VOL 27 ISSUE 6 December 2019

ISSN No. 0971-4413

ARTILLERY ROCKET SYSTEMS

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Technology Focus focuses on the technological developments in

the organisation covering the products, processes and technologies.
Local Correspondents
Agra :
Shri S.M. Jain, ADRDE
Vol. 27 Issue 6 | December 2019 Ahmednagar : Shri S Muthukrishnan, VRDE
Ambernath : Dr Susan Titus, NMRL
Bengaluru : Shri Subbukutti S., ADE

Smt M.R. Bhuvaneswari, CABS
Editor-in-Chief : Dr Alka Suri Smt Faheema A.G.J., CAIR
Associate Editor-in-Chief : B. Nityanand Shri R. Kamalakannan, CEMILAC
Managing Editor : Manoj Kumar
Editor : Dipti Arora Ms Josephine Nirmala, DARE
Designing : Raj Kumar, Printing : S.K. Gupta, Distribution : Tapesh Sinha, R.P. Singh Shri Nagesa B.K., GTRE
Dr Sushant Chhatre, MTRDC
Chandigarh : Shri Neeraj Srivastava, TBRL
Dr H.S. Gusain, SASE
Chennai : Shri P.D. Jayram, CVRDE
Dehradun : Shri Abhai Mishra, DEAL
Dr S.K. Mishra, IRDE
Delhi : Dr Rajendra Singh, CFEES
Dr Dipti Prasad, DIPAS
Dr Dolly Bansal, DIPR
Shri Ram Prakash, DTRL
Shri Navin Soni, INMAS
Shri Anurag Pathak, ISSA
Dr D.P. Ghai, LASTEC
Ms Noopur Shrotriya, SAG
Dr Rachna Thakur, SSPL
Gwalior : Shri R.K. Srivastava, DRDE
Haldwani : Dr Atul Grover, Dr Ranjit Singh, DIBER
Hyderabad : Dr J.K. Rai, ANURAG
Shri A.R.C. Murthy, DLRL
Dr Manoj Kumar Jain, DMRL
Dr K Nageswara Rao, DRDL

Readers may send their suggestions to Jodhpur :

Shri Ravindra Kumar, DL
Kanpur : Shri A.K. Singh, DMSRDE
The Editor, Technology Focus
Kochi : Smt Letha M.M., NPOL
DESIDOC, Metcalfe House
Leh : Dr Tsering Stobden, DIHAR
Delhi-110 054
Pune :
Shri Ajay Kumar Pandey
Telephone: 011-23902403, 23902472;
Fax: 011-23819151; 011-23813465 Dr (Mrs) J.A. Kanetkar, ARDE
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Dr Himanshu Shekhar, HEMRL
[email protected] Dr Anoop Anand, R&DE(E)
Internet: www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=techfocus.jsp Tezpur : Dr Sibnarayan Datta, Dr Sonika Sharma, DRL

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From the Desk of Guest Editor

Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) is one of the earliest laboratories
established under the DRDO umbrella, with mandate to design and develop conventional
armaments for the Services and Paramilitary Forces. One of the areas in which ARDE has
established core competence is design and development of artillery rockets and associated
technologies.
ARDE's emphasis is on finding indigenous solutions for different technologies related
to enhanced range, accuracy and lethality of rockets. Various technologies like flow forming
of high L/D ratio motor tubes and stabilizer assembly operating at high Mach number have been established.
Capabilities of indigenously designed and developed rocket systems such as 122 mm Enhanced Range Rocket
(ERR), Remotely Delivered Mine System (RDMS) and Pinaka have been successfully demonstrated. It is
worthwhile to mention, Pinaka was put into the service during Indo-Pakistan conflict in Kargil in Op Vijay
(June 1999). Presently Pinaka is under production at DGOF. A joint venture project was also undertaken with
IMI, Israel for accuracy improvement using Trajectory Correction System (TCS) for Pinaka. CEP of less than 60
m at 30 km range has been successfully demonstrated.
A 60 km range Pinaka Mk-II rocket system has been developed. Various critical technologies, viz., case
bonded finocyl grain configuration, PF warhead, WAF stabilizer and nozzle end ignition system have been
established. Various problems related to high speed aerodynamics, viz., excessive out-of-plane moment and
dynamic instabilities were addressed by innovative design modifications which helped ARDE to foray in cutting-
edge technologies for guided Pinaka Rocket System. The main aim of guided Pinaka is to meet the requirement
of highly accurate weapons with enhanced lethality and low collateral damage.
ARDE in association with sister DRDO labs, viz., RCI and DRDL, Hyderabad in a very short span of
time developed and demonstrated performance of guided Pinaka. Various other technologies related to Launcher
Pod, Guidance, Sensors and Ferro-electric Pulse Power Generator (FEPPG) Crystal-based Warhead Initiation
are being developed.
This issue of Technology Focus highlights ARDE’s contributions towards development of various artillery
rocket systems and enabling technologies.

