For example, if we feed 256 value to the analog input, then the HIGH time will
be 768ms (1024-256) and LOW time will be 256ms. Therefore, it simply means
the duty cycle is 75%. Our eyes cannot see such high frequency oscillation and
it looks like motor is continuously ON with 75% of speed. So that’s how we can
control the speed using Potentiometer.
Code

int pwmPin = 12; // assigns pin 12 to variable pwm

int pot = A0; // assigns analog input A0 to variable pot
int c1 = 0; // declares variable c1
int c2 = 0; // declares variable c2

void setup() // setup loop

{
pinMode(pwmPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(pot, INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
c2= analogRead(pot);
c1= 1024-c2; // subtracts c2 from 1000 ans saves the result in c1
digitalWrite(pwmPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(c1);
digitalWrite(pwmPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(c2);
}
MARKET SURVEY

The marketing of any product depends on the way it is presented in the

market. It is very important that the new product should be introduced in a
manner that its entrance in the market is felt by the perspective customers.
Before a product is planned to be introduced the following points are of almost
importance.

1. The market potential of the product proposed.

2. The market plot locations from the works and different
manufactures.
3. Availability of the raw materials required.
4. Economics of production and market prevailing.

With the above points in or view, we started exposing the market

potential, location from book.

In the market SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING ARDUINO

speed control of dc motor available are costing about Rs. 6000/- to Rs. 11000/-
where as our sale price is coming about Rs.4800/- which is on the lower side of
the market rate prevailing and also we go into the production we shall be
purchasing the raw material in bulk which shall further reduced the raw material
cost 30-40%which will enable us to get the bulk of market share.
 Since we are being the technical students we will be getting the loans
from the financial institution at the concessions rates and also will be getting the
tax benefits for about 10 years.

For successful marketing and establishing desirousness of product from

the customers we propose the following.

1. Advertisement campaign in leading newspapers, demonstration free

installation to develop confidence in our product
2. Quick production after sales service
3. Incentive scheme for retail out lets etc.
PRELIMINARY

CONSIDERATION

The question if efficient organisation and control should be brought into

play from the very outset, when the scheme for any proposed work is being first
mooted and not leftover all the work is completed. As experience shows that
the industrial enterprises launches on without proper planning and per
estimation of capitals and overheads costs have often come to brief. So far so
starting a new business is concerned, it is highly essential that the entire scheme
should first be most carefully laid out in details if best results are to be
achieved.

The choice of suitable location must play a dominant role in the success
of any undertaking. The selection of site should be based on the availability of
raw material. Proximity to market, transport facilities, availability of power
fuel, availability of labour, conductive climatic and atmospheric conditions as
also sale of the proposed product in the present market.

Each section of the factory will have to be properly designed and

relocated with due regards to the output of the production. Most careful and
exhaustive estimate will have to be prepared for the
amount of capital that would be required, the probable annual or monthly
output, the working cost, maintenance charges., administrative and selling
expenses, the sale price likely to be realised and the profit anticipated in order to
make sure that the venture would satisfy its existence. The approximate cost of
the product must be based in precise and exhaustive assessment of reliable data.

The success of the business is based in better quality and latest variety of
a product being easily available in the present market and at a lower cost.

FINANCING :
For starting any industry, first requirement is capital. So we have to
estimate in detail provision for a capital considering all the aspects of a
factory.

We have however been financed by the Govt. through Industrial

development co-operative of India . This agency has agreed to grant a loan of
Rs. 5,50,000 /- this partners agreed to invest Rs. 1,00,000/-. All the
transactions with industrial development co-operative shall be made by
authorised cheques duly signed by the Manager. Consent of the money shall
be then from the active co-ordinating partners.
LIST OF MACHINERY AND TOOLS

S. NO MACHINES AND TOOLS

1. Drilling Machine

2. Cutting Machine

3. Bending Machine

4. Temperature controlled soldering iron

5. Digital Multimeter
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

* LAYOUT

Layout of the desired circuit, preparation is first and most important

operation in any circuit board manufacturing process. First of all component
side to be decide made in accordance with available of component dimensions.

The following points are to be observed while performing the layout of P. C. B.

A) Between two component sufficients space should be maintained.

