EE-451 Mobile Communication

Systems (3+0)

Lecture 1

Lec Moiz Ahmed Pirkani

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Introduction, Background,
Capacity Limits

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Lecture Outline
• Course Outline
• Introduction
• System Block Diagrams
• Statistical properties of digital signal
• Capacity limits of wireless channels
• Basics of digital modulation

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Structure
• Lectures
• 48 hours
• Mon and Thurs
• Lecture Notes available on NUST LMS- All students are required to keep hardcopy at all
times during the lecture
• Tutorials- Numerical Questions
• Included within lectures- All students are required to solve them in their own time.
• Assignments
• 2 x Assignments (4, 10th weeks’ submission) (5%)
• 1 x Case Study (16th week submission) (5-15%)
• Assessment
• OHT-I exam (15%)
• OHT-II exam (15%)
• Quizzes (10%)
• Assignments (10%)
• Final Exam (40-50%)
• Quizzes
• 4 x Unannounced (5%)
• 2 x Announed (5%)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Outline (I)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Outline (II)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Contact Information
• All communication should be made through email
only:
• [email protected]

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
References
• Reference Books
• A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge
University Press, 2005 (e-book Available)
• S. Haykin and M. Moher, Modern Wireless Communications,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005
• T. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practice, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002
• A. F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John Wiley & Sons,
2005
• J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th edition, McGraw
Hill, 2000
• Tse and Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless
Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005
• J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, 2nd edition, Addison
Wesley, 2003

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Key Notes to Learn
• Attend lectures!!!
• Ask when you don’t understand
• Don’t leave until the end of lecture because you
won’t be able to follow the materials to come
• This module is highly conceptual
• Learn how to see through the mathematics and different
equations
• Understand is the key
• You probably can’t memorize all the materials in this course so
understand it
• Jot down side notes and bring hardcopy of your
handouts with you in the class
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Why wireless?
• Mobility
• Flexibility

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Modern Development (I)
• 1982 Start of GSM-specification
• Groupe Spéciale Mobile
• 1983 Start of the American AMPS
• Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog system
• 1992 Start of GSM
• Global System for Mobile communication
• 1993 Start of PHS in Japan
• Personal Handyphone System
• 1995 First commercial launch of CDMA (HK)
• 1995 Formation of IMT-2000 for future global mobile
development (3G)
• IMT - International Mobile Telecommunication

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Modern Development (II)
• 1997 Standardisation of W-LAN IEEE 802.11
• 1998 First satellite phone – Iridium
• 1999 Standardization of W-LAN 802.11a & b
• 1999 IMT-2000 decided to have more than 1 3G
standard
• UMTS (W-CDMA), CDMA2000
• 1999 Start of Bluetooth
• 2000 Introduction of GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service
• 2001 Start of 3G service in Japan
• 2003 Standardisation of W-LAN 802.11g
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Modern Development (III)
• 2003 Launch of 3G service in UK
• Hutchison 3 on 3/3/2003
• 2005 Mobile TV first launched in South Korea
• 2006 HSDPA (14.4Mbps) launched worldwide
• 2007 HSUPA (5.7Mbps) first launched in South Korea
• 2008 HSPA+ (DL/UL 21/5.8Mbps) first launched in Australia (target rate
DL/UL 42/11Mbps)
• 2010 (DL/UL 100/50Mbps) LTE launched in Sweden
• 2012 LTE Advanced (up to 1Gbps)
• 2014 Launch of 3G/4G LTE service in Pakistan

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Facts and Figures
• 2009 (Estimated)
• Global mobile users: 4.6 billion (www.itu.int)
• World population: 6.8 billion (www.census.gov)
• Global GSM users: 3.4 billion (www.gsmworld.com)
• Global CDMA users: 500 million (www.cdg.org)
• Global 3GPP users: 389 million
(www.gsmworld.com)
• Global 3GPP2 users: 147 million (www.cdg.org)
• Largest mobile market: China 747 million
(www.itu.int)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Facts and Figures (ITU)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Wireless Challenges (I)
• Channel impairments
• Wireless channels are varying and adversely affect
performance
• Limited bandwidth
• Bandwidth is expensive or limited in unlicensed band
• Transmission power
• Minimise transmission power to minimise interference &
power consumption
• Interference
• Transmission causes interference to other user or system and
v.v.
• Power consumption
• Battery last the longer the better
• Processing power & memory
• Available processing power & memory on portable is limited
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Wireless Challenges (II)
• Size
• Size of the portable device must be as small as possible (?)
• Security
• Wireless signals can be tapped easily
• Robustness
• Able to communicate in different environments
• Health issue
• Radio wave causing brain damage?
• Goal
• Engineer viewpoint
• Achieve the sufficient quality of service while minimising all the
factors
• Researcher viewpoint
• Achieve the best for each factor individually or jointly

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Wireless Communication Link
• Block diagram of a typical wireless communication
transmitter and receiver

