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Study Of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) In PV Systems

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IJREAT International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, Oct - Nov, 2016
ISSN: 2320 – 8791 (Impact Factor: 2.317)
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Study Of Maximum Power Point Tracking

(MPPT) In PV Systems
Fathy M. Mustafa1, M. Elzalik2, R. Mostafa3
1
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Beni-suef University, Egypt
2
Process Control Technology Department, Faculty of industrial Education, Beni-suef University, Egypt
3
Professor, Head of Process Control Technology Department, Beni-suef University, Egypt

Abstract—the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) because of the ease of implementation. The main
module is mostly affected by array configuration, drawback of these methods is that they can only
irradiance and module temperature it is important follow a maximum of one, which is absent when
to understand the relationship between these partially shaded solar panels. The reason is that
effects and the output power of the PV array. In
these methods rely on the "hill climb" the
this paper, a new method to track the global MPP
is presented, which is based on using PIC principle of OP next move in the direction that
microcontroller which controlling a DC-DC increases the strength. If PV (or PI) feature is not
converter connected at the PV array output, such unimodal, you can only reach these methods
that it behaves as a constant input-power load. I-V successfully at a local maximum [2]. In typical
and P-V characteristics curves of simulation match photovoltaic (PV) installations, PV arrays are
the measurements from outdoor experimental formed by connecting multiple PV modules in
under the condition of uniform irradiance; both various configurations (ie series, parallel,
simulation and experiment show the output power parallel, series, etc.). It has been exceeded diode
of a PV array. Perturb and Observe (P&O) and
or bypass switch in parallel with each unit PV
Incremental conductance (INC). The experiments
show that the proposed model has good solar cells to protect against the effects of the
predictability in the general behaviors of MPPT deterioration of efficiency and hot plug failure.
under the conditions of both non uniform and Under the conditions of a unified solar rays
uniform irradiance. between individual PV modules, and voltage
power (PV) feature of the PV group exhibits a
Keywords: MPPT, PV array, DC-DC converter, PIC unique operating point of its kind where the PV
microcontroller, Perturb and Observe, Incremental power generation as much as possible
conductance. (maximum power point, MPP) [3]. And the
increasing adoption of Maximum Power Point
1. Introduction
Tracking (MPPT) multiphase DC adapters, DC
Due to increasing demand for electricity, and
in PV systems, they provide improved dynamic
limited stock of high-traditional sources of
performance and steady-state with higher
prices (such as coal, oil, etc.), and photovoltaic
reliability compared with traditional topology
(PV) energy becomes promising as is the case
[4].
everywhere, which is freely available,
PV cells suffer from low efficiency of
environmentally friendly, and has a lower
approximately 10% to 40%. Moreover, the
operation and maintenance costs substitute [1].
maximum power output of photovoltaic cells
Therefore, it seems that the demand for PV
degrades under changing weather conditions. To
generation systems to increase for each of the
maximize the efficiency of PV energy harvest,
independent media and grid-connected PV
and maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
systems. So, which it is the maximum power
technology, which enables the operating point of
point tracking (MPPT) technology effectively is
the PV cells to track the maximum power point
necessary, which is expected to follow the MPP
(MPP), has been implemented in the PV energy
in all environmental conditions and then impose
harvesters [5]. Power output of photovoltaic
a PV system to work at that point MPP. [1].
panels (PPV) depends on the weather conditions
Among those techniques, and "confusion and
(solar radiation, temperature and conditions of
control" (P & O) and scheme (INC) scheme
shading level.), And load [6]. PV panel has a
additional disposal are the most common
non-linear characteristic, the power to have the

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IJREAT International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, Volume 4, Issue 5, Oct - Nov, 2016
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maximum Power Point (MPP) work at a certain  
  



 
 
   1!  2
point, with coordinates VMPP effort and  
integrated planning for the current missions.
Since the MPP depends on the weather Where Rs is the series resistance, Rp is the resistance
conditions, and it is never constant over time. It in parallel of the solar cell array, ‘a’ is the diode
#
is necessary to operate the system in its MPP. It ideality constant and,   $%& , where Vb is the
is usually implemented Maximum Power Point thermal voltage of the solar cell array with Nser
Tracking (MPPT) algorithms using the power of connected in series. Due to the affect of the
the electronic communication between the PV temperature and linearity of the solar irradiation
panel and the energy storage device or resulting in the generation of the current, is,
pregnancy should be used to track changes in
0
[7].
 
