UNIT 5 : COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK CONCEPTS

Network
The collection of interconnected computers is called a computer network.
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging
information.
Need
Resource Sharing
Reliability
Cost Factor
Communication Medium
Resource Sharing means to make all programs, data and peripherals available to anyone on the
network
irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the user.
Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different machines, so if one of them
is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any other) them its other copy can be used.
Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can be shared
Communication Medium means one can send messages and whatever the changes at one end
are done can be immediately noticed at another.
Evolution of Networking
1. ARPANET:In 1969, The US govt. formed an agency named ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects
Agency NETwork) to connect computers at various universities and defense agencies. The main
objective
of ARPANET was to develop a network that could continue to function efficiently even in the
event of a
nuclear attack.
2. Internet (INTERconnection NETwork): The Internet is a worldwide network of computer
networks.
It is not owned by anybody.
3. Interspace:InterSpace is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to
communicate
online with real – time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments.

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Switching techniques are used for transmitting data across networks.
Different types are:
1. Circuit Switching: In the Circuit Switching technique, first, the complete end-to-end
transmission path between the source and the destination computers is established and then the
message is transmitted through the path. The main advantage of this technique is guaranteed
delivery of the message. Mostly used for voice communication.
2. Message Switching: In the Message switching technique, no physical path is established
between sender and receiver in advance. This technique follows the store and forward
mechanism.
 3. Packet Switching: In this switching technique fixed size of packet can be transmitted across
the network

Comparison between the Various Switching Circuit Message Packet

Techniques: Criteria Switching Switching Switching

Path established in advance Yes No No

Store and forward technique No Yes Yes
Message follows multiple routes No Yes Yes

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

Data channel: - The information / data carry from one end to another in the network by
channel.
Baud & bits per second (bps) :- It’s used to measurement for the information carry of a
communication channel. Measurement Units: - bit
1 Byte= 8 bits
1 KBPS ( Kilo Byte Per Second)= 1024 Bytes
1 Kbps (kilobits Per Second) = 1024 bits
1 Mbps ( Mega bits Per Second )=1024 Kbps
Bandwidth: - It is amount of information transmitted or receives per unit time.

Transmission media:
1. Twisted pair cable: - It consists of two identical 1 mm thick copper wires
insulated and twisted together. The twisted pair cables are twisted in order to
reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.
Advantages:
(i) It is easy to install and maintain.
(ii) It is very inexpensive
Disadvantages:
(i) It is incapable to carry a signal over long distances without the use of repeaters.
(ii) Due to low bandwidth, these are unsuitable for broadband applications.
2. Co-axial Cables: It consists of a solid wire core surrounded by
one or more foil or braided wire shields, each separated from the
other by some kind of plastic insulator. It is mostly used in the
cable wires.
Advantages:
(i) Data transmission rate is better than twisted pair cables.
(ii) It provides a cheap means of transporting multi-channel
television signals around metropolitan areas.
Disadvantages:
(i) Expensive than twisted pair cables.
(ii) Difficult to manage and reconfigure.
3. Optical fiber: - An optical fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can
carry information in the form of visible light.
Advantages:
(i) Transmit data over long distance with high security.
(ii) Data transmission speed is high
(iii) Provide better noise immunity
(iv) Bandwidth is up to 10 Gbps.
Disadvantages:
(i) Expensive as compared to other guided media.
(ii) Need special care while installation?
4. Infrared: - The infrared light transmits data through the air and can
propagate throughout a room, but will not penetrate walls. It is a secure medium of signal
transmission.
The infrared transmission has become common in TV remotes, automotive garage doors,
wireless
speakers etc.
5. Radio Wave: - Radio Wave an electromagnetic wave
with a wavelength between 0.5 cm and 30,000m. The
transmission making use of radio frequencies is termed as
radio-wave transmission
Advantages:
(i) Radio wave transmission offers mobility.
(ii) It is cheaper than laying cables and fibers.
(iii) It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
Disadvantages:
(i) Radio wave communication is insecure communication.
(ii) Radio wave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder storms etc.
6. Microwave Wave: - The Microwave transmission is a line of sight transmission. Microwave
signals travel at a higher frequency than radio waves and are popularly used for transmitting data
over long distances.
Advantages:
(i) It is cheaper than laying cable or fiber.
(ii) It has the ability to communicate over oceans.
Disadvantages:
(i) Microwave communication is an insecure communication.
(ii) Signals from antenna may split up and transmitted in different way to different antenna which
leads to reduce to signal strength.
(iii) Microwave propagation is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder storms etc.
(iv) Bandwidth allocation is extremely limited in case of microwaves.
7. Satellite link: - The satellite transmission is also a kind of line of sight transmission that is
used to transmit signals throughout the world.
Advantages:
(i) Area covered is quite large.
(ii) No line of sight restrictions such as natural mountains, tall building, towers etc.
(iii) Earth station which receives the signals can be fixed position or relatively mobile.
Disadvantages:-
(i) Very expensive as compared to other transmission mediums.
(ii) Installation is extremely complex.
(iii) Signals sent to the stations can be tampered by external interference