Dr V Venkateswara Rao
Outstanding Scientist & Director, ARDE

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Armament Research and Development Establishment

A fter the Defence Research &

Development Organisation
(DRDO)was created as an
inter-service organisation in 1958, the
then existing Technical Development
to the Services”. The endowments of
ARDE embraces a whole spectrum of
activities related to the complex, multi-
disciplinary field of conventional
armament technology. These activities
systems and sub-systems such as
Pinaka Multi-barrel Rocket Launcher
System, INSAS family of weapons
and ammunition, warheads for
IGMDP missiles, Arjun armament,
Establishment (Ammunition) comprise basic and applied research Adrushy influence munitions and
and Technical Development and development, prototyping, test various categories of aircraft bombs
Establishment (Weapons) were and evaluation, modelling, simulation and naval armament. One of the
reorganized into two separate and software development, Transfer most prestigious programs of DRDO,
establishments—Armament Research of Technology (TOT) and limited namely design and development of
and Development Establishment scale pilot-plant production of crucial a 155 mm/52 Cal Advanced Towed
(ARDE) to carry out R&D functions, items. A full-fledged Pashan Range Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) jointly
and Chief Inspectorate of Armaments for test and evaluation, a prototype with the Indian industries is making
(CIA) to look after the production manufacturing unit and modern pilot rapid strides. ARDE has also taken up
and inspection functions with effect plants for production of air power several programmes for developing
from 1 September 1958. ARDE cartridges and PZT components are precision guided munitions. Besides
caters to the need of all the three some of the unique facilities available other guided munitions programmes
wings of the Indian Armed Forces - at ARDE. ARDE is an ISO 9001:2015 at ARDE include: Anti-tank Guided
Army, Navy and the Air Force. The certified laboratory. Over the years, it Missile for Arjun, penetration guided
maxim of ARDE is to be of “Service has contributed several major weapon bombs, etc.

Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launching System

The Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket
Launching System (MBRLS)
designed and developed by ARDE in
association with other DRDO labs, is
an all-weather indirect fire artillery
rocket system. The system is capable
of firing free flight as well as guided
Pinaka rockets. The free flight rockets
can engage targets up to 37.5 km
(Pinaka Mk-I) and 60 km (Pinaka
Mk-II) range whereas guided Pinaka
rocket can engage targets located
deep into enemy territory up to a
range of 75 km with high precision.
The weapon system with Mk-I rockets
has been inducted into Services and
currently under bulk production. A
battery of six launchers can fire a salvo
of 72 free flight rockets in 44 seconds.
Over 7.2 tons of payload in the form
of lethal warheads can be delivered
by the system which can effectively Pinaka Rocket Battery System
neutralize a target area of 1000m x

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800m. In terms of its characteristics vehicles and other soft targets. ◊ Deny movement of enemy
it is comparable to contemporary ◊ Engagement of enemy concentration personnel and armoured vehicle
MBRLs in its performance class. areas, communication centers, columns.
air terminal complexes, armour and ◊ Destruction of FOL and
Role of Pinaka mechanized concentrations. ammunition dumps.
◊ Neutralization or destruction of ◊ Neutralization of enemy guns, rocket
exposed troop concentrations, 'B' and missile launcher locations.

Pinaka Battery Configuration

Pinaka battery comprises is suitable for precisely engaging for land navigation and launcher
of 6 launchers, 6 Loader-cum- high value targets orientation
Replenishment (LCRs) vehicles, ◊ High lethality achieved by a ◊ No separate survey team is required
3 Replenishment Vehicles (RVs), family of optimized warheads, viz., for positioning and orientation
2 Battery Command Post (BCP) Preformed Fragment, making the launcher autonomous
vehicles and 1 DIGICORA MET Incendiary and sub-munition ◊ Fast coming into action is achieved
Radar. Various sub-systems of Pinaka warheads with the help of automated features
battery are shown in the Figure. ◊ Rugged Fire Control Computer enabling fast response to call for
(FCC) for comprehensive control fire
Salient Features of Pinaka of firing mission through secure
wireless data link
◊ Shoot and Scoot capability enables
Weapon launcher to escape counter battery
◊ Automated laying of launchers by fire
◊ Free flight rockets have accuracy powerful microprocessor based ◊ Matching mobility and logistics
and consistency of 1.5 % of its servo drive commonality by use of a common
range (PE) makes it a good area ◊ Automatic Gun Alignment carrier vehicle (TATRA 8x8) for the
weapon. Guided Pinaka has and Positioning System (AGAPS)
accuracy of < 60 m (CEP) makes entire family of Pinaka vehicles
integrated with each launcher

Components of Pinaka Battery

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Artillery Rocket System

In India during pre-1980s performance of in-service BM-21 development of following artillery
period, development of rockets system motivated ARDE to design rockets. The rocket development is
was done amidst constraints such and develop indigenous and state-of- primarily carried out in association
as limited information in open the-art artillery rocket systems. with HEMRL and PXE:
literature, limited computational and Since then, emphasis was on ◊ Pinaka Mk-I (37.5 km)
analysis tools, absence of adequate development of various technologies ◊ Pinaka Mk-II (60 km)
manufacturing technologies, limited related to rocket propulsion,
choices for materials and propellant. ◊ Guided Pinaka (75 km)
warheads, fuzes, launching system,
In this background, ARDE started C4I and ammunition re-supply chain ◊ Pinaka Mk-I Enhanced (45 km)
with reverse engineering of in-service vehicles. ARDE has been involved in ◊ 122 mm Extended Range (40 km)
GRAD rocket. The impressive field

Artillery Rocket Sub-Systems

Rocket technology development collateral damage is the need of the functioning of the rocket. Major sub-
is a complex and multi-disciplinary hour. Rocket technology involved systems of a typical artillery rocket
field. Demand for high performance amalgamation of technologies are fuze, warhead, propulsion system,
rocket systems is on the rise. Rockets related to various sub-systems, which GNC kit and stabilizer assembly. Free
with higher accuracy and low have to work in sync for successful flight rocket do not have GNC kit.

