R

THE HUB OF IT

Let’s excel in

Advanced Excel

Publication :
CITC-The Hub of IT

CITC - SCO : 36/2,

Sector -41 D, Chandigarh
www.citcchandigarh.com
Author : Gajraj Singh
 Let’s excel in

Advanced Excel

All Rights reserved with CITC-The Hub of IT (A venture of Chandigarh ETC Services Pvt. Ltd.)
First Edition Let’s excel in
April, 2019
Advanced Excel
All Rights Reserved
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Head Publication : Sanjeet Kumari (M. Sc. IT)

Author : Gajraj Singh (MA Education & Eng, B.Ed. PGDEE, DSE)

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MRP Rs. 190/-

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 Preface
Computer Technology is playing a vital role in current digital era. Most of the daily
routine works are in influence of electronic gadgets whether it is our office, schools-
colleges or even our home or kitchen. Computer & Mobile Technology has completely
affected the eco system of life.

Advanced Excel that helps the user to perform complicated and enormous calculations,
processing on the massive quantity of information, playacting knowledge analysis,
higher illustration of information, etc. Our major Objective behind developing this
book is to impart the best skill based relevant knowledge in most economical way. Our
keen efforts are for developing the skilled workforce.

Pedagogical Approach is taken care while developing this book. We have tried our
best to keep the language as simple as possible to reach the masses. Most of the
concepts are explained with pictorial illustrations so that anyone can understand the
topics with easiness. The learning approach flows from simple to complex.

I am very grateful to Mr. Gajraj Singh who has given words to this book & his valuable
advice & guidance in the successful development of this book. I will also appreciate the
valuable inputs of Razia Akhter, Ishrat Shabir & Monika.

However we have tried our best to offer you the best book on Computer Fundamentals
& MS Office, still we are open for any add-ons. Suggestions are always welcome for
betterment of this book.

Sanjeet Kumari
Director
CITC-The Hub of IT
 Contents

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1
CHAPTER 2: Date and Time Functions 2
CHAPTER 3: Text Functions 11
CHAPTER 4: Lookup and References Functions 19
CHAPTER 5: Information Functions 27
CHAPTER 6: Logical Functions 33
CHAPTER 7: Statistical Functions 36
CHAPTER 8: Math and Trignomatry Functions 40
CHAPTER 9: Financial Functions 54
CHAPTER 10: Another Functions 70
 ADVANCE EXCEL
Chapter 1
Introduction
Microsoft excel is an application software, it is used for all types of calculations. It is also
called as workbook. Working area is called worksheet or spread sheet, because it is
wide in length and breadth. Excel sheet is made of number of columns and rows
,column heads are A,B,C,D……and row heads are 1,2,3,4,5…………. Where these
numbers of columns and rows are intersecting they form cells. These cells are
predefined that means if we apply formula in any cell by dragging we can see result for
other cell also.

The sheet is defined as :- first we have title bar then menu bar, tool bar and here is also
a formula bar which shows the used formula and then we have body in which we do
work. At the bottom of sheet there is option in which we can create number of sheets
.then we have finally status bar and task bar.

In case of formula bar if I take data in any cell then we will show the reference of that
cell in formula bar. Like I write in A5 cell then it will show in formula bar

In excel we have three types of arrows

i. 3-D ARROW:- USED FOR SELECTION

ii. CARTIZIAN ARROW:- USED FOR DRAGE
iii. POSITION ARROW:- USED FOR CHANGE THE POSITION OF DATA TABLE

Here we are introducing the formulas called Advance Excel. These formulas are based
on different classes used for different fields like here we have date and time, text,
lookup and references, math and trig amatory, financial etc. etc.

1
 Chapter 2
Date & Time Functions
1. NOW FORMULA:- The now() function returns the current date & time. To use this
function type the following formula in a cell.

Syntax: =now()

Example: =now() and then press the Enter key

2. DAY FORMULA:- The day() function returns the current day of the month as a
number between 1 to 31 from a given date. To use this function firstly use the =now()
function, then use the =day() function, because the =day() function has one argument
“serial_number” that serial number is the reference of the =now() function’s resultant
cell. To apply this formula:

Syntax: =day(serial_number)
Example: =day(B1) and then press Enter
In this example the serial number is B1. So type, =day(B1) and press Enter.

2
3. MONTH FORMULA:- The month() function extracts the month from a given
date as number between 1 to 12.
Syntax: =month(date) Example: =month(B1) and press Enter

4. YEAR FORMULA:- This formula returns the year, it is also extracted from NOW
FORMULA ,like=year(click here now serial then enter. It is shown below.

Syntax: =year(serial_number) Example: =year(B1) and press Enter

5. SECOND FORMULA:- The second() function returns the second component of a

time as a number 0-59. For example, with the time of 11:15:10 AM, second() function
will return 15. We can say that we use the second() function to extracts the second into
a cell.

Syntax: =second(serial_number), Here serial_number is the result of now() function

Example: =second(B1)

3
6. MINUTE AND HOUR FORMULAS :- These are the formula used to know the
current minute and hour from the required date, so the procedure is same as that of
previous formulas are shown below:

Syntax: =minute(serial_number) =hour(serial_number)

Example: =minute(B1) =hour(B1)

7. DATE FORMULA:- This formula is returns the valid date ,it depends on day,
month, year components. Syntax: =day(year,month,day) Example:
=day(C2,B2,A2)

8. DATEVALUE FORMULA:- The datevalue() function converts a date as text into

proper Excel Date.

Syntax: Example:

=datevalue(date_text) =datevalue(text(D2,”dd-mmm-yyyy”))

4
9. TIME FORMULA:- The time function returns the current time with individual hour,
minutes and second components. E.g , =time(3,0,0) it returns 3 hours

Syntax: =time(hour,minute,second) Example: =time(C2,B2,A2)

10. TIMEVALUE:- The timevalue() function returns a valid time from a text string.
E.g. =timevalue(“9.00AM”) returns 0.375 i.e. the numeric representation of 9.00 AM IN
Excel’s time system.

Syntax: =timevalue(time_text) Example: =Time value (text (time,”hh:mm:ss”))

5
11. EOMONTH FORMULA:- The EOMONTH() function returns the last day of the
month date. Use +ve value for months to get a date in future, and a –ve value to get a
date in the past.