Network devices:
Modem: A MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator) is an electronic device that enables a computer
to transmit data over telephone lines. There are two types of modems, namely, internal modem
and external modem.
RJ45 connector: - The RJ-45(Registered Jack) connectors are the plug-in devices used in the
networking and telecommunications applications. They are used primarily for connecting LANs,
particularly Ethernet.
Ethernet Card: - It is a hardware device that helps in connection of nodes within a network.
Hub: A hub is a hardware device used to connect several computers together. Hubs can be either
active or passive. Hubs usually can support 8, 12 or 24 RJ45 ports.
Switch: A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to interconnect computers or
devices on a network. It filters and forwards data packets across a network. The main difference
between hub and switch is that hub replicates what it receives on one port onto all the other ports
while switch keeps a record of the MAC addresses of the devices attached to it.
Gateway: A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.
Repeater: A repeater is a network device that amplifies and restores signals for long distance
transmission.

Network topologies and types

Topology :
Topology refers to the way in which the workstations attached to the network are
interconnected.
The BUS Topology: - The bus topology uses a common single cable to connect all the
workstations. Each computer performs its task of sending messages without the help of the
central server. However, only one workstation can transmit a message at a particular time in the
bus topology.
Advantages:
(i) Easy to connect and install.
(ii) Involves a low cost of installation time.
(iii) Can be easily extended.
Disadvantages:-
(i) The entire network shuts down if there is a failure in the central cable.
(ii) Only a single message can travel at a particular time.
(iii) Difficult to troubleshoot an error.
The STAR Topology: - A STAR topology is based on a central node which acts as a hub. A
STAR topology is common in homes networks where all the computers connect to the single
central computer using it as a hub.
Advantages:
(i) Easy to troubleshoot
(ii) A single node failure does not affect the entire network.
(iii) Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
(iv) In case a workstation fails, the network is not affected.
Disadvantages:-
(i) Difficult to expand.
(ii) Longer cable is required.
(iii) The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it expensive over others.
(iv) In case hub fails, the entire network fails.
The TREE Topology: - The tree topology combines the characteristics of the linear bus and the
star topologies. It consists of groups of star – configured workstations connected to a bus
backbone cable.
Advantages:
(i) Eliminates network congestion.
(ii) The network can be easily extended.
(iii) Faulty nodes can easily be isolated from the rest of the network.
Disadvantages:
(i) Uses large cable length.
(ii) Requires a large amount of hardware components and hence is expensive.
(iii) Installation and reconfiguration is very difficult.
Types of Networks:
LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as writing lab, school or
building. It is generally privately owned networks over a distance not more than 5 Km.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): MAN is the networks cover a group of nearby corporate
offices or a city and might be either private or public.
WAN (Wide Area Network): These are the networks spread over large distances, say across
countries or even continents through cabling or satellite uplinks are called WAN.