Components of Typical Artillery Rocket

ET: Electronic Time PF: Preformed Fragment

VT: Variable Time/ Proximity DPICM: Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munition

GNC: Guidance Navigation and Control RHE: Reduced/Restricted High Energy

ATM: Anti-tank munition STM: Soft Target Munition

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Design Methodology for Artillery Rockets

After evaluating User's Longer range requirements structural stiffness. Hence, rockets are
requirement, a conceptual design ultimately increases the aerodynamic susceptible to aero elastic problems
of rocket is prepared and system loads, which flight structure has to like body divergence and fin flutter.
analysis is carried out considering bear. Flight speed of 3.6 Mach-4 Apart from aerodynamic loads,
various aspects such as aerodynamics, Mach and beyond leads to increase rocket structure subjected to internal
propulsion, structural integrity and in aerodynamic loads and kinetic chamber pressure due to propellant
trajectory simulation, etc. heating loads on rocket. burning and ignition transient.
A critical evaluation is required Due to geometrical and mass Thus extensive simulation and
as rocket speed, drag and dispersion constraints rockets are designed with numerical techniques are required for
increases with higher range high slenderness ratio (L/D ~21) rocket design and analysis.
requirements. and multiple joints which reduces

Simulation Techniques used in Design of Artillery Rockets

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Fuzes for Artillery Rockets

Fuze is a device with necessary safety by keeping one part of the used. The explosive train is aligned at
safeties and explosive elements, explosive train in misaligned appropriate instance during the flight.
designed to initiate explosive train condition and align the explosive Fuze is initiated by initiation of first
when the specified conditions are train after launch of the projectile and element of explosive train after sensing
met. Fuze functions through explosive then detonates the explosive when some input. In a typical mechanical
train which comprises of a detonator/ specified conditions (like time/space) fuze, this is done by force of striker.
igniter that generates detonation are sensed. In an electronic fuze, the initiation is
wave which is further boosted up by To keep the fuze and ammunition done by an electric pulse generated by
a booster that in turn detonates the safe, suitable safety interlocks like a firing circuit. Types of fuzes used for
main explosive filling. 'g' sensors, electronic or mechanical artillery rockets presently are shown
Traditionally, the fuze provides timer, pyro delay elements, etc. are in the Table.

Fuzes used in Pinaka Rocket

Type of Fuze Warhead Modes of Operation
VT Fuze 10 m Height of a. Pre-formed Fragments (PF) RF Proximity/
Burst (HoB) b. Restricted High Explosive (RHE) Point-detonation
ET Fuze (Range: 6s-200s) Incendiary Sub-munition type (DPICM, ATM & STM) Electronic time
a. Turbo generator-based
b. Thermal battery-based

Features of Pinaka VT Fuze

Type Proximity fuze with impact as secondary mode of functioning
VT (Proximity) mode Height of Burst 10 m with remaining velocity>180m/s
Impact mode Approach angle between 22 deg and 90 deg with remaining velocity>160m/s
Primary safety 4 sec (minimum) from launch
Secondary safety 5 sec (minimum) from launch in proximity mode

VT Fuze/ Proximity Fuze fuze with latching 'g' switch and safety function of latching 'g' switch is to
and arming mechanism is shown in remove the obstruction to shutter
Variable Time (VT) or the
the Figure. of gaine so that the explosive train
proximity fuze is used for PF and
The Safety and Arming Mechanism starts its alignment. The latching
RHE warheads which are required to
(SAM) designed for these fuzes consist 'g' functions only when sustained
function at nominal height of 10m.
of two parts. One is latching ‘g’ switch acceleration of 12-18 'g’ is imparted
It functions in two different modes by the flight of rocket. Gaine aligns
and the other is Gaine. The latching
as shown in the Table. It also contains the detonator from 'SAFE Condition'
'g' switch serves two purposes: The
impact switch and can work in impact to 'ARMED Condition' after safe
first purpose is to connect the battery
mode when Point Detonation (PD) separation distance (300 m) of rocket
to electronic circuit so that the firing
mode is selected. Configuration of VT from launch point. This is done by
circuit starts working. The second

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Latching 'g' Safety and Arming

VT Fuze
Switch Safety Mechanism

star wheel, gear, pinion and pallet detonators, which in turn initiates the DASD Fuze
mechanism. The detonator inside FLSC and sub-munitions are ejected
shutter comes to the armed position due to spin and spring force/gas A miniature Direct Action Self
slowly. The motion of shutter is pressure. ET fuzes powered by turbo Destruct (DASD) fuze has been
continuously hindered by the pallet generator as well as thermal battery developed by ARDE for the sub-
and therefore it takes time (about 900 have been developed. munitions of Dual Purpose Improved
ms–1 s) for the detonator to come to Conventional Munition (DPICM)
aligned condition. warhead. This munition is used for
both anti-personnel as well as anti-
ET Fuze tank roles. DPICM uses Direct Action
Self Destruct (DASD) fuze which
Electronic Time (ET) fuze is functions upon impact with target or
required to initiate incendiary and after a delay of 20s±2s in SD mode.
sub-munition warheads. It facilitates Each bomblet has a mechanical
the initiation of warhead at a pre- DASD fuze attached with it. The
determined time during flight. Pinaka DASD fuze gets armed only after
sub-munitions warheads (DPICM, ejection using aero-dynamic forces
ATM and STM) require multiple during the descending motion. DASD
electrical pulses to initiate squibs/ mechanism contains:
detonator from ET fuze. At a pre-
◊ Double ball lock to provide safety
determined time in the trajectory, the ET Fuze with Turbo Generator
and to arm fuze positively
ET fuze functions and initiates the
◊ Slider lock mechanism to hold the
slider in aligned condition
◊ Self-destruct mechanism for 20s±
2s to clean the battlefield

