CHAPTER 3

SECURITIES MARKET

1. Consider the data for a sample of 5 shares for two years, the base year and year t.

Price in Price in No. of

Share base year year t outstanding shares
(Rs.) (Rs.) (in million)
A 24 20 15
B 16 22 8
C 42 54 20
D 32 48 46
E 18 12 12

What is the price weighted index, equal weighted index, and value weighted index for year t?

Solution:

No. of Market Market

Price in Price in
Price outstanding capitalisation capitalisation
Share base year year t
relative shares in the base in year t
(Rs.) (Rs.)
(in millions) year (1x4) (2x4)
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 24 20 83 15 360 300
B 16 22 138 8 128 176
C 42 54 129 20 840 1080
D 32 48 150 46 1472 2208
E 18 12 67 12 216 144
566 3016 3908

The equal weighted index 566

For year t is : = 113
5 (since there are 5 scrips)

The value weighted index 3908

For year t is : x 100 = 130
3016

2. Consider the data for a sample of 5 shares for two years, the base year and year t

No. of outstanding
Price in base year Price in year t
Share shares
(Rs.) (Rs.)
(in millions)
1 2 3
P 42 58 26
Q 60 54 18
R 24 36 16
 S 52 38 20
T 16 28 32

What is the price weighted index, equal weighted index, and value weighted index for year t?

Solution:

No. of Market Market

Price in
Price in Price outstanding capitalisation capitalisation
Share base year
year t (Rs.) relative shares in the base in year t
(Rs.)
(in millions) year (1x4) (2x4)
1 2 3 4 5 6
P 42 58 138 26 1092 1508
Q 60 54 90 18 1080 972
R 24 36 150 16 384 576
S 52 38 73 20 1040 760
T 16 28 175 32 512 896
626 4108 4712

The equal weighted index 626

For year t is : = 125
5 (since there are 5 scrips)

The value weighted index 4712

For year t is : x 100 = 115
4108

3. Consider the data for a sample of 3 shares for two years, the base year and year t.

Price in Price in No. of

Share base year year t outstanding shares
(Rs.) (Rs.) (in million)
A 25 20 30
B 48 62 24
C 34 ? 16

The value weighted index for year t is given to be 128. What is the price of share
C in year t?
Solution:

Market Market
Price in Prince in No. of
Price capitalisation capitalisation
Share base year year t outstanding
Relative in the base in year t
(Rs.) (Rs.) shares
year (1x4) (2x4)
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 25 20 80 30 750 600
B 48 62 129 24 1152 1488
C 34 16 544
2446

The value weighted index for year t is: Market capitalisation in year t
x 100
2446
Market capitalisation in year t
128 = x 100
2446

128 x 2446
Market capitalisation in year t =
100
= 3131
Market capitalisation of C = 3131 – (600 + 1488)
= 1043

1043
Price of share C in year t =
16

= 65.19

4. Consider the data for a sample of 3 shares for two years, the base year and year t.

Price in Price in No. of

Share base year year t outstanding shares
(Rs.) (Rs.) (in million)
P 14 30 48
Q 52 60
R 28 48 26

The value weighted index for year t is given to be 142. What is the price of share Q in year t?
Solution:

Market Market
Price in Price in No. of
Price capitalisatio capitalisatio
Share base year year t outstandin
Relative n in the base n in year t
(Rs.) (Rs.) g shares
year (1x4) (2x4)
1 2 3 4 5 6
P 14 30 214 48 672 1440
Q 52 60 3120
R 28 48 171 26 728 1248
4520

The value weighted index for year t is: Market capitalisation in year t
x 100
4520

Market capitalisation in year t

142 = x 100
4520

142 x 4520
Market capitalisation in year t =
100
= 6418

Market capitalisation of Q = 6418 – (1440 + 1248)

= 3730

3730
Price of share Q in year t =
60

= 62.17
 CHAPTER 4
RISK AND RETURN

1. A stock earns the following returns over a five year period: R1 = 0.30, R2 = -0.20, R3 = -0.12, R4 = 0.38,
R5 = 0.42, R6 = 0.36. Calculate the following: (a) arithmetic mean return, (b) cumulative wealth index,
and (c) geometric mean return.

Solution:

R1 = 0.30, R2 = - 0.20, R3 = - 0.12, R4 = 0.38, R5 = 0.42, R6 = 0.36

(a) Arithmetic mean

0.30 – 0.20 - 0.12 + 0.38 + 0.42+0.36

= = 0.19 or 19 %
6

(b) Cumulative wealth index

CWI5 = 1(1.30) (0.80) (0.88) (1.38) (1.42) (1.36) = 2.439

(c) Geometric Mean

= [(1.30) (0.80) (0.88) (1.38) (1.42) (1.36)]1/6 – 1 = 0.1602 or 16.02 %

2. A stock earns the following returns over a five year period: R1 = 10 %, R2 = 16%, R3 = 24 %, R4 = - 2
%, R5 = 12 %, R6 = 15%. Calculate the following: (a) arithmetic mean return, (b) cumulative wealth
index, and (c) geometric mean return.

Solution:

R1 = 10 %, R2 = 16%, R3 = 24 %, R4 = - 2 %, R5 = 12 %, R6 = 15 %

(a) Arithmetic mean

10 + 16 + 24 - 2 + 12 + 15
= = 12.5 %
6

(b) Cumulative wealth index

CWI5 = 1(1.10) (1.16) (1.24) (0.98) (1.12) (1.15) = 1.997

(c) Geometric Mean

= [(1.10) (1.16) (1.24) (0.98) (1.12) (1.15)]1/6 – 1 = 0.1222 or 12.22 %

3. What is the expected return and standard deviation of returns for the stock described in 1?
Solution:
 The expected return and standard deviation of returns is calculated below

Return in % Deviation Square of deviation

Period
Ri (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2
1 30 11 121
2 -20 -39 1521
3 -12 -31 961
4 38 19 361
5 42 23 529
6 36 17 289
19 SUM= 3782
R=

Expected return = 19 %
Σ (Ri – R)2 3782
Variance = = = 756.4
n–1 6–1

Standard deviation = (756.4)1/2 = 27.50

4. What is the expected return and standard deviation of returns for the stock described in 2?

Solution:

The expected return and standard deviation of returns is calculated below.

Return in % Deviation Square of deviation

Period
Ri (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2
1 10 -2.5 6.25
2 16 3.5 12.25
3 24 11.5 132.25
4 -2 -14.5 210.25
5 12 -0.5 0.25
6 15 2.5 6.25
12.5 SUM= 367.5
R=

Expected return = 12.5 %

Σ (Ri – R)2 367.5
Variance = = = 73.5
n–1 6–1

Standard deviation = (73.5)1/2 = 8.57

5. The probability distribution of the rate of return on a stock is given below:
 State of the Economy Probability of Occurrence Rate of Return
Boom 0.20 30 %
Normal 0.50 18 %
Recession 0.30 9%

What is the standard deviation of return?

Solution:

Probability Deviation
State of Return in
of (Ri-R) Pi x (Ri – R)2
the % pi x Ri
occurrence
economy Ri
pi
Boom 0.2 30 6 12.3 30.26
Normal 0.5 18 9 0.3 0.05
Recession 0.3 9 2.7 -8.7 22.71

Expected return R = 17.7 SUM= 53.01

Standard deviation = [53.01]1/2 = 7.28

6. The probability distribution of the rate of return on a stock is given below:

State of the Economy Probability of Occurrence Rate of Return

Boom 0.60 45 %
Normal 0.20 16 %
Recession 0.20 - 20%

What is the standard deviation of return?

Solution:

Probability
State of Return in
of Deviation Pi x (Ri – R)2
the % pi x Ri
occurrence (Ri-R)
economy Ri
pi
Boom 0.6 45 27 18.8 212.06
Normal 0.2 16 3.2 -10.2 20.81
Recession 0.2 -20 -4 -46.2 426.89
Expected return R = 26.2 SUM= 659.76
Standard deviation = [659.76]1/2 = 25.69
 CHAPTER 5
THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY

1. Calculate the value 10 years hence of a deposit of Rs. 20,000 made today if the interest rate is (a) 4
percent, (b) 6 percent, (c) 8 percent, and (d) 9 percent.

Solution:

Value 10 years hence of a deposit of Rs. 20,000 at various interest rates is as follows:

r = 4% FV5 = 20,000 x FVIF (4%, 10 years)

= 20,000 x1.480
= Rs.29,600
r = 6% FV5 = 20,000 x FVIF (6 %, 10 years)
= 20,000 x 1.791
= Rs.35,820
r = 8% FV5 = 20,000 x FVIF (8 %, 10 years)
= 20,000 x 2.159
= Rs.43,180
r = 9% FV5 = 20,000 x FVIF (9 %, 10 years)
= 20,000 x 2.367
= Rs. 47,340

2. Calculate the value 3 years hence of a deposit of Rs.5,800 made today if the interest rate is (a) 12
percent, (b)14 percent, (c) 15 percent, and (d) 16 percent.

Solution:

Value 3 years hence of a deposit of Rs. 5,800 at various interest rates is as follows:

r = 12 % FV5 = 5,800 x FVIF (12%, 3 years)

= 5,800 x 1.405
= Rs.8,149

r = 14 % FV5 = 5,800 x FVIF (14%, 3 years)

= 5,800 x 1.482
= Rs.8,596

r = 15 % FV5 = 5,800 x FVIF (15%, 3 years)

= 5,800 x 1.521
= Rs.8,822

r = 16 % FV5 = 5,800 x FVIF (16%, 3 years)

= 5,800 x 1.561
= Rs. 9,054
3. If you deposit Rs.2,000 today at 6 percent rate of interest in how many years (roughly) will this
amount grow to Rs.32,000 ? Work this problem using the rule of 72–do not use tables.

Solution:

Rs.32,000 / Rs. 2,000 = 16 = 24

According to the Rule of 72 at 6 percent interest rate doubling takes place approximately in 72 / 6 =
12 years

So Rs.2,000 will grow to Rs.32,000 in approximately 4 x 12 years = 48 years

4. If you deposit Rs.3,000 today at 8 percent rate of interest in how many years (roughly) will this
amount grow to Rs.1,92,000 ? Work this problem using the rule of 72–do not use tables.

Solution:

Rs.192,000 / Rs. 3,000 = 64 = 26

According to the Rule of 72 at 8 percent interest rate doubling takes place approximately in 72 / 8 =
9 years

So Rs.3000 will grow to Rs.192,000 in approximately 6 x 9 years = 54 years

5. A finance company offers to give Rs.20,000 after 14 years in return for Rs.5,000 deposited today.
Using the rule of 69, figure out the approximate interest rate offered.

Solution:

In 14 years Rs.5,000 grows to Rs.20,000 or 4 times. This is 2 2 times the initial deposit. Hence
doubling takes place in 14 / 2 = 7 years.

According to the Rule of 69, the doubling period is 0.35 + 69 / Interest rate
We therefore have

0.35 + 69 / Interest rate = 7

Interest rate = 69/(7-0.35) = 10.38 %

6. Someone offers to give Rs.80,000 to you after 18 years in return for Rs.10,000 deposited today. Using
the rule of 69, figure out the approximate interest rate offered.
Solution:

In 18 years Rs.10,000 grows to Rs.80,000 or 8 times. This is 23 times the initial deposit. Hence
doubling takes place in 18 / 3 = 6 years.

According to the Rule of 69, the doubling period is 0.35 + 69 / Interest rate. We therefore have
0.35 + 69 / Interest rate = 6

Interest rate = 69/(6-0.35) = 12.21 %

7. You can save Rs.5,000 a year for 3 years, and Rs.7,000 a year for 7 years thereafter. What will these
savings cumulate to at the end of 10 years, if the rate of interest is 8 percent?

Solution:

Saving Rs.5000 a year for 3 years and Rs.6000 a year for 7 years thereafter is equivalent to saving Rs.5000
a year for 10 years and Rs.2000 a year for the years 4 through 10.

Hence the savings will cumulate to:

5000 x FVIFA (8%, 10 years) + 2000 x FVIFA (8%, 7 years)

= 5000 x 14.487 + 2000 x 8.923

= Rs.90281

8. Krishna saves Rs. 24,000 a year for 5 years, and Rs.30,000 a year for 15 years thereafter. If the rate of
interest is 9 percent compounded annually, what will be the value of his savings at the end of 20
years?

Solution:

Saving Rs.24,000 a year for 5 years and Rs.30,000 a year for 15 years thereafter is equivalent to
saving Rs.24,000 a year for 20 years and Rs.6,000 a year for the years 6 through 20.

Hence the savings will cumulate to:

24,000 x FVIFA (9%, 20 years) + 6,000 x FVIFA (9 %, 15 years)

= 24,000 x 51.160 + 6, 000 x 29.361

= Rs. 1,404,006

9. You plan to go abroad for higher studies after working for the next five years and understand that an
amount of Rs.2,000,000 will be needed for this purpose at that time. You have decided to accumulate
 this amount by investing a fixed amount at the end of each year in a safe scheme offering a rate of
interest at 10 percent. What amount should you invest every year to achieve the target amount?

Solution:

Let A be the annual savings.

A x FVIFA (10%, 5years) = 2,000,000

A x 6.105 = 2,000,000

So, A = 2,000,000 / 6.105 = Rs. 327,600

10. How much should Vijay save each year, if he wishes to purchase a flat expected to cost Rs.80 lacs
after 8 years, if the investment option available to him offers a rate of interest at 9 percent? Assume
that the investment is to be made in equal amounts at the end of each year.

Solution:

Let A be the annual savings.

A x FVIFA (9 %, 8 years) = 80,00,000

A x 11.028 = 80,00,000

So, A = 80,00,000 / 11.028 = Rs. 7,25,426

11. A finance company advertises that it will pay a lump sum of Rs.100,000 at the end of 5 years to
investors who deposit annually Rs.12,000. What interest rate is implicit in this offer?

Solution:

12,000 x FVIFA (r, 5 years) = 100,000

FVIFA (r, 5 years) = 100,000 / 12,000

= 8.333

From the tables we find that

FVIFA (24%, 5 years) = 8.048

FVIFA (28%, 5 years) = 8.700

Using linear interpolation in the interval, we get:

(8.333– 8.048)
r = 24% + x 4% = 25.75%
(8.700 – 8.048)
12. Someone promises to give you Rs.5,000,000 after 6 years in exchange for Rs.2,000,000 today. What
interest rate is implicit in this offer?

Solution:

2,000,000 x FVIF (r, 6 years) = 5,000,000

FVIF (r, 6 years) = 5,000,000 / 2,000,000 = 2.5

From the tables we find that

FVIF (16%, 6 years) = 2.436

FVIF (17%, 6 years) = 2.565

Using linear interpolation in the interval, we get:

(2.5 – 2.436) x 1 %
r = 16% + = 16.5 %
(2.565 – 2.436)

13. At the time of his retirement, Rahul is given a choice between two alternatives: (a) an annual pension
of Rs. 120,000 as long as he lives, and (b) a lump sum amount of Rs.1,000,000. If Rahul expects to
live for 20 years and the interest rate is expected to be 10 percent throughout, which option appears
more attractive?

Solution:

The present value of an annual pension of Rs.120,000 for 20 years when r = 10% is:

120,000 x PVIFA (10%, 20 years)

= 120,000 x 8.514

= Rs.1,021,680

The alternative is to receive a lumpsum of Rs 1,000,000

Rahul will be better off with the annual pension amount of Rs.120,000.

14. A leading bank has chosen you as the winner of its quiz competition and asked you to choose from one
of the following alternatives for the prize: (a) Rs. 60,000 in cash immediately or (b) an annual payment
of Rs. 10,000 for the next 10 years. If the interest rate you can look forward to for a safe investment is
9 percent, which option would you choose?

Solution:
 The present value of an annual payment of Rs.10,000 for 10 years when r = 9% is:

10,000 x PVIFA (9 %, 10 years)

= 10,000 x 6.418

= Rs. 64,180

The annual payment option would be the better alternative

15. What is the present value of an income stream which provides Rs.30,000 at the end of year one,
Rs.50,000 at the end of year three , and Rs.100,000 during each of the years 4 through 10, if the
discount rate is 9 percent ?

Solution:

The present value of the income stream is:

30,000 x PVIF (9%, 1 year) + 50,000 x PVIF (9%, 3 years)

+ 100,000 x PVIFA (9 %, 7 years) x PVIF (9%, 3 years)

= 30,000 x 0.917 + 50,000 x 0.772 + 100,000 x 5.033 x 0.0.772 = Rs.454,658.

16. What is the present value of an income stream which provides Rs.25,000 at the end of year one,
Rs.30,000 at the end of years two and three, and Rs.40,000 during each of the years 4 through 8 if the
discount rate is 15 percent ?

Solution:

The present value of the income stream is:

25,000 x PVIF (15%, 1 year) + 30,000 x PVIF (15%, 2 years)

+ 30,000 x PVIF (15%, 3 years)

+ 40,000 x PVIFA (15 %, 5 years) x PVIF (15%, 3 years)

= 25,000 x 0.870 + 30,000 x 0.756 + 30,000 x 0.658

+ 40,000 x 3.352 x 0.658 = Rs.152,395.

17. What is the present value of an income stream which provides Rs.1,000 a year for the first three years
and Rs.5,000 a year forever thereafter, if the discount rate is 12 percent?
Solution:

The present value of the income stream is:

1,000 x PVIFA (12%, 3 years) + (5,000/ 0.12) x PVIF (12%, 3 years)

= 1,000 x 2.402 + (5000/0.12) x 0.712

= Rs.32,069

18. What is the present value of an income stream which provides Rs.20,000 a year for the first 10 years
and Rs.30,000 a year forever thereafter, if the discount rate is 14 percent ?

Solution:

The present value of the income stream is:

20,000 x PVIFA (14%, 10 years) + (30,000/ 0.14) x PVIF (14%, 10 years)
= 20,000 x 5.216 + (30,000/0.14) x 0.270
= Rs.162,177

19. Mr. Ganapathi will retire from service in five years .How much should he deposit now to earn an
annual income of Rs.240,000 forever beginning from the end of 6 years from now ? The deposit
earns 12 percent per year.

Solution:

To earn an annual income of Rs.240,000 forever , beginning from the end of 6 years from now, if the
deposit earns 12% per year a sum of

Rs. 240,000 / 0.12 = Rs.2,000,000 is required at the end of 5 years. The amount that must be deposited
to get this sum is:

Rs.2,000,000 PVIF (12%, 5 years) = Rs.2,000,000 x 0.567

= Rs. 1,134,000

20. Suppose someone offers you the following financial contract. If you deposit Rs.100,000 with him he
promises to pay Rs.50,000 annually for 3 years. What interest rate would you earn on this deposit?

Solution:

Rs.100,000 =- Rs.50,000 x PVIFA (r, 3 years)

PVIFA (r,3 years) = 2.00

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA (20 %, 3 years) = 2.106
PVIFA (24 %, 3 years) = 1.981
 Using linear interpolation we get:

2.106 – 2.00
r = 20 % + ---------------- x 4%
2.106 – 1.981

= 23.39 %

21. If you invest Rs.600,000 with a company they offer to pay you Rs.100,000 annually for 10 years.
What interest rate would you earn on this investment?

Solution:

Rs.600,000 =- Rs.100,000 x PVIFA (r, 10 years)

PVIFA (r, 10 years) = 6.00

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA (10 %, 10 years) = 6.145
PVIFA (11 %, 10 years) = 5.889

Using linear interpolation we get:

6.145 – 6.00
r = 10 % + ---------------- x 1%
6.145 – 5.889

= 10.57 %
22. What is the present value of the following cash flow streams?

End of year Stream X Stream Y Stream Z

1 500 750 600
2 550 700 600
3 600 650 600
4 650 600 600
5 700 550 600
6 750 500 600
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The discount rate is 18 percent.

Solution:

PV( Stream X) = 500 PV( 18%, 1yr) +550 PV( 18%, 2yrs) + 600 PV( 18%, 3yrs) + 650 PV( 18%, 4yrs) +
700 PV( 18%, 5yrs) + 750 PV( 18%, 6yrs)
= 500 x 0.847 +550 x 0.718 + 600 x 0.609 + 650 x 0.516 + 700 x 0.437 + 750 x 0.370
= 2102.6

PV( Stream X) = 750 PV( 18%, 1yr) +700 PV( 18%, 2yrs) + 650 PV( 18%, 3yrs) + 600 PV( 18%, 4yrs) +
550 PV( 18%, 5yrs) + 500 PV( 18%, 6yrs)
= 750 x 0.847 +700 x 0.718 + 650 x 0.609 + 600 x 0.516 + 550 x 0.437 + 500 x 0.370
= 2268.65

PV (Stream X) = 600 PVIFA (18%, 6yrs) = 600 x 3.498 = 2098.8

23. Suppose you deposit Rs.200,000 with an investment company which pays 12 percent interest with
compounding done once in every two months, how much will this deposit grow to in 10 years?

Solution:

FV10 = Rs.200,000 [1 + (0.12 / 6)]10x6

= Rs.200,000 (1.02)60
= Rs.200,000 x 3.281
= Rs.656,200

24. A bank pays interest at 5 percent on US dollar deposits, compounded once in every six months. What
will be the maturity value of a deposit of US dollars 15,000 for three years?
Solution:

Maturity value = USD 15 ,000 [1 + (0.05 / 2)]3x2

= 15,000 (1.025)6
= 15,000 x 1.1597
= 17,395.50
25. What is the difference between the effective rate of interest and stated rate of interest in the following
cases:
 Case A: Stated rate of interest is 8 percent and the frequency of compounding is six times a year.
Case B: Stated rate of interest is 10 percent and the frequency of compounding is four times a year.
Case C: Stated rate of interest is 12 percent and the frequency of compounding is twelve times a year.

Solution:

A B C

Stated rate (%) 8 10 12

Frequency of compounding 6 times 4 times 12 times

Effective rate (%) (1 + 0.08/6)6- 1 (1+0.10/4)4 –1 (1 + 0.12/12)12-1

= 8.27 = 10.38 = 12.68

Difference between the

effective rate and stated
rate (%) 0.27 0.38 0.68

26. You have a choice between Rs.200,000 now and Rs.600,000 after 8 years. Which would you choose?
What does your preference indicate?

Solution:

The interest rate implicit in the offer of Rs.600,000 after 8 years in lieu of Rs.200,000 now is:

Rs.200,000 x FVIF (r,8 years) = Rs.600,000

Rs.600,000
FVIF (r,8 years) = = 3.000
Rs.200,000

From the tables we find that

FVIF (15%, 8years) = 3.059

This means that the implied interest rate is nearly 15%.

I would choose Rs.600,000 after 8 years from now because I find a return of 15% quite
attractive.

27. Ravikiran deposits Rs.500,000 in a bank now. The interest rate is 9 percent and compounding is done
quarterly. What will the deposit grow to after 5 years? If the inflation rate is 3 percent per year, what
will be the value of the deposit after 5 years in terms of the current rupee?
Solution:

FV5 = Rs.500,000 [1 + (0.09 / 4)]5x4

= Rs.500,000 (1.0225)20
= Rs.500,000 x 2.653
= Rs.780,255

If the inflation rate is 3 % per year, the value of Rs.780,255 5 years from now, in terms of
the current rupees is:

Rs.780,255 x PVIF (3%, 5 years)

= Rs.780,255 x 0. 863
= Rs.673,360

28. A person requires Rs.100,000 at the beginning of each year from 2015 to 2019. Towards this, how
much should he deposit (in equal amounts) at the end of each year from 2007 to 2011, if the interest
rate is 10 percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of Rs.100,000 receivable at the beginning of each year from 2015 to
2019, evaluated as at the beginning of 2014 (or end of 2013) is:

Rs.100,000 x PVIFA (10%, 5 years)

= Rs.100,000 x 3.791
= Rs.379,100

The discounted value of Rs.379,100 evaluated at the end of 2011 is

Rs.379,100 x PVIF (10 %, 2 years)

= Rs.379,100 x 0.826
= Rs.313,137

If A is the amount deposited at the end of each year from 2007 to 2011 then

A x FVIFA (10%, 5 years) = Rs.313,137

A x 6.105 = Rs.313,137

A = Rs.313,137/ 6.105

= Rs.51,292
29. You require Rs.250 ,000 at the beginning of each year from 2010 to 2012. How much should you
deposit (in equal amounts) at the beginning of each year in 2007 and 2008 ? The interest rate is 8
percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of Rs.250,000 receivable at the beginning of each year from 2010 to
2012, evaluated as at the beginning of 2009 (or end of 2008) is:

Rs.250,000 x PVIFA (8 %, 3 years)

= Rs.250,000 x 2.577= Rs.644,250

To have Rs. 644,250 at the end of 2008, let A be the amount that needs to be deposited at the
beginning of 2007 and 2008.We then have

Ax (1+0.08) x FVIFA ( 8%, 2years) = 644,250

A x 1.08 x 2.080 = 644,250 or A = 286,792

30. What is the present value of Rs.120,000 receivable annually for 20 years if the first receipt occurs after
8 years and the discount rate is 12 percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of the annuity of Rs.120,000 receivable for 20 years, evaluated as at the end of
7th year is:

Rs.120,000 x PVIFA (12%, 20 years) = Rs.120,000 x 7.469 = Rs.896,290

The present value of Rs. 896,290 is:

Rs. 896,290 x PVIF (12%, 7 years)

= Rs. 896,290 x 0.452

= Rs.405,119

31. What is the present value of Rs.89,760 receivable annually for 10 years if the first receipt occurs after
5 years and the discount rate is 9 percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of the annuity of Rs.89,760 receivable for 10 years, evaluated as at the end of 4 th
year is:
 Rs. 89,760 x PVIFA (9%, 10 years) = Rs. 89,760 x 6.418 = Rs.576,080

The present value of Rs. 576,080is:

Rs. 576,080x PVIF (9%, 4 years)

= Rs. 576,080x 0.708

= Rs.407,865

32. After eight years Mr. Tiwari will receive a pension of Rs.10,000 per month for 20 years. How much
can Mr. Tiwari borrow now at 12 percent interest so that the borrowed amount can be paid with 40
percent of the pension amount? The interest will be accumulated till the first pension amount becomes
receivable.

Solution:

40 per cent of the pension amount is

0.40 x Rs.10,000 = Rs.4,000

Assuming that the monthly interest rate corresponding to an annual interest rate of 12% is 1%, the
discounted value of an annuity of Rs.4,000 receivable at the end of each month for 240 months (20
years) is:

Rs.4,000 x PVIFA (1%, 240)

(1.01)240 - 1
Rs.4,000 x ---------------- = Rs.363,278
.01 (1.01)240
If Mr. Tiwari borrows Rs.P today on which the monthly interest rate is 1%

P x (1.01)96 = Rs. 363,278

P x 2.60 = Rs. 363,278

Rs. 363,278
P = ------------ = Rs.139,722
2.60

33. After one year Mr. Khanna will receive a pension of Rs.15,000 per month for 30 years. How much can
Mr. Khanna borrow now at 12 percent interest so that the borrowed amount can be paid with 25
percent of the pension amount? The interest will be accumulated till the first pension amount becomes
receivable.