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Mobile Network Model
• Typical mobile network model

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Outline (I)
• Introduction, Backgrounds, & Capacity limits
• Basic wireless communications
• Modulation, Noise, Basic propagation
• Radio channel I – Large scale path loss, shadowing
• Propagation mechanism and common models
• Radio channel II – Small scale multipath fading
• Multipath fading and common models
• Channel estimation & equalisation
• Computer simulation for communication systems
• Diversity
• Diversity types, diversity combining schemes

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Outline (II)
• MIMO systems
• Theoretical limits, beamforming, spatial multiplexing
and diversity
• Cellular network concept and design
• Cellular concept, resource planning and load calculation
• Radio Resource Management
• Power control, handovers, scheduling
• Advanced multiuser communication
• OFDMA, SC-FDMA
• Current system standards & Advanced wireless
systems
• 3G and beyond

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Course Outline (III)
• You will learn:
• The theory of propagation and the properties of wireless channels
• How to combat its adversity?
• How to exploit it?
• Wireless system and mobile network design issues
• Various existing and advanced schemes
• The beauty of existing systems or standards
• Latest development and research directions

But before all these

exciting things, let’s
first revise some basics

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Revision of Topics
• Basic statistic properties of digital signals
• Basic Information Theory
• Capacity for AWGN and wireless channels
• Goldsmith Ch 4.1 – 4.2.3
• Proakis Ch 3.2 & 7.1
• Revision of digital modulation schemes
• Goldsmith Ch 5
• Haykin Ch 3.1 – 3.7
• Rappaport Ch 6.8 – 6.10

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Statistical Properties of Digital Signal (I)
• Digital communication is a stochastic (statistical) process
• Energy of a real signal x = E(x2)
• For complex signal, x = E(xx*)
• Discrete memoryless symbol s, E(s)=0, E(s2)=Es
• Es = signal energy
• Noise n, E(n)=0, E(n2)=Var(n)=N0
• N0 = noise power spectral density
• Case 1: AWGN Received signal r
r=s+n
E(r) = E (s + n) = E (s) + E (n) = 0
E(r) = E ((s + n)2) = E (s2) + 2 E(s) E (n) + E (n2) = Es + No
• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
𝐸𝑠
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Statistical Properties of Digital Signal (II)
• Case 2: Fixed channel gain h
r = hs + n
E(r) = E(hs + n) = hE(s) + E(n) = 0
E(r2) = E ((hs+n)2) = h2E(s2) + 2hE(sn) + E(n2)
= h2Es + No
ℎ𝐸𝑠
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜
• Case 3: Discrete memoryless channel, i.e, h is also a r.v.
E (h) = 0 E(h2) = Ϭ2ℎ
E (r) = E(hs + n) = E(h)E(s) + E(n) = 0
E(r2) = E((hs + n)2) = E(h2s2) + 2E(hsn) + E(n2) = Ϭ2ℎ 𝐸𝑠 + 𝑁𝑜
Ϭ2ℎ 𝐸𝑠
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑁𝑜

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Statistical Properties of Digital Signal (III)
• For x(t) and y(t) be random sequences
• Autocorrelation (second moment)
• Describe the similarity of a sequence with the time-shifted version of
itself

• Cross-correlation
• Describe the similarity of one sequence with the time-shifted version
of another sequence

• Wide-Sense Stationary (WSS) signal

• Mean of the signal is independent of time, E[x(t)]= μx
• The autocorrelation function is dependent on the time difference
• i.e. Auto- or cross-correlation function is the same at any time t

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Basics of Information Theory
• Information Theory
• Theories relating to information transfer in communication
link
• Two fundamental questions
• What is the ultimate data compression?
• What is the ultimate data transmission rate?
• Ultimate data compression = Entropy
• Entropy is the measure of uncertainty in a random variable
(r.v.)
• If X is a random variable, the entropy H(X) is:

• Entropy is measured in bits, and is the min no. of bits to

represent the data
• The higher the uncertainty, the larger the entropy
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Entropy
• E.g., Coin flip,
• p(Head)=p(Tail)=0.5
• H=-2*0.5*log2(0.5)=1
• So 1 bit is needed to represent a coin flip
• While the source data could have a certain entropy, its
current form of presentation might use more bits
• E.g., Dice rolling
• p(xi)=1/6
• H(X)= -6*(1/6)*log2(1/6) = 2.58
• However, to represent 6 outcomes in binary format requires 3 bits
• Data compression schemes can reduce the number of
bits
• Any data compression scheme cannot achieve less bits than
entropy to represent the data

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Capacity (I)
• Ultimate data transmission rate = Capacity
• Capacity is the maximum data transmission rate of a
communication link while maintaining a negligible error
probability
• If the error rate is not considered, one can transmit any rate!!!