B) High voltage/Max. heat dissipated components i.e. high voltage resistors
should be mounted at a sufficient distance form semiconductors and
electrolytic capacitors.
C) The first and most important point should be kept in mind that
components layout is making proper comprimilation with copper side
circuit layout.

D) While drawing the layout of the copper side circuitry, one should be very
cautious, that circuit copper line thickness is as per the expected current
drain in the circuit at various stages.
* PREPARTAION OF SCREEN

Nylon bolting cloth (silk screen cloth) is stretched and attached on a

wooden frame. A photosensitive chemical (silcot-6 ) and amonium bicarbonate
( NH 4 CO )3 supplier M/s Agfa film and photo industry.

Bombay is spread on the cloth and dried in total darkness.

This prepared screen is then exposed to ultraviolet light through positive

transparency after exposure developed in water and is ready for use.

* PRINTING

So made screen is now placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on

copper side and circuit black printing ink (acid resistance paint) is spread
uniformly over it.
NOTE

A) Before printing the screen should be aligned properly.

B) During printing process it should be observed that circuit edge should

be smooth and uniform.

After printing the PCB should be allowed for necessary drying in a dust
proof chamber at least for 10 hrs. in a normal room temperature.

NOTE
Afterwards the whole circuit should be seen through a magnifying glass
that there is no break is arriving, otherwise proper touching should be given to
the circuit.

* ETCHING

The removal of excess copper on the copper laminated PCB , apart form
printed circuit is known as etching.

There are three methods of etching

 A) General in this process the printed PCB is placed in a solution of

ferric chloride solution (FeCl3) and it kept so far about one hour and then

taken out.

B) Continuous flow method in this method the printed circuit board is

subjected to a continuous flow of ferric chloride solution and the excess
copper is removed within half an hour time.
C) In the force method printed PCB is subjected it is forced spray of ferric
chloride solution, in a closed chamber by means of some electrical motor
assembled machine is known as etching machine.

Out if the above three method one so me development /laboratory work.

But other two age most economical for commercial industries. Because the rate
of production in this two process varies between 500 to 1000 nos. in a day.

After testing immediately the etched plates should dipped into a clean
water for about one hour in order to get the printed plate away form any acidic
properties which may cause poor performance of the circuit system by making
chemical reactions with metal components leads.
* DRILLING

Under this operation necessary drilling as per drawn circuit layout, is

being made with suitable drill and high speed machine.

NOTE

Always the drilling should be done form copper side in order to avoid
possibility of coming out of the copper circuit and chipping out of the bakelite

* TINNING OF THE CIRCUIT SIDE

After drilling the PCB circuit side is given tin plating to increase the
conductivity of the conducting media and top avoid the oxidizing effects. As
copper gets oxidized very quickly and these circuits are designed and
manufactured to work in open atmosphere. At this process is being done
through electroplating system. The circuit plate is being treated as anode for
operation.
* COMPONENT SIDE PRINTING

In this process with the help of screen as in circuit, but with a white
paint. Component values are their designations are printed as per earlier made
layout. Generally this method is applied for commercial purpose, in order to
make the assembly convenient. Then plates are allowed for drying in dust proof
chamber.

* COMPONENT MOUNTING

In this operation first of all components are mounted at their respective

places as per the component layout, then all are soldered on circuit side.
NOTE

a) During this operation should be very cautions that the component are not
everything which may damage semiconductors.
b) The soldering iron being used for soldering of semiconductors should be
of low voltage.
c) While soldering semiconductors, heat sink should be use.
d) There should not be blow holes which may cause discontinuity of the
circuit and improper test.
e) While soldering solder should not spread over the entire circuit solder tip
should be sharp and smooth.
f) For soldering flux cored solder with a fine ratio of tin (80:20) and lead
should be used .
g) While mounting components always values should be visible
h) Semiconductors and other polarized components should be mounted be
correct polarities.

After this operation is over immediately the PCB’s are given ultrasonic
treatment.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

TRANSFORMER

The transformer is static electoral machine that transformers one alternating

current stem into another of different voltage and current. However power

remains the some during the transformation. That transformers play a major

part in the transmission an distribution of ac power.