Solution:

25 per cent of the pension amount is

 0.25 x Rs.15,000 = Rs.3,750

Assuming that the monthly interest rate corresponding to an annual interest rate of 12% is 1%, the
discounted value of an annuity of Rs.3,750 receivable at the end of each month for 360 months (30
years) is:

Rs.3,750 x PVIFA (1%, 360)

(1.01)360 - 1
Rs.3,750 x ---------------- = Rs.364,569
.01 (1.01)360
If Mr. Khanna borrows Rs.P today on which the monthly interest rate is 1%

P x (1.01)12 = Rs. 364,569

P x 1.127 = Rs. 364,569

Rs. 364,569
P = ------------ = Rs.323,486
1.127

34. You buy a car with a bank loan of Rs.525,000. An instalment of Rs.25,000 is payable to the bank for
each of 30 months towards the repayment of loan with interest. What interest rate does the bank
charge?

Solution:

Rs.25,000 x PVIFA(r, 30 months) = Rs.525,000

PVIFA (r, 30 months) = Rs.525,000 / Rs.25,000= 21

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA (3%, 30) = 19.600

PVIFA (2%, 30) = 22.397

Using a linear interpolation

22.397 – 21.000
r = 2% + ---------------------- x 1%
22.397 – 19.600

= 2.50%

Thus, the bank charges an interest rate of 2.50 % per month.

 The corresponding effective rate of interest per annum is

[(1.0250)12 – 1] x 100 = 34.49 %

35. You take a bank loan of Rs.174,000 repayable with interest in 18 monthly instalments of Rs.12,000
What is the effective annual interest rate charged by the bank ?

Solution:

Rs.12,000 x PVIFA(r, 18 months) = Rs.174,000

PVIFA (r, 18 months) = Rs.174,000 / Rs.12,000= 14.5

From the tables we find that:

PVIFA (2%, 18) = 14.992

PVIFA (3%, 18) = 13.754

Using a linear interpolation

14.992 – 14.500
r = 2% + ---------------------- x 1%
14.992 – 13.754
= 2.397%

Thus, the bank charges an interest rate of 2.397 % per month.

The corresponding effective rate of interest per annum is

[(1.02397)12 – 1 ] x 100 = 32.88 %

36. Metro Corporation has to retire Rs.20 million of debentures each at the end of 6, 7, and 8 years from
now. How much should the firm deposit in a sinking fund account annually for 5 years, in order to
meet the debenture retirement need? The net interest rate earned is 10 percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of the debentures to be redeemed between 6 to 8 years evaluated at the end of
the 5th year is:

Rs.20 million x PVIFA (10%, 3 years)

= Rs.20 million x 2.487

 = Rs.49.74million

If A is the annual deposit to be made in the sinking fund for the years 1 to 5, then

A x FVIFA (10%, 5 years) = Rs.49.74 million

A x 6.105 = Rs.49.74 million

A = Rs.8,147,420

37. Ankit Limited has to retire Rs.30 million of debentures each at the end of 7, 8, 9 and 10 years from
now. How much should the firm deposit in a sinking fund account annually for 5 years, in order to
meet the debenture retirement need? The net interest rate earned is 12 percent.

Solution:

The discounted value of the debentures to be redeemed between 7 to 10 years evaluated at the end of
the 6th year is:

Rs.30 million x PVIFA (12%, 4 years)

= Rs.30 million x 3.037

= Rs.91.11 million

If A is the annual deposit to be made in the sinking fund for the years 1 to 6, then

A x FVIFA (12%, 6 years) = Rs.91.11 million

A x 8.115 = Rs. 91.11 million

A = Rs.11,227,357

38. Mr. Mehta receives a provident fund amount or Rs.800,000. He deposits it in a bank which pays 9
percent interest. If he plans to withdraw Rs.100,000 at the end of each year, how long can he do so ?
Solution:

Let `n’ be the number of years for which a sum of Rs.100,000 can be withdrawn annually.

Rs.100,000 x PVIFA (9%, n) = Rs.800,000

PVIFA (9%, n) = Rs.800,000 / Rs.100,000 = 8 .000

From the tables we find that

PVIFA (9%, 14 years) = 7.786

 PVIFA (9%, 15 years) = 8.060

Using a linear interpolation we get

8.000 – 7.786
n = 14 + ----------------- x 1 = 14.78 years
8.060 – 7.786

39. Mr. Naresh wants to invest an amount of Rs. 400,000, in a finance company at an interest rate of 12
percent, with instructions to the company that the amount with interest be repaid to his son in equal
instalments of Rs.100,000, for his education expenses . How long will his son get the amount?

Solution:

Let `n’ be the number of years for which a sum of Rs.100,000 can be withdrawn annually.

Rs.100,000 x PVIFA (12%, n) = Rs.400,000

PVIFA (12 %, n) = Rs.400,000 / Rs.100,000 = 4

From the tables we find that

PVIFA (12%, 5 years) = 3.605

PVIFA (12%, 6 years) = 4.111

Using a linear interpolation we get

4.000 – 3.605
n = 5 + ----------------- x 1 = 5.78 years
4.111 – 3.605

40. Your company is taking a loan of 1,000,000, carrying an interest rate of 15 percent. The loan will be
amortised in five equal instalments. What fraction of the instalment at the end of second year will
represent principal repayment ?

Solution:

1,000,000
Annual instalment = = 298,329
3.352

Loan Amortisation Schedule

Year Beg. Instalment Interest Principal Balance

repayment
 1 1,000,000 298,329 150,000 148,329 851,671
2 851,671 298,329 127,751 170,578 681,093
170,578 / 298,329 = 0.572 or 57.2%

41. Anurag Limited borrows Rs.2,000,000 at an interest rate of 12 percent. The loan is to be repaid in 5
equal annual instalments payable at the end of each of the next 5 years. Prepare the loan amortisation
schedule.

Solution:

Equated annual installment = 2,000,000 / PVIFA(12%,5)

= 2,000,000 / 3.605
= Rs.554,785

Loan Amortisation Schedule

Beginning Annual Principal Remaining
Year amount installment Interest repaid balance
------ ------------- --------------- ----------- ------------- -------------
1 2,000,000 554,785 240,000 314,785 1,685,215
2 1,685,215 554,785 202,226 352,559 1,332,656
3 1,332,656 554,785 159.919 394,866 937,790
4 937,790 554,785 112,535 442,250 495,540
5 495,540 554,785 59,465 495320 220*
(*) rounding off error

42. You want to borrow Rs.3,000,000 to buy a flat. You approach a housing company which charges 10
percent interest. You can pay Rs.400,000 per year toward loan amortisation. What should be the
maturity period of the loan?

Solution:

Let n be the maturity period of the loan. The value of n can be obtained from the equation.

400,000 x PVIFA (10%, n) = 3,000,000

PVIFA (10%, n) = 7.5

From the tables we find that

PVIFA (10%,14 years) = 7.367

PVIFA (10 %, 15 years) = 7.606

Using a linear interpolation we get

7.500 – 7.367
 n = 14 + ----------------- x 1 = 14.56 years
7.606 – 7.367

43. You want to borrow Rs.5,000,000 to buy a flat. You approach a housing company which charges 11
percent interest. You can pay Rs.600,000 per year toward loan amortisation. What should be the
maturity period of the loan?

Solution:

Let n be the maturity period of the loan. The value of n can be obtained from the equation.

600,000 x PVIFA (11%, n) = 5,000,000

PVIFA (11%, n) = 8.333

From the tables we find that

PVIFA (11%, 20 years) = 7.963

PVIFA (11 %, 25 years) = 8.422

Using linear interpolation we get

8.333 – 7.963
n = 20 + ----------------- x 5 = 24.03 years
8.422 – 7.963

44. You are negotiating with the government the right to mine 160,000 tons of iron ore per year for 20
years. The current price per ton of iron ore is Rs.3500 and it is expected to increase at the rate of 8
percent per year. What is the present value of the iron ore that you can mine if the discount rate is 15
percent
Solution:

Expected value of iron ore mined during year 1= 160,000x3500 x1.08

= Rs.604.8 million

Expected present value of the iron ore that can be mined over the next 20 years assuming a price
escalation of 8% per annum in the price per ton of iron

1 – (1 + g)n / (1 + i)n
= Rs. 604.8 million x ------------------------
i-g

= Rs. 604.8 million x 1 – (1.08)20 / (1.15)20

0.15 – 0.08
 = Rs. 604.8 million x 10.2173

= Rs.6,179,423,040

45. You are negotiating with the government the right to mine 300,000 tons of iron ore per year for 25
years. The current price per ton of iron ore is Rs.3200 and it is expected to increase at the rate of 7
percent per year. What is the present value of the iron ore that you can mine if the discount rate is 18
percent

Solution:

Expected value of iron ore mined during year 1= 300,000x3200 x 1.07

= Rs.1027.2 million

Expected present value of the iron ore that can be mined over the next 25 years assuming a price
escalation of 7% per annum in the price per ton of iron

1 – (1 + g)n / (1 + i)n
= Rs. 1027.2 million x ------------------------
i-g

= Rs. 1027.2 million x 1 – (1.07)25 / (1.18)25

0.18 – 0.07

= Rs. 1027.2 million x 8.3036

= Rs.8,529,457,920
46. As a winner of a competition, you can choose one of the following prizes:

a. Rs. 800,000 now

b. Rs. 2,000,000 at the end of 8 years
c. Rs. 100,000 a year forever
d. Rs. 130,000 per year for 12 years
e. Rs. 32,000 next year and rising thereafter by 8 percent per year forever.

If the interest rate is 12 percent, which prize has the highest present value?

Solution:
(a) PV = Rs.800,000
(b) PV = 2,000,000PVIF12%,8yrs = 2,000,000 x 0.0.404 = Rs.808,000
(c ) PV = 100,000/r = 100,000/0.12 = Rs. 833,333
(d) PV = 130,000 PVIFA12%,12yrs = 130,000 x 6.194 = Rs.805,220
(e) PV = C/(r-g) = 32,000/(0.12-0.08) = Rs.800,000
 Option c has the highest present value viz. Rs.833,333

47. Oil India owns an oil pipeline which will generate Rs. 20 million of cash income in the coming year.
It has a very long life with virtually negligible operating costs. The volume of oil shipped, however,
will decline over time and, hence, cash flows will decrease by 4 percent per year. The discount rate is
15 percent.

a. If the pipeline is used forever, what is the present value of its cash flows?
b. If the pipeline is scrapped after 30 years, what is the present value of its cash flows?

Solution:

(a) PV = c/(r – g) = 20/[0.15 – (-0.04)] = Rs.105.26 million

1+g n
1 - -------
(b) 1+r
PV = A(1+g) ----------------- = 20 x 0.96 x 5.2398 = Rs.100.604 million
r- g

48. Petrolite owns an oil pipeline which will generate Rs. 15 million of cash income in the coming year. It
has a very long life with virtually negligible operating costs. The volume of oil shipped, however, will
decline over time and, hence, cash flows will decrease by 6 percent per year. The discount rate is 18
percent.

a. If the pipeline is used forever, what is the present value of its cash flows?

b. If the pipeline is scrapped after 10 years, what is the present value of its cash flows?

Solution:

(a) PV = c/(r – g) = 15/[0.18 – (-0.06)] = Rs.62.5 million

1+g n
1 - -------
(b) 1+r
PV = A(1+g) ----------------- = 15 x 0.94 x 3.7379 = Rs.52.704 million
r- g
 MINICASE

1. As an investment advisor, you have been approached by a client called Vikas for your advice on
investment plan. He is currently 40 years old and has Rs.600,000 in the bank. He plans to work for 20
years more and retire at the age of 60. His present salary is Rs.500,000 per year. He expects his salary
to increase at the rate of 12 percent per year until his retirement.
Vikas has decided to invest his bank balance and future savings in a balanced mutual fund scheme
that he believes will provide a return of 9 percent per year. You agree with his assessment.
Vikas seeks your help in answering several questions given below. In answering these questions,
ignore the tax factor.

(i) Once he retires at the age of 60, he would like to withdraw Rs.800,000 per year for his consumption
needs from his investments for the following 15 years (He expects to live upto the age of 75 years).
Each annual withdrawal will be made at the beginning of the year. How much should be the value
of his investments when Vikas turns 60, to meet this retirement need?
(ii) How much should Vikas save each year for the next 20 years to be able to withdraw Rs.800,000 per
year from the beginning of the 21st year ? Assume that the savings will occur at the end of each year.
(iii) Suppose Vikas wants to donate Rs.500,000 per year in the last 5 years of his life to a charitable caus
Each donation would be made at the beginning of the year. Further, he wants to bequea
Rs.1,000,000 to his son at the end of his life. How much should he have in his investment accou
when he reaches the age of 60 to meet this need for donation and bequeathing?
(iv) Vikas is curious to find out the present value of his lifetime salary income. For the sake of simplicity
assume that his current salary of Rs.500,000 will be paid exactly one year from now, and his salary
paid annually. What is the present value of his life time salary income, if the discount rate applicabl
to the same is 7 percent? Remember that Vikas expects his salary to increase at the rate of 12 percen
per year until retirement.

Solution:

(i)
This is an annuity due

Value of annuity due = Value of ordinary annuity (1 + r)

The value of investments when Vikas turns 60 must be:

800,000 x PVIFA (9%, 15 years) x 1.09

= 800,000 x 8.060 x 1.09 = Rs.7,028,320

(ii)

He must have Rs.7,092,800 at the end of the 20th year.

His current capital of Rs.600,000 will grow to:
Rs.600,000 x FVIF (9%, 20yrs) = 600,000 x 5.604
= Rs.3,362,400

So, what he saves in the next 15 years must cumulate to:

7,028,320 – 3,362,400 = Rs.3,665,920

A x FVIFA (9%, 20 yrs) = Rs.3,665,920
A x 51.160 = 3,665,920
A = 3,665,920/51.160 = Rs.71,656
(iii)

60 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

A A A A A
1,000,000
To meet his donation objective, Vikas will need an amount equal to:
500,000 x PVIFA (9%, 5years) when he turns 69.
This means he will need
500,000 x PVIFA (9%, 5yrs) x PVIF (9%, 9yrs) when he turns 60.
This works out to:
500,000 x 3.890 x 0.460 = Rs.894,700
To meet his bequeathing objective he will need
1,000,000 x PVIF (15%, 9yrs) when he turns 60
This works out to:
1,000,000 x 0.275 = Rs.275,000
So, his need for donation and bequeathing is: 894,700 + 275,000
= Rs.1,169,700
(iv)

(1+g)n
1-
(1+r)n
PVGA = A (1+g)
r–g

Where A(1+g) is the cash flow a year from now. In this case A (1+g) = Rs.500,000,
g = 12%, r = 7%, and n = 20
So,
(1.12)20
1-
(1.07)20
PVGA = 500,000
0.07 – 0.12 MINICASE 2

= Rs.14,925,065
2. As an investment advisor, you have been approached by a client called Ravi for advice on his
investment plan. He is 35 years and has Rs.200, 000 in the bank. He plans to work for 25 years more
and retire at the age of 60. His present salary is 500,000 per year. He expects his salary to increase at
the rate of 12 percent per year until his retirement.
Ravi has decided to invest his bank balance and future savings in a balanced mutual fund scheme
that he believes will provide a return of 9 percent per year. You concur with his assessment.
Ravi seeks your help in answering several questions given below. In answering these questions,
ignore the tax factor.

(i) Once he retires at the age of 60, he would like to withdraw Rs. 900,000 per year for his
consumption needs for the following 20 years (His life expectancy is 80years).Each annual
withdrawal will be made at the beginning of the year. How much should be the value of his
investments when he turns 60, to meet his retirement need?
(ii) How much should Ravi save each year for the next 25 years to be able to withdraw Rs.900,
000 per year from the beginning of the 26th year for a period of 20 years?
Assume that the savings will occur at the end of each year. Remember that he already has some
bank balance.
(iii) Suppose Ravi wants to donate Rs.600, 000 per year in the last 4 years of his life to a
charitable cause. Each donation would be made at the beginning of the year. Further he wants to
bequeath Rs. 2,000,000 to his daughter at the end of his life. How much should he have in his
investment account when he reaches the age of 60 to meet this need for donation and bequeathing?
(iv) Ravi wants to find out the present value of his lifetime salary income. For the sake of simplicity,
assume that his current salary of Rs 500,000 will be paid exactly one year from now, and his salary
is paid annually. What is the present value of his lifetime salary income, if the discount rate
applicable to the same is 8 percent? Remember that Ravi expects his salary to increase at the rate
of 12 percent per year until retirement.

Solution:

(i)
900,000 x PVIFA ( 9 %, 20 ) x 1.09
900,000 x 9.128 x 1.09
= Rs. 8,954,568

(ii)
Ravi needs Rs. 8,954,568 when he reaches the age of 60.

His bank balance of Rs. 200,000 will grow to : 200,000 ( 1.09 )25
= 200,000 ( 8.623 ) = Rs. 1,724,600

This means that his periodic savings must grow to:

Rs. 8,954,568 - Rs. 1,724,600 = Rs. 7,229,968

His annual savings must be:

 7,229,968 7,229,968
A = =
FVIFA ( 25, 9% ) 84.701

= Rs. 85,359

(iii)
75 76

600 600 600 600

2000
Amount required for the charitable cause:

600,000 x PVIFA ( 9% , 4yrs ) x PVIF ( 9%, 15yrs )

= 600,000 x 3.240 x 0.275
= Rs. 534,600

Amount required for bequeathing

2,000,000 x PVIF (9%, 20yrs )

= 2,000,000 x 0.178
= Rs. 356,000
(iv)

A(1+g) A ( 1 + g )n

0 1 n

( 1 + g )n
PVGA = A(1+ g) 1 -
( 1 + r )n

r - g

( 1.12 )25
= 500,000 1 -
( 1.08 )25

0.08 - 0.12

= Rs. 18,528,922
 CHAPTER 6
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

1. At the end of March, 20X6 the balances in the various accounts of Dhoni & Company are as follows:
Rs. in million
Accounts Balance

Equity capital 120

Preference capital 30
Fixed assets (net) 217
Reserves and surplus 200
Cash and bank 35
Debentures (secured) 100
Marketable securities 18
Term loans (secured) 90
Receivables 200
Short-term bank borrowing (unsecured) 70
Inventories 210
Trade creditors 60
Provisions 20
Pre-paid expenses 10

Required: Prepare the balance sheet of Dhoni & Company as per the format specified by the
Companies Act.
Solution:
Balance Sheet of Dhoni & Company as on March 31, 20 X 6
Rs. in million
Liabilities Assets
Share capital Fixed assets  
Equity 120 Net fixed assets 217
Preference 30  
Reserve & surplus 200 Investments  
  Marketable securities 18
Current assets, loans &
Secured loans advances  
Debentures 100  
Term loans 90
  Pre-paid expenses 10
Unsecured loans Inventories 210
Short term bank borrowing 70 Receivables 200
Current liabilities & provisions Cash & Bank 35
Trade creditors 60  
Provisions 20  
  690   690
2. At the end of March, 20X7 the balances in the various accounts of Sania Limited are as follows:
 Rs. in million
Accounts Balance

Equity capital 250

Preference capital 80
Fixed assets (net) 380
Reserves and surplus 350
Cash and bank 100
Debentures (secured) 190
Marketable securities 30
Term loans (secured) 120
Receivables 420
Short-term bank borrowing (unsecured) 110
Inventories 310
Trade creditors 90
Provisions 70
Pre-paid expenses 20

Required: Prepare the balance sheet of Sania Limited as per the format specified by the Companies
Act.

Solution:

Balance Sheet of Sania Limited as on March 31, 20 X 7

Rs. in million
Liabilities Assets
Share capital Fixed assets  
Equity 250 Net fixed assets 380
Preference 80  
Reserve & surplus 350 Investments  
  Marketable securities 30
Current assets, loans &
Secured loans advances  
Debentures 190  
Term loans 120
  Pre-paid expenses 20
Unsecured loans Inventories 310
Short term bank borrowing 110 Receivables 420
Current liabilities & provisions Cash & Bank 100
Trade creditors 90  
Provisions 70  
  1260   1260

3. The comparative balance sheets of Evergreen Company are given below:

 (Rs. in million)
Owners' Equity and Liabilities as on 31.3.20X6 as on 31.3.20X7
Share capital 70 70
Reserves and surplus 40 80
Long-term debt 80 90
Short-term bank borrowings 80 85
Trade creditors 40 70
Provisions 10 20
Total 320 415

Assets
Fixed assets (net) 120 210
Inventories 90 95
Debtors 60 65
Cash 25 30
Other assets 25 15
Total 320 415

The profit and loss account of Evergreen Company for the year ending 31st March 2007 is given
below:

(Rs. in million)
Profit & Loss Account for the Period 1.4.20X6 to 31.3.20X7

Net sales 750

Cost of goods sold 505
Stocks 290
Wages and salaries 105
Other manufacturing expenses 110
245
Gross profit
Operating expenses 135
Selling, administration and general 120
Depreciation 15

Operating profit 110

Non-operating surplus or deficit (20)
EBIT 90
Interest 25
Profit before tax 65
Tax 15
Profit after tax 50
Dividends 10
Retained earnings 40

Required: (a) Prepare the classified cash flow statement for the period 1.4.20X6
to 31.3.20X7
(b) Develop the cash flow identity for the period 1.4.20X6 to 31.3.20X7
Solution:
Rs. in million
A. Cash flow from operating activities
- Net profit before tax and extraordinary items 85
- Adjustments for
Interest paid 25
Depreciation 15
- Operating profit before working capital changes 125
- Adjustments for
Inventories (5)
Debtors (5)
Short term bank borrowings 5
Trade creditors 30
Provisions 10
Increase in other assets 10
- Cash generated from operations 170
Interest paid (25)
Income tax paid (15)
- Cash flow before extraordinary items 130
Extraordinary item (20)
- Net cash flow from operating activities 110
B. Cash flow from investing activities
- Purchase of fixed assets (105)
- Net cash flow from investing activities (105)

C. Cash flow from financing activities

- Repayment of term loans 10
- Dividends paid (10)
Net cash flow from financing activities -

D. Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 5

- Cash and cash equivalents as on 31.03.20X6 25
- Cash and cash equivalents as on 31.03.20x7 30

Note It has been assumed that “other assets” represent “other current assets”.
(b) Rs. in million
A. Cash flow from assets
- Operating cash flow 90
- Net capital spending (105)
- Decrease in net working capital 40
- Cash flow from assets 25

B. Cash flow to creditors

- Interest paid 25
- Repayment of long term debt (10)
- Cash flow to creditors 15

C. Cash flow to shareholders

- Dividends paid 10
- Net new equity raised 0
- Cash flow to shareholders 10

We find that
(A) = (B) + (C)

i.e., Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders

4. The comparative balance sheets of Xavier Limited are given below:

(Rs. in million)
Owners' Equity and Liabilities as on 31.3.20X6 as on 31.3.20X7
Share capital 20 30
Reserves and surplus 10 18
Long-term debt 30 25
Short-term bank borrowings 15 15
Trade creditors 10 15
Provisions 5 8
Total 90 111

Assets
Fixed assets (net) 16 20
Inventories 44 55
Debtors 20 21
Cash 5 8
Other assets 5 7
Total 90 111
 The profit and loss account of Xavier Limited for the year 2007 is given below:

(Rs. in million)
Profit & Loss Account for the Period 1.4.20X6 to 31.3.20X7

Net sales 220

Cost of goods sold 140
Stocks 90
Wages and salaries 35
Other manufacturing expenses 15
80
Gross profit
Operating expenses 40
Selling, administration and general 20
Depreciation 5

Operating profit 15
Non-operating surplus or deficit 1
EBIT 16
Interest 4
Profit before tax 12
Tax 2
Profit after tax 10
Dividends 2
Retained earnings 8

Required: (a) Prepare the classified cash flow statement for the period 1.4.20X6
to 31.3.20X7

(b) Develop the cash flow identity for the period 1.4.20X6 to 31.3.20X7

Solution :
Rs. in million
A. Cash flow from operating activities
- Net profit before tax and extraordinary items 11
- Adjustments for
Interest paid 4
Depreciation 5
- Operating profit before working capital changes 20
- Adjustments for
Inventories (11)
Debtors (1)
Short term bank borrowings ---
Trade creditors 5
Provisions 3
 Increase in other assets (2)
- Cash generated from operations 14
Interest paid (4)
Income tax paid (2)
- Cash flow before extraordinary items 8
Extraordinary item 1
- Net cash flow from operating activities 9
B. Cash flow from investing activities
- Purchase of fixed assets (9)
- Net cash flow from investing activities (9)

Cash flow from financing activities

C. - Increase in equity 10
- Repayment of term loans (5)
- Dividends paid (2)
Net cash flow from financing activities 3

D. Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 3

- Cash and cash equivalents as on 31.03.20X6 5
- Cash and cash equivalents as on 31.03.20x7 8

Note It has been assumed that “other assets” represent “other current assets”.

(b) Rs. in million

A Cash flow from assets
- Operating cash flow 19
- Net capital spending (9)
- Decrease in net working capital (9)
- Cash flow from assets 1
B. Cash flow to creditors
- Interest paid 4
- Repayment of long term debt 5
- Cash flow to creditors 9
C. Cash flow to shareholders
- Dividends paid 2
- Net new equity raised (10)
- Cash flow to shareholders (8)

We find that
(A) = (B) + (C)

i.e., Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders
5. Premier Company's net profit margin is 8 percent, total assets turnover ratio is 2.5 times, debt to total
assets ratio is 0.6. What is the return on equity for Premier?
Solution:
Net profit
Return on equity =
Equity
= Net profit Net sales Total assets
x x
Net sales Total assets Equity
1
= 0.08 x 2.5 x = 0.5 or 50 per cent
0.4
Debt Equity
Note : = 0.6 So = 1- 0.6 = 0.4
Total assets Total assets

Hence Total assets/Equity = 1/0.4

6. The following information is given for Alpha Corporation

Sales 3500
Current ratio 1.5
Acid test ratio 1.2
Current liabilities 1000

What is the inventory turnover ratio?

Solution:
Current assets = Current liabilities x 1.5
= 1000 x 1.5 = 1500

Quick assets = Current liabilities x 1.2

= 1000 x 1.2 = 1200

Inventories = 300
3500
Inventory turnover ratio = = 11.7
300
7. The following information is given for Beta Corporation.
Sales 5000
Current ratio 1.4
Inventory turnover 5
ratio
Acid test ratio 1.0
What is the level of current liabilities?
Solution:
Inventory = 5000/5 = 1000
Current assets
Current ratio = = 1.4
Current liabilities

Current assets – Inventories

Acid test ratio = = 1.0
Current Liabilities
C.A - 1000
= 1.0
CL

CA 1000
- = 1.0
CL CL
1000
1.4 - = 1.0
CL
1000
0.4 = CL = 2500
CL
8. Safari Inc. has profit before tax of Rs.90 million. If the company's times interest covered ratio is 4,
what is the total interest charge?