PAN (Personal Area Network): A Personal Area Network is computer network organized
around an individual person. It generally covers a range of less than 10 meters. Personal Area
Networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly.
Network protocol
A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network.
It defines the standardized format for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting
errors and so on.
A protocol is a formal description of message formats and the rules that two or more machines
must follow to exchange those messages.
E.g. using library books.

Types of protocols are:

1. HTTP
2. FTP
3. TCP/IP
4. SLIP/PPP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol for the transfer of
information on the intranet and the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request/response standard
between a client and a server. A client is the end-user; the server is the web site.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the
Internet. The objectives of FTP are:
To promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data).
To encourage indirect or implicit use of remote computers.
To shield a user from variations in file storage systems among different hosts.
To transfer data reliably, and efficiently.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be
lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger
retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.
IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based
on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges of
numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign groups of their numbers to
departments. IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to organization
to region and then around the world.
Telnet-
It is an older internet utility that lets us log on to remote computer system. It also facilitates for
terminal emulation purpose. Terminal emulation means using a pc like a mainframe computer
through networking.
Wireless/Mobile Computing
Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. Mobile
computing means that the computing device is not continuously connected to the base or central
network.
1. GSM(Global System for Mobile communication): it is leading digital cellular system. In
covered areas, cell phone users can buy one phone that will work any where the standard is
supported. It uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency.
2. CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access): it is a digital cellular technology that uses
spreadspectrum techniques. CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead
,every channel uses the full available spectrum.

3. WLL(Wireless in Local Loop) : WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the public
switched telephone network using radio signals as a substitute for other connecting media.
4. Email(Electronic Mail): Email is sending and receiving messages by computer.
5. Chat: Online textual talk in real time , is called Chatting.
6. Video Conferencing: a two way videophone conversation among multiple participants is
called video conferencing.
7. SMS(Short Message Service): SMS is the transmission of short text messages to and from a
mobile pone, fax machine and or IP address.
8. 3G and EDGE: 3G is a specification for the third generation of mobile communication of
mobile communication technology. 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a
device is stationary.
EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ) is a radio based high speed mobile data
standard.
Network Security Concepts:
Viruses: Viruses are programs which replicate and attach to other programs in order to corrupt
the executable codes. Virus enters the computer system through an external source and become
destructive.
Worms: Worms are also self- replicating programs that do not create multiple copies of itself on
one computer but propagate through the computer network. Worms log on to computer systems
using the username and passwords and exploit the system.
Trojan horse: - Though it is a useful program, however, a cracker can use it to intrude the
computer system in order to exploit the resources. Such a program can also enter into the
computer through an email or free programs downloaded through the Internet.
Spams: Unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk)
Cookies: Cookies are the text messages sent by a web server to the web browser primarily for
identifying the user.
Firewall: A firewall is used to control the traffic between computer networks. It intercepts the
packets between the computer networks and allows only authorized packets to pass.
Cyber Law: Cyber law refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World
Wide Web.
Cyber Crimes: Cyber crime involves the usage of the computer system and the computer
network for criminal activity.
Hacking: Hacking is an unauthorized access to computer in order to exploit the resources.
Web Services:
WWW: The World Wide Web or W3 or simply the Web is a collection of linked documents or
pages, stored on millions of computers and distributed across the Internet.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language):- HTML is a computer language that describes the
structure and behavior of a web page. This language is used to create web pages.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language):- Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a meta
language that helps to describe the markup language.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):- A protocol to transfer hypertext requests and
information between servers and browsers.
Domain Names: A domain name is a unique name that identifies a particular website and
represents the name of the server where the web pages reside.
URL:- The Uniform Resource Locator is a means to locate resources such as web pages on the
Internet. URL is also a method to address the web pages on the Internet. There are two types of
URL, namely, absolute URL and relative URL.
Website: A collection of related web pages stored on a web server is known as a website.
Web browser: A software application that enables to browse, search and collect information
from the Web is known as Web browser.
Web Servers: The web pages on the Internet are stored on the computers that are connected to
the Internet. These computers are known as web servers.
Web Hosting: - Web Hosting or website hosting is the service to host, store and maintain the
websites on the World Wide Web.
Web Scripting: - The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as Web
Scripting. Types of Scripts:-
(i) Client Side Scripts: - Client side scripts supports interaction within a webpage. E.g. VB
Script, Java Script, PHP (PHP‟S Hypertext Preprocessor).
(ii) Server Side Scripts: - Server side scripting supports execution at server – end. E.g. ASP,
JSP, PHP