Syntax: =eomonth(start_date,months)

DATE ADD/MINUS EOMONTH

1-JAN-2015 1 MONTH =EOMONTH(DATE,ADD/MINUS)PRESS

ENTER

HERE WE FIND 29 FEB-2015

1-JAN-2015 -2 HERE WE FIND 31-NOV-2014

So, either we add/minus the month in the given date we will find last date of that month.

12. EDATE:- edate() function returns a date on a same day of the month, n months
in past or future. It is also used for knowing the date of service, birthday after some
years or to know the date at back of current date. The edate() function is also used to
calculate expiration dates, maturity dates, and other due dates.

Note: Use a positive value for months to get a date in the future, and a negative value
for dates in the past.

Start date Plus/minus Edate

month
12/3/2017 1 =edate(startdate,p/m)
12/4/2017

6
 Other example is if I want to know that what will be the date in my 10th birthday after
the current date. Here we are producing date in years so multiple 12 in p/m months

Start date p/m months edate

1/jan/2000 10(years) =edate(startdate,/m*12)enter

=>1/jan/2010

3/Aug/2015 -1(month) 3/july/2015

(because in a year contains 12 months)

13. WORKDAY FORMULA:- This formula shows total number of workdays we

have done in a given period of time.

Example: if I give project to a worker in any date with limit of time period such that we
have to find at which date he/she will complete that project, this formula is used to
know the required date. But here the actual holidays are automatically mentioned, and
further holidays we include they will also to be mention.
Syntax: =workday(start_day, days,[holidays])

7
 14. NETWORKDAYS FORMULA:-It is the formula by which we can find out the
time duration to complete the project. That means if we start a project and we know the
date at which we complete the project such that we have to find out the days to
complete the required project, so this formula is to be used. Simply it calculates the
number of working days between two dates.
Syntax: =networkdays(start_date, end_date, [holidays])

15. WEEKDAY FORMULA:-It is the formula that shows the day in a week. That
means we can find out the day in a week from current date. In this formula we have to
remember a table for week, in which we show from where the week starts.

Syntax: =weekday(serial_number,return_type)

=text(above date,”ddd”)enter >gives the day from the above date.

This is the table which we have to remember for weekday formula.

sun mon tue wed thu fri sat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31

8
16. WEEKNUM:-In this formula we can find out the week in a year. If we give any
date and with the help of this formula we know the week in that year.

Syntax: =weeknum(serial_num,return_type)

17. YEARFRAC:-With the help of this formula we can find out the year in fractions.
It returns a decimal value that represents fractional years between two dates. We can
use yearfrac() to calculate age with a birthdate.

Syntax: =yearfrac(start_date, end_date)

9
18. DAYS360 Function:- This formula is used to find out days between start
date and end date based on a 360-day year.
Syntax: =days360(start date,end date)
Similarly a day contain 24 hours so, to know hours in between these dates multiply 24
to above find days. Also for minutes, seconds multiply 60 to above find hours.

19.TODAY Function:-This formula shows the current date as now formula shows.
Syntax: =today()

20. Days() Function:- The days() function returns the number of days between
two dates. Syntax: =days(end_date, start_date)

10
 Chapter 3
TEXT FUNCTIONS
1) Bahttext Function:-The excel bahttext converts a number to Thai(thailand
language) as a text value and appends baht to the end of text.
Syntax: =bahttext(number)

2) Code Function:- The excel code function determines the numeric

representation for the first character in the specified text string. For example ,
CODE(“a”) returns the code 97.

Syntax: =CODE(text)

3) Concatenate Function:-The excel Concatenate function concatenates

(joins) join upto 30 text items together and returns the result as text

Synax: =concatenate(text1,text2,text3)

11
4) Fixed Function:- The fixed() function converts a number to text with fixed
number of decimals, rounding as needed.

Syntax: =fixed(number,[decimal places],[no-Commas])

5) Len Function:- The LEN function in excel returns the length of the specified
string. Syntax: =LEN(text)

6) Dollar Function:- The Dollar function converts a number to text ,Using a

Currency Format. The format used is $#,##000-)

Syntax: =dollar(number,[decimal_places])

12
7) Left Function:- The left function allows you to extract a substring from a string
,starting from the left most character.

Syntax: =Left (text,[number_of_characters])

8) Right Function:-The Excel RIGHT function extracts a given number of

characters from the right side of a supplied text string. For example,
RIGHT("apple",3) returns "ple".
Syntax: =right(text,[num_chars])

9) Clean Function:- The clean() function cleans or removes the non-printable

characters.

Syntax: =clean(text)

13
 10)Lower Function:-The Lower function in excel converts all letters in the in
the specified string to lower case.
Syntax=: =lower(text)

11)Mid Function:-The mid function extracts a substring from a string (starting at any
position).Use the MID function when you want to extract text from inside a text string,
based on location and length.

Syntax: =MID(TEXT,START_POSITION,[NUMBER_OF_CHARACTERS]).

Arguments

 text - The text to extract from.

 start_num - The location of the first character to extract.
 num_chars - The number of characters to extract.

14
12) Proper Function:- The proper function sets the first character in each word to
upper case and the rest of lower case.

Syntax: =PROPER(text)

13) Replace Function:- The replace function replaces a sequence of characters in

a string with another set of characters .

Syntax: =REPLACE(old_text, start, number _of_characters, new_text)

14) Text Function:-The excel text function returns a value converted to text with a
specified format

Syntax: =TEXT(value,format)

15
15) Exact Function:- This function helps to test if two or more than two supplied
text strings or values are exactly equal and if so returns true otherwise it returns false

Syntax: =EXACT(text1,text2)

16) Find Function:- The find function in excel is used to return the position of a
specific character or substring with in a text string.

Syntax: =find(Find_Text, within text,[start num])

 Find text :- The character you want to find.

 With in text:- The text string to be searched with in.
 Start num:- An optional argument that specifies from which character the search
shall begin.

16
17) T Function:- The T function returns text when give a text value and an empty
String (“”) for numbers , dates and the logical value TRUE and FALSE.