Solution:

PBT = Rs.90 million

PBIT
Times interest covered = = 4
Interest

So PBIT = 4 x Interest

PBT = PBIT – interest

= 4 x interest - interest = 3 x interest = 90 million

Therefore interest = 90/3 = Rs.30 million

9. A has profit before tax of Rs.40 million. If its times interest covered ratio is 6, what is the total interest
charge?

Solution:
 PBT = Rs. 40 million

PBIT
Times interest covered = = 6
Interest

So PBIT = 6 x Interest
PBIT – Interest = PBT = Rs.40 million

6 x Interest – Interest = Rs. 40 million

5 x Interest = Rs.40 million

Hence Interest = Rs.8 million

10. McGill Inc. has profit before tax of Rs.63 million. If the company's times interest covered ratio is 8,
what is the total interest charge?

Solution:

PBT = Rs.63 million

PBIT
Times interest covered = = 8
Interest

So PBIT = 8 x Interest
PBIT – Interest = PBT = Rs.63 million
8 x Interest – Interest = 7 x Interest = Rs.63 million
Hence Interest = Rs.9 million

11. The following data applies to a firm:

Interest charges Rs.200,000

Sales Rs.6,000,000
Tax rate 40 percent
Net profit margin 5 percent

What is the firm's times interest covered ratio?

Solution:

Sales = Rs.6,000,000
Net profit margin = 5 per cent
 Net profit = Rs.6,000,000 x 0.05 = 300,000
Tax rate = 40 per cent
300,000
So, Profit before tax = = Rs.500,000
(1-.4)

Interest charge = Rs.200,000

So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs.700,000

Hence 700,000
Times interest covered ratio = = 3.5
200,000

12. The following data applies to a firm:

Interest charges Rs.50,000

Sales Rs.300,000
Tax rate 25 percent
Net profit margin 3 percent

What is the firm's times interest covered ratio?

Solution:

Sales = Rs.300,000
Net profit margin = 3 per cent
Net profit = Rs.300,000 x 0.03 = 9,000
Tax rate = 25 per cent

9,000
So, Profit before tax = = Rs.12,000
(1-.25)
Interest charge = Rs.50,000
So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs.62,000
Hence 62,000
Times interest covered ratio = = 1.24
50,000

13. The following data applies to a firm:

Interest charges Rs.10,000,000

Sales Rs.80,000,000
Tax rate 50 percent
Net profit margin 10 percent
What is the firm's times interest covered ratio?
Solution:

Sales = Rs.80,000,000

Net profit margin = 10 per cent

Net profit = Rs.80,000,000 x 0.1 = 8,000,000

Tax rate = 50 per cent

8,000,000
So, Profit before tax = = Rs.16,000,000
(1-.5)
Interest charge = Rs.10,000,000

So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs.26,000,000

Hence
26,000,000
Times interest covered ratio = = 2.6
10,000,000

14. A firm's current assets and current liabilities are 25,000 and 18,000 respectively. How much additional
funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1.35?

Solution:

CA = 25,000 CL = 18,000

Let BB stand for bank borrowing

CA+BB
= 1.35
CL+BB
25,000+BB
= 1.35
18,000+BB
1.35x 18,000 + 1.35 BB = 25,000 + BB

0.35BB = 25,000- 24,300 = 700

BB = 700/0.35 = 2,000

15. LNG’s current assets and current liabilities are 200,000 and 140,000 respectively. How much
additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below
1.33?
Solution:

CA = 200,000 CL = 140,000
Let BB stand for bank borrowing

CA+BB
= 1.33
CL+BB

200,000+BB
= 1.33
140,000+BB

1.33 x 140,000 + 1.33BB = 200,000 + BB

0.33 BB = 200,000- 186,200 = 13,800

BB =13,800/0.33 = 41,818

16. Navneet’s current assets and current liabilities are 10,000,000 and 7,000,000 respectively. How much
additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1.4?

Solution:

CA = 10,000,000 CL = 7,000,,000
Let BB stand for bank borrowing

CA+BB
= 1.4
CL+BB

10,000,000+BB
= 1.4
7,000,000+BB

1.4 x 7,000,000 + 1.4BB = 10,000,000 + BB

0.4 BB = 10,000,000- 9,800,000 = 200,000

BB = 200,000/0.40 = 500,000

17. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 25,000,000 and accounts receivable of 8,000,000. How
rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the
accounts receivable to 6,000,000?
Solution:
 25,000,000
Average daily credit sales = = 68,493
365

If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 6,000,000 the ACP must be:

6,000,000
= 87.6 days
68,493

18. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 1,200,000 and accounts receivable of 500,000. How rapidly
(in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the
accounts receivable to 300,000?

Solution:
1,200,000
Average daily credit sales = = 3287.67
365
If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 300,000 the ACP must be:

300,000
= 91.3 days
3287.67

19. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 100,000,000 and accounts receivable of 20,000,000. How
rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the
accounts receivable to 15,000,000?

Solution:
100,000,000
Average daily credit sales = = 273,972.6
365

If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 15,000,000 the ACP must be:

15,000,000
= 54.8 days
273,972.6

20. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows.

Current ratio = 1.25

Acid-test ratio = 1.10
Current liabilities = 2000
Inventory turnover ratio = 10

What is the sales of the firm?

Solution:

Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio

= 2000 x 1.25 = 2500
Current assets - Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio
= 2000 x 1.10 = 2200
Inventories = 300

Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio

= 300 x 10 = 3000

21. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows.

Current ratio = 1.33

Acid-test ratio = 0.80
Current liabilities = 40,000
Inventory turnover ratio = 6

What is the sales of the firm?

Solution:

Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio

= 40,000 x 1.33 = 53,200

Current assets - Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio

= 40,000 x 0.80
= 32,000
Inventories = 21,200

Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio

= 21,200 x 6 = 127,200

22. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows.

Current ratio = 1.6

Acid-test ratio = 1.2
Current liabilities = 2,000,000
Inventory turnover ratio = 5

What is the sales of the firm?

Solution:

Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio

 = 2,000,000 x 1.6 = 3,200,000

Current assets - Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio

= 2,000,000 x 1.2
= 2,400,000

Inventories = 800,000

Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio

= 800,000 x 5 = 4,000,000

23. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data:

Debt/equity ratio = 0.80

Acid-test ratio = 1.1
Total assets turnover ratio = 2
Days' sales outstanding in
Accounts receivable = 30 days
Gross profit margin = 30 percent
Inventory turnover ratio = 6

Balance sheet

Equity capital 80,000 Plant and equipment ....

Retained earnings 50,000 Inventories ....
Short-term bank borrowings . . . . Accounts receivable ....
Cash ....
.... ....
Sales ....
Cost of goods sold ……..

Solution:

Debt/equity = 0.80
Equity = 80,000 + 50,000 = 130,000
So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0.8 x 130,000 = 104,000
Hence Total assets = 130,000+104,000 = 234,000
Total assets turnover ratio = 2
So Sales = 2 x 234,000 = 468,000
Gross profit margin = 30 per cent
So Cost of goods sold = 0.7 x 468,000 = 327,600
Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 30 days
 Sales
So Accounts receivable = x 30
360
468,000
= x 30 = 39,000
360
Cost of goods sold 327,600
Inventory turnover ratio = = = 6
Inventory Inventory
So Inventory = 54,600
As short-term bank borrowing is a current liability,
Cash + Accounts receivable
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities

Cash + 39,000
= = 1.1
104 ,000
So Cash = 75,400
Plant and equipment = Total assets - Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash

= 234,000 - 54,600 - 39,000 – 75,400

= 65,000

Putting together everything we get

Balance Sheet

Equity capital 80,000 Plant & equipment 65,000

Retained earnings 50,000 Inventories 54,600
Short-term bank borrowings 104,000 Accounts receivable 39,000
Cash 75,400

234,000 234,000

Sales 468,000
Cost of goods sold 327,600
24. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data:

Debt/equity ratio = 0.40

Acid-test ratio = 0.9
Total assets turnover ratio = 2.5
Days' sales outstanding in
Accounts receivable = 25 days
Gross profit margin = 25 percent
Inventory turnover ratio = 8

Balance sheet

Equity capital 160,000,000 Plant and equipment-------- Retained

earnings 30,000,000 Inventories ……… Short-term bank
borrowings . . . …… Accounts receivable ….. . . .
Cash ....
.... ....
Sales ....….
Cost of goods sold …….

Solution:
Debt/equity = 0.40
Equity = 160,000,000 + 30,000,000 = 190,000,000
So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0.4 x 190,000,000 = 76,000,000
Hence Total assets = 190,000,000+ 76,000,000 = 266,000,000
Total assets turnover ratio = 2.5
So Sales = 2.5 x 266,000,000 = 665,000,000
Gross profit margin = 25 per cent
So Cost of goods sold = 0.75 x 665,000,000 = 498,750,000
Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days
Sales
So Accounts receivable = x 25
360
665,000,000
= x 25 = 46,180,556
360
Cost of goods sold 498,750,000
Inventory turnover ratio = = = 8
Inventory Inventory

So Inventory = 62,343,750
 As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability,
Cash + Accounts receivable
Acid-test ratio =
Current liability
Cash + 46,180,556
= = 0.9
76,000 ,000

So Cash = 22,219,444

Plant and equipment = Total assets - Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash

= 266,000,000 - 62,343,750 - 46,180,556 – 22,219,444

= 135,256,250

Putting together everything we get

Balance Sheet

Equity capital 160,000,000 Plant & equipment 135,256,250

Retained earnings 30,000,000 Inventories 62,343,750
Short-term bank borrowings 76,000,000 Accounts receivable 46,180,556
Cash 22,219,444
266,000,000 266,000,000
Sales 665,000,000
Cost of goods sold 498,750,000

25. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data:
Debt/equity ratio = 1.5
Acid-test ratio = 0.3
Total assets turnover ratio = 1.9
Days' sales outstanding in
Accounts receivable = 25 days
Gross profit margin = 28 percent
Inventory turnover ratio = 7
Balance sheet

Equity capital 600,000 Plant and equipment ....

Retained earnings 100,000 Inventories ....
Short-term bank borrowings . . . Accounts receivable ....
Cash ....
.... ....
Sales . . . …..
Cost of goods sold ………
Solution:
Debt/equity = 1.5
Equity = 600,000 + 100,000 = 700,000
So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings =1.5 x 700,000 = 1050,000
Hence Total assets = 700,000+1050,000 = 1,750,000
Total assets turnover ratio = 1.9
So Sales = 1.9 x 1,750,000 = 3,325,000
Gross profit margin = 28 per cent
So Cost of goods sold = 0.72 x 3,325,000 = 2,394,000
Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days
Sales
So Accounts receivable = x 25
360
3,325,000
= x 25 = 230,903
360
Cost of goods sold 2,394,000
Inventory turnover ratio = = = 7
Inventory Inventory

So Inventory = 342,000
As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability,
Cash + Accounts receivable
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
Cash + 230,903
= = 0.3
1050 ,000
So Cash = 84,097
Plant and equipment = Total assets - Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash

= 1,750,000 – 342,000 – 230,903 – 84,097

= 1,093,000

Putting together everything we get

 Balance Sheet

Equity capital 600,000 Plant &equipment 1,093,000

Retained earnings 100,000 Inventories 342,000
Short-term bank borrowings 1050,000 Accounts receivable 230,903
Cash 84,097

1,750,000 1,750,000

Sales 3,325,000
Cost of goods sold 2,394,000

26. Compute the financial ratios for Acme Ltd.

Evaluate Acme's performance with reference to the standards.

Acme Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7

Liabilities and Equity

Equity capital Rs.60,000,000
Reserves and surplus 45,000,000
Long-term debt 72,000,000
Short-term bank borrowing 40,000,000
Trade creditors 30,000,000
Provisions 15,000,000
Total 262,000,000
Assets
Fixed assets (net) Rs.110,000,000
Current assets
Cash and bank 30,000,000
Receivables 45,000,000
Inventories 61,000,000
Pre-paid expenses 10,000,000
Others 6,000,000
Total 262,000,000

Acme Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7

Net sales Rs.320,000,000

Cost of goods sold 204,000,000
Gross profit 116,000,000
Operating expenses 50,000,000
Operating profit 66,000,000
Non-operating surplus 4,000,000
Profit before interest and tax 70,000,000
Interest 12,000,000
 Profit before tax 58,000,000
Tax 20,000,000
Profit after tax 38,000,000
Dividends 4,000,000
Retained earnings 34,000,000

Acme Standard

Current ratio 1.3

Acid-test ratio 0.70
Debt-equity ratio 2.0
Times interest covered ratio 4.5
Inventory turnover ratio 5.0
Average collection period 45 days
Total assets turnover ratio 1.5
Net profit margin ratio 8%
Earning power 20 %
Return on equity 18 %

Solution:
a.
For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under.
Let assume that ‘Others’in the balance sheet represents other current assets.

Liabilities and Equity

Equity capital .60,000,000
Reserves and surplus 45,000,000
Long-term debt 72,000,000
Short-term bank borrowing 40,000,000

Assets Total 217,000,000

Fixed assets (net) 110,000,000

Current assets
Cash and bank 30,000,000
Receivables 45,000,000
Inventories 61,000,000
Pre-paid expenses 10,000,000
Others 6,000,000 152,000,000
Less:
Current liabilities
Trade creditors 30,000,000
Provisions 15,000,000 45,000,000
Net current assets 107,000,000
Total 217,000,000
 Current assets
(i) Current ratio =
Current liabilities

152,000,000
= = 1.8
85,000,000
(Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also)

Current assets – Inventories 91,000,000

(ii) Acid-test ratio = = = 1.1
Current liabilities 85,000,000
(Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also)

Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing

(iii) Debt-equity ratio =
Equity capital + Reserves & surplus

72,000,000 + 40,000,000
= = 1.1
60,000,000 + 45,000,000

Profit before interest and tax

(iv) Times interest coverage ratio =
Interest

70,000,000
= = 5.83
12,000,000

Cost of goods sold 204,000,000

(v) Inventory turnover period = = = 3.34
Inventory 61,000,000
365
(vi) Average collection period =
Net sales / Accounts receivable
365
= = 51.3 days
320,000,000/45,000,000
(vii)
Total assets =Equity + Total debt = (60,000,000 + 45,000,000) +(72,000,000+40,000,000)
= 217,000,000
Net sales 320,000,000
Total assets turnover ratio = = = 1.5
Total assets 217,000,000
 Profit after tax 38,000,000
(ix) Net profit margin = = = 11.9%
Net sales 320,000,000

PBIT 70,000,000
(x) Earning power = = = 32.3 %
Total assets 217,000,000

Equity earning 38,000,000

(xi) Return on equity = = = 36.2 %
Net worth 105,000,000
b.

The comparison of the Acme’s ratios with the standard is given below

Acme Standard
Current ratio 1.8 1.3
Acid-test ratio 1.1 0.7
Debt-equity ratio 1.1 2.0
Times interest covered ratio 5.8 4.5
Inventory turnover ratio 3.3 5.0
Average collection period 51.3 days 45 days
Total assets turnover ratio 1.5 1.5
Net profit margin ratio 11.9 % 8%
Earning power 32.3 % 20 %
Return on equity 36.2 % 18 %

27. Compute the financial ratios for Nainar Ltd. .

Evaluate Nainar's performance with reference to the standards.

Nainar Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7

Liabilities and Equity
Equity capital Rs.100,000,000
Reserves and surplus 65,000,000
Long-term debt 140,000,000
Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000
Trade creditors 24,000,000
Provisions 19,000,000
Total 418,000,000
Assets
Fixed assets (net) Rs. 206,000,000
Current assets
Cash and bank 25,000,000
 Receivables 70,000,000
Inventories 85,000,000
Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000
Others 12,000,000
Total 418,000,000

Nainar Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7

Net sales Rs.740,000,000

Cost of goods sold 520,000,000
Gross profit 220,000,000
Operating expenses 102,000,000
Operating profit 118,000,000
Non-operating surplus 12,000,000
Profit before interest and tax 130,000,000
Interest 22,000,000
Profit before tax 108,000,000
Tax 46,000,000
Profit after tax 62,000,000
Dividends 20,000,000
Retained earnings 42,000,000
Nainar Standard
Current ratio 1.7
Acid-test ratio 1.0
Debt-equity ratio 1.4
Times interest covered ratio 5.5
Inventory turnover ratio 6.0
Average collection period 40 days
Total assets turnover ratio 2.0
Net profit margin ratio 8%
Earning power 30 %
Return on equity 35 %
Solution:

For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under.
Let assume that ‘Others’ in the balance sheet represents other current assets.

Liabilities and Equity

Equity capital 100,000,000
Reserves and surplus 65,000,000
Long-term debt 140,000,000
Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000

Total 375,000,000
Assets
Fixed assets (net) 206,000,000
Current assets
Cash and bank 25,000,000
Receivables 70,000,000
Inventories 85,000,000
Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000
Others 12,000,000 212,000,000
Less:
Current liabilities
Trade creditors 24,000,000
Provisions 19,000,000 43,000,000
Net current assets 169,000,000
Total 375,000,000

Current assets
(i) Current ratio =
Current liabilities

212,000,000
= = 1.9
113,000,000
(Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also)

Current assets – Inventories 127,000,000

(ii) Acid-test ratio = = = 1.1
Current liabilities 113,000,000
(Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also)

Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing

(iii) Debt-equity ratio =
Equity capital + Reserves & surplus
 140,000,000 + 70,000,000
= = 1.3
100,000,000 + 65,000,000
Profit before interest and tax
(iv) Times interest coverage ratio =
Interest

130,000,000
= = 5.9
22,000,000

Cost of goods sold 520,000,000

(v) Inventory turnover period = = = 6.1
Inventory 85,000,000
365
(vi) Average collection period =
Net sales / Accounts receivable
365
= = 34.5 days
740,000,000/70,000,000
(vii)
Total assets = Equity + Total debt =(100,000,000 + 65,000,000 )
+(140,000,000+70,000,000)
= 375,000,000

Net sales 740,000,000

Total assets turnover ratio = = = 2.0
Total assets 375,000,000

Profit after tax 62,000,000

(ix) Net profit margin = = = 8.4 %
Net sales 740,000,000

PBIT 130,000,000
(x) Earning power = = = 34.7 %
Total assets 375,000,000

Equity earning 62,000,000

(xi) Return on equity = = = 37.6 %
Net worth 165,000,000

The comparison of the Nainar’s ratios with the standard is given below
 Nainar Standard

Current ratio 1.9 1.7

Acid-test ratio 1.1 1.0
Debt-equity ratio 1.3 1.4
Times interest covered ratio 5.9 5.5
Inventory turnover ratio 6.1 6.0
Average collection period 34.5 days 40 days
Total assets turnover ratio 2.0 2.0
Net profit margin ratio 8.4 % 8%
Earning power 34.7 % 30 %
Return on equity 37.6 % 35 %

28. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Nalvar Limited, are
given below:

Comparative Balance Sheets, Nalvar Limited

(Rs. in million)

20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7

Share capital 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2
Reserves and surplus 1.0 1.6 2.4 2.3 3
Long-term debt 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.4
Short-term bank borrowing 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.2
Current liabilities 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8
Total 6.4 7.5 9.2 8.8 9.4
Assets
Net fixed assets 1.2 1.4 2 1.7 2
Current assets
Cash and bank 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3
Receivables 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.5
Inventories 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.4 2.8

Other Assets 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8

Total 6.4 7.5 9.2 8.8 9.4
 Comparative Profit and Loss Accounts, Nalvar Limited
(Rs. in million)

20x3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7

Net sales 3.8 4.2 5.3 6.5 7.8
Cost of goods sold 2.6 3.1 3.9 4 4.8
Gross profit 1.2 1.1 1.4 2.5 3
Operating expenses 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6
Operating profit 0.9 0.8 1 1.9 2.4
Non-operating surplus deficit 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3
Profit before interest and tax 1 1 1.1 2.2 2.7
Interest 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Profit before tax 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.1 2.6
Tax 0.05 0.08 1 1.2 1.2
Profit after tax 0.85 0.82 -0.1 0.9 1.4

Required: Compute the important ratios for Nalvar Limited for the years 20X3- 20X7. You may assume
that other assets in the balance sheet represent other current assets.
• Current ratio
• Debt-equity ratio
• Total assets turnover ratio
• Net profit margin
• Earning power
• Return on equity

Solution

We will rearrange the balance sheets as under for ratio analysis. It is assumed that ‘Other assets’ are
other current assets

Liabilities and Equity

20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7
Share capital 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2
Reserves and surplus 1 1.6 2.4 2.3 3
Long-term debt 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.4
Short-term bank
borrowing 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.2
Total 5.3 6.2 7.7 7.2 7.6
Assets
Net fixed assets 1.2 1.4 2 1.7 2
Current assets
Cash and bank 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3
Receivables 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.5
 Inventories 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.4 2.8
Other current assets 1.3 5.2 1.5 6.1 1.7 7.2 1.9 7.1 1.8 7.4
Less: Current liabilities
Other current liabilities 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8
Net current assets 4.1 4.8 5.7 5.5 5.6
Total 5.3 6.2 7.7 7.2 7.6

The required ratios are as under:

20X1 20X2 20X3 20X4 20X5

• Current ratio 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5
•   Debt-equity ratio 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5
 Total assets
turnover ratio 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0
•   Net profit margin(%) 22.4 19.5 -1.9 13.8 17.9
•   Earning power (%) 18.9 16.1 14.3 30.6 35.5
•   Return on equity (%) 32.7 25.6 -2.4 22.0 28.0

29. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Somani Limited, a
machine tool manufacturer, are given below:

Comparative Balance Sheets, Somani Limited (Rs. in million)

20X 20X
20X3 4 5 20X6 20X7
Share capital 41 50 50 50 55
Reserves and surplus 16 36 72 118 150
Long-term debt 28 25 30 29 22
Short-term bank borrowing 35 30 36 38 38
Current liabilities 24 28 30 30 25
Total 144 169 218 265 290
Assets
Net fixed assets 72 80 75 102 103
Current assets
Cash and bank 8 9 15 12 11
Receivables 24 30 59 62 85
Inventories 35 42 55 75 79
Other Assets 5 8 14 14 12
Total 144 169 218 265 290
 Comparative Profit & Loss Account of Somani Ltd
(Rs. in million)
20X 20X
20X3 4 5 20X6 20X7
Net sales 285 320 360 350 355
Cost of goods sold 164 150 170 175 174
Gross profit 121 170 190 175 181
Operating expenses 64 66 68 68 64
Operating profit 57 104 122 107 117
Non-operating surplus deficit 3 4 4 3 3
Profit before interest and tax 60 108 126 110 120
Interest 8 6 10 12 12
Profit before tax 52 102 116 98 108
Tax 15 26 30 26 29
Profit after tax 37 76 86 72 79

Compute the following ratios for years 20X3-20X7:

• Current ratio
• Debt-equity ratio
• Total assets turnover ratio
• Net profit margin
• Earning power
• Return on equity

For ratio analysis purpose, we will rearrange the balance sheet as under. It is assumed that ‘Other
assets’ are other current assets

20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7

Share capital 41 50 50 50 55
Reserves and surplus 16 36 72 118 150
Long-term debt 28 25 30 29 22
Short-term bank
borrowing 35 30 36 38 38
Total 120   141   188   235   265
Assets
Net fixed assets 72 80 75 102 103
Current assets
Cash and bank 8 9 15 12 11
Receivables 24 30 59 62 85
Inventories 35 42 55 75 79
Other assets 5 72 8 89 14 143 14 163 12 187
Less : Current liabilities 24 24 28 28 30 30 30 30 25 25
Net current assets 48 61 113 133 162
Total 120   141   188   235   265
 The ratios worked out are as under:

20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7

•     Current ratio 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.4 3.0
•     Debt-equity ratio 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
•     Total assets turnover ratio 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3
•     Net profit margin (%) 13.0 23.8 23.9 20.6 22.3
•     Earning power (%) 50.0 76.6 67.0 46.8 45.3
•     Return on equity (%) 64.9 88.4 70.5 42.9 38.5

29. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of LKG Corporation are given below.

Prepare the common size and common base financial statements

Balance Sheets (Rs. in million)

20x6 20x7
Shareholders' funds 256 262
Loan funds 156 212
Total 412 474
Fixed assets 322 330
Investments 15 15
Net current assets 75 129
Total 412 474

Profit & Loss Accounts (Rs. in million)

20x6 20x7
Net sales 623 701
Cost of goods sold 475 552
Gross profit 148 149
PBIT 105 89
Interest 22 21
PBT 83 68
Tax 41 34
PAT 42 34
Solution

Common Size statements:

Profit and Loss Account

Regular ( in
Rs. million) Common Size(%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Net sales 623 701 100 100
Cost of goods sold 475 552 76 79
Gross profit 148 149 24 21
PBIT 105 89 17 13
Interest 22 21 4 3
PBT 83 68 13 10
Tax 41 34 7 5
PAT 42 34 7 5

Balance Sheet
Regular ( in
million) Common Size (%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Shareholders' funds 256 262 62 55
Loan funds 156 212 38 45
Total 412 474 100 100
Fixed assets 322 330 78 70
Investments 15 15 4 3
Net current assets 75 129 18 27
Total 412 474 100 100

30. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of Grand Limited are given below.
Prepare the common size and common base financial statements
Rs. in million
Balance Sheet
20x6 20x7
Shareholders’ fund 85 85
Loan funds 125 180
Total 210 265
Fixed assets 127 170
Investments 8 10
Net current assets 75 85
Total 210 265
 Profit & Loss Account (Rs. in million)
20x6 20x7
Net sales 450 560
Cost of goods sold 320 410
Gross profit 130 150
PBIT 85 98
Interest 12 17
PBT 73 81
Tax 22 38
PAT 51 43

Solution:

Regular Common Size

Balance Sheet
(Rs. in million) (%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Shareholders'
funds 85 85 40 32
Loan funds 125 180 60 68
Total 210 265 100 100
Fixed assets 127 170 60 64
Investments 8 10 4 4
Net current assets 75 85 36 32
Total 210 265 100 100

Profit & Loss Regular Common Size

Account (Rs. in million) (%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Net sales 450 560 100 100
Cost of goods sold 320 410 71 73
Gross profit 130 150 29 27
PBIT 85 98 19 18
Interest 12 17 3 3
PBT 73 81 16 14
Tax 22 38 5 7
PAT 51 43 11 8
 Common base year statements
Regular Common base year
Balance Sheet (Rs. in million) (%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Shareholders' funds 85 85 100 100
Loan funds 125 180 100 144
Total 210 265 100 126
Fixed assets 127 170 100 134
Investments 8 10 100 125
Net current assets 75 85 100 113
Total 210 265 100 126

Regular Common base

Profit & Loss Account (Rs. in million) year (%)
20x6 20x7 20x6 20x7
Net sales 450 560 100 124
Cost of goods sold 320 410 100 128
Gross profit 130 150 100 115
PBIT 85 98 100 115
Interest 12 17 100 142
PBT 73 81 100 111
Tax 22 38 100 173
PAT 51 43 100 84
 CHAPTER 7
PORTFOLIO THEORY

1. The returns of two assets under four possible states of nature are given below:

State of nature Probability Return on asset 1 Return on asset 2

1 0.40 -6% 12%
2 0.10 18% 14%
3 0.20 20% 16%
4 0.30 25% 20%

a. What is the standard deviation of the return on asset 1 and on asset 2?

b. What is the covariance between the returns on assets 1 and 2?
c. What is the coefficient of correlation between the returns on assets 1 and 2?