Features of Pinaka ET Fuze

Parameter Value
Time programming range 6s-200s
Accuracy ± 50 ms
No. of timed outputs Four pulses
ET Fuze with Thermal Battery Overhead safety No arming till 4s of set time

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DASD Fuze

Warheads
A warhead is a part of rocket/ personnel and to cause damage to soft performance. The warhead is initiated
missile that inflicts desired damage skinned vehicles, radar installations by a proximity fuze (VT).
to the target and renders it incapable and FOL dumps, etc. The warhead is
of performing its intended function. effective up to 60 m radius. The kill Incendiary Warheads
In general the damage to a target mechanism consists of two layers of
6 mm tungsten alloy spheres as pre- This type of warhead is mainly used
can be due to physical, thermal
formed fragments laid over a filament for setting fire on inflammable targets
and psychological effects. Various
wound FRP module. Inside portion of like FOL dumps and ammunition
warheads developed for Pinaka rocket
the module is filled with high explosive depots. The incendiary composition is
are:
composition, i.e., DENTEX, which housed inside a container along with
a burster charge. These containers
Pre-Formed Fragment (PF) on detonation propels the fragments
are hermitically sealed. Five such
Warheads with high velocities. The warhead is
incendiary containers are housed
detonated at a predetermined height
These warheads are for anti- above the target to achieve optimum inside a steel tube. The steel tube is

Testing Facility for Warhead Sectional View of PF Warhead Module

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provided with notches on outer surface inflict structural damage to the target. it fails, SD mechanism works and
so that secondary fragmentation effect They contain a fragment casing or demolishes bomblet.
can be achieved. The incendiary rocket shape charge to achieve desired effect.
is initiated at 300 m HOB. Incendiary ARDE has developed sub-munition ATM/STM Warheads
composition contains 60:40 ratio of warheads thus providing a lethal edge
Zr and Red Phosphorous. Warhead is to Services. These sub-munition warheads
effective up to 75 m radius. are used to stop the advancement
of approaching column of enemy
DPICM Warhead
personnel (STM) or armoured vehicles
Sub-munition Warheads
For proper dispensing of sub- (ATM). ATM warhead houses 18 Nos
The sub-munition warheads munitions at terminal end, the of anti-tank sub munitions, whereas
are deployed against large area following two events takes places STM warhead houses nearly 48 Nos
installations. Such warhead comprises simultaneously. of sub munitions. These munitions
a number of sub-munitions/bomblets ◊ Ballistic case cutting by FLSC are axi-symmetrically packed and
housed inside a warhead structure. dispensed over the target area by
◊ Central buster to generate high gas
They are dispensed at terminal end pressure at center
with the help of common ejection
mechanism. Three such types of DPICM is also referred as bomblet.
warheads, i.e., DPICM, Anti-tank The DPICM warhead is initiated at
Munition (ATM) and Soft Target a HOB of around 750 m above the
Munition (STM) have been developed ground. The case cutting and gas
for Pinaka rockets. pressure generation are synchronized
to dispense the sub-munitions. On
Each sub-munition has its ejection, each bomblet gets separated
independent kill mechanism, and stabilizes through a ribbon
stabilisation and fuzing system. Their attached to it.
lethality is derived from the ability
of one or a few bomblets to destroy a On impact, bomblet fuze functions
major component of the target or to and destroys the target. In case if STM

DPICM

ATM
Effect of Incendiary Warhead Sub-munition Warheads

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cutting the casing into three petals release mechanism. Functioning of a munition blows off with SD. In case
using FLSC. Each ATM is attached pyro-cutter makes the sub-munitions of STM, it gets activated by pressure.
with a parachute and gets stabilized. in up-right position. ATM sense the Similar to ATM, after the set period,
On landing, these parachutes gets tank, by change in magnetic field. If SD/SDA will ensure the clearing of
detached with the help of a parachute no target detected with in set period, minefield.

Testing of ATM Warhead

Testing of STM Warhead

Testing of DPICM Warhead

Thermobaric Warheads (HE) warheads, the thermobaric The burning cloud is capable of
warheads undergo simultaneous penetrating into small gaps, cracks,
Thermobaric warheads contain detonation and dispersion. Only a cleavages, etc. Thermobaric explosives
slow burning explosive compositions part of the energy is released during generally contains fuel rich explosives
that keep their explosive impulse the initial detonation phase, which or high TNT equivalence. Their
on the target for a longer duration. generates active fuel-rich products performance is enhanced by addition
Thermobaric compositions are that undergo after-burning when of excess metals powders of nano
essentially metal enriched and mixed with the shock-heated air. and micro fine size. Energy released
oxygen-deficient. The energy released through after- through aerobic combustion generates
Typical detonation velocities of burning increases the duration of high temperatures and lengthens the
thermobaric explosives are of 3-4 km/s. blast overpressure along with fireball. duration of blast overpressure.
Unlike conventional High Explosive

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Thermobaric Warhead Comparison of Thermobaric and High Explosive