• I(X;Y) is the mutual information of r.v. X and Y

• Mutual information
• The amount of information shared commonly between X and Y
• Or the reduction of uncertainty in X due to knowledge of Y
• The larger the mutual information, the more certain of X

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Capacity (II)
• Capacity
• The maximum mutual information between the
transmitted data X and received data Y
• Or the max data rate in the channel with negligible error rate
• Different in different type of channels
• If one is to transmit a higher data rate than C, error rate
will become high
• Any data rate lower than C is fine
• No practical data communication can achieve C
• It is a theoretical upper limit that can only be achieved
by an infinitely long coding sequence
• Ever since Shannon derived this in early 1940s, research
is always trying to approach the capacity
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Capacity (III)
• Capacity

• Max achievable data rate per unit bandwidth

• Bandlimited channel capacity

• Max achievable data rate with a certain bandwidth

• Very confusing as most of the time they are all called
capacity
• If there’s a B in the formula, then it’s bandlimited channel
capacity
• Or differentiate from the unit (bps/Hz or bps)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Questions:
• What is the capacity for SNR 10dB & 20dB and BW of 200kHz?

• Find the capacity for P=10mW, N0=10-6mW/Hz, B=30kHz and 3MHz

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Capacity of Wireless Channels (I)
• Wireless fading channel
• Transmitter do not know the channel gain
r = hs + n
• h = complex fading channel gain
• Instantaneous capacity

• Ergodic (time averaged) capacity

• Ergodic process: a process such that the time average

converges to the ensemble averages (average of a process at a
time instances)
• Capacity also depends on channel gain
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Capacity of Wireless Channels (II)
• By Jensen’s inequality

• This means that the capacity of a fading (or time

varying) channel is less than a static channel with the
same power
• Very important observation!!!
• Wireless communication is difficult!

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Tutorial Question
• A system with SNR of 13dB is transmitted over a
fading channel. The channel gain is one of the three
values: h1 = 0.2+0.1j, h2 = 1.1+0.8j, h3 = 1.5+1.2j.
The probabilities associated with each possible
channel values are: p(h1) = 0.1, p(h2) = 0.4, p(h3) =
0.5.
• Calculate the instantaneous capacities for each of the
three channel values in bps/Hz.
• Calculate the average channel capacity in bps/Hz.
• Calculate the capacity (in bps/Hz) based on the averaged
signal to noise ratio from these three possible channel
values.
• What conclusion can you draw from the answer in part
(ii) and (iii)?
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Decibel (I)
• Decibel (dB) for power ratio
• A logarithmic ratio

• Very useful and commonly used in communications

• Can represent very small values in reasonable numbers (e.g. 10-10 =
-100dB)
• Many multiplicative terms become additions
• If X=a*b*c

• Useful numbers
• Factor of 2 = addition of 3dB
• Factor of 1/2 = subtraction of 3dB
• Factor of 10 = addition of 10dB
EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST
Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Decibel (II)
• dBW & dBm
• dBW is the signal power in Watts in dB

• 0dBW=1W
• dBm is the signal power in milli-watts in dB

• 1mW=0dBm=-30dBW
• Rules
• dB+dB=dB
• dBm+dB=dBm
• dBm-dBm=dB
• dBm+dBm = ?

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Modulation Basics
• Digital data contains 0s and 1s
• Difficult to transmit over wireless channels
• Transmitting zero is identical to no transmission
• Infinite spectrum due to frequency spectrum of square pulse
• Needs to convert binary data to analogue signal for
RF transmission
• Transmit in the licensed or allowed frequency band
• Revision of basic digital modulation schemes, and
some modulation schemes for wireless
communications

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Basic Modulation Schemes (I)
• Typical carrier signal

• 3 possible modulation method

• Phase φ, Amplitude A & Frequency fc
• Quadrature carrier signal

• AI=In phase amplitude; AQ=quadrature phase amplitude

• I & Q are orthogonal

• Occupy the same bandwidth as the one with only I or Q

component (Why waste?)

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Basic Modulation Schemes (II)
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Use different phases of the quadrature carrier signal for
different binary data (d)
• E.g. BPSK: φ=0° for d=0; φ=180° for d=1
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• Use the amplitude of the quadrature carrier signal to carry
the data
• E.g. 4-QAM: For d={00, 01, 10, 11}
• {AI,AQ}={(1,1), (-1,1), (1,-1), (-1,-1)}/√2
• Same as QPSK
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Use different frequencies of the carrier signal to represent
different binary data
• E.g. BFSK: fc=f1 for d=0; fc=f2 for d=1

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)
Basic Modulation Schemes (III)
• Factors affecting the choice of modulation in
wireless communications
• Bandwidth efficiency
• Throughput data rate per Hertz: η = R/B (bps/Hz)
• Power efficiency
• Required SNR at a certain BER/FER
• Other factors
• Implementation complexity
• Non-linearity of power amplifier (PA)
• Adjacent channel interference
• Robustness

EE-451 MILITARY COLLEGE OF SIGNALS- NUST

Mobile Communication Systems (3+0)