OPEN SOURCE TERMINOLOGIES

Free Software: The S/W’s is freely accessible and can be freely used changed improved
copied and distributed by all and payments are needed to make for free S/W.
Open Source Software: S/w whose source code is available to the customer and it can be
modified and redistributed without any limitation .OSS may come free of cost but nominal
charges has to pay nominal charges (Support of S/W and development of S/W).
FLOSS (Free Libre and Open Source Software) : S/w which is free as well as open
source S/W. ( Free S/W + Open Source S/W).
GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) : GNU project emphasize on the freedom and its objective is to
create a system compatible to UNIX but not identical with it.
FSF (Free Software Foundation) : FSF is a non –profit organization created for the
purpose of the free s/w movement. Organization funded many s/w developers to write free
software.
OSI (Open Source Initiative) : Open source software organization dedicated to cause of
promoting open source software it specified the criteria of OSS and its source code is not freely
available.
W3C(World Wide Web Consortium) : W3C is responsible for producing the software
standards for World Wide Web.
Proprietary Software: Proprietary Software is the s/w that is neither open nor freely
available, normally the source code of the Proprietary Software is not available but further
distribution and modification is possible by special permission by the supplier.
Freeware: Freeware are the software freely available , which permit redistribution but not
modification (and their source code is not available). Freeware is distributed in Binary Form
(ready to run) without any licensing fees.
Shareware: Software for which license fee is payable after some time limit, its source code
is not available and modification to the software are not allowed.
Localization: localization refers to the adaptation of language, content and design to reflect
local cultural sensitivities .e.g. Software Localization: where messages that a program presents to
the user need to be translated into various languages.
Internationalization: Opposite of localization.

OPEN SOURCE / FREE SOFTWARE

Linux : Linux is a famous computer operating system . popular Linux server set of program
– LAMP(Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
Mozilla : Mozilla is a free internet software that includes
a web browser
an email client
an HTML editor
IRC client
Apache server: Apache web server is an open source web server available for many
platforms such as BSD, Linux, and Microsoft Windows etc.

Apache Web server is maintained by open community of developers of Apache software

foundation.
MYSQL : MYSQL is one of the most popular open source database system. Features of
MYSQl :
Multithreading
Multi –User
SQl Relational Database Server
Works in many different platform
PostgreSQL : Postgres SQL is a free software object relational database server .
PostgresSQL can be downloaded from www.postgressql.org.
Pango : Pango project is to provide an open source framework for the layout and rendering
of internationalized text into GTK + GNOME environment.Pango using Unicode for all of its
encoding ,and will eventually support output in all the worlds major languages.
OpenOffice : OpenOffice is an office applications suite. It is intended to compatible and
directly complete with Microsoft office.
OOo Version 1.1 includes:
Writer (word processor)
Calc(spreadsheet)
Draw(graphics program)etc
Tomcat : Tomcat functions as a servlet container. Tomcat implements the servlet and the
JavaServer Pages .Tomcat comes with the jasper compiler that complies JSPs into servlets.
PHP(Hypertext Preprocessor) : PHP is a widely used open source programming language
for server side application and developing web content.
Python: Python is an interactive programming language originally as scripting language for
Amoeba OS capable of making system calls.
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby
shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a
utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet). Clouds can be classified
as public, private or hybrid.