Solution:

(a)
E (R1) = 0.4(-6%) + 0.1(18%) + 0.2(20%) + 0.3(25%)
= 10.9 %
E (R2) = 0.4(12%) + 0.1(14%) + 0.2(16%) + 0.3(20%)
= 15.4 %
σ(R1) = [.4(-6 –10.9)2 + 0.1 (18 –10.9)2 + 0.2 (20 –10.9)2 + 0.3 (25 –10.9)2]½
= 13.98%
σ(R2) = [.4(12 –15.4)2 + 0.1(14 –15.4)2 + 0.2 (16 – 15.4)2 + 0.3 (20 –15.4)2] ½
= 3.35 %

(b) The covariance between the returns on assets 1 and 2 is calculated below

State of Probability Return Deviation Return on Deviation Product of

nature on asset of return asset 2 of the deviation
1 on asset 1 return on times
from its asset 2 probability
mean from its
mean
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2)x(4)x(6)
1 0.4 -6% -16.9% 12% -3.4% 22.98
2 0.1 18% 7.1% 14% -1.4% -0.99
3 0.2 20% 9.1% 16% 0.6% 1.09
4 0.3 25% 14.1% 20% 4.6% 19.45
Sum = 42.53

Thus the covariance between the returns of the two assets is 42.53.
 (c) The coefficient of correlation between the returns on assets 1 and 2 is:
Covariance12 42.53
= = 0.91
σ1 x σ2 13.98 x 3.35

2. The returns of 4 stocks, A, B, C, and D over a period of 5 years have been as follows:

1 2 3 4 5
A 8% 10% -6% -1% 9%
B 10% 6% -9% 4% 11%
C 9% 6% 3% 5% 8%
D 10% 8% 13% 7% 12%

Calculate the return on:

a. portfolio of one stock at a time

b. portfolios of two stocks at a time
c. portfolios of three stocks at a time.
d. a portfolio of all the four stocks.

Assume equiproportional investment.

Solution:

Expected rates of returns on equity stock A, B, C and D can be computed as follows:

A: 8 + 10 – 6 -1+ 9 = 4%
5

B: 10+ 6- 9+4 + 11 = 4.4%

5

C: 9 + 6 + 3 + 5+ 8 = 6.2%
5

D: 10 + 8 + 13 + 7 + 12 = 10.0%
5

(a) Return on portfolio consisting of stock A = 4%

(b) Return on portfolio consisting of stock A and B in equal

proportions = 0.5 (4) + 0.5 (4.4)
= 4.2%

(c) Return on portfolio consisting of stocks A, B and C in equal

proportions = 1/3(4 ) + 1/3(4.4) + 1/3 (6.2)
 = 4.87%

(d) Return on portfolio consisting of stocks A, B, C and D in equal

proportions = 0.25(4) + 0.25(4.4) + 0.25(6.2) +0.25(10)
= 6.15%

3. A portfolio consists of 4 securities, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The proportions of these securities are: w1=0.3,
w2=0.2, w3=0.2, and w4=0.3. The standard deviations of returns on these securities (in percentage
terms) are: σ1=5, σ2=6, σ3=12, and σ4=8. The correlation coefficients among security returns are:
ρ12=0.2, ρ13=0.6, ρ14=0.3, ρ23=0.4, ρ24=0.6, and ρ34=0.5. What is the standard deviation of portfolio
return?

Solution:

The standard deviation of portfolio return is:

p= [w1212 + w2222 + w3232 + 4242 + 2 w1 w2 12 1 2 + 2 w1 w3 13 1 3 + 2 w1 w4

14 14 + 2 w2 w3 23 2 3 + 2 w2 w4 24 2 4 + 2 w3 w4 34 3 4 ]1/2

= [0.32 x 52 + 0.22 x 62 + 0.22 x 122 + 0.32 x 82 + 2 x 0.3 x 0.2 x 0.2 x 5 x 6

+ 2 x 0.3 x 0.2 x 0.6 x 5 x 12 + 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 5 x 8
+ 2 x 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.4 x 6 x 12 + 2 x 0.2 x 0.3 x 0.6 x 6 x 8
+ 2 x 0.2 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 12 x 8]1/2

= 5.82 %

4. Assume that a group of securities has the following characteristics: (a) the standard deviation of each
security is equal to A; (b) covariance of returns AB is equal for each pair of securities in the group.

What is the variance of a portfolio containing six securities which are equally weighted?

Solution:

When there are 6 securities, you have 6 variance terms and 6 x 5 = 30 covariance terms.

As all variance terms are the same, all covariance terms are the same, and all securities are equally
weighted, the portfolio variance is:

6wA2 A2 + 30 wA2 AB

5. Which of the following portfolios constitute the efficient set:

Portfolio Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)

1 15 18
2 18 22
3 10 9
4 12 15
5 15 20
6 13 16
7 22 22
8 14 17

Solution:

Let us arrange the portfolio in the order of ascending expected returns.

Portfolio Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)

3 10 9
4 12 15
6 13 16
8 14 17
5 15 20
1 15 18
2 18 22
7 22 22

Examining the above we find that (i) portfolio 7 dominates portfolio 2 because it offers a higher expected
return for the same standard deviation and (ii) portfolio 1 dominates portfolio 5 as it offers the same
expected return for a lower standard deviation. So, the efficient set consists of all the portfolios except
portfolio 2 and portfolio 5.

6. Which of the following portfolios constitute the efficient set:

Portfolio Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)

1 10 12
2 8 10
3 20 18
4 15 11
5 22 20
6 18 15
7 15 12
Solution:

Let us arrange the portfolio in the order of ascending expected returns.

Portfolio Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)

2 8 10

1 10 12
4 15 11
7 15 12
6 18 15
3 20 18
5 22 20

Examining the above we find that (i) portfolio 7 dominates portfolio 1 because it offers a higher expected
return for the same standard deviation and (ii) portfolio 4 dominates portfolio 7 as it offers the same
expected return for a lower standard deviation. So, the efficient set consists of all the portfolios except
portfolio 1 and portfolio 7.

7. Consider two stocks, P and Q

Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)
Stock P 18 % 12 %
Stock Q 24 % 17 %

The returns on the stocks are perfectly negatively correlated.

What is the expected return of a portfolio comprising of stocks P and Q when the portfolio is
constructed to drive the standard deviation of portfolio return to zero?

Solution:

The weights that drive the standard deviation of portfolio to zero, when the returns are perfectly correlated,
are:

σQ 17
wP = = = 0.586
σP + σQ 12 + 17
wQ = 1 – wP = 0.414

The expected return of the portfolio is:

0.586 x 18 % + 0.414 x 24 % = 20.484 %

8. Consider two stocks, X and Y
Expected return (%) Standard deviation (%)
Stock X 10 % 18 %
Stock Y 25 % 24 %
The returns on the stocks are perfectly negatively correlated.

What is the expected return of a portfolio comprising of stocks X and Y when the portfolio is
constructed to drive the standard deviation of portfolio return to zero?

Solution:

The weights that drive the standard deviation of portfolio to zero, when the returns are perfectly
correlated, are:
σY 24
wX = = = 0.571
σX + σY 18 + 24
wY = 1 – wX = 0.429

The expected return of the portfolio is:

0.571 x 10 % + 0.429 x 25 % = 16.435 %

9. The following information is available.

Stock A Stock B
Expected return 24% 35%
Standard deviation 12% 18%
Coefficient of correlation 0.60

a. What is the covariance between stocks A and B ?

b. What is the expected return and risk of a portfolio in which A and B are equally weighted?

Solution:

(a) Covariance (A,B) = PAB x σA x σB

= 0.6 x 12 x 18 = 129.6

(b) Expected return = 0.5 x 24 + 0.5 x 35 = 29.5 %

Risk (standard deviation) = [w2A 2A + w2B 2
B + 2 Cov (A,B)]
½

= [0.52 x 144 + 0.52 x 324 + 2 x 129.6] ½

= 27.93%
10. The following information is available.
Stock A Stock B
Expected return 12% 26 %
Standard deviation 15% 21 %
Coefficient of correlation 0.30

a. What is the covariance between stocks A and B?

b. What is the expected return and risk of a portfolio in which A and B are weighted 3:7?

Solution:

(a) Covariance (A,B) = PAB x σA x σB

= 0.3 x 15 x 21 = 94.5

(b) Expected return = 0.3 x 12 + 0.7 x 26 = 21.8 %

Risk (standard deviation) = [w2A 2A + w2B 2B + 2 Cov (A,B)]½

= [0.32 x 225 + 0.72 x 441 + 2 x 94.5] ½

= 20.62 %
 CHAPTER 8
CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL AND
ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

1. The following table, gives the rate of return on stock of Apple Computers and on the market portfolio
for five years

Year Return on the stock Return

Apple Computers (%) Market Portfolio (%)
1 -13 -3
2 5 2
3 15 8
4 27 12
5 10 7

(i) What is the beta of the stock of Apple Computers?

(ii) Establish the characteristic line for the stock of Apple Computers.

Solution:

Year RA RM RA - RA RM - RM (RA - RA) (RM - RM) (RM - RM)2

1 -13 -3 -21.8 -8.2 178.76 67.24
2 5 2 -3.8 -3.2 12.16 10.24
3 15 8 6.2 2.8 17.36 7.84
4 27 12 18.2 6.8 123.76 46.24
5 10 7 1.2 1.8 2.16 3.24

Sum 44 26 334.2 134.8

Mean 8.8 5.2

134.8 334.2
M2 = = 33.7 Cov A,M = = 83.55
5-1 5-1

83.55
A = = 2.48
33.7

(ii) Alpha = R A – βA R M

= 8.8 – (2.48 x 5.2) = - 4.1

Equation of the characteristic line is

RA = - 4.1 + 2.48 RM
2. The rate of return on the stock of Sigma Technologies and on the market portfolio for 6 periods has
been as follows:

Period Return on the stock Return on the

of Sigma Technologies (%) market portfolio (%)

1 16 14
2 12 10
3 -9 6
4 32 18
5 15 12
6 18 15

(i) What is the beta of the stock of Sigma Technologies.?

(ii) Establish the characteristic line for the stock of Sigma Technologies

Solution:

(i)

Year RA (%) RM (%) RA-RA RM-RM (RA-RA) (RM-RM)2

x(RM-RM)

1 36 28 8.8 2.4 21.12 5.76

2 24 20 -3.2 -5.6 17.92 31.36
3 -20 -8 -47.2 -33.6 1585.92 1128.96
4 46 52 18.8 26.4 496.32 696.96
5 50 36 22.8 10.4 237.12 108.16
 RA = 136 RM = 128 2358.4
Cov A,M =
RA = 27.2 RM = 25.6 5-1

 M2 = 1971.2
5–1

2358.4 / (5-1)
A = ------------------- = 1.196
1971.2 / (5-1)

(ii) Alpha = R A – βA R M
= 27.2 – (1.196 x 25.6) = -3.42
 Equation of the characteristic line is

RA = - 3.42 + 1.196 RM

3. The rate of return on the stock of Omega Electronics and on the market portfolio for 6 periods has
been as follows:

Period Return on the stock Return on the

of Omega Electronics market portfolio
(%) (%)

1 18% 15%
2 10% 12%
3 -5% 5%
4 20% 14%
5 9% -2%
6 18% 16%

(i)What is the beta of the stock of Omega Electronics?

(ii) Establish the characteristic line for the stock of Omega Electronics.

Solution:

RM (%)
Period R0 (%) (R0 – R0) (RM – RM) (R0 –R0) (RM – RM) (RM - RM)2
1 18 15 6.33 5 31.65 25
2 10 12 -1.67 2 - 3.34 4
3 -5 5 -16.67 -5 83.35 25
4 20 14 8.33 4 33.32 16
5 9 -2 - 2.67 -12 32.04 144
6 18 16 6.33 6 37.98 36
R0 = 70 RM = 60 (R0-R0) (RM-RM) = 215 250
R0 =11.67 RM = 10
250 215
 = M
2
= 50 CovO,M = = 43.0
5 5
43.0
0 = = 0.86
50.0

(ii) Alpha = RO – βA RM
= 11.67 – (0.86 x 10) = 3.07
 Equation of the characteristic line is
RA = 3.07 + 0.86 RM

4. The risk-free return is 8 percent and the return on market portfolio is 16 percent. Stock X's beta is 1.2;
its dividends and earnings are expected to grow at the constant rate of 10 percent. If the previous
dividend per share of stock X was Rs.3.00, what should be the intrinsic value per share of stock X?

Solution:

The required rate of return on stock A is:

RX = RF + βX (RM – RF)
= 0.08 + 1.2 (0.16 – 0.08)
= 0. 176

Intrinsic value of share = D1 / (r- g) = Do (1+g) / ( r – g)

Given Do = Rs.3.00, g = 0.10, r = 0.176

3.00 (1.10)
Intrinsic value per share of stock X =
0.176 – 0.10

= Rs. 43.42

5. The risk-free return is 7 percent and the return on market portfolio is 13 percent. Stock P's beta is 0.8;
its dividends and earnings are expected to grow at the constant rate of 5 percent. If the previous
dividend per share of stock P was Rs.1.00, what should be the intrinsic value per share of stock P?

Solution:

The required rate of return on stock P is:

RP = RF + βP (RM – RF)
= 0.07 + 0.8 (0.13 – 0.07)
= 0. 118

Intrinsic value of share = D1 / (r- g) = Do (1+g) / ( r – g)

Given Do = Rs.1.00, g = 0.05, r = 0.118

1.00 (1.05)
Intrinsic value per share of stock P =
0.118 – 0.05

= Rs. 15.44
6. The risk-free return is 6 percent and the expected return on a market portfolio is 15 percent. If the
required return on a stock is 18 percent, what is its beta?

Solution:

The SML equation is RA = RF + βA (RM – RF)

Given RA = 18%. RF = 6%, RM = 15%, we have

0.18 = .06 + βA (0.15 – 0.06)

0.12
i.e. βA = = 1.33
0.09

Beta of stock = 1.33

7. The risk-free return is 9 percent and the expected return on a market portfolio is 12 percent. If the
required return on a stock is 14 percent, what is its beta?

Solution:

The SML equation is RA = RF + βA (RM – RF)

Given RA = 14%. RF = 9%, RM = 12%, we have

0.14 = .09 + βA (0.12 – 0.09)

0.05
i.e.βA = = 1.67
0.03

Beta of stock = 1.67

8. The risk-free return is 5 percent. The required return on a stock whose beta is 1.1 is 18 percent. What
is the expected return on the market portfolio?

Solution:

The SML equation is: RX = RF + βX (RM – RF)

We are given 0.18 = 0.05 + 1.1 (RM – 0.05) i.e., 1.1 RM = 0.185 or RM = 0.1681

Therefore return on market portfolio = 16.81 %

9. The risk-free return is 10 percent. The required return on a stock whose beta is 0.50 is 14 percent.
What is the expected return on the market portfolio?

Solution:

The SML equation is: RX = RF + βX (RM – RF)

We are given 0.14 = 0.10 + 0.50 (RM – 0.10) i.e., 0.5 RM = 0.09 or RM = 0.18

Therefore return on market portfolio = 18 %

10. The required return on the market portfolio is 15 percent. The beta of stock A is 1.5. The required
return on the stock is 20 percent. The expected dividend growth on stock A is 6 percent. The price
per share of stock A is Rs.86. What is the expected dividend per share of stock A next year?

What will be the combined effect of the following on the price per share of stock?

(a) The inflation premium increases by 3 percent.

(b) The decrease in the degree of risk-aversion reduces the differential between the return on market
portfolio and the risk-free return by one-fourth.
(c) The expected growth rate of dividend on stock A decrease to 3 percent.
(d) The beta of stock A falls to1.2

Solution:

RM = 15% βA = 1.5 RA =20 % g = 6 % Po = Rs.86

Po = D1 / (r - g)

Rs.86 = D1 / (0.20 - .06)

So D1 = Rs.12.04 and Do = D1 / (1+g) = 12.04 /(1.06) = Rs.11.36

RA = Rf + βA (RM – Rf)

0.20 = Rf + 1.5 (0.15 – Rf)

0.5Rf = 0.025

So Rf = 0.05 or 5%.
Original Revised

Rf 5% 8%
RM – Rf 10% 7.5%
g 6% 3%
βA 1.5 1.2
Revised RA = 8 % + 1.2 (7.5%) = 17 %
 Price per share of stock A, given the above changes is

11.36 (1.03)
= Rs. 83.58
0.17 – 0.03

11. The required return on the market portfolio is 16 percent. The beta of stock A is 1.6. The required
return on the stock is 22 percent. The expected dividend growth on stock A is 12 percent. The price
per share of stock A is Rs.260. What is the expected dividend per share of stock A next year?

What will be the combined effect of the following on the price per share of stock?

(a) The inflation premium increases by 5 percent.

(b) The decrease in the degree of risk-aversion reduces the differential between the return on market
portfolio and the risk-free return by one-half.
(c) The expected growth rate of dividend on stock A decrease to 10 percent.
(d) The beta of stock A falls to 1.1

Solution:

RM = 16% βA = 1.6 RA =22 % g = 12 % Po = Rs. 260

Po = D1 / (r - g)

Rs.260 = D1 / (0.22 - .12)

So D1 = Rs. 26 and Do = D1 / (1+g) = 26 /(1.12) = Rs.23.21

RA = Rf + βA (RM – Rf)

0.22 = Rf + 1.6 (0.16 – Rf)

0.6Rf = 0.036

So Rf = 0.06 or 6%.
Original Revised

Rf 6% 11%
RM – Rf 10% 5%
g 12 % 10 %
βA 1.6 1.1

Revised RA = 11% + 1.1 (5%) = 16.5 %

Price per share of stock A, given the above changes is

 23.21 (1.10)
= Rs. 392.78
0.165 – 0.10

12. The following information is given:

Expected return for the market = 15%

Standard deviation of the market return = 25%
Risk-free rate = 8%
Correlation coefficient between stock A and the market = 0.8
Correlation coefficient between stock B and the market = 0.6
Standard deviation for stock A = 30%
Standard deviation for stock B = 24%

(i) What is the beta for stock A?

Solution:

Cov (A,M) Cov (A,M)

AM = ; 0.8 =  Cov (A,M) = 600
A M 30 x 25

M2 = 252 = 625

Cov (A,M) 600

A = = = 0.96
M2 625

(ii) What is the expected return for stock A?

Solution:

E(RA) = Rf + A (E (RM) - Rf)

= 8% + 0.96 (7%) = 14.72%

13. The following table gives an analyst’s expected return on two stocks for particular market returns.

Market Return Aggressive Stock Defensive Stock

5% - 5% 10%
25% 45% 16%
(i) What is the ratio of the beta of the aggressive stock to the beta of the defensive stock?

Solution:
 45 – (-5)
Beta of aggressive stock = = 2.5
25 – 5

16 - 10
Beta of defensive stock = = 0.30
25 – 5
Ratio = 2.5/0.30 = 8.33

(ii) If the risk-free rate is 7% and the market return is equally likely to be 5% and 25% what is the
market risk premium?

Solution:

E (RM) = 0.5 x 5 + 0.5 x 25 = 15%

Market risk premium = 15% - 7% = 8%

(iii) What is the alpha of the aggressive stock?

Solution:
Expected return = 0.5 x –5 + 0.5 x 45 = 20%
Required return as per CAPM = 7% + 2.5 (8%) = 27%
Alpha = - 7%

14. The following table gives an analyst’s expected return on two stocks for particular market returns.

Market Return Aggressive Stock Defensive Stock

8% 2% 10%
20% 32% 16%

(i) What is the beta of the aggressive stock?

Solution:
32% - 2%
Beta = = 2.5
20% - 8%
(ii) If the risk-free rate is 6% and the market return is equally likely to be 8% and 20%, what is the
market risk premium?

Solution:

The expected return on the market portfolio is:

0.5 x 8% + 0.5 x 20% = 14%
Since the risk-free rate is 6%, the market risk premium is 8%
 (iii) What is the alpha of the aggressive stock?

Solution:

Expected return on the aggressive stock = 0.5 x 2% + 0.5 x 32% = 17%

Required return = 6% + 8 x 2.5 = 26%
Alpha = 17 – 26% = – 9%
 MINICASE

Mr. Nitin Gupta had invested Rs.8 million each in Ashok Exports and Biswas Industries and Rs. 4 million in
Cinderella Fashions, only a week before his untimely demise. As per his will this portfolio of stocks were to
be inherited by his wife alone. As the partition among the family members had to wait for one year as per
the terms of the will, the portfolio of shares had to be maintained as they were for the time being. The will
had stipulated that the job of administering the estate for the benefit of the beneficiaries and partitioning it in
due course was to be done by the reputed firm of Chartered Accountants, Talwar Brothers. Meanwhile the
widow of the deceased was very eager to know certain details of the securities and had asked the senior
partner of Talwar Brothers to brief her in this regard. For this purpose the senior partner has asked you to
prepare a detailed note to him with calculations using CAPM, to answer the following possible doubts.

1. What is the expected return and risk (standard deviation) of the portfolio?
2. What is the scope for appreciation in market price of the three stocks-are they overvalued or
undervalued?

You find that out the three stocks, your firm has already been tracking two viz. Ashok Exports (A) and
Biswas Industries (B)-their betas being 1.7 and 0.8 respectively. Further, you have obtained the
following historical data on the returns of Cinderella
Fashions(C):
Period Market return (%) Return on
Cinderella Fashions (%)
------------- ------------------------ ---------------
1 10 14
2 5 8
3 (2) (6)
4 (1) 4
5 5 10
6 8 11
7 10 15
On the future returns of the three stocks, you are able to obtain the following forecast from a reputed
firm of portfolio managers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State of the Probability Returns (in percentage)
Economy Treasury Ashok Biswas Cinderella Sensex
Bills Exports Industries Fashions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recession 0.3 7 5 15 (10) (2)
Normal 0.4 7 18 8 16 17
Boom 0.3 7 30 12 24 26

Required: Prepare your detailed note to the senior partner.

Solution:

(1) Calculation of beta of Cinderella Fashions stock from the historical data

Period Return Return Rc-Rc Rm-Rm (Rm-Rm)2 (Rc-Rc)

∑Rc=56 Rc ( % ) Rm (%) x (Rm-Rm) ∑Rm=35
∑ (Rm- 1 14 10 6 5 25 30 Rm)2= 144
∑ (Rc-Rc) 2 8 5 0 0 0 0 (Rm-Rm)=
196 3 (6) (2) (14) (7) 49 98
Rc= 8 4 4 (1) (4) (6) 36 24 Rm= 5 σm2
= 144/6 5 10 5 2 0 0 0 =24
Cov(c,m) 6 11 8 3 3 9 9 = 196/6= 32.7
7 15 10 7 5 25 35
Beta of Cinderella
Fashions βc = 32.7/24= 1.36

(2) Calculation of expected returns, standard deviations and covariances

E(A) =[ 0.3x5] + [0.4x18] +[ 0.3x30] = 17.7
E(B)= [0.3x15] + [0.4x8] + [0.3x12] = 11.3
E(C)= [0.3x(-)10] + [0.4x16] +[0.3x24] = 10.6
E(M)= [0.3x(-)2]+ [0.4x17] + [0.3x26] = 14

σA = [0.3(5-17.7)2 +0.4(18-17.7)2+0.3(30-17.7)2 ]1/2

= [48.4 + 0.1+45.4]1/2 = 9.7
σB = [0.3(15-11.3)2 + 0.4(8-11.3)2 +0.3(12-11.3)2]1/2
= [4.11 +4.36+ 0.15]1/2 =2.94
σc = [0.3(-10-10.6)2+0.4(16-10.6)2 + 0.3(24-10.6)2]1/2
= [ 127.31 +11.66+53.87]1/2 = 13.89
σM = [0.3(-2-14)2 +0.4(17-14)2+0.3(26-14)2]1/2
= [76.8 +3.6 +43.2]1/2 = 11.1

Calculation of covariances between the stocks

State of the Prob- RA-RA RB-RB RC-RC (2)x(3) (2)x(4)x(5) (2)x(3)x(5)

Economy ability x (4)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Recession 0.3 -12.7 3.7 -20.6 -14.1 -22.9 78.5
Normal 0.4 0.3 -3.3 5.4 -0.1 -7.1 0.6
Boom 0.3 12.3 0.7 13.4 2.6 2.8 49.4
σA,B = -11.6 σB,C= -27.2 σA,C= 128.5
 Expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio
E(P) = (0.4x17.7) + (0.4x11.3) +(0.2x10.6)= 13.7
σp = [ wA2 σA2 + wB2 σB2 + wC2 σC2 + 2 wAwB σA,B +2 wBwC σB,C +2 wAwC σA,C]1/2
= [ 15.1+ 1.4 +7.7-3.7-4.4+ 20.6]1/2 = 6.1

(3) Determining overpricing and underpricing using CAPM

βA =1.7 βB =0.8 βC = 1.36 E(RM) = 14 Rf =7%

SML = 7 + (14 -7)xBeta

= 7 + 7 x Beta
Required return on Ashok Exports = 7 + (7 x 1.7) = 18.9 %
Required return on Biswas Industries = 7 + (7 x 0.8) = 12.6 %
Required return on Cinderella Fashions = 7 + (7 x 1.36) = 16.5 %

As the expected return of 17.7 % on Ashok Exports is slightly less than the required return of 18.9%, its
expected return can be expected to go up to the fair return indicated by CAPM and for this to happen its
market price should come down. So it is slightly overvalued.

In the case of Biswas Industries stock, as the expected return of 11.3% is again slightly less than the
required return of 12.6 %, its expected return can be expected to go up and for this to happen its market
price should come down. So it is also slightly overvalued.
In the case of Cinderella Fashions the expected return is 10.6 % against the required return of 16.5 %. So
it is considerably overvalued.
2. Mr. Pawan Garg, a wealthy businessman, has approached you for professional advice on investment.
He has a surplus of Rs. 20 lakhs which he wishes to invest in share market. Being risk averse by nature
and a first timer to secondary market, he makes it very clear that the risk should be minimum. Having
done some research in this field, you recommend to him a portfolio of two shares - stocks of an oil
exploration company ONGD and an oil marketing company BPDL. You tell him that both are reputed,
government controlled companies.
You have the following market data at your disposal.