Testing of Thermobaric Warheads

Propulsion Systems for Artillery Rockets

Solid Rocket Propellants is heterogeneous in nature and compounds dispersed in DB matrix,
consists of ammonium perchlorate, known as Composite Modified
Thermodynamic expansion of aluminium powder and hydroxy Double Base (CMDB) propellants.
gas is used in majority of practical terminated polybutadiene as major CMDB propellant have potential to
rocket propulsion systems. Internal ingredients in addition to minor offer marginally higher Isp and better
energy of the gases is converted ingredients like plasticizer, bonding combustion characteristic than CP.
into kinetic energy of the exhaust agent, processing aid-curing agent,
flow to produce thrust. In artillery For case bonded rocket motors, a
etc. These propellants with higher
rockets, the internal energy required promising Nitrate Ester Plasticized
energy in terms of Isp (240s-252s)
for expansion of gases is obtained Polyether (NEPE) propellant having
and higher density (1.76 g/cc) are the
through combustion of solid rocket high energy, high density and superior
most widely used for artillery rockets.
propellant. Initially Double Base low temperature strain capability
Indigenously developed Pinaka Mk-
Propellants (DBP) were used for is being developed. This propellant
I, Pinaka Mk-II, guided Pinaka and
artillery rockets. DBP consists of two gives delivered Isp of 250s-255s at
122 Extended Range rockets use CP
basic ingredients: Nitrocellulose (NC) 70 kgf/cm², density of 1.82-1.83
to achieve higher ranges. However
and Nitroglycerine (NG). The overall g/cc and excellent strain capability
CPs are inferior in mechanical
consequence is fuel rich combustion (% elongation) at temperature as low
properties. Recently, attempts are
leading to low performance levels in as -40 °C which is very desirable for
made to overcome the limitations
terms of Specific Impulse (Isp) 200 artillery rockets.
of DB propellants by addition of an
s-220s. oxidizer to DB matrix in order to
To meet the growing requirement exploit combustion potential of fuel-
Propellant Grain
of higher and higher energetics, rich products. The grain is the shaped mass
Composite Propellant (CP) Thus, attention is centered on of processed solid propellant. The
were developed in late 60s. CP systems containing oxygen-rich composition and geometrical

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configuration of the grain determines

the motor performance. The
propellant grain can be a cast, molded,
or extruded body and its appearance
and feel is similar to that of hard
rubber or plastic.
Once ignited, it will burn on all its
exposed surfaces to form hot gases
that are then exhausted through a
nozzle. There are two methods of
holding the grain in rocket motor,
i.e., Cartridge-loaded or case bonded.
Cartridge-loaded or freestanding
grains are manufactured separately
(by extrusion or by casting) and then
loaded into or assembled into the case.
In case-bonded grains, the case
is used as a mold and the propellant
is cast directly into the case and is
bonded to the case resulting in better
loading. Free-standing grains can
more easily be replaced in case of
Comparison of Propulsion System Performance
aged propellants. While Pinaka Mk-I
utilizes cartridge loaded grain, Pinaka
Mk-II/ERR122 utilizes case bonded loads experienced by the rocket has proved its suitability for artillery
grain. A comparison of propulsion during flight. So it becomes important rocket motor application in a cost
system of different artillery rockets to choose suitable materials and effective way. Development activities
using these grains is given in Figure. processing techniques for achieving undertaken have successfully
desired mechanical properties for established preform dimensions and
motor tube. One of the most suitable appropriate heat treatment cycle. The
manufacturing technique for motor required range of pre-form hardness,
tube is flow forming. grain size and percentage thickness
Flow forming is a chipless, near-to- reduction meets the specified strength
net shaped metal forming process by levels of rocket motor.
which low strength, low cost material Effect of various flow forming
can be formed into high strength, parameters like spindle speed, roller
and more precise motor tubes with feed rate, roller geometric features like
considerably reduced mass. Flow
approach angle and roller nose radius
Cartridge loaded and case forming is also suitable for mass
were also studied and operating
bonded grains production of motor tubes. Motor
parameters for the flow forming of
tubes of modern day artillery rockets
rocket motor were established.
are generally manufactured by flow
Rocket Motor Tubes Methodologies for qualification
forming technique. Reverse flow
Artillery rockets employ efficient forming process of motor tube are and acceptance of flow formed motor
propulsion systems. The rocket motor shown in Figure. tubes have also been established.
tube is required to be lighter in weight Based on extensive design, analyses Flow formed motor tubes developed
and at the same time should possess and experimental work, ESR grade for Pinaka Mk-I, Pinaka Mk-II and
adequate strength to withstand various AISI 4130 steel forging as raw material ERR122 are shown in Figure.

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Reverse Flow Forming of Rocket Motors