Tips to solve Questions based on Networking

1. Where Server should be placed: Server should be placed in the building where the number
of computers is maximum.
2. Suggest a suitable cable layout of connection: A suitable cable layout can be suggested in
the following two ways:-
(i) On the Basis of Server: First the location of the Server is found out. Server is placed in that
building where the number of computers are maximum (According to 80 – 20 rule). After finding
the server position, each building distance is compared with the Server building directly or
indirectly (taking other building in between). The shortest distance is counted whether it is
through directly or indirectly.
(ii) On the Basis of Distance from each building: The distance between the each building is
compared to all other buildings either directly or indirectly. The shortest distance is counted
whether it is directly or through some other building.
3. Where the following devices be placed:
(i) MODEM:-
(ii) HUB / SWITCH:- In all the wings
(iii) BRIDGE:
(iv) REPEATER: It is used if the distances higher than 70 m. It regenerates data and voice
signals.
(v) ROUTER: When one LAN will be connected to the other LAN.

1 and 2 Marks Questions

1. What do you mean by a computer network?
Ans:- Computer network is an interconnection of autonomous computers connected together
using transmission media.
2. What is the need for networking the computers?
Ans:- 1. Sharing of Information, 2. Reliability, 3. Reduces cost 4. Time saving
3. What is the full form of ARPANET?
Ans:- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
4. What are various data transmission modes?
Ans:- There are three modes of data transmission
 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex
5. What is the difference between Simplex and half duplex transmission?
Ans:- In simples transmission mode, the data can be transferred in only one direction where
as in half duplex transmission mode, the data can be transmitted in both directions but one at
a time.
6. What do you mean by MODEM?
Ans:- MODEM stands for MODulatorDEModuator. It is a device that can convert an analog
signal into digital signal and vice versa.
7. Define the terms Bandwidth.
Ans:- Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that is available for the transmission of data.
Wider the bandwidth of a communication channel, the more data it can transmit in a given
period of time.
8. What are various types of transmission media?
 Ans:- There are two broad categories of transmission media
 Guided media
 Unguided Media
9. Explain in brief the advantages and disadvantages of Twisted pair Cable.
Ans:- Advantages
 Inexpensive
 Often available in existing phone system
 Well tested and east to get
Disadvantages
 Susceptible to noise (sound, energy etc.)
 Not as durable as coaxial cable
 Does not support high speed
10. What do you mean by communication protocol?
Ans:- A protocol is a set of rules to enable computers to connect with one another and to
exchange information with minimum possible error.
11. List various functions of Communication protocol.
Ans:- Data sequencing, Data Formatting, Flow control, Error Control,Connection
Establishment and termination,Data Security
12. List commonly used protocols.
Ans:- HTTP, TCT/IP, FTP, SLIP, PPP, SMTP, POP, ICMP
13. What are the main functions of TCP
Ans:- The TCP does the following activities
 It breaks the data into packets that the network
 Verifies that all the packets arrived at the destination
 Reassembles the data
14. What do you mean by network topology?
Ans:- Topology is how the nodes/computers are interconnected together.
15. List various types of Networks.
Ans:- LAN, MAN, WAN
16. Give names of various networking topologies in LAN.
Ans:- 1.Star Topology, 2.Ring topology, 3.Bus topology 4.Mesh Topology
17. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of STAR topology.
Ans:- Advantages of STAR topology
 It is easy to modify and add new computers to a star network without disturbing
the rest of the network.
 Troubleshooting a star topology network is easy
Disadvantages
 All the nodes are dependent on the central system. Hub. Failure of hub result in
shutting down of whole of the system
 Long cable length is required
18. What is NFS?
Ans:- NFS stands for Network File System. NFS is a protocol that allows a set of computers
to access each others files.
19. What are the characteristics of cloud computing?
Ans. Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
(1) Agility- improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure
resources.
(2) Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines
to interact with cloud software in the same way that a traditional user interface (e.g., a
computer desktop) facilitates interaction between humans and computers. Cloud
computing systems typically use Representational State Transfer (REST)-based APIs.
(3) Cost: cloud providers claim that computing costs reduce. A public-cloud delivery model
converts capital expenditure to operational expenditure. This purportedly lowers barriers
to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and does not need to be
purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks.
(4) Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As
infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the
Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
(5) Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be
installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.
4 Marks Questions : Communication and Network Concepts