Period Market return (%) Return (%) on

ONGD BPDL
-------- ------------- -------------------------------
1 10 18 8
2 12 16 10
3 8 12 14
4 -6 (12) 20
5 -4 -7 16
6 10 16 8
The current market price of a share of ONGD is Rs. 1200 and that of BPDL is Rs. 423.

On the future returns of the two stocks and the market, you are able to obtain the following forecast from
a reputed firm of portfolio managers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State of the Probability Returns (in percentage) on
Economy Treasury ONGD BPDL Market Index
Bills
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recession 0.3 7 9 15 (2)
Normal 0.4 7 18 10 14
Boom 0.3 7 25 6 20

The firm also informs you that they had very recently made a study of the ONGD stock and can advise
that its beta is 1.65.

Mr. Garg requests you to answer the following questions:

a. What is the beta for BPDL stock?

b. What is the covariance of the returns on ONGD and BPDL? Use the forecasted returns to calculate
this.
c. If the forecasted returns on ONGD and BPDL are perfectly negatively correlated (ρ = -1), what will
be expected return from a zero risk portfolio?
d. What will be the risk and return of a portfolio consisting of ONGD and BPDL stocks in equal
proportions?
e. What is the scope for appreciation for the two stocks?
Solution:

a. Let the returns from the stocks of ONGD, BPDL and the market index be Ro, RB and
RM respectively.

Period RB RM RB - RB RM - RM (RM - RM)2 (RB - RB)(RM -RM)

1 8 10 -4.67 5.00 25.00 -23.33
2 10 12 -2.67 7.00 49.00 -18.67
3 14 8 1.33 3.00 9.00 4.00
4 20 -6 7.33 -11.00 121.00 -80.67
5 16 -4 3.33 -9.00 81.00 -30.00
6 8 10 -4.67 5.00 25.00 -23.33
Mean = 12.67 5.00 SUM = 310.00 -172.00

Beta of BPDL = (-172/5) / (310/5) = -0.55

Expected return on ONGD = 0.3 x 9 + 0.4 x 18 + 0.3 x 25 = 17.4

Expected return on BPDL = 0.3 x 15 + 0.4 x 10+ 0.3 x 6 = 10.3
Expected return on Market index = 0.3 x (-2) + 0.4 x 14+ 0.3 x 20 = 11

Standard deviation of return on ONGD = [0.3(9-17.4)2 + 0.4(18-17.4)2 + 0.3(25-

17.4)2]1/2
= 6.22

Standard deviation of return on BPDL = [0.3(15- 10.3)2 + 0.4(10-10.3)2 + 0.3(6- 10.3)2]1/2

= 3.49

State of
the Probability p[R0-E(RO)] x
economy (p) ONGD(RO) BPDL(RB) [RB - E(RB)]
Recession 0.3 9 15 -11.844
Normal 0.4 18 10 -0.072
Boom 0.3 25 6 -9.804
SUM = -21.72
Covariance of the returns of ONGD and BPDL = -21.72

Coefficient of correlation between the two stocks = - 21.72 / (6.22 x 3.49) =

= - 21.72 / 21.71 = - 1
 As the two stocks are perfectly negatively correlated, it is possible to construct a
portfolio with almost nil risk.

b. wo = σΒ / ( σ0 + σΒ) = 3.49 / (6.22+ 3.49) = 0.36

Τhe amount to be invested in ONGD = 0.36 x 20,00,000 = Rs. 7,20,000
No. of share of ONGD to be purchased = 720,000/ 1200 = 600
No. of share of BPDL to be purchased = (20,00,000 – 720,000) / 423 = 3026

c. Weight of ONGD in the portfolio = 0.36 and of BPDL =0.64

The portfolio return = 0.36 x 17.4 + 0.64 x 10.3 = 12.86 %

d. E(R) = 0.5 x 17.4 + 0.5 x 10.3 = 13.85 %

σP = [ (0.5)2 x (6.22)2 + (0.5)2 x(3.49)2 - 2x0.5 x 0.5 x 21.72 ]1/2
= 1.36 %

e. Required return on ONGD as per CAPM = 7 + 1.65 x (11 -7) = 13.6 %

Expected return = 17.4
As the expected return is more than the required return, ONGD stock is
underpriced

Required return on BPDL as per CAPM = 7 – 0.55 x (11 -7) = 4.8 %

Expected return = 10.3

As the expected return is more than the required return, BPDL stock is also
underpriced.

So there is good scope for appreciation in the market prices of both the stocks.
3. Seth Ratanlal, who was widower and issueless, had left his substantial wealth as legacy to his nephew
and niece through a will. Detailed instructions had been left on how the estate should be shared
between the two, once both of them attained the age of majority. A week before his demise he had
taken a fancy to the capital market and had invested a sizeable amount in equity shares, specifically,
Rs.6 million in Arihant Pharma, Rs.4.8 million in Best Industries and Rs. 1.2 million in Century
Limited. As the partition among the siblings had to wait for at least one more year as the girl was still
a minor, the portfolio of shares had to be maintained as they were for the time being. The will had
entrusted the job of administering the estate for the benefit of the beneficiaries and partitioning in due
course to the reputed firm of Chartered Accountants, Karaniwala and Karaniwala. Meanwhile the
young beneficiaries were very eager to know certain details of the securities and had asked the senior
partner of the firm to brief them in this regard. For this purpose the senior partner has asked you to
prepare a detailed note to him with calculations using CAPM, to answer the following possible doubts.

1. What is the expected return and risk (standard deviation) of the portfolio?
2. What is the scope for appreciation in market price of the three stocks-are they overvalued or
undervalued?

You find that out the three stocks, your firm has already been tracking two viz. Arihant Pharma (A) and
Best Industries (B)-their betas being 1.2 and 0.8 respectively.
Further, you have obtained the following historical data on the returns of Century Limited(C):
Period Market return (%) Return on
Century Limited (%)
------------- ------------- -------------------------------
1 8 10
2 (6) 8
3 12 25
4 10 (8)
5 9 14
6 9 11
On the future returns of the three stocks, you are able to obtain the following forecast from a reputed
firm of portfolio managers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State of the Probability Returns ( in percentage )on
Economy Treasury Arihant Best Century Nifty
Bills Pharma Industries Limited
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recession 0.2 6 (10) (8) 15 (8)
Normal 0.4 6 18 12 6 15
Boom 0.4 6 30 20 (10) 25
Prepare your report.
Solution:

Calculation of beta of Century Limited stock from the historical data

 Period Return Return Rc-Rc Rm-Rm (Rm-Rm)2 (Rc-Rc)
∑Rc=60 Rc ( % ) Rm ( %) x (Rm-Rm) ∑Rm=42
∑ (Rm- 1 10 8 0 1 1 0 Rm)2=212
∑ (Rc-Rc) 2 8 (6) (2) (13) 169 26 (Rm-Rm)=57
Rc=10 3 25 12 15 5 25 75 Rm=7 σm2
= 212/5 4 (8) 10 (18) 3 9 (54) =42.4
Cov(c,m) 5 14 9 4 2 4 8 = 57/5=11.4
Beta of 6 11 9 1 2 4 2 Century
Limited βc = 11.4/42.4 = 0.3

Calculation of expected returns, standard deviations and covariances

E(A) =[ 0.2x(-)10] + [0.4x18] +[ 0.4x30] = -2+7.2+12=17.2
E(B)= [0.2x(-)8] + [0.4x12] + [0.4x20] = -1.6 +4.8+8 = 11.2
E(C)= [0.2x15] + [0.4x6] +[0.4x(-) 10] = 3+2.4- 4 = 1.4
E(M)= [0.2x(-)8]+ [0.4x15] + [0.4x25] = -1.6+6.0 +10=14.4

σA = [ 0.2(-10-17.2)2 +0.4(18-17.2)2+0.4(30-17.2)2 ]1/2

= [148 + 0.3+65.5]1/2 = 14.6
σB = [0.2(-8-11.2)2 + 0.4(12-11.2)2 +0.4(20-11.2)2]1/2
= [73.7 +0.3+31.0]1/2 =10.2
σc = [0.2(15-1.4)2+0.4(6-1.4)2 + 0.4(-10-1.4)2]1/2
= [37 +8.5+52]1/2 = 9.9
σM = [0.2(-8-14.4)2 +0.4(15-14.4)2+0.4(25-14.4)2]1/2
= [100.4 +0.1 +44.9]1/2 = 12.1

Calculation of covariances between the stocks

State of the Prob- RA-RA RB-RB RC-RC (2)x(3)x(4) (2)x(4)x(5) (2)x(3)x(5)

Economy ability
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Recession 0.2 (27.2) (19.2) 13.6 104.4 (52.2) (74.0)
Normal 0.4 0.8 0.8 4.6 0.3 1.5 1.5
Boom 0.4 12.8 8.8 (11.4) 45.1 (40.1) (58.4)
σA,B =149.8 σB,C=(90.8) σA,C= (130.9)
Expected return and standard deviations of the portfolio

E(P) = (0.5x17.2) + (0.4x11.2) +(0.1x1.4)=8.6+4.5+0.1=13.2%

σp = [ wA2 σA2 + wB2 σB2 + wC2 σC2 + 2 wAwB σA,B +2 wBwC σB,C +2 wAwC σA,C]1/2
= [ 53.3 + 16.6 +1.0 + 59.9-7.3-13.1]1/2 = 10.5

Determining overpricing and underpricing using CAPM

βA =1.2 βB =0.8 βC = 0.3 E(RM) = 14.4 Rf =6%

SML = 6 + (14.4 -6)xBeta

= 6 + 8.4 x Beta

Required return on Arihant Pharma = 6 + (8.44 x 1.2 ) = 16.1%

Required return on Best Industries = 6 + (8.44 x 0.8 ) = 12.7%
Required return on Century Limited= 6 + (8.44 x 0.3 ) = 8.5%

As the expected return of 17.2 % on Arihant Pharma is slightly more than the required return of 16.1 %,
its expected return can be expected to come down to the fair return indicated by CAPM and for this to
happen its market price should go up. So it is slightly undervalued.

In the case of Best Industries stock, as the expected return is slightly less than the required return of
12.7%, its expected return can be expected to go up and for this to happen its market price should go
down. So it is slightly undervalued. Century Limited can be considered as overvalued as its required
return is far in excess of the expected return which is likely to drive the market
4. You have recently graduated as a major in finance and have been hired as a financial planner by Jubile
Securities, a financial services company. Your boss has assigned you the task of investing Rs.1,000,00
for a client who has a 1-year investment horizon. You have been asked to consider only the followin
investment alternatives: T-bills, stock A, stock B, stock C, and market index.

The economics cell of Jubilee Securities has developed the probability distribution for the state of
the economy and the equity researchers of Jubilee Securities have estimated the rates of return under
each state of the economy. You have gathered the following information from them:

Returns on Alternative Investments

State of the Market
Probability T-Bills Stock A Stock B Stock C
Economy Portfolio
 Recession 0.2 6.0% (18.0%) 25.0% (6.0%) (10.0%)
 Normal 0.5 6.0 20.0 5.0 15.0 16.0
 Boom 0.3 6.0 42.0 (12.0) 26.0 30.0

Your client is a very curious investor who has heard a lot relating to portfolio theory and asset pricing
theory. He requests you to answer the following question:

a. What is the expected return and the standard deviation of return for stocks A,B,C, and the market
portfolio?
b. What is the covariance between the returns on A and B? returns on A and C? returns on B and C?
c. What is the coefficient of correlation between the returns of A and B?
d. What is the expected return and standard deviation on a portfolio in which the weights assigned to
stocks A, B, and C are 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2 respectively?
e. The beta coefficients for the various alternatives, based on historical analysis, are as follows:

Security Beta
T-bills 0.00
A 1.30
B (0.60)
C 0.95

i. What is the SML relationship?

ii. What is the alpha for stocks A, B, and C?
f. Suppose the following historical returns have been earned for the stock market and the stock of
company D.
 Period Market D
1 (5%) (15%)
2 4 7
3 8 14
4 15 22
5 9 5
.
What is the beta for stock D? How would you interpret it?
g. What is the basic difference between the CAPM and the APT?

Working:

a. For stock A:

Expected return = (0.2 x -18) + (0.5 x 20) + (0.3 x 42) = 19

Standard deviation = [ 0.2 ( -18 -19)2 + 0.5 (20-19)2 + 0.3 (42 – 19)2 ] 1/2
= [273.8 + 0.5 + 158.7]1/2 = 20.07

For stock B:

Expected return = (0.2 x 25) + (0.5 x 5) + [ 0.3 x (-) 12] = 3.9

Standard deviation = [0.2 ( 25 – 3.9)2 + 0.5 (5 -3.9)2 + 0.3 (-12–3.9)2]1/2

= (89.04 + 0.61 + 75.84) ½ = 12.86

For stock C:

Expected return = [0.2 x (-6)] + (0.5 x 15) + (0.3 x 26)] = 14.1

Standard deviation = [0.2 (-6 – 14.1)2 + 0.5 (15 -14.1)2 + 0.3 (26-14.1)2] ½
= [80.80 + 0.41 + 42.48] ½ = 11.12

For market portfolio:

Expected return = [0.2 x (-)10] + (0.5 x 16) + (0.3 x 30) = -2 + 8 + 9 = 15

Standard deviation = [0.2 (-10-15)2 + 0.5(16-15)2 + 0.3 (30 – 15)2] ½

= ( 125 + 0.5 + 67.5 ) ½ = 13.89

Solution:

b.

State of the Prob- Return on Return RA-E(RA) RB-E(RB) p

Economy ability (p) A (%) (RA) B (%) (RB) x [RA-E(RA)]
x[RB-E(RB)]

Recession 0.2 -18 25 -37.0 21.1 -156.14

Normal 0.5 20 5 1.0 1.1 0.55
Boom 0.3 42 -12 23.0 -15.9 - 109.71
total = - 265.30

Covariance between the returns of A and B is (-) 265.3

State of the Prob- Return on A Return C RA-E(RA) RC-E(RC) p

Economy ability (p) (%) (RA) (%) (RC) x [RA-E(RA)]
x [RC-E(RC)]

Recession 0.2 -18 - 6.0 -37.0 -20.1 148.74

Normal 0.5 20 15.0 1.0 0.9 0.45
Boom 0.3 42 26.0 23.0 11.9 82.11
total = 231.30

Covariance between the returns of A and C is 231.30

(-) 265.3
c. Coefficient of correlation between the returns of A and B = = (-) 1
20.07 x 12.86

231.3
Coefficient of correlaton between the returns of A and C = = 1
20.07 x 11.12

d. Portfolio in which stocks A and B are equally weighted:

Economic condition Probability Overall expected return

Recession 0.2 0.5 x (-) 18 + 0.5 x 25 = 3.5
Normal 0.5 0.5 x 20 + 0.5 x 5 = 12.5
Boom 0.3 0.5 x 42 + 0.5 x (-)12 = 15.0
 Expected return of the portfolio = (0.2 x 3.5) + (0.5 x 12.5) + (0.3 x 15.0)
= 0.7 + 6.25 + 4.5 = 11.45

Standard deviation of the portfolio

= [ 0.2 (3.5 – 11.45)2 + 0.5 (12.5 – 11.45)2 + 0.3 (15.0 – 11.45)2]1/2

= [ 12.64 + 0.55 + 3.78] ½ = 4.12

Portfolio in which weights assigned to stocks A, B and C are 0.4, 0.4 and 0.2 respectively.

Expected return of the portfolio = (0.4 x 19.0) + (0.4 x 3.9) + 0.2 x 14.1)
= 7.6 + 1.56 + 2.82 = 11.98

For calculating the standard deviation of the portfolio we also need covariance between B and
C, which is calculated as under:

State of the Prob- Return on Return on RB-E(RB) RC-E(RC) p

Economy ability (p) B (%) (RB) C (%) x[RB-E(RB)]
(RC) x[RC-E(RC)]

Recession 0.2 25 - 6.0 21.1 -20.1 (-) 84.82

Normal 0.5 5 15.0 1.1 0.9 0.50
Boom 0.3 (-)12 26.0 (-)15.9 11.9 (-) 56.76
total = (-)141.08

Covariance between the returns of B and C is (-)141.08

We have the following values:

WA = 0.4 WB = 0.4 WC = 0.2
σA = 20.07 σB = 12.86 σC = 11.12
σAB = (-)265.3 σAC = 231.3 σBC = (-) 141.08

Standard deviation

= [ (0.4 x 20.07)2 + (0.4 x 12.86)2 + (0.2 x 11.12)2 + [ 2 x 0.4 x 4 x (-) 265.3 ] +

+ [2 x 0.4 x 0.2 x 231.3] + [2 x 0.4 x 0.2 x (-) 141.08]1/2

= (64.45 + 26.46 + 4.95 – 84.90 + 37.01 – 22.57)1/2 = 5.04

 e.

(i) Risk-free rate is 6% and market risk premium is 15 – 6 = 9%

The SML relationship is
Required return = 6% + β x 9%

(ii) For stock A:

Required return = 6 % + 1.3 x 9 % = 17.7 %; Expected return = 19 %
Alpha = 19 – 17.7 = 1.3%

For stock B:
Required return = 6 % - 0.60 x 9 % = 0.6%; Expected return = 3.9 %
Alpha = 3.9 – 0.6 = 3.3 %

For stock C:
Required return = 6% + 0.95 x 9 % = 14.55 %; Expected return = 14.1%
Alpha = 14.1 – 14.55 = (-) 0.45 %

f.
_ _ _ _ _
2
Period RD (%) RM (%) RD-RD RM-RM (RM-RM ) (RD-RD) (RM-RM)
1 -15 -5 -21.6 -11.2 125.44 241.92
2 7 4 0.4 -2.2 4.84 -0.88
3 14 8 7.4 1.8 3.24 13.32
4 22 15 15.4 8.8 77.44 135.52
5 5 9 -1.6 2.8 7.84 - 4.48
_ _ _
∑RD = 33 ∑ RM = 31 ∑(RM-RM)2 = 218.80 ∑ (RD-RD) (RM-RM) = 385.4
_ _
RD = 6.6 RM = 6.2 σ2m = 218.8/4 = 54.7 Cov (D,M) = 385.4/4 = 96.35

ß = 96.35 / 54.7 = 1.76

Interpretation: The change in return of D is expected to be 1.76 times the expected

change in return on the market portfolio.

g.

CAPM assumes that return on a stock/portfolio is solely influenced by the market factor
whereas the APT assumes that the return is influenced by a set of factors called risk
factors.
 CHAPTER 11
BOND PRICES AND YIELDS

1. The price of a Rs.1,000 par bond carrying a coupon rate of 8 percent and maturing after 5 years is
Rs.1020.

(i) What is the approximate YTM?

(ii) What will be the realised YTM if the reinvestment rate is 7 percent?

Solution:

(i)
80 + (1000 – 1020) / 5
YTM ~ = 7.51%
0.6 x 1020 + 0.4 x 1000

(ii)
The terminal value will be
80 x FVIFA (7%, 5yrs) + 1000
80 x 5.751 + 1000 = 1460.08

The realised YTM will be:

1/5
1460.08
– 1 = 7.44%
1020

2. The price of a Rs.1,000 par bond carrying a coupon rate of 7 percent and maturing after 5 years is
Rs.1040.

(i) What is the approximate YTM?

(ii) What will be the realised YTM if the reinvestment rate is 6 percent?

Solution:

(i)

The approximate YTM is:

70 + (1000 – 1040)/5
= 0.0605 or 6.05 percent
0.6 x 1040 + 0.4 x 1000
(ii)

0 1 2 3 4 5

-1040 70 70 70 70 70
1000
The terminal value at 6 percent reinvestment rate is:
70 x FVIFA (6%, 5yrs) + 1000
70 x 5.637 + 1000 = Rs.1394.59
1394.59 1/5
Realised yield to maturity = – 1 = 6.04%
1040

3. A Rs.1000 par value bond, bearing a coupon rate of 12 percent will mature after 6 years. What is the
value of the bond, if the discount rate is 16 percent?

Solution:
6 120 1000
P =  +
t
t=1 (1.16) (1.16)6

= Rs.120 x PVIFA(16%, 6 years) + Rs.1000 x PVIF (16%, 6 years)

= Rs.120 x 3.685 + Rs.1000 x 0.410
= Rs. 852.20

4. A Rs.100 par value bond, bearing a coupon rate of 9 percent will mature after 4 years. What is the
value of the bond, if the discount rate is 13 percent?

Solution:

4 9 100
P =  +
t
t=1 (1.13) (1.13)4

= Rs.9 x PVIFA(13%, 4 years) + Rs.100 x PVIF (13%, 4 years)

= Rs.9 x 2.974 + Rs.100 x 0.613
= Rs. 88.07

5. The market value of a Rs.1,000 par value bond, carrying a coupon rate of 10 percent and maturing
after 5 years, is Rs.850. What is the yield to maturity on this bond?

Solution:

The yield to maturity is the value of r that satisfies the following equality.
5 100 1,000
 Rs.850 =  +
t=1 (1+r) t (1+r)5

Try r = 14%. The right hand side (RHS) of the above equation is:
Rs.100 x PVIFA (14%, 5 years) + Rs.1,000 x PVIF (14%, 5 years)
= Rs.100 x 3.433 + Rs.1,000 x 0.519
= Rs.862.30

Try r = 15%. The right hand side (RHS) of the above equation is:
Rs.100 x PVIFA (15%, 5 years) + Rs.1,000 x PVIF (15%, 5years)
= Rs.100 x 3.352 + Rs.1,000 x 0.497
= Rs.832.20

Thus the value of r at which the RHS becomes equal to Rs.850 lies between 14% and 15%.

Using linear interpolation in this range, we get

862.30 – 850.00
Yield to maturity = 14% + 862.30 – 832.20 x 1%

= 14.41%

6. The market value of a Rs.100 par value bond, carrying a coupon rate of 8.5 percent and maturing after
8 years, is Rs.95. What is the yield to maturity on this bond?

Solution:

The yield to maturity is the value of r that satisfies the following equality.

8 8.5 100
95 =  +
t=1 (1+r) t (1+r)8

Try r = 10%. The right hand side (RHS) of the above equation is:
8.5 x PVIFA (10%, 8 years) + Rs.100 x PVIF (10%, 8 years)
= Rs.8.5 x 5.335 + Rs.100 x 0.467
= Rs.92.05

Try r = 9%. The right hand side (RHS) of the above equation is:
8.5 x PVIFA (9 %, 8 years) + Rs.100 x PVIF (9%, 8years)
= 8.5 x 5.535 + Rs.100 x 0.502
= 47.04 + 50.20 = 97.24

Thus the value of r at which the RHS becomes equal to Rs.95 lies between 9% and 10%.

Using linear interpolation in this range, we get

 97.24 – 95.00
Yield to maturity = 9 % + 97.24 – 92.05 x 1%

= 9.43 %

7. A Rs.1000 par value bond bears a coupon rate of 10 percent and matures after 5 years. Interest is
payable semi-annually. Compute the value of the bond if the required rate of return is 18 percent.

Solution:

10 50 1000
P =  +
t=1 (1.09) t (1.09)10

= 50 x PVIFA (9%, 10 years) + 1000 x PVIF (9%, 10 years)

= 50 x 6.418 + Rs.1000 x 0.422
= Rs. 742.90

8. A Rs.100 par value bond bears a coupon rate of 8 percent and matures after 10 years. Interest is
payable semi-annually. Compute the value of the bond if the required rate of return is 12 percent.

Solution:

20 4 100
P =  +
t=1 (1.06) t (1.06)20

= 4 x PVIFA (6%, 20 years) + Rs.100 x PVIF (6%, 20 years)

= 6 x 11.470 + Rs.100 x 0.312
= Rs.100.02

9. You are considering investing in one of the following bonds:

Coupon rate Maturity Price/Rs.100 par value
Bond A 11% 8 yrs Rs.80
Bond B 9% 9 yrs Rs.70

Your income tax rate is 34 percent and your capital gains tax is effectively 10 percent. Capital gains
taxes are paid at the time of maturity on the difference between the purchase price and par value. What
is your post-tax yield to maturity from these bonds?
Solution:

The post-tax interest and maturity value are calculated below:

Bond A Bond B
 * Post-tax interest (C ) 11(1 – 0.34) 9 (1 – 0.34)
=Rs.7.26 =Rs.5.94
* Post-tax maturity value (M) 100 - 100 -
[ (100-80)x 0.1] [ (100 – 70)x 0.1]
=Rs.98 =Rs.97
The post-tax YTM, using the approximate YTM formula is calculated below
7.26 + (98-80)/8
Bond A : Post-tax YTM = --------------------
0.6 x 80 + 0.4 x 98
= 10.91%
5.94 + (97 – 70)/9
Bond B : Post-tax YTM = ----------------------
0.6x 70 + 0.4 x 97
= 11.06 %

10. You are considering investing in one of the following bonds:

Coupon rate Maturity Price/Rs.1000 par value

Bond A 12% 7 yrs Rs. 930
Bond B 8% 5 yrs Rs. 860

Your income tax rate is 33 percent and your capital gains tax is effectively 10 percent. Capital gains
taxes are paid at the time of maturity on the difference between the purchase price and par value. What
is your post-tax yield to maturity from these bonds?

Solution:

The post-tax interest and maturity value are calculated below:

Bond A Bond B

* Post-tax interest (C) 120(1 – 0.33) 80 (1 – 0.33)

= Rs.80.40 = Rs.53.6

* Post-tax maturity value (M) 1000 - 1000 -

[(1000-930) x 0.1] [ (1000 – 860)x 0.1]
= Rs. 993 = Rs.986
The post-tax YTM, using the approximate YTM formula is calculated below

80.40 + (993-930)/7
Bond A : Post-tax YTM = --------------------
0.6 x 930 + 0.4 x 993

= 9.36 %
 53.6 + (986 – 860)/5
Bond B : Post-tax YTM = ----------------------
0.6x 860 + 0.4 x 986

= 8.66 %

11. A company's bonds have a par value of Rs.100, mature in 5 years, and carry a coupon rate of 10
percent payable semi-annually. If the appropriate discount rate is 14 percent, what price should the
bond command in the market place?

Solution:
10 5 100
P =  +
t=1 (1.07) t (1.07)10

= Rs.5 x PVIFA (7%, 10) + Rs.100 x PVIF (7%, 10)

= Rs.5 x 7.024 + Rs.100 x 0.508
= Rs. 85.92

12. A company's bonds have a par value of Rs.1000, mature in 8 years, and carry a coupon rate of 14
percent payable semi-annually. If the appropriate discount rate is 12 percent, what price should the
bond command in the market place?