Syntax:=T(value)

18) Trim Function:- The trim function returns text value with the leading and trailing
spaces removed. We can also use the trim function to remove un necessary spaces
between words in a string.

Syntax: =trim(text)

19) Value Function:- The value function converts a text value that represents a
number to a number..

Syntax: =VALUE(TEXT)

17
20) Substitute Function:- The excel Substitute function replaces a set of
characters with another.

Syntax: =SUBSTITUTE(TEXT,OLD -TEXT,NEW-TEXT,[INST_NUM])

21) Rept Function:- This function returns a repeated text value a specified number
of times.

Syntax: =REPT(text,number)

22) Search Function:-The search function returns the location of a substring in a

string. The search is not case sensitive.

Syntax: =SEARCH(SUB STRING,STRING,[START_POSITIO])

18
 Chapter 4
LOOKUP AND REFERENCES FUNCTIONS
1) Choose Function:-
The Excel CHOOSE function returns a value from a list using a given position or index.
For example,

Syntax: =CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2], ...)

Arguments

 index_num - The value to choose. A number between 1 and 254.

 value1 - The first value from which to choose.
 value2 - [optional] The second value from which to choose.

2)Column Function:- The Excel COLUMN function returns the column number for
a reference. For example, COLUMN(C5) returns 3, since C is the third column in the
spreadsheet. When no reference is provided, COLUMN returns the column number of
the cell which contains the formula.

Syntax: =COLUMN ([reference])

19
3)Columns Function:-The Excel COLUMNS function returns the count of columns
in a given reference. For example, COLUMNS(A1:C3) returns 3, since the range A1:C3
contains 3 columns.

Syntax: =COLUMNS (array)

4)Address Function:-The Excel ADDRESS function returns the address for a cell
based on a given row and column number. For example, =ADDRESS(1,1) returns
$A$1. ADDRESS can return an address in relative or absolute format, and can be used
to construct a cell reference inside a formula.

Syntax: =ADDRESS (row_num, col_num, [abs_num], [a1], [sheet])

Arguments

 row_num - The row number to use in the cell address.

 col_num - The column number to use in the cell address.
 abs_num - [optional] The address type (i.e. absolute, relative). Defaults to
absolute.
 a1 - [optional] The reference style, A1 vs R1C1. Defaults to A1 style.
 sheet - [optional] The name of the worksheet to use. Defaults to current sheet.

20
5)Areas Function:- The Excel AREAS function returns the number of areas in a
given reference. For example, =AREAS((A1:C1,2:C2)) returns 2. Multiple references
must be enclosed in an extra set of parentheses.

Syntax: =AREAS ((AREA1,AREA2,AREA3))

6)GETPIVOTDATA Function:- The Excel GETPIVOTDATA function can query a

pivot table and retrieve specific data based on the pivot table structure, instead of cell
references.Syntax: =GETPIVOTDATA (data_field, pivot_table, [field1, item1], ...)

7)HLOOKUP Function:- HLOOKUP is an Excel function to lookup and retrieve

data from a specific row in table. The "H" in HLOOKUP stands for "horizontal", where
lookup values appear in the first row of the table, moving horizontally to the right.
HLOOKUP supports approximate and exact matching.

Syntax: =HLOOKUP (value, table, row_index, [range_lookup])

21
8)Hyperlink Function:- The Excel HYPERLINK function returns a hyperlink from a
given destination and "friendly name". You can use HYPERLINK to construct a clickable
hyperlink with a formula. The HYPERLINK function can build links to workbook
locations, pages on the internet, or to files on network servers.

Syntax: =HYPERLINK (link_location, [friendly_name])

Arguments :-

link_location - The path to the file or page to be opened.

friendly_name - [optional] The link text to display in a cell.

9)VLOOKUP Function:- VLOOKUP is an Excel function to lookup and retrieve data

from a specific column in table. VLOOKUP supports approximate and exact matching,
and wildcards (* ?) for partial matches. The "V" stands for "vertical". Lookup values must
appear in the first column of the table, with lookup columns to the right.

Syntax: =VLOOKUP (value, table, col_index, [range_lookup])

22
10)Index Function:- The Excel INDEX function returns the value at a given position
in a range or array. You can use index to retrieve individual values or entire rows and
columns. INDEX is often used with the MATCH function, where MATCH locates and
feeds a position to INDEX.

Syntax: =INDEX (array, row_num, [col_num], [area_num])

Arguments

 array - A range of cells, or an array constant.

 row_num - The row position in the reference or array.
 col_num - [optional] The column position in the reference or array.
 area_num - [optional] The range in reference that should be used.

11)MATCH FUNCTION:- MATCH is an Excel function used to locate the position of

a lookup value in a row, column, or table. the INDEX function is combined with MATCH
to retrieve the value at the position returned by MATCH.

Syntax: =MATCH (lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])

23
12)Transpose Function:- The Excel TRANSPOSE function "flips" the orientation
of a given range or array. TRANSPOSE converts a vertical range to a horizontal range,
or a horizontal range to a vertical range. You must enter the TRANSPOSE function as
an array formula.

Syntax: =TRANSPOSE (array)

Arguments

array - The array or range of cells to transpose.

13)Row Function:- The Excel ROW function returns the row number for a
reference. For example, ROW(C5) returns 5, since C5 is the fifth row in the
spreadsheet. When no reference is provided, ROW returns the row number of the cell
which contains the formula.

Syntax: =ROW ([reference])

Arguments:

reference - [optional] A reference to a cell or range of cells.

24
14)Rows Function:- The Excel ROWS function returns the count of rows in a given
reference. For example, ROWS(A1:A3) returns 3, since the range A1:A3 contains 3
columns. Syntax: =ROWS (array)

Arguments :

array - A reference to a cell or range of cells.

15) Offset Function:- The Excel OFFSET function returns a reference to a range
constructed in parts: a starting point, a row and column offset, and a final height and
width in rows and columns. OFFSET is handy in formulas that dynamically average or
sum "last n values". Syntax: =OFFSET (reference, rows, cols, [height], [width])

Arguments:

reference - The starting point, supplied as a cell reference or range.

rows - The number of rows to offset below the starting reference.

cols - The number of columns to offset to the right of the starting reference.

height - [optional] The height in rows of the returned reference.

width - [optional] The width in columns of the returned reference.

