INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER SCIENCE

TAMIL NADU EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET……..
The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected network) is the global
system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists
of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of
the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by
the federal government of the United States in the 1960s to build robust, fault-
tolerant communication with computer networks.[1] The primary precursor
network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of
regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. The funding of the National
Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private
funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the
development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many
networks.[2] The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s
marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet,[3] and generated a
sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal,
and mobile computers were connected to the network. Although the Internet was
widely used by academia in the 1980s, commercialization incorporated its services
and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.
INTERNET CAN BE USED IN

 Google Chrome
 Internet Explorer
 Mozilla Firefox
 Opera
 UC Browser

GOOGLE CHROME :
GOOGLE APPS :

Account * Docs
Search * Books
Play * Blogger
News * Contacts
Maps * Hangouts * Collections
Gmail * Keep * Duo
Youtube * My Business
Drive * Classroom
Calendar * Earth
Photos * Shopping
Translate * Jamboard
HISTORY:
Research into packet switching, one of the fundamental Internet
technologies, started in the early 1960s in the work of Paul Baran,[14] and packet-
switched networks such as the NPL network by Donald Davies, ARPANET,
the Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet were developed in the late 1960s
and early 1970s.[15] The ARPANET project led to the development
of protocols for internetworking, by which multiple separate networks could be
joined into a network of networks.[16] ARPANET development began with two
network nodes which were interconnected between the Network Measurement
Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli
School of Engineering and Applied Science directed by Leonard
Kleinrock, and the NLS system at SRI International (SRI) by Douglas
Engelbart in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969.[17] The third
site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at
the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by
the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future
growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the
[18][19]
end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer
Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.
Early international collaborations for the ARPANET were rare. European
developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks.[20] Notable
exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in June 1973, followed
in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T.
Kirstein's research group in the United Kingdom, initially at the Institute of
Computer Science, University of London and later at University College
London.[21][22][23] In 1974, RFC 675 used the term internet as a shorthand
for internetworking,[11] and later RFCs repeated this use.[24] Access to the
ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of
interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when
the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access
to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56
kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s.[25] Commercial Internet service
providers (ISPs) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was
decommissioned in 1990.
GOVERNANCE:
The Internet is a global network that comprises many voluntarily interconnected
autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. The technical underpinning
and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international
participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise. To maintain
interoperability, the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). ICANN is governed by an
international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and
other non-commercial communities. ICANN coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for
use on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port
numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces are
essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. This role of ICANN distinguishes it as
perhaps the only central coordinating body for the global Internet.[46]
Regional Internet registries (RIRs) where established for five regions of the world.
The African Network Information Center (AfriNIC) for Africa, the American Registry for
Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America, the Asia-Pacific Network Information
Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet
Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region, and the Réseaux IP
Européens – Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East,
and Central Asia were delegated to assign Internet Protocol address blocks and other Internet
parameters to local registries, such as Internet service providers, from a designated pool of
addresses set aside for each region.
The National Telecommunications and Information Administration, an agency of
the United States Department of Commerce, had final approval over changes to the DNS root
zone until the IANA stewardship transition on 1 October 2016 The Internet Society (ISOC) was
founded in 1992 with a mission to "assure the open development, evolution and use of the
Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world".[51] Its members include individuals
(anyone may join) as well as corporations, organizations, governments, and universities. Among
other activities ISOC provides an administrative home for a number of less formally organized
groups that are involved in developing and managing the Internet, including: the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering
Steering Group (IESG), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), and Internet Research Steering
Group (IRSG). On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the
Information Society in Tunis established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss
Internet-related issues.
SUMMARY
 The Internet is a global network that comprises many voluntarily
interconnected autonomous networks.
 Early international collaborations for the ARPANET were rare. European
developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks.
 The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such
as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
 The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by
the federal government of the United States in the 1960s to build robust,
fault-tolerant communication with computer networks.

EXERCISE
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Abbrevation for WWW is .
2. Abbrevation of https is .
3. The is a global network that comprises many voluntarily
interconnected autonomous networks
4.