,()*  +,-. /  /()*    3
In the present paper, The INC MPPT algorithm and 0()*
the P&O algorithm are implemented using a low-cost,
low-power consumption PIC microcontroller, which Where Iph,nom is the current generated in solar cell
controls a buck DC-DC converter for stand-alone PV circuit at nominal conditions (when temperature is 25o
power system applications. The voltage, current, Celsius and irradiance of 1000 W/m2.)
power and duty cycle are measured and send every K is the Boltzman’s constant (1.381 × 10-23 J/K) and q
sampling period to a computer to study the actual is the electron charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).
performance of MPPT algorithms at different step T is actual temperature and Tnom is the nominal
values of perturbation to determine the range of temperature, G is the actual irradiation and Gnom is the
optimal step in the mentioned algorithms. The P-V nominal irradiation (usually 1000 W/m2). The diode
and I-V characteristics of PV module are measured in saturation current Io and its dependence on
actual environmental conditions and plotted using temperature can be given by,
 9 < <
MATLAB program to determine Vmpp, Impp and Pmpp
 
),()* 
 2345 exp  :    4
 ;  234
which vary with irradiance, temperature, spectrum and
other conditions. Here Io,nom is the diode saturation current at nominal
conditions and Eg is the band gap energy of the
2. Modeling the PV Array semiconductor which is usually taken as 1.12eV. The
The difference between an ideal PV cell and practical value of the Io,nom can be found out from,
PV devices are the presence of resistances (both series
>$?

),()*  5
and parallel). Solar cell equivalent circuit, where I is
C3?
the current through the circuit, V is the voltage in the @AB E<
DC
circuit, Rs is the series resistance in the PV circuit, Rp
is the parallel resistance in the PV circuit, Io is the The previous equation gives the output power P of the
reverse saturation current of the diode. The Figure 1 cell is:
shows an ideal solar PV cell equivalent circuit which
mathematically describes the I-V characteristics of the    G
6
PV circuit given by, [8], [9], [10], [11].
The value of the diode ideality constant can be
randomly selected within the range of 0 J  J 2. But
for the calculation in this research work the value of
‘a’ is taken as 1.528. For modeling purposes, we use
the module GP50W. The PV module is made up of
multi-crystalline silicon having 40 solar cells in series
connection. The PV module provides a maximum
power of 50 watts. Table 1 shows the Electrical
Figure 1. Circuit of a Practical PV Solar Cell [11]. specifications of the PV module.




 
 
    1 1 Electrical Characteristics (module GP50W)

Maximum Power (PMaxp) 50 W
Where Iph is the current solar cell generates at Voltage at PMaxp (VMaxp) 16.7 V
optimum conditions. Current at PMaxp (IMaxp) 3A
The (1) does not represent the I-V characteristics of Open–circuit voltage (Voc) 21.5 V
the PV cell array, as practical array consists many Short–circuit current (Isc) 3.3 A
components and thus (1) requires additional Temperature coefficient of Isc, Kcur 0.65×10-3
parameters like the series resistance, represented as in Temperature coefficient of Voc, Kvolt 3.3
(2), NOCT 47o
Table 1. The PV array electrical characteristics

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The electrical characteristics are simulated with the

MATLAB model for GP50 PV module. These
characteristics depend on external factors including
temperature and solar irradiation level. The effects of
solar irradiation and temperature on the characteristics
of the PV module are depicted in figures 2, 3, 4 and 5.