25
16)Lookup Function:-The Microsoft Excel LOOKUP function returns a value from a
range (one row or one column) or from an array.

Syntax: =LOOKUP( value, lookup_range, [result_range] )

26
 Chapter 5
INFORMATION FUNCTIONS

1)ISODD Function:- The Excel ISODD function returns TRUE when a numeric
value is odd, and FALSE for even numbers. ISODD will return the #VALUE error when
a value is not numeric.

Syntax: =ISODD (value)

Arguments :

value - The numeric value to check.

2)ISEVEN Function:- The Excel ISEVEN function returns TRUE when a numeric
value is even, and FALSE for odd numbers. ISEVEN will return the #VALUE error when
a value is not numeric.

Syntax: =ISEVEN (value)

Arguments: value - The numeric value to check.

27
3)ISBLANK Function:- The Excel ISBLANK function returns TRUE when a cell
contains is empty, and FALSE when a cell is not empty. For example, if A1 contains
"apple", ISBLANK(A1) returns FALSE.

Syntax: =ISBLANK (value)

Arguments

value - The value to check.

4)IFERROR Function:- The Excel IFERROR function returns a custom result when
a formula generates an error, and a standard result when no error is detected.
IFERROR is an elegant way to trap and manage errors without using more complicated
nested IF statements.

Syntax: =IFERROR (value, value_if_error)

28
5)ISERR Function:- The Excel ISERR function returns TRUE for any error type
except the #N/A error. You can use the ISERR function together with the IF function to
test for an error and display a custom message, or perform a different calculation if
found.

Syntax: =ISERR (value)

Arguments

value - The value to check for any error but #N/A.

6)IFNA Function:- The Excel IFNA function returns a custom result when a formula
generates the #N/A error, and a standard result when no error is detected. IFNA is an
elegant way to trap and handle #N/A errors specifically without catching other errors.

Syntax: =IFNA (value, value_if_na)

Arguments :-

value - The value, reference, or formula to check for an error.

value_if_na - The value to return if #N/A error is found.

7)Cell Function:- The Excel CELL function returns information about a cell in a
worksheet. The type of information to be returned is specified as info_type. CELL can
get things like address and filename, as well as detailed info about the formatting used
in the cell. See below for a full list of information available.

Syntax: =CELL (info_type, [reference])

Arguments

29
info_type - The type of information to return about the reference.

reference - [optional] The reference from which to extract information.

8)ISSLOGICAL Function:-
The Excel ISLOGICAL function returns TRUE when a cell contains the logical
values TRUE or FALSE, and returns FALSE for cells that contain any other value,
including empty cells. Syntax: =ISLOGICAL (value)

Arguments: value - The value to test as logical.

9)INFO Function:- The Excel INFO function returns information about the current
environment, including platform, Excel version, number of worksheets in a workbook,
and so on. To use the INFO function, supply the type of information you want as text.
There are seven types of information available, summarized in the table below.

Syntax: =INFO (type_text)

Arguments

type_text - The information type to return as text

30
10)ISNONTEXT Function:-
The Excel ISNONTEXT function returns TRUE for any non-text value, for example, a
number, a date, a time, etc. The ISNONTEXT function also returns TRUE for blank
cells, and for cells with formulas that return non-text results.

=ISNONTEXT (value)

Arguments

value - The value to check.

11)ISNUMBER Function:- The Excel ISNUMBER function returns TRUE when a

cell contains a number, and FALSE if not. You can use ISNUMBER to check that a cell
contains a numeric value, or that the result of another function is a number.

Syntax: =ISNUMBER (value)

31
12)ISNA Function:- The Excel ISNA function returns TRUE when a cell contains
the #N/A error and FALSE for any other value, or any other error type. You can use the
ISNA function with the IF function test for an error and display a friendly message when
it appears.

Syntax: =ISNA(value)

Arguments

value - The value to check if #N/A.

13)ISREF Function:- The Excel ISREF returns TRUE when a cell contains a
reference and FALSE if not. You can use the ISREF function to check if a cell contains
a valid reference.

Syntax: =ISREF(value)

32
 Chapter 6
LOGICAL FUNCTIONS

1)IF Function:- The if() function checks weather a condition is met, and returns the
value if the condition is true, otherwise false value will be returned.

Syntax: =if(logical_test, [value_if_true],[value_if_false])

Example: =if(C2>=50,”Pass”,”Fail”)

2)IFERROR Function:-The Iferror() function is used to make own message in

the wrong results for example if we write abc+123 the result of excel will be #div#
but instead of this I want my own massage like “not valid” or “wrong” use Iferror
formula there. we can also use iferror formula in other ways shown below

Syntax:=IFERROR(AVERAGE(SELECT MARKES CELLS),”NULL”)

33
3)AND Function:- The and() function returns True if all the conditions
are true, otherwise False. The and() function can be used as the logical test
inside the if() function and can we used with or() function.

Syntax: =and(conditions) Example: =and(A1>75,B1<90)

and() function with if() function: The and() function can be used as th logical test
inside the if() function.

Example: if(and(F5>10, G5>10,”Good”, “Bad”)

4)OR Function:- The or() function returns True if one of the two conditions
will met. It returns False only when both the conditions are false.
Syntax: or(conditions) Example: =or(B5=”Green”, B5=”Red”)

34
 or() function with if() function: The or() function can be used as th logical test
inside the if() function.

Example: if(or(F5<10, G5>10,”Good”, “Bad”)

5)NOT Function:- The not() function returns the opposite of the Boolean value.
Value NOT Function Result
True False
False True

Syntax: not(logical)

6) False Function: The false() function returns the FALSE value. False is
classified as a compatibility function, and not needed in most of the cases.