Solution:
16 70 1000
P =  +
t=1 (1.06) t (1.06)16

= Rs.70 x PVIFA(6%, 16) + Rs.1000 x PVIF (6%, 16)

= Rs.70 x 10.106 + Rs.1000 x 0.394
= Rs. 1101.42

4. Consider the following data for government securities:

Face value Interest rate Maturity (years) Current price

Rs. 100,000 0 1 95,000
Rs. 100,000 7% 2 99,500
Rs. 100,000100,000 7% 3 99,200
= 95,000 r1 = 5.26 %
What is the(1forward
+ r1) rate for year 3(r3)?

Solution: 7,000 107,000

99,500 = + r2 = 9.48 %
(1.0526) (1.0526) (1 + r2)

7,000 7,000 107,000

99,200 = + +
(1.0526) (1.0526) (1.0948) (1.0526) (1.0948) (1+r3)

r3 = 7.37 %
5. Consider the following data for government securities:

Face value Interest rate (%) Maturity (years) Current price

100,000 0 1 94,250
100,000 6% 2 99,500
100,000 7% 3 100,500

What is the forward rate for year 3(r3)?

Solution:

100,000
= 94,250 > r1 = 6.10%
(1+r1)

6000 106000 > r2 = 6.46%

99,500 = +
(1.0610) (1.061) (1+r2)

100,500 = 7,000 + 7,000 + 107,000

(1.061) (1.061) (1.0646) (1.061) (1.0646) (1+r3)

r3 = 8.01%
6. Consider the following data for government securities:

Face value Interest rate Maturity (years) Current price

100,000 - 1 94,800
100,000 6% 2 99,500
100,000 7% 3 100,500

What is the forward rate for year 3(r3)?

Solution:

100,000
= 94,800  r1 = 5.49%
(1 + r1)
6,000 106,000
99500 = +  r2 = 7.11%
(1.0549) (1.0549) (1 + r2)
7000 7000 107000
100500 = + +
(1.0549) (1.0549) (1.0711) (1.0549) (1.0711) (1 + r3)
 r = 8.01%

7. You can buy a Rs.1000 par value bond carrying an interest rate of 10 percent (payable annually) and
maturing after 5 years for Rs.970. If the re-investment rate applicable to the interest receipts from this
bond is 15 percent, what will be the yield to maturity?

Solution:

Terminal value of the interest proceeds

= 100 x FVIFA (15%, 5)
= 100 x 6.742
= 674.20

Redemption value = 1,000

Terminal value of the proceeds from the bond = 1,674.20

let r be the yield to maturity. The value of r can be obtained from the equation

970 (1 + r)5 = 1,674.20

r = (1,674.20/970)1/5 -1
= 0.1153 or 11.53 %
8. You can buy a Rs.100 par value bond carrying an interest rate of 8 percent (payable annually) and
maturing after 8 years for Rs.90. If the re-investment rate applicable to the interest receipts from this
bond is 10 percent, what will be your yield to maturity?
Solution:

Terminal value of the interest proceeds

= 8 x FVIFA (10%, 8)
= 8 x 11.436
= 91.49

Redemption value = 100

Terminal value of the proceeds from the bond = 191.49
let r be the yield to maturity. The value of r can be obtained from the equation
8
90 (1 + r) = 191.49
r = (191.49/90)1/8 -1
= 0.099 or 9.9 %

9. Shivalik Combines issues a partly convertible debenture for Rs.900, carrying an interest rate of 12
percent. Rs.300 will get compulsorily converted into two equity shares of Shivalik Combines a year
from now. The expected price per share of Shivalik Combines’s equity a year from now would be
Rs.200. The non-convertible portion will be redeemed in three equal installments of Rs. 200 each at
the end of years 4, 5 and 6 respectively. The tax rate for Shivalik is 35 percent and the net price per
share Shivalik would realise for the equity after a year would be Rs. 180.

(a) What is the value of convertible debenture? Assume that the investors’ required rate of return on
the debt component and the equity component are 12 percent and 16 percent respectively.
(b) What is the post-tax cost of the convertible debenture to Shivalik?

Solution:
(a) No. of shares after conversion in one year = 2
Value of the shares at the price of Rs.200 = 2 x 200 = Rs.400
PV of the convertible portion at the required rate of 16% = 400/1.16 =
Rs.344.82

Payments that would be received from the debenture portion:

Value of the Year Payments PVIF12%,t PV convertible debenture = 344.82 +

632.26 = Rs. 1 108 0.893 96.44 977.08
2 72 0.797 57.38
(b) The 3 72 0.712 51.26 cash flow for Shivalik is worked out
as 4 272 0.636 172.99 under:
5 248 0.567 140.62
6 Year 224 0.507 113.57
Cash flow
    0 Total= 632.26   900
1 =-360-108*(1-0.35) -430
 2 =-72*(1-0.35) -47
3 =-72*(1-0.35) -47
4 =-200-72*(1-0.35) -247
5 =-200-48*(1-0.35) -232
6 =-200-24*(1-0.35) -216

The post-tax cost of the convertible debenture to Shivalik is the IRR of the above cash flow stream.

Let us try a discount rate of 10 %. The PV of the cash flow will then be

= 900 – 430/(1.1) -47/(1.1)2 - 47/(1.1)3 -247/(1.1)4-232/(1.1)5-216/(1.1)6

= 0.25 which is very near to zero.

So the post –tax cost of the convertible debenture to Shivalik is 10%

10. Brilliant Limited issues a partly convertible debenture for 1000, carrying an interest rate of 10 percent.
360 will get compulsorily converted into two equity shares of Brilliant Limited a year from now. The
expected price per share of Brilliant Limited’s equity a year from now would be Rs.300. The non-
convertible portion will be redeemed in four equal installments of Rs.160 each at the end of years 3, 4,
5 and 6 respectively. The tax rate for Brilliant is 33 percent and the net price per share Brilliant would
realise for the equity after a year would be Rs. 220.

(a) What is the value of convertible debenture? Assume that the investors’ required rate of return on
the debt component and the equity component are 13 percent and 18 percent respectively.
(b) What is the post-tax cost of the convertible debenture to Brilliant?

Solution:

(a) No. of shares after conversion in one year = 2

Value of the shares at the price of Rs.300 = 2 x 300 = Rs.600
PV of the convertible portion at the required rate of 18% = 600/1.18 = Rs.508.47
Payments that would be received from the debenture portion:
Year Payments PVIF13%,t PV
1 100 0.885 88.5
2 64 0.783 50.11 Value of the convertible debenture = 508.47 +
610.08 3 224 0.693 155.23 = Rs. 1118.55
4 208 0.613 127.50
(b) 5 192 0.543 104.26
6 176 0.480 84.48
  cash flow
The   for Brilliant isTotal= 610.08
worked out as under:

Year Cash flow

0   1000
1 =-440-100*(1-0.33) -361.80
 2 =-64*(1-0.33) -42.88
3 =-160-64*(1-0.33) -202.88
4 =-160-48*(1-0.33) -192.16
5 =-160-32*(1-0.33) -181.4
6 =-160-16*(1-0.33) -170.72

The post-tax cost of the convertible debenture to Brilliant is the IRR of the above cash flow stream.

Let us try a discount rate of 4 %. The PV of the cash flow will then be
= 1000 – 361.8/(1.04) -42.88/(1.04)2 – 202.88/(1.04)3 -192.16/(1.04)4-181.4/(1.04)5-170.72/(1.04)6
= -16.17

Trying a discount rate of 5 %. The PV of the cash flow will then be

= 1000 – 361.8/ (1.05) -42.88/(1.05)2 – 202.88/(1.05)3

-192.16/(1.05)4-181.4/(1.05)5-170.72/(1.05)6 = 13.66

By extrapolation, we have the IRR = 4 + 16.17/(16.17 + 13.66) = 4.54 %

So the post –tax cost of the convertible debenture to Brilliant is 4.54 %

 CHAPTER 12
BOND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

1. Consider three bonds, A, B and C

Bond A Bond B Bond C
Face value 1,000 1,000 100
Coupon (interest rate)
payable annually 12 percent 13 percent 14 percent

Years to maturity 5 6 7
Redemption value 1,000 1,000 100
Current market price Rs.900 Rs.850 92

What are the (a) yields to maturity (use the approximate formula) (b) durations, and (c) volatilities
of these bonds?
Solution:

(a)

Yield to maturity of bond A, using the approximate formula, is

120 + (1000 – 900)/5
= ------------------------- = 14.89 %
0.4x1000 + 0.6x900

Yield to maturity of bond B, using the approximate formula, is

130 + (1000 – 850)/6
= ----------------------------- = 17.03 %
0.4x1000 + 0.6x850

Yield to maturity of bond C, using the approximate formula, is

14 + (100 – 92)/7
= -------------------------- = 15.91 %
0.4x100 + 0.6x92

(b) Duration of bond A is calculated as under:

Present value at Proportion of the Proportion of the

Year Cash flow 14.89 percent bond's value bond's value x time
1 120 104.45 0.116 0.116
2 120 90.91 0.101 0.201
3 120 79.13 0.088 0.263
4 120 68.87 0.076 0.305
5 1120 559.51 0.620 3.099
  Sum = 902.87 Duration = 3.984
 Duration of bond B is calculated as under:

Present value at Proportion of the Proportion of the bond's

Year Cash flow
17.03 percent bond's value value x time
1 130 111.08 0.130 0.130
2 130 94.92 0.111 0.222
3 130 81.11 0.095 0.284
4 130 69.30 0.081 0.324
5 130 59.22 0.069 0.346
6 1130 439.84 0.514 3.085
  Sum = 855.47 Duration= 4.391

Duration of bond C is calculated as under:

Present value at Proportion of the Proportion of the

Year Cash flow
15.91 percent bond's value bond's value x time
1 14 12.08 0.131 0.131
2 14 10.42 0.113 0.226
3 14 8.99 0.097 0.292
4 14 7.76 0.084 0.336
5 14 6.69 0.073 0.363
6 14 5.77 0.063 0.375
7 114 40.56 0.440 3.077
  Sum = 92.27 Duration= 4.800
c)

Volatility of bond A Volatility of bond B Volatility of bond C

3.984 4.391 4.8

= 3.47 = 3.75 = 4.14
1.1489 1.1703 1.1591

2. A zero coupon bond of Rs 100,000 has a term to maturity of six years and a market yield of 8 percent
at the time of issue.

(a) What is the issue price?

(b) What is the duration of the bond?
(c) What is the modified duration of the bond?
(d) What will be the percentage change in the price of the bond, if the yield declines by 0.3 percentage
points (30 basis points)

Solution:

a. Issue price (1.08)6 = Rs.100,000

Rs.100,000
 Issue price = = Rs.63,017
6
(1.08)

b. The duration of the bond is 6 years. Note that the term to maturity and the duration of a zero coupon
bond are the same.

c. The modified duration of the bond is:

Duration 6
= = 5.556
(1+ yield) (1.08)

d. The percentage change in the price of the bond, if the yield declines by 0.5 percent is:

∆P/ P = - Modified duration x 0.3

= - 5.556 x0.3 = - 1.67 percent

3. A zero coupon bond of Rs 10,000 has a term to maturity of seven years and a market yield of 9
percent at the time of issue.

(a) What is the issue price?

(b) What is the duration of the bond?
(c) What is the modified duration of the bond?
(d) What will be the percentage change in the price of the bond, if the yield declines by 0.25
percentage points (25 basis points)

Solution:

a. Issue price (1.09)7 = Rs.10,000

Rs.10,000
Issue price = = Rs.5470
7
(1.09)

b. The duration of the bond is 7 years. Note that the term to maturity and the duration of a zero coupon
bond are the same.

c. The modified duration of the bond is:

Duration 7
= = 6.422
(1+ yield) (1.09)

d. The percentage change in the price of the bond, if the yield declines by 0.25 percent is:

∆P/ P = - Modified duration x 0.3

 = - 6.422 x 0.25 = - 1.61 percent

4. You are considering the following bond for inclusion in your fixed income portfolio:

Coupon rate 9%
Yield to maturity 9%
Term to maturity 8 years

(a) What is the duration of this bond?

(b) Why is the bond’s duration less than its maturity?
(c) What will be the effect of the following changes on the duration of the bond:
(i) The coupon rate is 6% rather than 9 %
(ii) The yield to maturity is 10% rather than 9%
(iii) The maturity period is seven years rather than 8 years.

Consider one change at a time.

Solution:

a. The duration of a coupon bond is:

1+y (1 + y) + T(c –y)

-
y c [(1 +y)T – 1] + y

y = 9 %, c = 9 %, T = 8 years

So, the duration of the bond is:

1.09 (1.09) + 8 (0.09 – 0.09)

-
0.09 0.09 [(1.09)8 – 1] + 0.09
1.09
12.11 - = 6.031
0.1793

b. Because the bond carries a coupon

c. (i) A decrease in coupon rate from 9 % to 6 % will increase the duration.

(ii) An increase in yield from 9 % to 10 % reduces the duration because the duration of a coupon
bearing bond varies inversely with its yield.
(iii) A decrease in maturity period from 8 years to 7 years decreases the duration.

5. You are considering the following bond for inclusion in your fixed income portfolio:

Coupon rate 12 %
Yield to maturity 12 %
 Term to maturity 10 years

(a) What is the duration of this bond?

Solution:
The duration of a coupon bond is:

1+y (1 + y) + T(c –y)

-
y c [(1 +y)T – 1] + y

y = 12 %, c = 12 %, T = 10 years

So, the duration of the bond is:

1.12 (1.12) + 10 (0.12 – 0.12)

-
0.12 0.12 [(1.12)10 – 1] + 0.12
1.12
9.33 - = 6.325
0.3727

6. A 10-year level annuity has a yield of 9 percent. What is its duration?

Solution:

The duration of a level annuity is:

1 + yield Number of payments

-
yield (1 + yield) No. of payments – 1

Yield = 9 %; No. of payments = 10, So, the duration is:

1.09 10
-
.09 (1.09) 10 – 1

= 12.11 – 7.31 = 4.8 years

7. A 12-year level annuity has a yield of 11 percent. What is its duration?.

Solution:

The duration of a level annuity is:

1 + yield Number of payments

 -
yield (1 + yield) No. of payments – 1

Yield = 11 %; No. of payments = 12

So, the duration is:

1.11 12
-
.11 (1.11) 12 – 1

= 10.09 – 4.80 = 5.29 years

8. A 10 percent coupon bond has a maturity of six years. It pays interest semi-annually. Its yield to
maturity is 4 percent per half year period. What is its duration?

Solution:

The duration is:

1+y (1 + y) + T(c –y)

-
y c [(1 +y)T – 1] + y

1.04 (1.04) + 12 (.05 – .04)

-
.04 .05 [(1.04)12 – 1] + 0.04

= 26 – 16.56 = 9.44 half year periods.

9. An eight percent coupon bond has a maturity of 4 years. It pays interest semi-annually. Its yield to
maturity is 3 percent per half year period. What is its duration?

Solution:

The duration is:

1+y (1 + y) + T(c –y)

-
y c [(1 +y)T – 1] + y

1.03 (1.03) + 8 (.04 – .03)

-
.03 .04 [(1.03)8 – 1] + 0.03
 = 34.33 – 27.29 = 7.04 half year periods. / 8%/240,000/13

10. An insurance company has an obligation to pay Rs 652,710 after 13 years. The market interest rate is
8 percent, so the present value of the obligation is Rs 240,000. The insurance company’s portfolio
manager wants to fund the obligation with a mix of 10 year bonds and perpetuities paying annual
coupons. How much should he invest in these two instruments?

Solution:

The liability has a duration of thirteen years. The duration of the zero coupon bond is 10 years and the
duration of the perpetuities is: 1.08/ 0.08 = 13.5 years.

As the portfolio duration is 13 years, if w is the proportion of investment in zero coupon bonds, we
have

(wx10) + (1-w)x 13.5 = 13

10w + 13.5 – 13.5w= 13
w=0.143 and 1-w= 0. 857

Therefore the amount to be invested in zero coupon bonds is

240,000 x 0.143 = Rs. 34,320 and the amount to be invested in perpetuities is
Rs. 205,680

11. An insurance company has an obligation to pay Rs. 325,784 after 9 years. The market interest rate is 9
percent, so the present value of the obligation is Rs. 150,000. The insurance company’s portfolio
manager wants to fund the obligation with a mix of seven year bonds and perpetuities paying annual
coupons. How much should he invest in these two instruments?

Solution:

The liability has a duration of nine years. The duration of the zero coupon bond is 5 years and the
duration of the perpetuities is: 1.09/ 0.09 = 12.11 years.

As the portfolio duration is 9 years, if w is the proportion of investment in zero coupon bonds, we have
(wx5) + ( 1-w)x 12.11 = 9
5w + 12.11 – 12.11w = 9
w=0.437 and 1-w= 0. 563

Therefore the amount to be invested in zero coupon bonds is

150,000 x 0. 437 =Rs. 65,550 and the amount to be invested in perpetuities is Rs. 84,450.

12. A Rs 1,000,000 par six-year maturity bond with a 8 percent coupon rate (paid annually) currently sells
at a yield to maturity of 7 percent. A portfolio manager wants to forecast the total return on the bond
over the coming four years, as his horizon is four years. He believes that four years from now, two-
year maturity bonds will sell at a yield of 5 percent and the coupon income can be reinvested in short-
 term securities over the next three years at a rate of 5 percent. What is the expected annualised rate of
return over the four year period?

Solution:

Current price = 80,000 PVIFA (7 %, 6 years) + 1,000,000 PVIF (7%, 6 years)

= 80,000 x 4.766 + 1,000,000 x 0. 666
= 381,280 + 666,000
= 1,047,280

Forecast price = 80,000 PVIFA( 5 %, 2 years) + 1,000,000 PVIF ( 5%, 2 years)

= 80,000 x 1.859 + 1,000,000x 0.907 = 148,720 + 907,000
= 1,055,720

Future value of reinvested coupon

= 80,000 ( 1.05)3 + 80,000 ( 1.05)2 + 80,000 ( 1.05) + 80,000

= 344,810

344,810+ (1,055,720-1,047,280)
Four year return = ---------------------------------------- = 0.3373
1,047,280

The expected annualised return over the four year period will be

(1. 3373)1/4 – 1 = 0.0754 or 7.54 %

13. A Rs 100,000 par ten-year maturity bond with a 12 percent coupon rate (paid annually) currently sells
at a yield to maturity of 10 percent. A portfolio manager wants to forecast the total return on the bond
over the coming five years, as his horizon is five years. He believes that five years from now, five-
year maturity bonds will sell at a yield of 9 percent and the coupon income can be reinvested in short-
term securities over the next four years at a rate of 8 percent. What is the expected annualised rate of
return over the five year period?

Solution:

Current price = 12,000 PVIFA (10 %, 10 years) + 100,000 PVIF (10%, 10 years)
= 12,000 x 6.145 + 100,000 x 0. 386
= 73,740 + 38,600
= 112,340

Forecast price = 12,000 PVIFA (9 %, 5 years) + 100,000 PVIF (9%, 5 years)

= 12,000 x 3.890 + 100,000x 0.650
= 46,680 + 65,000
= 111,680
Future value of reinvested coupon

= 12,000 ( 1.08)4 + 12,000 ( 1.08)3 +12,000 ( 1.08)2 +12,000 ( 1.08) + 12,000

= 70,399

70,399+ (111,680-112,340)
Five year return = ---------------------------------------- = 0. 6208
112,340

The expected annualised return over the five year period will be
(1. 6208)1/5 – 1 = 0.1014 or 10.14 %
 CHAPTER 13
EQUITY VALUATION

1. The share of a certain stock paid a dividend of Rs.3.00 last year. The dividend is expected to grow at a
constant rate of 8 percent in the future. The required rate of return on this stock is considered to be 15
percent. How much should this stock sell for now? Assuming that the expected growth rate and
required rate of return remain the same, at what price should the stock sell 3 years hence?

Solution:

Do = Rs.3.00, g = 0.08, r = 0.15

Po = D1 / (r – g) = Do (1 + g) / (r – g)

= Rs.3.00 (1.08) / (0.15 - 0.08)

= Rs.46.29

Assuming that the growth rate of 8% applies to market price as well, the market price at the end of the 3 rd
year will be:

P2 = Po x (1 + g)3 = Rs.46.29 (1.08)3

= Rs. 58.31

2. The share of a certain stock paid a dividend of Rs.10.00 last year. The dividend is expected to grow at
a constant rate of 15 percent in the future. The required rate of return on this stock is considered to be
18 percent. How much should this stock sell for now? Assuming that the expected growth rate and
required rate of return remain the same, at what price should the stock sell 4 years hence?

Solution:

Do = Rs.10.00, g = 0.15, r = 0.18

Po = D1 / (r – g) = Do (1 + g) / (r – g)

= Rs.10.00 (1.15) / (0.18 - 0.15)

= Rs.383.33

Assuming that the growth rate of 15% applies to market price as well, the market price at the end of
the 4th year will be:

P2 = Po x (1 + g)4 = Rs.383.33 (1.15)4

= Rs. 669.87
3. The equity stock of Hansa Limited is currently selling for Rs.280 per share. The dividend expected
next is Rs.10.00. The investors' required rate of return on this stock is 14 percent. Assume that the
constant growth model applies to Max Limited. What is the expected growth rate of Max Limited?

Solution:

Po = D1 / (r – g)

Rs.280 = Rs.10 / (0.14 – g)

0.14 –g = 10/280 = 0.0357

g = 0.14-0.0357 = 0.1043or 10.43 %

4. The equity stock of Amulya Corporaion is currently selling for Rs.1200 per share. The dividend
expected next is Rs.25.00. The investors' required rate of return on this stock is 12 percent. Assume
that the constant growth model applies to Max Limited. What is the expected growth rate of Max
Limited?

Solution:

Po = D1 / (r – g)

Rs.1200 = Rs.25 / (0.12 – g)

0.12 –g = 25/1200 = 0.0208

g = 0.12-0.0208 = 0.0992 or 9.92 %

5. Sloppy Limited is facing gloomy prospects. The earnings and dividends are expected to decline at the
rate of 5 percent. The previous dividend was Rs.2.00. If the current market price is Rs.10.00, what rate
of return do investors expect from the stock of Sloppy Limited?

Solution:

Po = D1/ (r – g) = Do(1+g) / (r – g)
Do = Rs.2.00, g = -0.05, Po = Rs.10
So,
10 = 2.00 (1- .05) / (r-(-.05)) = 1.90 / (r + .05)

r +0.05 = 1.90/10 = 0.19

r = 0.19 – 0.05 = 0.14

6. Mammoth Corporation is facing gloomy prospects. The earnings and dividends are expected to decline
at the rate of 10 percent. The previous dividend was Rs.3.00. If the current market price is Rs.25.00,
what rate of return do investors expect from the stock of Mammoth Limited?

Solution:

Po = D1/ (r – g) = Do(1+g) / (r – g)

Do = Rs.3.00, g = -0.10, Po = Rs.25

So,
25 = 3.00 (1- .10) / (r-(-.10)) = 2.7 / (r + .10)

r +0.10 = 2.7/25 = 0.108

r = 0.108 – 0.10 = 0.008 or 0.8 percent

7. The current dividend on an equity share of Omega Limited is Rs.8.00 on an earnings per share of Rs
30.00.

(i) Assume that the dividend per share will grow at the rate of 20 percent per year for the next 5 years
Thereafter, the growth rate is expected to fall and stabilise at 12 percent.

Investors require a return of 15 percent from Omega’s equity shares. What is the intrinsic value of
Omega’s equity share?

Solution:
(ii) Assume that the growth rate of 20 percent will decline linearly over a five year period and then
stabilise at 12 percent. What is the intrinsic value of Omega’s share if the investors’ required rate of
return is 15 percent?

Solution:

D0 [ ( 1 + gn) + H ( ga - gn)]
P0 =
r - gn

8 [ (1.12) + 2.5 ( 0.20 - 0.12 )]

=
0.15 - 0.12

= Rs. 352

8. The current dividend on an equity share of Magnum Limited is Rs.4.00.

(i) Assume that Magnum’s dividend will grow at the rate of 18 percent per year for the next 5 years
Thereafter, the growth rate is expected to fall and stabilise at 10 percent. Equity investors require a
return of 15 percent from Magnum’s equity shares. What is the intrinsic value of Magnum’s equity
share?

Solution:

g1 = 18%, g2 = 10%, n = 5 yrs, r = 15%

D1 = 4 (1.18) = Rs.4.72
n
1 + g1
1–
1+r D1 (1 + g1) n – 1 (1 + g2) 1
P0 = D 1 + x
r – g1 r – g2 (1 + r)n
5
1.18
1-
1.15 4.72 (1.18)4 (1.10) 1
= 4.72 + x
0.15 – 0.18 0.15 – 0.10 (1.15)5

= 21.62 + 100.12
= 121.74
 (ii) Assume now that the growth rate of 18 percent will decline linearly over a period of 4years and then
stabilise at 10 percent . What is the intrinsic value per share of Magnum, if investors require a return
of 15 percent ?
Solution:

(1 + gn) + H (ga – gn)

P0 = D 0
r – gn

(1.10) + 2 (0.18 – 0.10)

= 4.00
0.15 – 0.10

= Rs.100.8

9. The current dividend on an equity share of Omex Limited is Rs. 5.00 on an earnings per share of Rs.
20.00.

(i) Assume that the dividend will grow at a rate of 18 percent for the next 4 years. Thereafter, the growth
rate is expected to fall and stabilize at 12 percent. Equity investors require a return of 15 percent from
Omex’s equity share. What is the intrinsic value of Omex’s equity share?

Solution:

g1 = 18 %, g2 = 12 %, n = 4yrs , r = 15%

D1 = 5 (1.18) = Rs. 5.90

n
1+ g1
1-
Po = D1 1+ r D1 (1 + g1)n - 1 (1 + g2 ) 1
+ x
r - g1 r - g2 ( 1 + r )n
4
1.18
1 -
= 5.90 1.15 5.90 ( 1.18 )3 ( 1.12 ) 1
+ x
0.15 - 0.18 0.15 - 0.12 ( 1.15)4

= 21.34 + 206.92

= Rs. 228.35
10. Keerthi Limited is expected to give a dividend of Rs.5 next year and the same would grow by 12
percent per year forever. Keerthi pays out 60 percent of its earnings. The required rate of return on
Keerthi’s stock is 15 percent. What is the PVGO?

Solution:

Po = D1
r–g
Po = 5 = Rs. 166.67
0.15-0.12
Po = E1 + PVGO
r
Po = 8.33 + PVGO
0.15
166.67 = 55.53 + PVGO

So, PVGO = 111.14

11. Adinath Limited is expected to give a dividend of Rs.3 next year and the same would grow by 15
percent per year forever. Adinath pays out 30 percent of its earnings. The required rate of return on
Adinath’s stock is 16 percent. What is the PVGO?