Pinaka Mk-I Pinaka Mk II/ Guided Pinaka ERR122

L/D = 6.4 L/D = 14 L/D = 15.5

Flow Formed Motor Tubes for Artillery Rockets

Nozzle The nozzle is thus an integral Thermal Protection System

component of a larger system and
A solid rocket motor nozzle is cannot be optimized independently Nozzle and motor tubes have to
a carefully shaped aft portion of of that system. Because of this withstand very high temperatures
the thrust chamber that controls inter-relationship, nozzle design of around 3000 °C. So they have to
expansion of the exhaust products is an iterative process in which be provided with suitable Thermal
so that energy produced in the aerodynamic, thermodynamic, Protection System (TPS). Glass
combustion chamber are efficiently structural, and fabrication phenolic (SP-16) material is commonly
converted to kinetic energy, thereby considerations are manipulated used for nozzle lining. In cartridge
imparting thrust to the vehicle. It within the constraints to produce a loaded propellant, e.g., Pinaka Mk-I,
generally consists of a converging preliminary nozzle configuration. Si-phenolic cloth is used for lining of
section, a throat and a diverging motor tubes. In case-bonded rocket
This configuration is subsequently
section. Approximately, 65-75 per cent motors, (e.g. Pinaka Mk-II and 122
analyzed in detail, first for thermal
of total vehicle thrust is developed by mm ERR) TPS has to meet different
and structural loads and second
acceleration of the chamber products requirements as it not only protects
for its contribution to total vehicle
to sonic velocity at nozzle throat; the motor casing from high temperature
performance. This dual iteration
remainder is developed in the nozzle combustion gases but it also relieves
process is continued until a thermally
expansion cone. The usual objective the stresses arising out of differential
and structurally adequate nozzle
in nozzle design is to control the expansion between the motor and
design is evolved.
expansion in such a manner that propellant. EDPM rubber has been
range or payload of the total vehicle is found most suitable for case-bonded
maximized within envelope of weight. artillery rocket motor applications.

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Thermal Protection System used for Rockets

Ignition System
Ignition system (igniter) is propellant followed by ejection of nozzle throat mounted ignition
required for initiating sustained nozzle closure.Traditional ignition system was developed for Pinaka Mk-
burning of solid rocket propellant. systems were 'head-end mounted' II. In addition, an ignition system
Igniter comprises of initiation system, or 'centrally mounted' in propulsion which is mounted on nozzle closing
charge mass (required for ignition) unit. Head end igniter is developed cap of propulsion system is developed
and igniter hardware. Igniter squib for Pinaka Mk-I rocket. These systems for 122 mm ERR and Pinaka Mk-I
is electrically initiated, which ignites suffer from limitation in terms of dead (Enhanced). Since this system is
the charge mass and which in turn weight penalty as the empty igniter mounted on nozzle closing cap, it can
generates hot gases to achieve a pre- cannot be ejected and has to be carried be easily removed and hence, provides
determined pressure and temperature by rocket throughout the duration for easy replacement of igniter during
required for sustained burning of of flight. To overcome this limitation life extension of the rocket.

Evolution of Ignition System for Artillery Rockets

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Stabilizer System
Stabilizer plays a vital role in
ensuring flight stability of the rocket.
Artillery rocket generally employs
Wrap Around Fin (WAF) assembly
which offers excellent packaging
advantage and helps in carrying more
rockets on the launcher in the given
space envelope. In case of free flight
rockets, fins of a stabilizer assembly
are canted to give the required spin to
the rocket for minimizing the effect
of thrust mis-alignment and dynamic
imbalance. It also provides separation
between pitch and roll frequencies.
In case of guided rockets, which are
roll stabilized, the tail fins are without
cant. Fins can be flat or curved in
shape. Curved WAF, due to flow
asymmetry generates side forces and Stabilizer Redesign to Overcome High Mach Number Dynamic Instabilities
(from curved Wrap Around Fin to Flat Wrap Around Fin stabilizer)
out of plane moment at high Mach
numbers and hence, are prone to plan-form area. In case of Pinaka Mk- by switching from curved wrap
dynamic instabilities. II, the rocket was initially configured around fins to flat wrap around fins
A designer has to take care of with curved fins, however, dynamic configuration as shown in Figure. Spin
these aspects before arriving at a instabilities were observed at flight and acceleration profiles, which were
preliminary stabilizer configuration. speed of 3.4 Mach. erratic in case of curved WAF, became
Curved fins have been used for Pinaka The major problem of dynamic smooth and inline with the prediction
Mk-I rocket with careful selection instability was successfully overcome in case of flat WAF indicating a stable
of fin chord, fin span, cant angle and flight.

Pinaka Mk-I Pinaka Mk-II Guided Pinaka

Stabilizers for Pinaka Mk-I, Mk-II and Guided Pinaka Rockets

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Rocket Pod
Integrated pod is an assembly of variety of rockets to be fired from whereas, pod of guided Pinaka carries
of pod frame, launcher tubes, lock the launcher platform. Launchers 4 rockets. All these rockets can be
assemblies and wire harnessing. with fixed launcher tubes allow fired from same Pinaka launcher. The
The pod frame is an open frame only one type/caliber of rocket to be launcher tubes developed for these
structure manufactured mainly from fired. Whereas launcher with pods rocket pods are disposable/one time
extruded sections of aluminium can be adopted for firing rockets of use and are made from E-glass epoxy
alloy. It would act as a transportation, different caliber and length. The pods resin system based composite and
storage container as well as launching developed for Pinaka Mk-I, Mk-II manufactured by filament winding
platform for rockets. The concept and Mk-I (Enhanced) carry 6 rockets process.
of pod provides flexibility on terms

Pods Developed for Various Artillery Rockets

Pinaka Ground Systems

Launcher System
Pinaka launcher is a mobile
system with a capability of laying and
launching twelve rockets individually
or in programmed ripple/salvo fire
mode. Pinaka launcher has been
integrated on a rugged 8x8 TATRA
military vehicle.
The launcher also has an on-
board Automatic Gun Alignment
and Positioning System (AGAPS)
to provide land navigation and
orientation capability. Pinaka launcher
is a world-class system which is highly
automatic and incorporates many
modern technologies. Important
features of launcher are:
◊ 2 axis, position control, all electric Pinaka Multi-barrel Rocket Launcher