Principal: -A transformer consists of laminate magnetic core forming the

magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of
the magnetic Frame, linked by the common magnetic flux O. when an
alternating voltages is applied across the primary the coil. A current flows in the
producing the magnetic flux in the transformer core :

Transformers are classified as :-

(a) Position of the windings with respect or core i.e.

(1) core type transformer
(2) shell type transform
(b) Transformation ratio :
(1) step up transformers
(2) step down transformers
(a) Core & shell types: Transformer is one simplest electrical machine
which consists of windings wound of the larninated magnetic core there
are two possibilities of putting up the windings on the core.
RESISTANCES

The resistance are heat dissipating elements and in the electronic circuits they
are mostly used for either control 98ng the currents in the circuit or developing
a voltage drop across it which could be utilized for so application There are
various types of resistance’s which can be classified according to a number of
factors depending upon (I0) Material used for fabrication a resistance (II)
Wattage an physical size (III) Intended application (iv) Ambient temperature
rating (v) Cost basically the resistor can be splinted in to the following four
parts with the construction view point (1) Base(2) Resistance element (3)
Terminals (4) Protective means. The following characteristics are inherent in all
resistance’s an may be controlled by design considerations and choice of
material I.e. Temperature co–efficient Voltage co–efficient of resistance high
frequency characteristics power rating and reseating tolerance voltage retting of
Resistors Resistance’s may be classified as (1) Fixed (2) semivariable (3)
Variable resistance’s We have used carbon resistance’s.
CAPACITORS

The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates
separate be a dielectric materiel is given by C=0.08854KA where

C= capacitance in p:f.

K= dielectric constant

A=Area per plate in square cm.

D=Distance between two plates in cm

Design of capacitor is connected with the relation of the proper dielectric

caterial with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for

capacitors may be grouped in the various classed like Mica Glass air ceramic

paper Aluminum electrolytic etc. The value of capacitance never remains

constant except under certain filed condition it changed with temperature

frequency and aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly

applies only at specified room temperature and at low frequencies some of the
DIODES

It is a two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed either in

GE or SI crystal. The P- and N type regions are referred to as anode and cathode
respectively. Commercially available diodes usually have some means to
indicate which lead is P and which lead is N. Standard notations consists the
number proceeded by IN Such as In 240 & 250 Here 240 and 250 correspond to
color band.

LED
As the name is indicated it is a forward biased P-N junction which emits
visible light when energized. Charge carrier recombination tacked place when
elections from the N- side cross the junction and recombine with the heeds on
the P side Now electrons are in the higher conduction hand on the N side
whereas holes are in the lower valance band on the P side During recombination
some of the energy difference is given up in the form of heat and light
(i.e.proton) in the case of semiconductor materials like gallium arsenate (Ga As)
Gallium phoshide (Gap) and Gallium arsenate phoshide (GaAsP) a greater
percentage of energy is released during recombination and is given out in the
form of light LED’s emit no light when the are reverse biased.
ESTIMATING AND COATING

As the ratio of labor to the total cost of production is diminishing where the

material , power and equipment cost is increasing day by day more need of

economic and rational use of resources is required . This enhance the

importance of estimating and costing.

Estimating is done for finding the cost , which is likely to incorrect for

establishing an industry for establishing an industry , while cost of an article ,

which is manufactured in the industry after dealing different expresses in

different department.

FIXED CAPITAL

Fixed capital is that sum of money is required while starting any business.

It comprises of cost of land machinery and equipment and furniture cost and

other charges as hand tools and electrification charges.

(a). LAND (building) – As the product is only to be assembled and no large

space is required for establishment Any suitable building held on rental basis

will solve the purpose.

(b). HAND TOOL AND MEASURING INSTRUMENT.

COST = 5000/-

(c). OFFICE EQUIPMENTS AND FURNITURE.

COST = 20000/-
BREAKE EVEN POINT

Break even point is that point at which the incoming is equal to

expenditure . It is the point at which, when sale is made no profit, no loss
situation arises.

It represents the position at which marginal profit is just sufficient to

cover fixed over head when the production exceeds the B.E. P. the business.

Is profitable, when the production is below B.E. P. ,the business makes

loss.