Syntax: =false()

Note: The false() function tales no any arguments and generates the
boolean value FALSE. Simply type the function =false() in the empty;;

35
 Chapter 7
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS

1) SUM Function:- The sum() function returns the sum(total) of the values.
Syntax: =sum(select numbers)

2) COUNTA Function:- It is the formula which is used to count both number and
text contained in a cell. If we take a table fill with some cells by text and numbers,
such that to find out the number of cell to be filled we use counta() formula at that
time.
Syntax:=counta(values) Example: =counta(A1:A5)

3) COUNT Function:- To find out only numbers in a table we use count formula.
Syntax:=count(values) Example: count(A1:A5)

36
4) Countblank Function: The countblank() function is used to count the blank
cells in the specified table. Syntax:=countblank(range)

5) COUNTIF Function:-This formula is also used for counting purpose but with
condition. Syntax: =countif(range, criteria) Example: countif(A2:A7, “Apples”)

6) COUNTIFS Function:-This is the formula which we use for counting purpose

but condition must be more than one.

Syntax: countifs(criteria, range1, criteria2…)

Example: countifs(A2:A7,”Apples”,B2:B7,”>400”)

37
7) SUMIF Function:- The sumif() function adds all numbers in a range based on
one criteria (condition). Syntax: sumif(range,criteria,sum_range)
Example: =sumif(A1:A7,”Apples”,B1:B7)

8) SUMIFS Function:- The sumif() function is used to add all the numbers in a
range based on a single or multiple conditions.
Syntax: sumifs(sum_range,criteria_range,criteria1,..)
Example: =sumifs(F5:F11,5:C11,”Red”,D5:D11,”TX”)

9) AVERAGEIF Function:-To find out the average of any value but with
condition we use there averageif() formula.
Syntax:=averageif(range,criteria,average_range)
Example:=averageif(A2:A7,”Apples”,B2:B7)

38
10) AVERAGEIFS Function:-Also we use here more than one condition in case of
finding average.
Syntax: =averageifs(average_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,..)
Example: =averageifs(B2:B5,C2:C5,”J&K”,A2:A5,”A”)

39
 Chapter 8

MATH AND TRIGNOMATRY FUNCTIONS

1) DEGREES Function:- The degrees() function converts angles (expressed in

radians) to degrees. Example: The formula =degrees(PI()) returns 180.
Syntax: =degrees(angle)

2) SIN, COS, TAN, COSEC, SEC and COT Functions:- These are the
trigonometric ratio. whenever we have to use these functions in excel that means
if we have to find any angle by any of these functions use formula shown below
=sin(select angle*pi()/180)enter
=cos(select angle*pi()/180)enter
Same for tan function

For cosec and other inverse ratios

=1/select sin cell enter,=1/cos value enter respectively.

40
3) ABS Function:-ABS() is a function which returns the absolute value of a
given number. If we have a number with any sign, ABS removes all signs of that
formula.
Syntax: =abs(take number with any sign)

4) ROMAN Function:-Roman formula converts number in to other format.

Syntax: =roman(select number)

5) ARABIC Function:- Arabic formula converts Roman format in to the other

format. i.e.: if we write roman numbers with the help of Arabic formula we can
make it in to number format. Syntax: =Arabic(select roman number)

41
6) EXPECTATION Function:- EXP() returns a raised to the power of a given
number. Syntax: =exp(number)

7) LOG Function:- IT returns the logarithm of a number to the base you specify.
i.e. find any angle /value of a number from the table what base we need log
function use there. Syntax: =log(number,base)

8) LN Function:- LN is a mathematical function which returns the natural

logarithm of a number. Syntax: =LN(number)

42
9) LCM Function:- It is a mathematical function which provides the lowest
common multiple of a given number. i.e. if we give two or more numbers and we
have to find the lcm of these numbers so, excel provides us this function with the
help of we can find required value. Syntax: =LCM(number1,number2,..)

10)GCD Function:- GCD is a mathematical function which provides the

greatest common devisor between the numbers.
Syntax: =gcd(number1,number2,..)

11) EVEN Function:- If we give odd numbers like1,3,5,7…….., this formula

converts these numbers in to even numbers like2,4,6,8……
Syntax: =even(number)

43
12) ODD Function:- By the help of this function we can convert even numbers in
to the odd like 2,4,6….converts in nearest up positive integer.
Syntax: =odd(number)

13) FACT Function:- It is the factorial formula used for factorization of a number
Example:-if we take any number like 5 it will calculate on the basis of
factorization as 5*4*3*2*1=120
Syntax: =fact(number)

14) FACTDOUBLE Function:- This formula is same as fact formula but during
calculation of factdouble(). We take numbers alternately like For no. 4 >
4*3*2*1>take only 4*2 not 3nd1 i:e alternately for any number.
Syntax: =factdouble(number)

44
15) FLOOR Function:- Floor formula converts a number to the nearest multiple
of significance i.e. to find least multiple of any number, floor formula shows the
nearest one.
Like we take number 1 to find its multiple that means in which table it is,1 is in 1
table, for 2 it shows 0, for3 it shows 0……so on.
In case of such number like 4 it is in table 1,2and in 3 table it takes least 3,in 4
table is4,in 5 is 0…….so on. Therefore floor formula gives the multiple of
significance in least numbers.
Syntax: =floor(number,significance)

16) CELLING Function:- Converts a number up to the nearest multiple of

significance. For number 1multiple is only 1but here for number 1 if we take
multiple 2 shows 2 for table3 shows 3 for table4 shows 4…so on.

Now in case of such a number like 4 , in table 1,2,4϶4 ,for table 3 gives 6
because shows greatest significance and then for more multiples like
5,6,7,8…..shows 5,6,7,8…..respectively

Syntax: =celling(number, significance)

45
17) RAND Function:- If we want randomly only data use formula Rand.
Take a cell use formula =Rand() press enter by keyboard
It shows numbers from 0-1
If we want numbers from 0-10 use formula
=rand()*10

18) RANDBETWEEN Function:- This formula is similar to that of rand formula

but here we have given top and bottom range. That means when we are making
marks sheet for inserting marks randomly use at that time rand between formulas
remember minimum and maximum marks. Syntax: =randbetween(bottom,top)

19) POWER Function:- With the help of this formula we can find the power of
any number like 22=4 . we can also use 2nd method for inserting power of any
number =2^2=4 (click shift and 6 for^). Syntax: =power(number,power)

46
20) SUBTOTAL Function:- This formula total the whole data table.
Here we can total to all data like rent, power bill for a building.
Example :- if we have a building on rent that means its different quarters are
giving rent and we take at the end of month rent which was actually from
different sources. In order to calculate the total amount form different sources
use subtotal formula. Syntax: =subtotal(function_num,ref1,..)