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servo drive system for laying of

launcher in Azimuth and Elevation
◊ RLG based INS used for land
navigation as well as feedback
element for servo drive system
◊ Auto leveling is achieved through
four hydraulic outriggers
◊ Maintains laying accuracy within 1
milli-radian and prompts operator
in case of error in laying
◊ System automatically debars firing
in case laying gets disturbed during
salvo firing. Firing can be restarted
after relaying
◊ Incorporates software based level
correction to ensure accurate Pinaka Battery Command Post Vehicle
laying
◊ An on-board generator coupled
to the vehicle power take off around Tatra 8x8 vehicle. The BCP has rocket pods to the launcher. Pods
supplies primary power for the following capabilities: are handled with the help of on
launcher operation ◊ Command and control of launchers board hydraulic crane having 3.5 ton
◊ On board launcher computer within the battery through a capacity. The LCR vehicle is manned
for levelling, laying, fuze setting, wireless/line data link or voice by 3 crew members (including driver).
programming and firing of rockets communication The LCR was developed in association
◊ Capability for comprehensive ◊ Collection of information related with VRDE.
launcher control from BCP through to positions of launchers and
data or voice link. Communication targets
between the launcher and BCP can Replenishment Vehicle (RV)
◊ Collection of Met data
be either through radio or line LCR vehicle is used for transporting
◊ Computation of trajectory
◊ Salvo of 12 rockets fired in short rocket pods. It carries four rocket
period of time of 44 s ◊ Communication with higher pods onboard. RV has locking and
echelons – ACCCS SHAKTI lashing provision for securing the
◊ Fast coming into action and
coming out of action of less than 3 The BCP is an air-conditioned, pods during transportation and
minutes. NBC filtered, EMI/EMC shielded collapsible sidewalk ways for easy
◊ Crew of four shelterised system. It mainly houses crew movement during pod handling.
◊ Capacity to store up to five two Enhanced Tactical Computers The RV was developed in association
missions (ETCs) and various communication with VRDE.
equipment. The ETCs are installed
◊ Standby modes for launcher
levelling and laying in form of with GIS and ACCCS SHAKTI DIGICORA MET Radar
manual or battery power assisted application software which are
essential for fire control of launchers. The in-service DIGICORA MET
modes
Within the shelter, besides the radar has been adoppted for Pinaka
◊ Standby manual modes for fuze weapon system. It is used for obtaining
setting, programming rocket data crew cabin which is ergonomically
designed for ease of operations, there the MET data using a balloon based
and firing
are stowage facilities. radio-sonde. The MET data captured
is utilised for trajectory computations
Battery Command Post
Loader-cum-Replenishment by the BCP.
The Pinaka BCP is the command
(LCR) Vehicle
and control center for a battery of
six launchers. The BCP is configured The LCR is used for transfer of

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Pinaka LCR Vehicle Pinaka Replenishment Vehicle DIGICORA MET Radar

TECHNOLOGY AND ROCKET DEVELOPMENT

Pinaka Mk-I
Pinaka is the first indigenous
MBRLS designed, developed by
ARDE in association with other
DRDO labs which has been inducted
into the Services. Pinaka was
effectively used during Indo-Pakistan
conflict in Kargil in June 1999 (Op
Vijay). Operation was successfully
executed by soldiers of 210 rocket
regiment along with DRDO team. The
Users trials of Pinaka weapon system
with Mk-I rockets were successfully
completed in July 2002. Production of
Pinaka weapon system commenced in
year 2006. Pinaka is the first example
of DRDO private industry partnership
which culminated into production
order to industry which participated
in the development. Presently the
rockets are being manufactured by
OFB. The launchers and BCPs are
being manufactured by L&T and Tata,
whereas the LCRs and RVs are being
manufactured by BEML.
Two regiments of Pinaka have been
inducted and became fully operational
in 2010. Next two regiments are under
induction. Production of Regt No.
5 to 10 is expected to commence
shortly after finalisation of contracts.
Army has decided to induct total 22
regiments and 1.89 lakhs rockets.
With this, anticipated return will be
of the order of Rs. 61000 cr against Pinaka in Operation Vijay (Indo-Pak Conflict 1999)