1. Knowledge Supplement Organization has set up its new centre at Manglore for its office
and web based activities. It has four buildings as shown in the diagram below:

Alpha Gamma

Lambda
Beta

Center to center distance between various buildings Number of

Computers

Alpha to Beta 50m Alpha 25

Beta to Gamma 150m Beta 50

Gamma to Lambda 25m Gamma 125

Alpha to Lambda 170m Lambda 10

Beta to Lambda 125m

Alpha to Gamma 90m

i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings

ii) Suggest the most suitable place(i.e building) to house the server of this
organization with a suitable reason.
iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:
i. Repeater
ii. Hub/Switch
iv) The organization is planning to link its front office situated in the city in a hilly
region where cable connection is not feasible, suggest an economic way to
connect it with reasonably high speed?
2. BHARATH ELECTRONICS COMPANY in Coimbatore is setting up the network
between its different departments located in different blocks. There are 4 blocks named
as Meera (M), Tagore (T), Kalidas (K) and Bharathi (B).

Distances between various blocks are given below:

Block B to Block K 100 m

 Block B to Block M 200 m

Block B to Block T 400 m

Block K to Block M 300 m

Block M to Block P 100m

Block R to Block P 450 m

a. Number of Computers:
Block M 15

Block R 100

Block A 50

Block P 150

i. Suggest a suitable Topology for networking the computers of all Blocks.

ii. Name the Block where the Server is to be installed. Justify your answer.
iii. Suggest the placement of Hub/Switch in the network.
iv. Mention an economic technology to provide Internet accessibility to allBlocks.

3. if “Kanganalay Cosmetics” is planning to start their offices in four major cities in Uttar
Pradesh to provide cosmetic product support in its retail fields. The company has planned
to set up their offices in Lucknow at three different locations and have named them as
“Head office”, “Sales office”, & “Prod office”. The company’s regional offices are located at
Varanasi, Kanpur & Saharanpur. A rough layout of the same is as follows :

UP LUCKNOW
Sales
Head
offic e
offic e

Prod
offic e

Varanasi Kanpur
offic e Saharanpur offic e
offic e

An approximate distance between these offices as per network survey team is as follows:
 Place from Place to Distance

Head office Sales office 15 KM

Head office Prod office 8 KM

Head office Varanasi Office 295 KM

Head office Kanpur Office 195 KM

Head office Saharanpur office 408 KM

Number of computers :

Head office 156

Sales office 25

Prod office 56

Varanasi Office 85

Kanpur Office 107

Saharanpur office 105

i) Suggest the placement of the repeater with justification. Name the branch where
the server should be installed. Justify your answer.
ii) Suggest the device to be procured by the company for connecting all the
computers within each of its offices out of the following devices:

 Modem
 Telephone
 Switch/Hub
iv) The company is planning to link its head office situated in Lucknow with the office at
Saharanpur. Suggest an economic way to connect it; the company is ready to
compromise on the speed of connectivity. Justify your answer.

4. Dr. Rizvi Education Society of India is starting its new CBSE School in Mumbai
(Maharashtra). The society is already running a School in Jaunpur (UP) named Dr. Rizvi
Learners’ Academy, having 3 major buildings in 2 km area campus. As a network expert
you need to suggest the network plan as per E1 to E4:

Wire Distance Between Various Buildings:

Library building to Admin building 90m

Library building to Academic building 80m

 Academic building to Admin building 15m

Jaunpur School to Mumbai School 1350km

Expected number of Computers to be installed in various buildings:

Library Building 20

Academic building 150

Admin building 35

Mumbai School 5

E1. Suggest the cable layout among various buildings inside school campus for
connecting the buildings.

E2. Suggest the most suitable place to house the server of the school with a suitable
reason.