21) SUMPRODUCT Function:- It returns the sum of the product of the numbers
. if we have number of items and price of each product is given such that we have
to find out the total price of whole number of items, use there sum product
formula. Also separately find total by quantity cell multiplied by rate per item cell
and drag for further cells and finally we can sum the separately rates of items.
Syntax: =sumproduct(select rang of items,range of price per item)

22) SIGN Function:- It is an accounting formula used for showing credit and debit
purpose. Syntax: =sign(select number)

47
23) SUMSQ Function:- It returns the sum of the square of the numbers.
For any two numbers it is square them then sum the result number.
Syntax: =sumsq(number1,number2) Example: (22+52)

24) SUMXMY2 Function:-Sum the squares of the differences in two

corresponding numbers. For two numbers ist difference them and then square the
result number.
Syntax: =sumxmy2(select no.1, no. 2) Example: 10-5=8>(8)2

25) Sumx2py2 Function:- This formula is similar as that of sumsq formula

returns the sum total of the sums of squares of numbers in two corresponding
ranges or arrays.
Syntax: =sumsq(no.1,no.2)

48
26) PI Function:- This returns the value of its actual to radian like 3.14
Syntax: =pi()

27) SQRT Function:- This formula shows the square root of any number like
square root of number 4 is 2 etc.
Synatx: =sqrt(number)

28) SQRTPI Function:- This shows the square root of a number multiplied with
pi.
Syntax: =sqrtpi(number)

49
29) ROUND Function:- This formula is used for making a number exact after
decimal.it is used for business calculation. That means it rounds the decimal
number exactly. If we give 0 in round (at no. of digits to convert place), than it will
calculate automatically a number or we can say rounds a number but if we give
1,2,3,4,…. At no. of digits to convert it will show one by one round of number will
appear after decimal. Syntax: =round(number,num_digits)
In case -1,-2,-3…..we will find number of zeros before decimal
Like we have a number
35506.60 at zero, =round(35506.60,0) shows 35507
35,628.61 at 1,=round(35628.63) shows 35628.6
For -1 as round shows 35620.00

30) ROUNDUP Function:- It rounds the number in decimal but in maximum . It is

up to us that in what range we want to round a number. The roundup() function
return a number rounded up to a given number of decimal places.
Syntax: =roundup(number,num_digit) Example: =roundup(B4,C4)

50
31) ROUNDDOWN Function:- It rounds the number but in minimum range.
Syntax: =rounddown(number,num_digit)

32) MROUND Function:- It is also called as multiple rounds. Here we can

choose number of rounds
Syntax: =mround( number, choose no. of multiples)

33) SERIESSUM Function:- Returns the sum of the power series based on the
formula.
Syntax:- = seriessum(x,n,m,coefficient)
{a1,a2,a3…..aj}

Here we extract x,n,m and coefficient from series as

a1xn+a2xn+m+a3xn+2m+……………ajx{n+(j-1)m}

=seriessum(3,1,2{1,2,3,4….})
=1*31+2*33+3*35+4*37+5*39….
Value ist step 2ndstep coefficient

51
34) AGGREGATE Function:- As we have some problems in subtotal or other
formulas during calculations if so ever some mistakes leave that cell makes
further calculations. So that to make result without error we use there aggregate
formula. Syntax: =aggregate(function_number,options)
=Aggregate(for sum 9, for hide 3,select data cells) so if we have problem in any
cell aggregate formula leave that and makes further calculation.

35) MOD Function:- It find outs actually the reminder of a number on calculation
of division. That means if we divide a number this formula shows the reminder.
Syntax: =mod(number,divisor) Example: =modB6,C6)

52
36) QUOTENT Function:- It finds out the quotient of a given numerator and
denominator
Syntax: =quotient(numenator, denominator). Now we will join these two formulas
in a single data table.

37) MDETERM Function:- It makes determinant of matrix. Here we have to use

square matrix.

Syntax: =mdeterm(array )

53
 Chapter 9
FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS

1) PMT Function:- The pmt() function is a financial function that returns the
periodic payment for loan. We can use NPER function to figure out payments for
loan amount, number of periods, and interest rate.
Syntax: =pmt(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)

2) PPMT Function:- To calculate principle from monthly installment we use

ppmt() function. Syntax: =ppmt(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
Example: =ppmt(14/12,4,4*12,100000)

54
 3) IPMT Function:- If we want to know what will be the interest from installment.
Use IPMT formula. Syntax: =impt(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
Example: =ipmt(14/12,4,4*12,100000)

4) EMI Function:- The emi() function (equated monthly installment) is fixed

payment amount made by a borrower to a lender at a specified date each month.
.

5) PRESENT VALUE (PV) Function:- Here we are finding the present value
of any scheme. Syntax: =pv(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)

55
 6) FUTURE VALUE(FV) Function:- Here we finding the future value of any
scheme. If we are depositing amount=3600 monthly in bank. It gives me 11%
To overall amount as interest, if I deposit it for 10 years what will be total amount
in bank after 10 years. Syntax: =fv(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)

Note: amount going out of packet is shown in –ve sign.

7) DB Function:- DB means Dimensioning Balance method. It is actually

The reduction of value of any item. Syntax: =db(cost,salvage,life,period,month)
Suppose I purchase a compute 5 years ago rate=20000 now at present value
of computer is 2000. That means value of computer decreases
in one year how much its value decrease , in 2nd, 3rd----------- to know up to 6
years value of computer decreases, We can find by the help of DB formula.
=DB(cost,salvage,life,period) to make it absolute use f4 for inserting $.

56
8) SLN Function:-The sln() function returns the depreciation of an asset for one
period, calculated with a straight-line method. The calculated depreciation is
based on initial asset cost, salvage value, and the number of periods over which
the asset is depreciated.
Syntax: =sln(cost,salvage,life) Example: =sln(cost,salvage,life)

9) DDB Function:- The ddb() function returns the depreciation of an asset for
given period using the double-declining balance method or another method you
specify by changing the factor argument.