B.E.P. = ( 220115 /4435464) x 100

B.E.P. = 4.9 %
 TESTING

AND

INSPECTION

The testing and inspection procedure are laid down in such a way that
equipment manufactured by a passes though all the simulation test, which may
out instrument be subjected to in actual use. After a careful study we have laid
down the final tests.

1) VISUAL INSPECTION TEST

This test in a primary test to see the any physical damage.

1.1) PCL inspection

1.2) Mechanical strength
1.3) Input/ output connection scheme.

2) ASSEMBLY TEST

This test will cover all the functional test.

2.1) Components test

2.2) Circuit operation test using the test point signal.
3) FINAL TEST
 This test will be carried out with the actual operation and
conditions.

4) MECHANICAL VIBRATION TEST

This test will be done on the batch samples only.

TESTING

Testing play a most important role in the manufacturing of any product,

which defects the invisible defects and confirms the desired technical features
of product.

During testing product is subject to various type of testing.

A) VISUAL CHECK

In this it is seen that all components of proper values are mounted to

their respective polarities.

B) CRCUIT TESTING

In this circuit is given to the required supply and various parameters i.e.
voltage current etc. are recorded and then is kept on for cycle operation that is
for 24 hrs. and parameters are recorded after a certain intervals.
TYPES OF TEST

Generally this test is conducted on one prototype job which covers

following stages :-

DAMP TESTING

`In this testing job is subjected to a wet atmosphere for one cycle at a
designed temperature and afterwards immediately normal testing is conducted
and observed that reading are in line with desired readings.

On completing the testing the various stages readings are completed with
designed parameters for necessary approval.
PACKING

Before packing of a product, final inspection is very necessary.

This inspection should be done very carefully up to the standards as mentioned

in the drawing. Packing should be done very carefully so that the product
should not be damaged or scratched before reaching ,the customer’s hand.

DISPATCH AND DELIVERY

After completing of the manufacturing of charger in workshop, it is

required to send these to the customer. So while dispatching, the complete
charger should be re- inspected at a glance and make sure that all the
components and other accessories are in working condition.

After dispatching the charger to the customers independents views and

reports form the customer should be sought, regarding the reliability of our
product form time to time. Free service should be imparted to the customers in
case of any fault, this imparts a better understanding with customers and gives
repute to firm.
 SALES

AND

PUBLICITY

INTRODUCTION

With the growth of business and multiplication of types of goods for sales
and above all better competition advertising has become a part of trade to
familiarize the people with our product. Advertisement forms a distinct branch
of selling publication of advertisement is newspapers, cinema slides, TV etc. are
powerful modern methods of publicity. The advertising publicity. The
advertising policy must be co-related with sales policy becomes.

1. To ensure proper co-ordination of policy for stability of product in thew

market with production.
2. To collect necessary statistical data, facts and information for accurate
forecasting.
3. To be aware about variation taking place in market.
4. To give and attractive brand packing to the product.
5. To find out a good and attractive design of higher quality.
6. To investigate the liking of customer.
7. To investigate if any special features can be introduced.
To estimate the purchasing power of the customer in different area.

8. To measure the strength and policy of competitive business.

9. Choose suitable advertising media for publicity.
OBJECTIVES OF PUBLICITY

1. To create a demand for new articles by arising public interest.

2. To increase the sale of established product by seeking to keep selling
point fresh in buyer’s mind.
3. To over come the false impression which stand in the way of sales
promotion.
4. To estimate additional sale by uncovering present customer to use the
article more frequently and in increased quality.

WAY OF PUBLICITY

1. Circulating catalogue use and other printed materials, deliveries either by

post in through selling agent.
2. Press advertising posters.
3. Screen display in motion film theaters.
4. Radio broad casting advertisement and TV advertisement.

We will contract with Publicity Company, which will keeps us in

increasing our sales us create demand for our product.
CONCLUSION

The reliability and accuracy of an equipment is inversely proportional to

the number of components being used. The less number of the components
more reliability and accuracy can be achieved almost of the electronic
components are temperature and voltage variation dependent. So more number
of component more the problem, you have also it increase the maintenance cost.

Our equipment has been designed using the most modern LSI chips
available in the market which can take the voltage fluctuation of greater degree.

OUR EQUIPMENT OFFER THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:-

1. Robust and compact to use.

2. Easy to use.

3. Low cost.

4. Use the locally available components.