Solution:

Po = D1
r–g
Po = 3 = Rs. 300
0.16-0.15
Po = E1 + PVGO
r
Po = 10 + PVGO
0.16
300 = 62.5 + PVGO

So, PVGO = 237.5

12. The balance sheet of Cosmos Limited at the end of year 0 (the present point of time) is as follows.

Rs. in crore
Liabilities Assets
  Shareholders’ funds 500  Net fixed assets 550
 Equity capital 200  Net working capital 200
(20 crore shares of
Rs. 10 each)
 Reserves and surplus 300
 Loan funds( rate
10 percent) 250
750 750

The return on assets( NOPAT) is expected to be 18 percent of the asset value at the beginning of each
year. The growth rate in assets and revenues will be 30 percent for the first three years, 18 percent for
the next two years, and 10 percent thereafter.
The effective tax rate of the firm is 34 percent, the pre-tax cost of debt is 10 percent and the cost of
equity is 24 percent. The debt-equity ratio of the firm will be maintained at 1:2. Calculate the intrinsic
value of the equity share.

Free Cash Flow Forecast

Rs. In crore
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Asset value (Beginning) 750.0 975.0 1267.50 1647.75 1944.35 2294.33
NOPAT 135.0 175.50 228.15 296.60 349.98 412.98
Net investment 225.00 292.50 380.25 296.60 349.98 229.43
FCF (90.0) (117.0) (152.1) - - 183.55
Growth rate (%) 30 30 30 20 20 10

3. The weighted average cost of capital is:

WACC = (2/3) x 24 + (1/3) x 10 (1-0.34) = 18.2 percent

4. The horizon value of the firm = (183.55 x 1.10) /(0.182-0.10) = 2462.26 crores

5. The enterprise value is:

-90.00 117 152.1 0
EV = - 2 - +
(1.182) (1.182) (1.182)3 (1.182)4

0 183.55 2462.26
+ 5 + +
(1.182) (1.182)6 (1.182)6
= Rs. 718.19 crores
6. The equity value is:

Enterprise value - Debt value = 718.19 – 250.0 = Rs. 468.19Crores

 7. The value per share is:

Rs. 468.19/ 20 crore = Rs. 23.41

13. The balance sheet of Oriental Limited at the end of year 0 (the present point of time) is as follows.

Rs. in crore
Liabilities Assets
 Shareholders’ funds 200  Net fixed assets 400
 Equity capital 100  Net working capital 200
(10 crore shares of
Rs. 10 each)
 Reserves and surplus 100
 Loan funds ( rate
10percent) 400
600 600

The return on assets ( NOPAT) is expected to be 15 percent of the asset value at the beginning of each
year. The growth rate in assets and revenues will be 25 percent for the first two years, 15 percent for
the next two years, and 8 percent thereafter.
The effective tax rate of the firm is 32 percent , the pre-tax cost of debt is 11 percent and the cost of
equity is 22 percent. The debt-equity ratio of the firm will be maintained at 2:1. Calculate the intrinsic
value of the equity share.

Free Cash Flow Forecast

Rs. In crore
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Asset value (Beginning) 600.0 750.0 937.50 1078.12 1239.84
NOPAT 90.0 112.50 140.62 161.72 185.98
Net investment 150.0 187.50 140.62 161.72 99.19
FCF (60.0) (75.0) ---- --- 86.79
Growth rate (%) 25 25 15 15 8

3. The weighted average cost of capital is:

WACC = (1/3) x 22 + (2/3) x 11 (1-0.32) = 12.32 percent

4. The horizon value of the firm is

 FCFH+1 86.79 x 1.08
VH = + = 2169.75
r–g 0.1232 – 0.08

5. The enterprise value is:

-60.00 75 86.79 2169.75

EV = (1.1232 - + + (1.1232)5
(1.1232)2 (1.1232)5
)
= Rs. 1149.42 crores

6. The equity value is:

Enterprise value - Debt value = 1149.42– 400 = Rs. 749.42 Crores

7. The value per share is:

Rs. 749.42 / 10 = Rs. 74.94

 CHAPTER 15
COMPANY ANALYSIS

1. Modern Industries Limited is a diversified company with a fairly strong position in certain segments.
The financials of the company for the last five years are given below:

Rs. in crore

Income Statement Summary 20X1 20X2 20X3 20X4 20X5

 Net sales 560 610 630 685 744
 Profit before interest and tax 80 91 100 118 124
 Interest 20 22 23 25 27
 Profit before tax 60 69 77 93 97
 Tax 20 24 25 30 31
 Profit after tax 40 45 52 63 66
 Dividends 10 12 14 16 16

Balance Sheet Summary

 Equity capital (Rs.5 par) 50 50 50 50 50
 Reserves and surplus 200 233 271 318 368
 Loan funds 120 130 135 140 143
 Capital employed 370 413 456 508 561
 Net fixed assets 250 270 306 343 373
 Investments 20 21 25 30 28
 Net current assets 100 122 125 135 160
 Total assets 370 413 456 508 561
 Market price per share (year end) 35 40 51 57 65

The year 20X5 has just ended. The current market price per share is Rs.65.

(a) Calculate the following for the past 2 years : return on equity, book value per share, EPS, PE ratio
(prospective)
(b) Calculate the CAGR of sales and EPS for the period 20X1 - 20X5.
(c) Calculate the sustainable growth rate based on the average retention ratio and the average return on
equity for the past 2 years.
(d) Decompose the ROE for the last two years in terms of five factors.
(e) Estimate the EPS for the next year (20X6) using the following assumptions: (i) Net sales will grow at
12%. (ii) PBIT / Net sales ratio will improve by 1% over its 20X5 value. (iii) Interest will increase by 8
percent over its 20X5 value. (iv) Effective tax rate will be 30 percent.
(f) Derive the PE ratio using the constant growth model. For this purpose use the following assumptions: (i)
The dividend payout ratio for 20X6 will be equal to the average dividend payout ratio for the period
20X4 - 20X5. (ii) The required rate of return is estimated with the help of the CAPM (Risk-free return =
8%, Market risk premium = 8%, Beta of Modern Industries stock is 0.9). (iii) The expected growth rate
 in dividends is set equal to the product of the average return on equity for the previous two years and the
average retention ratio.

Solution:

a.

20X4 20X5
Return on equity 63 66
= 17.1% = 15.8%
368 418

Book value per share 368 418

= Rs.36.8 = Rs.41.8
10 10

EPS 63 66
= Rs.6.3 = Rs.6.6
10 10
Price per share
(year beginning) Rs.51 Rs.57

PE ratio (prospective) 51 57
= 8.1 = 8.6
6.3 6.6

b.

CAGR in sales:
0.25
744
-1 = 7.36%
560

CAGR in EPS:
0.25
6.6
-1 = 13.34%
4
c.

20X4 20X5 Average

Retention ratio 47 50
= 0.75 = 0.76 0.755
63 66

Return on equity 17.1% 15.8% 16.45%

Sustainable growth rate based on the average retention ratio and average return on equity: 0.755 x 16.45% =
12.4%

d.

PBIT Sales PBT PAT Assets

x x x x = ROE
Sales Assets PBIT PBT Networth

118 685 93 63 508

20X4 x x x x
685 508 118 93 368

17.2% x 1.348 x 0.788 x 0.677 x 1.380 = 17.1%

124 744 97 66 561

20X5 x x x x
744 561 124 97 418

16.7% x 1.326 x 0.782 x 0.680 x 1.342 = 15.8%

e. EPS for 20X6

20X5 20X6 Remarks
Net sales 744 833.3 Increase by 12%
PBIT 124 147.2 Increase in PBIT/Netsales by
1%. It increases from 16.666%
to 17.666%
Interest 27 29.2 Increase by 8%
PBT 97 118
Tax 31 35.4 Tax rate is 30%
PAT 66 82.6
EPS Rs.8.26
f. Payout ratio
PE ratio =
Required return - Sustainable growth rate

Average payout ratio = 0.245

Required return = 8% + 0.9x8%
= 15.2%
= 0.152
Sustainable growth rate (see c) = 0.124
0.245
Value anchor = = Rs.72.28
(0.152 - 0.124)

P/E ratio = 8.75 x 8.26 = 72.28

2. Fenix Corporation was set up fifteen years ago. After few years of initial turbulence the company
found a few market segments in which it had some competitive advantage. The financials of the
company for the last five years are given below:

Rs. in million

Income Statement Summary 20X1 20X2 20X3 20X4 20X5

 Net sales 1200 1320 1400 1510 1630
 Profit before interest and tax 180 195 201 220 242
 Interest 40 44 47 50 56
 Profit before tax 140 151 154 170 186
 Tax 40 43 45 50 54
 Profit after tax 100 108 109 120 132
 Dividends 36 40 40 42 45
 Retained earnings 64 68 69 78 87

Balance Sheet Summary

 Equity capital (Rs.10 par) 120 120 120 120 120
 Reserves and surplus 600 668 737 815 902
 Loan funds 400 445 450 460 505
 Capital employed 1120 1233 1307 1395 1527
 Net fixed assets 728 863 870 920 982
 Investments 100 102 90 104 118
 Net current assets 292 268 347 371 427
 Total assets 1120 1233 1307 1395 1527
 Market price per share (year end) 52 50 55 62 68
The year 20X5 has just ended. The current market price per share is Rs.68. The market price per share at the
beginning of 20X1 was Rs.49.

(a) What was the geometric mean return for the past 5 years ?
(b) Calculate the following for the past 2 years : return on equity, book value per share, EPS, PE ratio
(prospective), market value to book value ratio.
(c) Calculate the CAGR of sales and EPS for the period 20X1 - 20X5.
(d) Calculate the sustainable growth rate based on the average retention ratio and the average return on
equity for the past 2 years.
(e) Decompose the ROE for the last two years in terms of five factors.
(f) Estimate the EPS for the next year (20X6) using the following assumptions : (i) Net sales will grow at
10%. (ii) PBIT / Net sales ratio will improve by 0.5% over its 20X5 value. (iii) Interest will increase by
9 percent over its 20X5 value. (iv) Effective tax rate will be 32 percent.
(g) Derive the PE ratio using the constant growth model. For this purpose use the following assumptions: (i)
The dividend payout ratio for 20X6 will be equal to the average dividend payout ratio for the period
20X4 - 20X5. (ii) The required rate of return is estimated with the help of the CAPM (Risk-free return =
7%, Market risk premium = 7%, Beta of Fenix Corporations’ stock = 0.8). (iii) The expected growth rate
in dividends is set equal to the product of the average return on equity and average retention ratio for the
previous two years.
3. Invensys Tech Ltd was set up 25 years ago. After few years of initial turbulence the company found a
few market segments in which it had some competitive advantage. The financials of the company for
the last five years are given below:

Rs. in million
Income Statement Summary 20 x 1 20 x 2 20 x 3 20 x 4 20 x 5
 Net sales 1800 2160 2500 3010 3800
 Profit before interest & tax 540 610 625 780 1180
 Interest 108 140 150 187 290
 Profit before tax 432 470 475 593 890
 Tax 125 140 142 180 275
 Profit after tax 307 330 333 413 615
 Dividends 108 116 117 165 246
 Retained earnings 199 214 216 248 369
Balance Sheet Summary
 Equity capital (Rs.10 par) 150 150 150 150 150
 Reserves and surplus 800 1014 1230 1478 1847
 Loan funds 200 240 250 275 325
 Capital employed 1150 1404 1630 1903 2322
 Net fixed assets 800 830 950 1170 1530
 Investments 100 110 120 135 140
 Net current assets 250 464 560 598 652
1150 1404 1630 1903 2322
 Market price per share(year ended) 120 176 180 270 462

The year 20x5 has just ended. The current market price per share is Rs.462. The market price per share at
the beginning of 20x1 was Rs.82.
(a) What was the geometric mean return for the past 5 years?
(b) Calculate the following for the past 2 years: return on equity, book value per share, EPS,PE ratio
(Prospective), market value to book value ratio.
(c) Calculate the CAGR of Sales & EPS for the period 20 x 1 – 20 x 5.
(d) Calculate the sustainable growth rate based on the average retention ratio and the average return on
equity for the past 2 years.

(e) Decompose the ROE for the last 2 years in term of five factors.
(f) Estimate the EPS for the next year (20 x 6) using the following assumptions.
(i) Net sales will grow at 30%
(ii) PBIT / Net sales ratio will improve by 1.5% over its 20 x 5 value.
(iii) Interest will increase by 5% over its 20 x 5 value.
(iv) Effective tax rate will be 30%.

(g) Derive the PE ratio using the constant-growth model. For this purpose use the following assumptions.
 (i) The dividend pay out ratio for 20 x 6 will be equal to the average dividend pay out
ratio for the period 20 x 4 – 20 x 5.
(ii) The required rate of return is estimated with the help of the CAPM (Risk free return = 7%, Marke
risk premium = 10%, Beta of Invensys’s Stock = 1.3).
(iii) The expected growth rate in dividends is set equal to the product of the average return on equity an
average retention ratio for the previous 2 years.

Solution:
(a) 20x1 20x2 20x3 20x4 20x5
108 116 117 165 246
= 7.2 = 7.73 = 7.8 = 11 = 16.4
15 15 15 15 15
Return

7.2 + 120 7.73 + 176 7.8 + 180 11 + 270 16.4 + 462

= 1.55 = 1.53 = 1.06 = 1.56 = 1.77
82 120 176 7 180 270
1
/n
(1 + R1) (1 + R2) ---- (1 + Rn) –1
1
/5
(1.55) (1.53) (1.06) (1.56) (1.77) – 1 = 47.33

(b) 20 x 4 20 x 5
413 615
ROE = 25.37 = 30.80
1628 1997
1628 1997
BVPS = 108.53 = 133.13
15 15
307 413 615
EPS = 20.47 = 27.53 = 41
15 15 15
180 270
PER = 6.53 = 6.58
27.53 41
270 462
MV/BV = 2.48 = 3.47
108.53 133.13
248 369
Retention ratio = 0.60 = 0.60
413 615
 ¼
3800
(c) CAGR of sales = – 1 = 20.54
1800
¼
41
,, EPS = – 1 = 18.96
20.47
0.6 + 0.6 25.37 + 30.80
(d) Sustainable growth rate =
2 2
= 0.6 x 28.09 = 16.85%

(e) PBIT Sales PBT PAT Assets

x x x x
Sales Assets PBIT PBT Networth

20 x 4 0.259 x 1.58 x 0.76 x 0.70 x 1.17

20 x 5 0.310 x 1.64 x 0.75 x 0.69 x 1.16

(f) EPS estimate for 20x6

20x5 20x6
Net sales 3800 4940
PBIT 1180 1608
Interest 290 305
PBT 890 1303
Tax 275 391
PAT 615 912
EPS 41 60.8

(g) (i) Avg retention for past 2 years = 0.60

So Avg pay out ratio = 1 – 0.60 = 0.40
(ii) Required rate of return
= 7% + 1.3 x 10% = 20%
(iii) Expected growth rate in dividends
Avg ROE x Avg retention ratio for 2 years
= 0.6 x 28.09 = 16.85%
PE ratio as per constant growth model is:
0.4
= 12.70
20 – 16.85
 CHAPTER 17
OPTIONS

1. A stock is currently selling for Rs.80. In a year’s time it can rise by 50 percent or fall by 20 percent.
The exercise price of a call option is Rs.90.

(i) What is the value of the call option if the risk-free rate is 10 percent? Use the option-equivalent
method.

Solution:

S0 = Rs.80 u = 1.5 d = 0.8

E = Rs.90 r = 0.10 R = 1.10

Cu – Cd 30 – 0 30
∆= = =
(u – d) S 0.7 x 80 56

u Cd – d Cu 1.5 x 0 – 0.8 x 30
B= = = - 31.17
(u – d) R 0.7 x 1.10
C = ∆S + B
30
= x 80 – 31.17
56
= 11.69

(ii) What is the value of the call option if the risk-free rate is 6 percent? Use the risk-neutral method.

Solution:

[P x 50%] + [(1 – P) x – 20%] = 6%

50 P + 20 P = 26  P = 0.37

Expected future value of a call

0.37 x 30 + 0.63 x 0 = Rs.11.10

Rs.11.10
Current value = = Rs.10.47
1.06
2. An equity share is currently selling for Rs 100. In a year’s time it can rise by 30 percent or fall by 10
percent. The exercise price of call option on this share is Rs.110.

(i) What is the value of the call option if the risk – free rate is 7 percent ? Use the option –
equivalent method.
Solution:

S0 = 100, E = 110, u = 1.3, d = 0.9, R = 1.07

Cu – Cd 20 – 0 20
= = = = 0.5
( u – d) S0 0.4 x 100 40

uCd – dCu 1.3 x 0 – 0.9 x 20 - 42.06

B = = =
( u – d) R 0.4 x 1.07

C = S+B = 0.5 x 100 - 42.06 = 7.94

(ii) What is the value of the call option if the risk-free rate is 6 percent? Use the risk – neutral
method.

Solution:

P x 30% + (1-P) x -10% = 6%

30P + 10P - 10 = 6 == P = 0.4

Expected future value of call

0.4 x 20 + 0.6 x 0 = Rs. 8.00

Current value = 8 = Rs. 7.55

1.06

3. An equity share is currently selling for Rs.60. In a year’s time, it can rise by 50 percent or fall by 10
percent. The exercise price of a call option on this share is Rs.70.

a. What is the value of the call option if the risk-free rate is 8 percent? Use the option-equivalent
method.
Solution:

S0 = Rs. 60, E = Rs. 70, u = 1.5, d = 0.9, R = 1.08

Cu - C d 20 - 0 20
Δ = = =
(u - d ) So (0.6) 60 36

u Cd - d C u 1.5 x 0 - 0.9 x 20
B = = = - 27.78
(u - d) R 0.6 x 1.08

C = Δ S + B = 20 / 36 x 60 - 27.78 = Rs. 5.55

b. What is the value of the call option, if the risk-free rate is 6 percent? Use the risk-neutral
method.

Solution:

P x 50 % + ( 1 – P ) x -10% = 6 %

50 P + 10P - 10 = 6 P = 0.27

Expected future value of call

0.27 x 20 + 0.73 x 0 = 5.4
5.4
Current value = Rs. 5.09
1.06

4. The following information is available for a call option:

Time to expiration (months) 3
Risk free rate 8%
Exercise price Rs.60
Stock price Rs.70
Call price Rs.14

What is the value of a put option if the time to expiration is 3 months, risk free rate is 8%, exercise price
is Rs.60 and the stock price is Rs.70?

Hint : Use put-call parity theorem

Solution:
According to put-call parity theorem

P 0 = C0 + E - S0
ert

= 14 + 60 - 70
e .08 x .25
= 14 + 60 - 70 = Rs.2.812
1.0202

5. Consider the following data for a certain share:

Price of the stock now = S0 = Rs.80

Exercise price = E = Rs.90
Standard deviation of continuously compounded annual return =  = 0.3
Expiration period of the call option = 3 months
Risk-free interest rate per annum = 8 percent

(i) What is the value of the call option? Use the normal distribution table and resort to linear
interpolation.

Solution:

S0 = Rs. 80, E = Rs. 90, r = 0.08, σ = 0.3 , t = 0.25

E
Co = So N (d1) - N (d2)
rt
e

So σ2
ln + r + t
E 2
d1 =
σ√t
 0.09
- 0.1178 + ( 0.08 + ) 0.25
2
= = - 0.577
0.3 √ 0.25

d2 = d1 - σ √ t = - 0.577 - 0.3 √ 0.25 = - 0.727

N (d1) = N (- 0.577) N ( - 0.600) = 0.2743

N (- 0.550 ) = 0.2912
N ( -0.577) = 0.2743 +( 0.023 / 0.050) [0.2912 – 0.2743]
= 0.2821

N(d2) = N ( - 0.727) N (- 0.750) = 0.2264

N (- 0.700) = 0.2420
N (- 0.727) = 0.2264 +(0 .023 /.050) [.2420 - .2264]
= 0.2336
90
Co = 80 x 0.2821 - x 0.2336
e 0.08 x 0.25

= 22.5 7 - 20.61 = Rs. 1.96

(ii) What is the value of a put option?

Solution:

E
Po = Co - So +
e rt

90
= 1.96 - 80 + = Rs. 10.18
0.08 x 0.25
e
6. Consider the following data for a certain share.

Current Price = S0 = Rs. 80

Exercise Price = E = Rs. 90

Standard deviation of continuously compounded annual return =  = 0.5

Expiration period of the call option = 3 months
Risk – free interest rate per annum = 6 percent
(i) What is the value of the call option? Use the normal distribution
table given at the end of this booklet and resort to linear interpolation.

Solution:

S0 = Rs. 80 E = Rs. 90
r = 0.06, σ = 0.5, t = 0.25
C0 = S0N(d1) - E N (d2)
ert
d1 = ln S0 r + σ2 t -0.1178 + 0.06 + 0.25 0.25
E + 2 2
=
σ t 0.5 0.25

= - 0.2862

d2 = d1 – σ t = - 0.2862 - 0.5 0.25 = - 0.5362

N(d1) = N ( - 0.2862) N (-0.30) = 0.3821

N (-0.25) = 0.4013
N (-0.2862) = 0.3821 + 0.0138 [ 0.4013 – 0.3821]
0.05
= 0.3874
N(d2) = N( - 0.5362) N (-0.55) = 0.2912
N (-0.50) = 0.3085
N( - 0.5362) = 0.2912 + 0.0138 [ 0.3085 – 0.2912]
0.05
= 0.2960
C0 = 80 x 0.3874 - 90 x0. 2960
e ( .06 x 0.25)
= 30.99 - 26.24
= Rs. 4.75
 (ii) What is the value of a put option?
Solution:

P0 = C0 – S 0 + E
ert
= 4.75 - 80 + 90
.06 x 0.25
e
= Rs. 13.41

7. Consider the following data for a certain stock:

Price of the stock now = S0 = Rs.150

Exercise price = E = Rs.140
Standard deviation of continuously compounded annual return =  = 0.30
Expiration period of the call option = 3 months
Risk-free interest rate per annum = 6 percent

(i) What is the value of the call option? Use normal distribution table and resort to linear
interpolation?

Solution:

C0 = S0 N(d1) – E N(d2)
ert S0 = Rs.150, E = Rs.140, r = 0.06,

ln (S0/E) + (r + 2/2) t  = 0.3, t = 0.25

d1 =
 t
0.069 + (0.06 + 0.09/2) 0.25
= = 0.635
0.30.25
d2 = d1 -  t = 0.485

N (d1) = N (0.635) = 0.7373 N (0.60) = 1 – 0.2743 = 0.7257

N (d2) = N (0.485) = 0.6861 N (0.65) = 1 – 0.2578 = 0.7422
.035
N (0.635) = 0.7257 + (.7422 –.7257)
.05
= 0.7373
140 N (0.45) = 1 – 0.3264 = 0.6736
C0 = 150 x 0.7373 – x 0.6861 N (0.50) = 1 – 0.3085 = 0.6915
.06 x 0.25
e .035
N (0.485) =0.6736 + (.6915 – 0.6736)
.05
=110.60 – 94.62 = Rs.15.98 = 0.6861
 (ii) What is the value of the put option?

Solution:

E
P 0 = C0 – S 0 +
ert

140
= 15.98 – 150 +
e.06 x . 25

= Rs.3.90
 MINICASE

On majoring in finance you have got selected as the finance manager in Navin Exports, a firm owned by
Navin Sharma a dynamic young technocrat. The firm has been registering spectacular growth in recent
years. With a view to broad base its investments, the firm had applied for the shares of Universal Industries
a month back during its IPO and got allotment of 5000 shares thereof. Recently Mr. Sharma had attended a
seminar on capital markets organised by a leading bank and had decided to try his hand in the derivatives
market. So, the very next day you joined the firm, he has called you for a meeting to get a better
understanding of the options market and to know the implications of some of the strategies he has heard
about. For this he has placed before you the following chart of the option quotes of Universal Industries and
requested you to advise him on his following doubts, based on the figures in the chart.

Universal Industries Option Quotes.

(All amounts are in rupees)
Stock Price: 350

Calls Puts
Strike Price Jan Feb March Jan Feb March
300 50 55 - * - - -
320 36 40 43 3 5 7
340 18 20 21 8 11 -
360 6 9 16 18 21 23
380 4 5 6 - 43 -
* A blank means no quotation is available

1. List out the options which are out-of-the-money.

2. What are the relative pros and cons (i.e. risk and reward) of selling a call against the 5000 shares
held, using (i) Feb/380 calls versus (ii) March 320/ calls?

3. Show how to calculate the maximum profit, maximum loss and break-even associated with the
strategy of simultaneously buying say March/340 call while selling March/ 360 call?

4. What are the implications for the firm, if for instance, it simultaneously writes March 360 call and
buys March 320/put?

5. What should be value of the March/360 call as per the Black-Scholes Model? Assume that t=3
months, risk-free rate is 8 percent and the standard deviation is 0.40

6. What should be the value of the March/360 put if the put-call parity is working?
Solution:

1) Calls with strike prices 360 and 380 are out –of –the- money.

2) (i) If the firm sells Feb/380 call on 5000 shares, it will earn a call premium of
Rs.25,000 now. The risk however is that the firm will forfeit the gains that it
would have enjoyed if the share price rises above Rs. 380.
(ii) If the firm sells March 320 calls on 5000 shares, it will earn a call premium of Rs.215,000
now. It should however be prepared to forfeit the gains if the share price remains above
Rs.320.

3) Let s be the stock price, p1 and p2 the call premia for March/ 340 and March/ 360 calls respectively.
When s is greater than 360, both the calls will be exercised and the profit will be {s-340-p 1} – {s-
360- p2} = Rs. 15
The maximum loss will be the initial investment, i.e. p1-p2 = Rs. 5
The break even will occur when the gain on purchased call equals the net premium paid
i.e. s-340 = p1 – p2 =5 Therefore s= Rs. 345

4) If the stock price goes below Rs.320, the firm can execute the put option and ensure that its portfolio
value does not go below Rs. 320 per share. However, if stock price goes above Rs. 380, the call will
be exercised and the stocks in the portfolio will have to be delivered/ sold to meet the obligation,
thus limiting the upper value of the portfolio to Rs. 380 per share. So long as the share price hovers
between R. 320 and Rs. 380, the firm will lose Rs. 1 (net premium received) per pair of call and put.