Syntax:=ddb(cost,salvage,life,period,factor)

Example:=ddb(cost,salvage,life,B7)

57
 10) VDB Function:- Variable Diminishing Balance method also a
depreciation formula.
Syntax: =VDB(COST,SAL,LIFE,STARTING PERIOD,END PERIOD)

11)SYD Function:- The syd() function returns the sum of years depreciation for
an asset in a given period. Syntax: =SYD(cost,sal,life,period)

12) ACCRIENT Function:- It is used for applying interest on giving any amount.
First of all we must know about some words
1. Issue date:- It is the date at which amount is issued.
2. Settlement date :- It the date at which amount is pass out
3. First interest date:- At which interest is paid.
4. Frequency :- It means interest is taken for one year or for 2 years or for 4 years.
For year 1 type =1, for semi year type=2 ,forquarterly type=4.
5. Rate :-Interest over amount.
6. Per:- per is the value or amount among the whole amount on which interest is
applied.
7. Basis:- Is actually time representing function. We have four types of bases out of
which we take “0” because it represents our actual date and time.
Syntax: =accrint(issue date,first interest,satl.,rate,par,fre,bases)

58
13. ACCRINTM Function:-This is similar as that of accrint formula but depends
on a particular time bases.
Syntax: =accrintm(issue date,settlementdate,annualrate,parvalue,basis)
Here we take without first interest and frequency.

14.RATE Function:- To calculate monthly rate because we are paying monthly

instalment. Syntex:-
Ist we have to make EMI (instalment)&then find rate formula.
=rate(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type)*12 multiplied by 12 because rate of interest
is calculated per annum

15. NPER Function:- NPER is total number of period or we can say total
number of instalments for a given period of time. Syntex: =NPER(rate,pmt,pv)

59
16. NPV Function:- Net Present Value. If we are investing in a company in any
scheme, that means we have ist out flow in any investment and then receive yearly
infloe in a given period of time. So,to know the investment is benificial or not for me
as that of my target(discount rate) under consideration,we use NPV formula which
results value in numbers
=NPV(expected rate,all outflow and inflow values)
Give outflow in negative.

17. IRR Function:- Internal Rate of Returns. It is same as NPV but here we find
out value in Rate. The best way to find out solution in such case use NPV formula it is
more accurate then IRR
Syntax: =IRR(all values)

18. DURATION Function:- Calculates theduration of a security that pays

periodic interest, assuming a par value of $100
Syntax of function: =duration(sattlement ,maturity, coupon, yld, freequency,basis)
 Sattlement:-the sattlement date of a security (i;e the date that the coupon expires)
 Maturity:-the maturity date of security (i;e the date that the coupon expires)
 Coupon:-the security’s annual coupon rate.
 Yld:- the security’s annual yield
 Freequency :-the number of coupon payment per year. This must be one of the
following

1………………………annually

2………………………..semi annually

4…………………………quarterly

60
  Basis:-an optional argument which specifies the financial day count basis.that is
used by the security. Possible vaules are
0……………………30/360
1…………………….Actual /actual
2…………………….Actual /360
3……………………..actual/365
4……………………..european 30/360
We take usually “0”

19. MDURATION Function:- Similar as duration formula but needs time basis.

20. EFFECT Function:- It is used to calculate effect annual interest rate for a
given nominal interest rate and number of componding periods for year.

61
21) NOMINAL Function:- Returns the nomial interest rate for a given
effetive interest rate and number of compondingperiods per year.

22) PRICE Function:-Calculates the price ,per $100 face value of a

security that pays periodic interest.
Syntex: =price(settlement,matuarity,rate,yld,redemption,freequency,basis)
 Redemption :- the security’s redemption value per $100 face value .
 Sattlement date:- date at copon is purched
 Maturity date:- date at copon is expires
Example: the excel price function is used to calculate the price per $100 face
value of a security purchased on 01/apr/2012 , with matuarity date 31/mar/2020,
and a rate of 12% the yield is 10% and the redemption value is $100 payment are
made semi-annual and the us 30/360 day count basis is used.

62
23) YIELD Function:-It is yst to calculate the yeald the security that
pays periodic interest.

24) DISC Function:-The disc function is used to calculaete the

discount rate for a security bond.
Syntax: =(select the cell that can change the sattlement date, select the datethat
can change the matuarity date, change price for one hundrend doller face value ,
change the redemption value for one hunderend doller face value, type of date
count basis are used)

25) ISPMT Function:-Returns the interest paid during a specific

period of an investment.

63
26) Coupdays Function:- It returns the number of days in the
coupon periosd that contains the settlement date.
Syntex: =coupday(sattlement date,matuarity date,freequency,basis)

27) Coupdaybs Function:- It returns the number of days from the

beginning of a coupon period untill its settlemetn date.

28) Coupnum Function:- Returns the number of coupons payable

between the settlement date and matuarity date rounded up to the nearest whole
coupon.

29) Coupncd Function:- Here it returns the number that represent

the next coupon date after the settlement date.

64
30) Coupdaysnc Function:- It is used to calculate the number of
days from the settlement date to the next coupon date

31) Couppcd Function:- returns the previous coupon date, before

the settlement date for a security.
Syntex: =couppcd(settlement,matuarity ,freequency , basis)
Settlement> the settlement date of a security
Matuarity> the matuarity date of a secuarity
Freequency> an integer repersenting the number of coupon payments per year
this must have value 1,2,4.
Basis> an optional integer argument that specified the day count basis to be
used.

32) Amordegrc Function:- It returns the depriciation for each

accounting period . This function is provided for the french accountion system.

65
33) Amorlinc Function:- Here it returns the depriciation for each
accountin period .

34) Cumipmt Function:- It is the advance virgin of ipmt. To know for

a particular month interest paid from monthly instalment.00000

35) Cumprinc Function:- it is used to calculate cumulative (sensex)

on the principle of a loan or investment between two specified periods.
If the results are in negative that means we are paying from our pocket.

66
36) Dollarde function:- It converts a dollar price, expresed as a
fraction, in to a dollar price, expressed as a decimal numbr.
Converts 1.02, read as 1 and 2/16, to a decimal number (1.125), because the
fraction value is 16, the price has a precision of 1/16 of a dollar.