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R&D cost of Rs. 55 cr, leading to an Pokran. Propulsion system developed ◊ Si-phenolic, EPDM and ROCASIN-
unparalleled return on investment. for Pinaka Mk-II has been successfully based thermal protection for
Now ToT for Pinaka rocket system has adopted for Guided Pinaka Rocket. motor tubes
been handed over to private industry, Based on the technologies established ◊ Wrap around fin stabilizer (curved
and with MoD releasing the RFP on for Pinaka Mk-II rocket, development and flat fins) for providing stability
private industry for manufacture and of Pinaka Mk-I (Enhanced) having to rocket flying at high Mach No.
supply of rockets, Pinaka MBRLS is set range of 45+ km is being progressed. ◊ Family of high lethality warheads
to scale new heights. Pinaka MBRLS Maximum range of 50 km for ◊ Turbo-generator based ET fuzes
also has very high export potential, Pinaka Mk-I (Enhanced) is already
◊ High reliability miniaturized sub-
with some friendly countries showing demonstrated during design trials munition fuzes
keen interest in the weapon systems. carried out at Balasore.
◊ Light weight pods with disposable
Development of all the Pinaka FRP launcher tubes
Extended Range Pinaka variants has built technological base ◊ Six DoF trajectory model for
Rocket for artillery rocket system. Based accurate flight predictions
The impressive field performance of on these technologies, ARDE and
Pinaka Mk-I system has led to design HEMRL have successfully transferred Guided Pinaka
and development of state-of-the-art the ToTs of Pinaka Mk-I and Mk-II
rockets to OFB as well as to private Guided Pinaka rocket being
long range artillery rocket systems.
industries. Some of the critical developed by ARDE in association
In pursuit of this, an enhanced
technologies developed for artillery with RCI, DRDL, HEMRL and PXE
version of Pinaka; a 60 km range
rockets are as below: is a capable of striking targets located
Pinaka Mk-II Rocket System has been
◊ High energy composite propellant deep into enemy territory up to a
developed with various contemporary
(cartridge loaded and case bonded range of 75 km with precision. It is
technologies compatible with
grains) configured using propulsion system
Pinaka ground system keeping the
◊ Flow Forming Technology for developed for Pinaka Mk-II rocket.
same payload. Range, accuracy and
motor tubes It makes use of the aerodynamic
consistency of Pinaka Mk-II rocket
force for canard control to improve
have been successfully demonstrated ◊ Pyro-technique based nozzle end
and head end ignition systems accuracy and increase the range. This
during series of technical trials carried
is achieved by integrating a Guidance
out at ITR, Balasore and PFFR,
Navigation and Control (GNC) kit
with the rocket in its ogive portion.
The GNC kit comprises of a UNIfied
Avionics Computer (UNIAC),
Canards driven by Rotary Electro-
Mechanical Actuators, Thermal
battery, Fuze, Telemetry and GPS
antenna. The configuration of guided
Pinaka rocket is shown in the Figure.
A compact UNIAC has been
specially developed for guided Pinaka
rocket and comprises of On-Board
Computer (OBC), MEMS based
IMU, G3OM/ IRNSS, SCP+PCM
for Telemetry and EIU. UNIAC
uses hybrid navigation for guidance
purposes (Vector Explicit Guidance)
and generates control commands
to the canard control surfaces
Pinaka Mk-II Rocket Trials at Balasore

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mounted onto the rocket airframe. ◊ Wider azimuth coverage: ±30° ◊ PZT based warhead initiation
Guided Pinaka rocket is controlled ◊ INS+GPS guidance (MEMS based mechanism for PF and RHE
and guided from lift-off to impact INS and G3OM/ IRNSS) warheads
and maneuvered continuously. The ◊ Canard based aerodynamic control ◊ Only 2-3 missiles are required for
features of guided Pinaka rocket are as achieving a kill probability of 99%
follows: ◊ Use of GNC kit components which against a single target
have already been developed for
◊ Deep striking capability up to 75 other missile systems The range enhancement (75 km)
km range was demonstrated during January
◊ No MET radar required
◊ Accuracy of < 30 m at all ranges 2017 trials at ITR, Balasore.
◊ All warheads developed for Pinaka
◊ Improved hit angle at the target Mk-I rocket to be integrated The accuracy against land targets
◊ Four fixed launch angles to cover was demonstrated during Mar 2019
◊ Proximity fuze for PF warhead
entire range spectrum of 20 km to and navigation based altitude trials at PFFR, Pokran.
75 km sensor for sub-munition and
incendiary warheads

Guided Pinaka Rocket Launch at ITR

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ARTILLERY ROCKET SYSTEMS DEVELOPED AT ARDE

Table presents a comparative view of the major artillery rocket systems in terms of technology development.

Parameter Pinaka Mk-I Pinaka Mk-II Pinaka Mk-I Guided Pinaka ERR 122
(Enhanced)
Range (km) 37.5 60 45 75 40
Calibre (mm) 214 214 214 214 122
Length (mm) 4881 5175 4725 5175 2912
Warhead 100 100 100 100+15 (GNC kit) 21
weight(kg)
Accuracy ≤ 1.5% range ≤ 1.5% range (PE) ≤ 1.5% range (PE) ≤ 60m (CEP) ≤ 1.5% range
(PE) (PE)
Rocket weight 277.4 325 280 325 66.5
(kg)
Propellant weight 100 131.5 111 131.5 26.8
(kg)
Fin stabilizer 4 Curved fins Six flat fins Six flat fins (WAF) Six flat fins (WAF) 4 Curved fins
(WAF) (WAF) without cant (WAF)
Warhead PF, RHE, PF, RHE, PF, RHE, DPICM PF, RHE, DPICM HEPF, RHE
DPICM DPICM
Fuze ET & VT ET & VT ET & VT ET & VT VT/DA & Delay
Guidance Free flight Free flight Free flight INS + GPS Free flight
Launcher Pinaka MBRL Pinaka MBRL Pinaka MBRL Pinaka MBRL (with BM-21 Launcher
ELPC & LRU)
Pod 2 Detachable 2 Detachable Pods 2 Detachable Pods 2 Detachable Pods No. Fixed cluster
Pods each with each with 6 FRP each with 6 FRP each with 4 FRP tubes of 40 steel
6 FRP tubes tubes tubes launcher tubes
Status Inducted into Development Maximum Trials for range & ac- Under
Services. Under completed range demon- curacy demonstration development.
bulk produc- stration trials conducted.
tion. completed.

DESIDOC thanks Dr KM Rajan, DS & Director ARDE (Retd); Shri PT Rojatkar, OS;
Shri SG Ghume, Sc 'F'; Shri SB Mukane, Sc 'F'; Shri Manish Chandra, Sc 'E'; Shri Nikhil Saxena, Sc 'C' of Armament
Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), for bringing out this issue of Technology Focus.

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Published by DESIDOC
© DESIDOC, DRDO, 2019
RNI No. 55787/93