E3. Suggest an efficient device from the following to be installed in each of the
building to connect all the computers:

(i) Bridge (ii) Repeater (iii) Switch

E4. Suggest the most suitable service (very high speed) to provide data connectivity
between Rizvi Learners’ in Jaunpur and Mumbai CBSE School from the options

HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is protocol? How many types of protocols are there?
Ans. When computers communicate each other, there needs to be a common set of rules and
instructions that each computer follows. A specific set of communication rules is called a
protocol. Some protocol: PPP, HTTP, SLIP, FTP, TCP/IP
Q.2 What is the difference between Networking and Remote Networking?
Ans. The main difference between Networking and Remote Networking, is the network which
we use in offices or other places locally such LAN or INTERNET and remote networking is one
which we use TERMINAL Services to communicate with the remote users such WAN.

Q.3 What is point-to-point protocol?

Ans. A communication protocol used to connect computer to remote networking services include
Internet Service Providers. In networking, the Point-to-Point protocol is commonly used to
establish a direct connection between two nodes. Its primary use has been to connect computers
using a phone line.
Q.4 How gateway is different from router?
Ans. A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between
two completely different network architectures. Routers allow different networks to
communicate with each other. They forward packets from one network to another based on
 network layer information. A gateway can interpret and translate the different protocols that are
used on two distinct networks. Unlike routers that successfully connect networks with protocols
that are similar, a gateway perform an application layer conversion of information from one
protocol stack to another.
Q.5 What is the role of network administrator?
Ans. Basic tasks for which a network administrator may be responsible:
Setting up and configuring network hardware and software.
Installing and configuring network media and connections.
Connecting user nodes and peripherals of all kinds to the network.
Adding users to and removing users from the network.
Managing user account.
Ensuring the security of the network.
Provide training to the users to utilize the network’s resources.
Q.6 What is the difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
Ans. Baseband is a bi-directional transmission while broadband is a unidirectional transmission.
No Frequency division multiplexing possible in base band but possible in broadband.
SN Baseband Broadband
o

1 Entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed Broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple
by a signal frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent
simultaneously.
2 Digital signals Analog signals
3 bi-directional transmission unidirectional transmission

4 No Frequency division multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing possible

possible
5 Uses for short distance Uses for long distance

Q.7 What are the difference between domain and workgroup?

Ans.
SN Domain Workgroup
o
1 One or more computers are servers All Computers are peers.

2 If you have a user account on the domain, you can logon Each computer has a set of accounts.
to any computer on the domain.

3 There can be 100+ computers Typically not more then 20-30 computers

4 The computers can be on different local All computers must be on the same local
network network.
Q. what is the differences between POP3 and IMAP Mail Server?
Ans. IMAP is a standard protocol for accessing e-mail from a local server. A simpler e-mail
protocol is Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), which download mail to the computer and does not
maintain the mail on the server. IMAP, e-mails are stored on the server, while in POP3, the
messages are transferred to the client’s computer when they are read.
Q.9 Name different layer of the ISO OSI Model.
Ans. International Standard Organization – Open Systems Interconnection has seven layers;
Physical Layer,Data Link Layer,Network Layer,Transport Layer,Session Layer,Presentation
Layer Application Layer
Q.10 What is client server architecture?
Ans. To designated a particular node which is well known and fixed address, to provide a service
to the network as a whole. The node providing the service is known as the server and the nodes
that use that services are called clients of that server. This type of network is called Client-Server
Architecture.
Q.11 What is FDM? Give example.
Ans. FDM-Frequency Division Multiplexing is used in analog transmission. It is often used in
short distance. It is code transparent and any terminal of the same speed can use the same sub-
channel after the sub-channel is established. The best example if FDM is the way we receive
various stations in a radio.
Q.12 Describe the following in brief:
i) MOSAIC ii) USENET iii) WAIS
Ans. i) MOSAIC: is the program for cruising the internet. The National centre wrote this
program for Super Computer application at the university of Illinois. It has a simple window
interface, which creates useful hypertext links that automatically perform some of the menu bar
and button functions.
ii) USENET: is the way to meet people and share information. Usenet newsgroup is a special
group set up by people who want to share common interests ranging from current topic to
cultural heritages.
iii) WAIS: is a WIDE AREA INFORMATION SERVER.