5)
S0 = 350 E =360 t =0.25 r = 0.07 σ =0.40

350 (0.40)2
ln + 0.07 + x 0.25
360 2
d1 =
0.40 x  0.25

= (-0.0282 + 0.0375) / 0.2 = 0. 0465

d2 = 0.0465 -0.40 √¯0.25¯¯ = -0.1535

Using normal distribution table

N (0.00) = 1- 0.5000 = 0.5000

N (0.05) = 1 – 0.4801 = 0.5199
Therefore N( 0.0465) = 0.5000 + (0.0465/0.0500) x (0.5199 – 0.5000)
= 0.5185
N (- 0.20) = 0.4207
N (-0.15) = 0.4404
Therefore N (-0.1535) = 0.4207 + (0.0465/0.0500) x (0.4404 – 0.4207)
 = 0.4390

E / ert = 360 / e0.07 x 0. 25 = 360 / 1. 01765 = 353.75

C0 = 350 x 0.5185 – 353.75 x 0.4390 = 181.480 – 155.30 = Rs. 26.18

6) If put- call parity is working, we have P0 = C0 – S0 + E/ert

Value of the March/360 put = 26.18 -350 + 353.75
= Rs.29.93
 CHAPTER 18
FUTURES

1. Assume that an investor buys a stock index futures contract on February 1 at 5320. The position is
closed out on February 4 at that day’s closing price. The closing stock index prices on February 1, 2,
3 and 4 were 5310, 5250, 5234 and 5370 respectively. Calculate the cash flow to the investor on a
daily basis. Ignore the margin requirements.

Cash flow to the buyer

February 1 5310 – 5320 = -10

February 2 5250 – 5310 = - 60
February 3 5234 – 5250 = - 16
February 4 5370 – 5234 = 136

2. Assume that an investor buys a stock index futures contract on March 11 at 4800. The position is
closed out on March 14 at that day’s closing price. The closing stock index prices on March 11, 12,
13 and 14 were 4810, 4850, 4874 and 4770 respectively. Calculate the cash flow to the investor on a
daily basis. Ignore the margin requirements.

Cash flow to the buyer

March 11 4810 – 4800 = 10

March 12 4850 – 4810 = 40
March 13 4874 – 4850 = 24
March 14 4770 – 4874 = - 104

3. A non dividend-paying stock has a current price of Rs 80. What will be the futures price if the risk-
free rate is 10 percent and the maturity of the futures contract is 6 months?

F0 = S0 (1+rf)t
= Rs.80 (1.10)0.5
= Rs.83.90

4. A non dividend-paying stock has a current price of Rs 340. What will be the futures price if the risk-
free rate is 9 percent and the maturity of the futures contract is 3 months?

F0 = S0 (1+rf)t
= Rs.340 (1.09)0.25
= Rs. 347.40
4. Suppose a stock index has a current value of 5120. If the risk-free rate is 8 percent and the expected
dividend yield on the index is 2 percent, what should be the price of the one year maturity futures
contract?
 F0 = S0 (1+rf - d)t
= 5120 (1 + 0.08 - .02)1
= 5427

5. Suppose a stock index has a current value of 4985. If the risk-free rate is 7 percent and the expected
dividend yield on the index is 4 percent, what should be the price of the one year maturity futures
contract?

F0 = S0 (1+rf - d)t
= 4985 (1 + 0.07 - .04)1
= 5135

4. The following information about copper scrap is given:

 Spot price : Rs.10,000 per ton
 Futures price : Rs.10,800 for a one year contract
 Interest rate : 12 per cent
 PV (storage costs) : Rs.500 per year

What is the PV (convenience yield) of copper scrap?

Solution:
Futures price
= Spot price + Present value of – Present value
(1+Risk-free rate)1 storage costs of convenience yield

10,800
= 10,000 + 500 – Present value of convenience yield
1
(1.12)

Hence the present value of convenience yield is Rs.857.14 per ton.

5. The following information about gunmetal scrap is given:

 Spot price : Rs.150,000 per ton

 Futures price : Rs.160,000 for a one year contract
 Interest rate : 13 per cent
 PV (storage costs) : Rs.800 per year

What is the PV (convenience yield) of gunmetal scrap?

Solution:

Futures price
 = Spot price + Present value of – Present value
1
(1+Risk-free rate) storage costs of convenience yield

160,000
= 150,000 + 800 – Present value of convenience yield
1
(1.13)

Hence the present value of convenience yield is Rs.9,207 per ton.

 CHAPTER 20
INVESTMENT IN REAL ASSETS

1. Gopal is considering an investment in a commercial property costing Rs. 15 million. Gopal can get a
bank loan of Rs. 6 million at the rate of 11 percent per year, for purchasing the property. The loan will
be repaid in 10 equal instalments; the first instalment will fall due one year from now. Gopal expects
that the property will fetch a rental income of Rs. 1.2 million for the first year; thereafter the rental
income will increase at the rate of 6 percent per year. For the sake of simplicity assume that the rental
income is receivable at the end of the year. After 10 years, the property is expected to fetch a net
salvage value of Rs. 30 million. Gopal’s required hurdle rate for this project is 15 percent and his tax
rate is 30 percent. Is this a worthwhile proposal?

Solution:

The equated annual instalment of the loan

= 6,000,000 / PVIFA( 11% , 10Yrs)
= 6,000,000 / 5.889 = 1,018,849

Amount
Amount
Outstanding Principal
Year Interest Installment Outstanding
in the Repayment
at the End
Beginning
1 6,000,000 660,000 1,018,849 358,849 5,641,151
2 5,641,151 620,527 1,018,849 398,322 5,242,829
3 5,242,829 576,711 1,018,849 442,138 4,800,691
4 4,800,691 528,076 1,018,849 490,773 4,309,918
5 4,309,918 474,091 1,018,849 544,758 3,765,160
6 3,765,160 414,168 1,018,849 604,681 3,160,478
7 3,160,478 347,653 1,018,849 671,196 2,489,282
8 2,489,282 273,821 1,018,849 745,028 1,744,254
9 1,744,254 191,868 1,018,849 826,981 917,273
10 917,273 100,900 1,018,849 917,949 -676

The expected post-tax rental income (PTRI) =0.7 Rental income (1-0.3) + 0.3 Rental income = 0.79
Rental income.

Year
 Rental Interest Principal
Post-tax Post-tax Net Cash
Income Payment Repayment
Interest
Rental Income Flow
Payment
A B = (0.79A) C D=(0.7C) E F=(B-D-E

1 1,200,000 948,000 660,000 462,000 358,849 127,151

2 1,272,000 1,004,880 620,527 434,369 398,322 172,189
3 1,348,320 1,065,173 576,711 403,698 442,138 219,337
4 1,429,219 1,129,083 528,076 369,653 490,773 268,657
5 1,514,972 1,196,828 474,091 331,864 544,758 320,206
6 1,605,871 1,268,638 414,168 289,917 604,681 374,039
7 1,702,223 1,344,756 347,653 243,357 671,196 430,203
8 1,804,356 1,425,441 273,821 191,675 745,028 488,739
9 1,912,618 1,510,968 191,868 134,308 826,981 549,679
10 2,027,375 1,601,626 100,900 70,630 917,949 613,047

IRR is calculated as follows:

127,151 172,189 219,337
9,000,000 = + +
(1+IRR) (1+IRR)2 (1+IRR) 3

268,657 320,206 374,039 430,203

+ + + +
(1+IRR) 4 (1+IRR) 5 (1+IRR) 6 (1+IRR) 7

488,739 549,679 30, 613,047

+ + +
(1+IRR) 8 (1+IRR) 9 (1+IRR) 10
Trying a rate of 15% for IRR, LHS = 8,904,324
Trying a rate of 14% for IRR, LHS = 9,657,822
By extrapolation,
IRR = 14 + (9,657,822– 9,000,000) /(9,657,822–= 8,904,324)
= 14 + 0.87
= 14.87 %
The IRR (14.87 percent) is lower than the hurdle rate (15.00 percent). So, it is not a worthwhile
investment proposal.
2. In problem 1, assume that Gopal collects a deposit equal to 3 years’ rent, but the rental income
increases by 30 percent every five years. What will be the IRR of the proposal?
 Solution:

The net cash flow from the rental income will change as under:

Rental Interest Principal

Post-tax Post-tax Net Cash
Income Payment Repayment
Year
Rental Interest  
  Income   Payment Flow

A B = (0.79A) C D=(0.7C) E F=(B-D-E)

1 1,200,000 948,000 660,000 462,000 358,849 127,151

2 1,200,000 948,000 620,527 434,369 398,322 115,309
3 1,200,000 948,000 576,711 403,698 442,138 102,164
4 1,200,000 948,000 528,076 369,653 490,773 87,574
5 1,200,000 948,000 474,091 331,864 544,758 71,378
6 1,560,000 1,232,400 414,168 289,917 604,681 337,802
7 1,560,000 1,232,400 347,653 243,357 671,196 317,847
8 1,560,000 1,232,400 273,821 191,675 745,028 295,697
9 1,560,000 1,232,400 191,868 134,308 826,981 271,111
10 1,560,000 1,232,400 100,900 70,630 917,949 243,821

127,151 115,309 102,164

5,400,000 = + +
(1+IRR) (1+IRR)2 (1+IRR) 3

57,574 71,378 337,802 317,847

+ + + +
(1+IRR) 4 (1+IRR) 5 (1+IRR) 6 (1+IRR) 7

295,697 271,111 26, 643,821

+ + +
(1+IRR) 8 (1+IRR) 9 (1+IRR) 10

Trying a rate of 18% for IRR, LHS = 5,784,508

Trying a rate of 19% for IRR, LHS = 5,344,397

By extrapolation,

IRR = 18 + (5,784,508 – 5,400,000) /(5,784,508- 5,344,397)

= 18 + 0.87
= 18.87 %
3. Rahul is considering an investment in a commercial property costing Rs. 35 million. Rahul can get a
bank loan of Rs. 15 million at the rate of 13 percent per year, for purchasing the property. The loan
will be repaid in 8 equal instalments; the first instalment will fall due one year from now. Rahul
expects that the property will fetch a rental income of Rs. 3.5 million for the first year; thereafter the
rental income will increase at the rate of 8 percent per year. For the sake of simplicity assume that the
rental income is receivable at the end of the year. After 8 years, the property is expected to fetch a net
salvage value of Rs. 50 million. Rahul’s required hurdle rate for this project is 14 percent. His tax rate
is 30 percent.

a) Is this a worthwhile proposal?

b) Assuming that Rahul collects a deposit equal to 2 years’ rent, but the rental income increases by
only 5 percent every year, what will be the IRR of the proposal?

Solution:
a)
The equated annual instalment of the loan
= 15,000,000 / PVIFA (13% , 8 Yrs)
= 15,000,000 / 4.799 = 3,125,651

Amount
Amount
Outstanding Principal
Year Interest Installment Outstanding
in the Repayment
at the End
Beginning
1 15,000,000 1,950,000 3,125,651 1,175,651 13,824,349
2 13,824,349 1,797,165 3,125,651 1,328,486 12,495,863
3 12,495,863 1,624,462 3,125,651 1,501,189 10,994,675
4 10,994,675 1,429,308 3,125,651 1,696,343 9,298,331
5 9,298,331 1,208,783 3,125,651 1,916,868 7,381,463
6 7,381,463 959,590 3,125,651 2,166,061 5,215,403
7 5,215,403 678,002 3,125,651 2,447,649 2,767,754
8 2,767,754 359,808 3,125,651 2,765,843 1,911

The expected post-tax rental income (PTRI) =0.7 Rental income (1-0.3) + 0.3 Rental income = 0.79
Rental income.

Post-tax Post-tax
Rental Interest Principal Net Cash
Year Rental Interest
income Payment Repayment Flow
Income Payment
A B=(0.79A) C D=(0.7C) E F=(B-D-E)
 1 3,500,000 2,765,000 1,950,000 1,365,000 1,175,651 224,349
2 3,780,000 2,986,200 1,797,165 1,258,016 1,328,486 399,699
3 4,082,400 3,225,096 1,624,462 1,137,124 1,501,189 586,784
4 4,408,992 3,483,104 1,429,308 1,005,515 1,696,343 786,245
5 4,761,711 3,761,752 1,208,783 846,148 1,916,868 998,736
6 5,142,648 4,062,692 959,590 671,713 2,166,061 1,224,918
7 5,554,060 4,387,708 678,002 474,602 2,447,649 1,465,457
8 5,998,385 4,738,724 359,808 251,866 2,765,843 1,721,016

IRR is calculated as follows:

224,349 399,699 586,784 1,465,457

20,000,000 = + + +
(1+IRR) (1+IRR)2 (1+IRR) 3 (1+IRR)4

786,245 998,736 1,224,918 51,721,016

+ + + +
(1+IRR) 5 (1+IRR) 6 (1+IRR) 7 (1+IRR) 8

Trying a rate of 15% for IRR, LHS = 19,817,400

Trying a rate of 14% for IRR, LHS = 21,159,626

By extrapolation,

IRR = 14 + (21,159,626– 20,000,000) /(21,159,626– 19,817,400)

= 14 + 0.86
= 14.86 %

The IRR (14.86 percent) is more than the hurdle rate (14 percent). So, it is a worthwhile investment
proposal.

b) If the rental income increases by only 5 percent every year, the net cash flow from rent will be as
under.

Rental Interest Principal

Post-tax Post-tax Net Cash
Income Payment Repayment
Year
Rental Interest
Flow
Income Payment
A B = (0.79A) C D=(0.7C) E F=(B-D-E)
       
1 3,500,000 2,765,000 1,950,000 1,365,000 1,175,651 224,349
2 3,675,000 2,903,250 1,797,165 1,258,016 1,328,486 316,749
3 3,858,750 3,048,413 1,624,462 1,137,124 1,501,189 410,100
 4 4,051,688 3,200,833 1,429,308 1,000,515 1,696,343 503,974
5 4,254,272 3,360,875 1,208,783 846,148 1,916,868 597,859
6 4,466,985 3,528,919 959,590 671,713 2,166,061 691,145
7 4,690,335 3,705,364 678,002 474,602 2,447,649 783,114
8 4,924,851 3,890,633 359,808 251,866 2,765,843 872,924

224,349 316,749 410,000 503,974

13,000,000 = + +
(1+IRR) (1+IRR)2 (1+IRR) 3 (1+IRR) 4

597,859 691,145 783,114 43,872,924

+ + + +
(1+IRR)5 (1+IRR) 6 (1+IRR)7 (1+IRR) 8

Trying a rate of 18% for IRR, LHS = 13,362,217

Trying a rate of 14% for IRR, LHS = 12,542,436

By extrapolation,

IRR = 18 + (13,362,217– 13,000,000) /( 13,362,217– 12,542,436)

= 18 + 0.44 = 18.44 %
 CHAPTER 21
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

1. A fund begins with Rs 250 million and reports the following results for three periods:
Period
1 2 3
Rate of return 8% 18% 12%
Net inflow (end of period)
Rs in million 10 18 0

Compute the arithmetic, time-weighted, and rupee-weighted average returns.

Solution

(a) The arithmetic average return is:

(8 + 18 + 12)/3 = 12.67 % per period

(b) The time-weighted (geometric average) return is:

[(1 + .08) x (1 + .18) x (1 + .12]1/3 – 1 = .1260 or 12.6 % per period.

(c) The rupee-weighted average (IRR) return is computed below:

Period

1 2 3
Rate of return earned 8% 18% 12%
Beginning value of assets 250 280 348.40
Investment profit during the
period (Rate of return Assets) 20 50.40 41.81
Net inflow at the end 10 18 –
Ending value of assets 280 348.40 390.21
Time
0 1 2 3
Net cash flow – 250 – 10 – 18 390.21

The IRR of this sequence is

250 10 18 390.21
+ =
+ (1+r) (1+r)2 (1+r)3
r = 12.6 percent
2. A fund begins with Rs. 160 million and reports the following results for three periods:
Period
1 2 3
Rate of return 12% 24% 15%
Net inflow (end of period)
Rs in million 25 40 0

Compute the arithmetic, time-weighted, and rupee-weighted average returns.

Solution

(a) The arithmetic average return is:

(12 + 24 + 15)/3 = 17 % per period

(b) The time-weighted (geometric average) return is:

[(1 + .12) x (1 + .24) x (1 + .15]1/3 – 1 = 0.169 or 16.9 % per period.

(c) The rupee-weighted average (IRR) return is computed below:

Period

1 2 3
Rate of return earned 12% 24% 15%
Beginning value of assets 160 204.2 293.2
Investment profit during the
period (Rate of return ´ Assets)19.2 49 43.98
Net inflow at the end 25 40 –
Ending value of assets 204.2 293.2 337.18
Time
0 1 2 3
Net cash flow – 160 – 25 – 40 337.18

The IRR of this sequence is

160 25 40 337.18
+ =
+ (1+r) (1+r)2 (1+r)3

r = 17 percent

3. Consider the following information for three mutual funds, L, M, and N, and the market.
Mean return (%) Standard deviation (%) Beta
 L 15 20 1.6
M 12 11 0.8
N 18 15 1.3
Market index 13 14 1.00

The mean risk-free rate was 8 percent. Calculate the Treynor measure, Sharpe measure, Jensen measure and
M2 for the three mutual funds and the market index.

Solution
Rp – Rf
Treynor Measure :
p
15 – 8
Fund L : = 4.37
1.6
12 – 8
Fund M : = 5.00
0.8
18 – 8
Fund N : = 7.69
1.3
13 – 8
Market index : = 5.00
1.0
Rp – Rf
Sharpe Measure :
p
15 – 8
Fund L : = 0.35
20
12 – 8
Fund M : = 0.36
11
18 – 8
Fund N : = 0.67
15
13 – 8
Market index : = 0.36
14
Jensen Measure: Rp – [Rf + p (RM – Rf)]
Fund L: 15 – [8 + 1.6 (5)] = - 1
Fund M: 12 – [8 + 0.8 (5)] = 0
Fund N 18 – [8 + 1.3 (5)] = 3.5
Market Index: 0 (By definition)
M2 = rp* - rM
Fund L: ( 0.7 x 15 + 0.3 x 8 ) – 13 = - 0.1
Fund M: ( 1.273 x 12 - 0.273 x 8 ) – 13 = 0.092
Fund N ( 0.93 x 18 + 0.07 x 8 ) – 13 = 4.3
Market Index: 0
4. Consider the following information for three mutual funds, X, Y, and Z, and the market.
Mean return (%) Standard deviation (%) Beta
X 24 22 1.8
Y 16 14 1.2
Z 12 13 0.8
Market index 10 10 1.00

The mean risk-free rate was 7 percent. Calculate the Treynor measure, Sharpe measure, Jensen measure and
M2 for the three mutual funds and the market index.

Solution

Treynor Measure : Rp – Rf
p
24 – 7
Fund X : = 9.44
1.8
16 – 7
Fund Y : = 7.5
1.2
12 – 7
Fund Z : = 6.25
0.8
10 – 7
Market index : = 3.00
1.0
Rp – Rf
Sharpe Measure :
p
24 –7
Fund X : = 0.77
22
16 – 7
Fund Y : = 0.64
14
12 – 7
Fund Z : = 0.38
13
Market index 10 – 7
: = 0.30
10
Jensen Measure: Rp – [Rf + p (RM – Rf)]
Fund X: 24 – [7 + 1.8 (3)] = 11.6
Fund Y: 16 – [7 + 1.2 (3)] = 5.4
Fund Z 12 – [7 + 0.8 (3)] = 2.6
Market Index: 0 (By definition)
M2 = rp* - rM
Fund X : (0.455 x 24 + 0.545 x 7 ) – 10 = 4.735
Fund Y (0.714 x 16 + 0.286 x 7 ) – 10 = 3.426
Fund Z (0. 769 x 12 + 0.231 x 7 ) – 10 = 0.845
Market Index: 0

APPENDIX 21A

1. Show the pay off from an initial investment of 100,000 when the market moves from 100 to 60 and
back to 100 under the following policies:

 A drifting asset allocation policy.

 A balanced asset allocation policy under which the stock-bond mix is 70:30

A CPPI policy which takes the form:

Investment in stocks = 2 (portfolio value – 60,000).

Solution:

  Drifting Asset Allocation Policy

Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 40,000 60,000 100,000
60 24,000 60,000 84,000
100 40,000 60,000 100,000

  Constant Mix Policy

Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 70,000 30,000 100,000
60 50,400 21,600 72,000
100 73,920 31,680 105,600

  CPPI Policy
Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 80,000 20,000 100,000
60 16,000 52,000 68,000
100 37,333 41,333 78,667

2. Show the pay off from an initial investment of 500,000 when the market moves from 100 to 70 and
back to 100 under the following policies:
 A drifting asset allocation policy.
 A balanced asset allocation policy under which the stock-bond mix is 60:40
 A CPPI policy which takes the form: Investment in stocks = 1.5 (portfolio value – 300,000

  Drifting Asset Allocation Policy

 Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 400,000 100,000 500,000
70 280,000 100,000 380,000
100 400,000 100,000 500,000

  Constant Mix Policy

Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 300,000 200,000 500,000
70 246,000 164,000 410,000
100 309,257 206,171 515,429

  CPPI Policy
Market level Stocks Bonds Total
100 300,000 200,000 500,000
70 165,000 245,000 410,000
100 271,071 209,643 480,714

APPENDIX 21 B

1. The return on a mutual fund portfolio during the last few years was 35 %, when the return on the
market portfolio was 20 %. The standard deviation of the
portfolio return was 12% whereas the standard deviation of the market portfolio return was 18%. The
portfolio beta was 1.7. The risk-free rate was 9 %. Decompose the portfolio return into four
components as suggested by Fama

Solution:

The portfolio return is decomposed into four components as follows:

1. Risk- free return, . Rf = 9 %

2. The impact of systematic return, β ( Rm – Rf ): 1.7 ( 20 – 9 ) = 18.7
3. The impact of imperfect diversification,
(σp/σm – βp ) (Rm – Rf ) : ( 12/18- 1.7) ( 20- 9) = - 11.37
4. The net superior return due to selectivity,
Rp – { Rf + σp/σm (Rm – Rf ) }: 35 – { 9 + (12/ 18) ( 11) } = 18.67

2. The return on a mutual fund portfolio during the last few years was 20%, when the return on the
market portfolio was 15%. The standard deviation of the
portfolio return was 12% whereas the standard deviation of the market portfolio return was 14%. The
portfolio beta was 1.6. The risk-free rate was 8%. Decompose the portfolio return into four
components as suggested by Fama

Solution:
The portfolio return is decomposed into four components as follows

1. Risk- free return, . Rf = 8 %

2. The impact of systematic return, β ( Rm – Rf ): 1.6 ( 15 – 8 ) = 11.2
3. The impact of imperfect diversification,
(σp/σm – βp ) (Rm – Rf ) : ( 12/14- 1.6) ( 15- 8) = - 5.2
4. The net superior return due to selectivity,
Rp – { Rf + σp/σm – βp ) (Rm – Rf ) }: 20 – { 8 + (12/ 14) ( 7) } = 6
 CHAPTER 22
GUIDELINES FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS

MINICASE

Jai Prakash is 45 years old and has an annual salary income of Rs. 900,000. He expects his income to
increase by 10 percent per year till he retires at the age of 60.
Jai Prakash expects to live till the age of 80. In the post-retirement period, Jai Prakash would like his
annual income from his financial investments to be 50 percent of his salary income in his last working year.
Further, he would like the same to be protected in real terms.
Jai Prakash owns a house (on which all the mortgage payments have been made) and has Rs. 700,000 of
financial assets. He wants to bequeath the house to his daughter and Rs. 15,000,000 to his son when he
dies.
The current financial assets and the future savings of Jai Prakash are expected to earn a nominal rate of
return of 11 percent per annum. The expected inflation rate for the next 50 years is likely to be 3 percent.

What proportion of his salary income should Jai Prakash save till he retires so that he can meet his post-
retirement financial goals?

Solution:

His salary income at the time of retirement

= 900,000 x (1.10)15
= 3,759,523.
50 percent thereof is Rs. 1,879,762

To have an annuity of Rs. 1,879,762 for 20 years, the amount that should be accumulated at the time of
retirement is

= 1,879,762 PVIFA( Real rate of interest, 20 yrs)

= 1,879,762 PVIFA[ {(1.11/1.03) – 1}, 20 yrs]
= 1,879,762 PVIFA( 7.77%, 20 yrs)
= 1,879,762 x [ 1-1/(1.0777)15]/0.0777
= 1,879,762 x 8.6810
= 16,318,214

To bequeath Rs. 15 million at the age of 80 years, the amount that should be accumulated at the time of
retirement is

= 15,000,000 PVIF( 11 %, 20 yrs)

= 15,000,000 x 0.124
= 1,860,000

Therefore the total amount that should be accumulated

 = 16,318,214+ 1,860,000 = 18,178,214

Out of the above the amount contributed by the investment of the financial asset of Rs. 700,000 for 15 years

= 700,000 x (1.11)15
= 3,349,213

So the salary savings alone should cumulate to

18,178,214 - 3,349,213
= 14,829,001

We have Present Value Interest Factor for the Growing annuity

= [1-{(1+0.10)/(1+0.11)}15] / ( 0.11 – 0.10)

= 12.6937

Therefore the Future Value Interest Factor for the growing annuity

= 12.6937 x (1+0.11)15 = 60.7341

Let A be the amount that should be saved from the first salary. For the salary savings annuity to cumulate to
Rs. 14,829,001 in 15 years, we should have

A = 14,829,001/ 60.7341
= Rs. 244,163

So the proportion of his salary income that Jai Prakash should save till he retires so that he can meet his
post-retirement financial goals

= 244,163/ 900,000 = 0.2713 or 27.13 %

 CHAPTER 24
INTERNATIONAL INVESTING

1. You have just sold shares of Cisco that you purchased a year ago and incurred a loss of 2 percent in
dollar terms on your investment. During the same period, the dollar appreciated 4 percent against the
INR. What is the realised rate of return in INR terms from this investment?

The realised rate of return in INR terms is:

= (1 - 0.02) (1 + 0.04) – 1
= .0192 – 1 = 1.92 percent

2. Rajesh has just sold shares of Honda that he purchased a year ago and earned a rate of return of 8
percent in terms of the Japanese yen. During the same period, the yen depreciated 5 percent against
the INR. What is the realised rate of return in INR terms from this investment?

The realised rate of return in INR terms is:

= 1 + 0.08) (1 -0.05) – 1
= 1. 026 – 1 = 2.60 percent

3. You are considering investment in the shares of Google. The variance of the US dollar rate of return
from Google is 50 percent and the variance of the exchange rate change is 40 percent. What
covariance between the US dollar rate of return on Google and the exchange rate change will result in
a variance of 100 percent on the rupee rate of return from Google? Ignore the cross-product term.

Let the covariance be C.

We have

50 + 40 + 2C = 100
C = 10/2
= 5 percent

4. Krishna is considering investment in the shares of Microsoft. The variance of the US dollar rate of
return from Microsoft is 120 percent and the variance of the exchange rate change is 35 percent.
What covariance between the US dollar rate of return on Microsoft and the exchange rate change will
result in a variance of 80 percent on the rupee rate of return from Microsoft? Ignore the cross-product
term.

Let the covariance be C.

We have

120 + 35 + 2C = 80
C = – 75/2
= - 37.5 percent