=dollarde(decimal dollar,fraction)enter

The dollar value expressed the denominator for the returned

as a decimal 1.0625 fractional value 16

37) Dollarfr Function:- Converts decimal number to fractional dollar

numbers, such as securuties prices.

38) Yielddisc Function:- This function is used to calculate the

annual yield of a discount of a security.
Syntax: =yielddisc(settlement,matuarity,price,redemption,basis)

67
39) Yieldmat Function:- It is used to calculate the annual yield of a
security that face interest that matuarity.

40) Oddfprice Function:- Returns the price per $100 face value of a
security with an odd first period.
Syntax: =oddfprice(sattlement ,matuarity,issue,firstcoupon date, interest
rate,annual yield redemption)

41) Xirr&mirr Function:- Any project started with -100000, it gives

us cash in flow, like 40000,45000,50000 by yearly. The cost of capital of initial
outlet i;e rs 100000 suppose i;e 12% it means that we arrange to 100000 at the
cost of rs 12% and reinvestment uppertinuty for the cash of inflow those are come
from this project 40000,45000,50000.
Mirr-> reinvestment of uppertinuty if lower then the irr i;e 16% for the project.
=mirr(values,cost of capital,reinvestment)
Xirr-> even consider different time flows.
=xirr(values,dates,guess)

68
As we see in mirr and xirr both are same because there is fixed one year
difference in each and every date for cash flows. If we change date flow in
monthly there may be a lot of difference.

69
 Chapter-10
Another Functions

1) Create from Selection:- It records all selected data with headings, in

order to calculate any formula regards this data table.
first selects all data table and go to create from selection then select headings of
table which
you want like here we select top and left of data tablethen ok.
finally we can calculate any one of them in any formula like =sum(jan) we will find
automatically the sum or to find min, count,average, whatever ofany header
column or row like =count(adil)

2) Define Name:- It is also used to make save table headers from the selected
data table in name manager. It is similar as that of create from selection but
here we make formula only for one column or for one row after define name.

70
3) Data advance in filter:- Here we can filter our data from entire data table.
Make a sheet with data and if we want to saperate only those students whose
age is below 20 or extract data which we want like from gender list only extract
male gender. Etc etc
make a sheet of child sences then make criteria and finally copy headings of
data table and past at next sheet go to advance use required options.

4) Attendence sheet:- Here we make attendence sheet for employes in which

we present absence and presence with the help of formula countif

71
 5) N Function:- The Excel N function returns a number when given a value.
The N function can be used to convert TRUE and FALSE to 1 and 0
respectively. When given a text value, the N function returns zero.

Syntax: =N (value)

Arguments : value - The value to convert to a number.

6) BETA.DIST Function:- The beta distribution is commonly used to study

variation in the percentage of something across samples, such as the fraction
of the day people spend watching television.

Syntax: =BETA.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative,[A],[B])

The BETA.DIST function syntax has the following arguments:

X Required. The value between A and B at which to evaluate the function

Alpha Required. A parameter of the distribution.

Beta Required. A parameter of the distribution.

Cumulative Required. A logical value that determines the form of the function. If
cumulative is TRUE, BETA.DIST returns the cumulative distribution function; if FALSE,
it returns the probability density function.

A Optional. A lower bound to the interval of x.

B Optional.An upper bound to the interval of x.

7) BETA INV Function:-

Returns the inverse of the beta cumulative probability density function (BETA.DIST).

If probability = BETA.DIST(x,...TRUE), then BETA.INV(probability,...) = x. The beta

distribution can be used in project planning to model probable completion times given
an expected completion time and variability.

Syntax: =BETA.INV(probability,alpha,beta,[A],[B])

The BETA.INV function syntax has the following arguments:

Probability Required. A probability associated with the beta distribution.

Alpha Required. A parameter of the distribution.

Beta Required. A parameter the distribution.

72
A Optional. A lower bound to the interval of x.

B Optional.An upper bound to the interval of x.

Remarks

If any argument is nonnumeric, BETA.INV returns the #VALUE! error value.

If alpha ≤ 0 or beta ≤ 0, BETA.INV returns the #NUM! error value.

If probability ≤ 0 or probability > 1, BETA.INV returns the #NUM! error value.

If you omit values for A and B, BETA.INV uses the standard cumulative beta
distribution, so that A = 0 and B = 1.

Given a value for probability, BETA.INV seeks that value x such that BETA.DIST(x,
alpha, beta, TRUE, A, B) = probability. Thus, precision of BETA.INV depends on
precision of BETA.DIST.

8) MODE Function:-
The Excel MODE function returns the most frequently occurring number in a numeric
data set. For example, =MODE(1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6) returns 5.

Syntax: =MODE (number1, [number2], ...)

Arguments:

number1 - A number or cell reference that refers to numeric values.

number2 - [optional] A number or cell reference that refers to numeric values.

73
 9) RANK Function:-
If you give the RANK function a number, and a list of numbers, it will tell you the rank of
that number in the list, either in ascending or descending order.

10) RANK.AVG Function:-

The Excel RANK.AVG function returns the rank of a number against a list of other other
numeric values. When values contain duplicates, the RANK.AVG function will assign an
average rank to each set of duplicates.

Syntax: =RANK.AVG (number, ref, [order])

Arguments:

number - The number to rank.

ref - An array that contains the numbers to rank against.

order - [optional] Rank ascending or descending. Default is zero.

74
 11) RANK.EQ Function:-
The Excel RANK.EQ function returns the rank of a number against a list of other
numeric values. When values contain duplicates, RANK.EQ will assign the higher rank
to each set of duplicates.

Syntax: =RANK.EQ (number, ref, [order])

Arguments:

number - The number to rank.

ref - An array that contains the numbers to rank against.

order - [optional] Rank ascending or descending. Default is zero.

12) T-TEST Function:-The T-TEST Function is used to compare two data

groups averages. For example, you can compare the data before and after
you run the sales campaign and examine.

75
 13) F-TEST Function:-
The F- TEST Function is used during the process of obtaining the result of the test.

76
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