4 4
1000W/m2

M o d u le C u rre n t (A )
Module Current (A)

2 3
3 800W/m

600W/m
2 T=0Co
2 2 T=25Co
2
400W/m
T=50Co
1 200W/m2 1
T=75Co
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Module Voltage (V)
0 5 10 15
Module Voltage (V)
20 25 Figure 6. Flowchart of P&O method
Figure 2. I-V characteristics Figure 3. I-V
of the PV module under characteristics of the PV
The major drawbacks of P&O algorithm are presence
different solar irradiation module at different surface of oscillations around the MPP in steady state
levels. temperatures. operation and occasional deviation from the maximum
60

200W /m2
400W /m2
60

0Co
25Co
operating point in case of rapidly changing
50 50
600W /m2
800W /m2
50Co
75Co atmospheric conditions, such as broken clouds. Also,
Module Output Power (W)

MPP
40 1000W /m2
Module Output Power (W)

40

30
MPP

30
correct perturbation size is important in providing
20 20
good performance in both dynamic and steady-state
10 10
response. There are several variations of the basic
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
P&O that have been proposed to minimize these
Module Voltage (V)
Module Voltage (V)

drawbacks. These include using dynamically adjusting

Figure 4. P-V characteristics Figure 5. P-V
of the PV module under characteristics of the PV
the magnitude of the perturbation M of the PV
different solar irradiation module at different surface operating point and an average of several samples of
levels. temperatures. the array power [12].
3. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
Techniques 3.1.1 Improved P&O techniques for rapidly
In order to capture the maximum power available changing irradiance (dp-P&O)
from the PV array, a Maximum Power Point Tracker The method performs an additional measurement of
(MPPT) is required. Several algorithms can be used in power in the middle of the MPPT sampling period
order to implement the MPPT; but perturb and without any perturbation, and based on these
observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) measurements, it calculates the change of power due
techniques are widely used, because they are to the varying irradiation. The resulting “dP‟ reflects
especially for low-cost implementations [12]. the changes due to the perturbation of the MPPT
method as show in figure 7. Using the below
3.1 Perturb and Observe method calculation in the flowchart of the dp-P&O method, as
Perturb and observe (P&O) method is the most show in figure 8 can be avoided the confusion of the
common for its simplicity, ease of implementation, MPPT due to the rapidly changing irradiation [13],
and good performance. Small increment or decrement [14].
of perturbed voltage M has been instructed by the Assuming that the rate of change in the irradiation is
algorithm to the PV module operating voltage. The constant over one sampling period of the MPPT, the
tracking process is followed by observing the array dP caused purely by the MPPT command can be
output power and subsequently P&O determines the calculated as:
further action either to increase or decrease the array
operating voltage by M. Figure 6 shows the operation KL  KL<  KLM  LN  L   LO<  LN 
flowchart of the P&O MPPT algorithm, where the  2LN  LO<  L 7
parameter M is the scaling factor, tuned at design time
to scale the step size. [13].

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method has been proposed to improve the limitations
of the P&O algorithm by improving the tracking
accuracy and dynamic performance under rapidly
varying conditions [15]. Flowchart of the INC MPPT
method is shown in Figure 10, by using the PV array's
incremental conductance to compute the sign of
dP/dV without a perturbation. It does this using an
expression derived from the condition that, at the
MPP, dP/dV = 0. Beginning with this condition, it is
possible to show that, at the MPP dI/dV = -I/V. Thus,
incremental conductance can determine that the
MPPT has reached the MPP and stop perturbing the
Figure 7. Measurement of the power between operating point. If this condition is not met, the
two MPPT sampling instances direction in which the MPPT operating point must be
perturbed can be calculated using the relationship
between dI/dV and -I/V. This relationship is derived
from the fact that dP/dV is negative when the MPPT
is to the right of the MPP and positive when it is to the
left of the MPP [16].
The advantage of incremental conductance the over
the perturb-and-observe algorithm is actually
calculation of the direction in which to perturb the
array’s operating point to reach the MPP, can
determination when it has actually reached the MPP.
Thus, under rapidly changing conditions, it can track
rapidly increasing and decreasing irradiance
conditions with higher accuracy than perturb and
observe. However, null value of the slope of the PV
array power versus voltage curve seldom occurs due
to the resolution of digital implementation. Although
Figure 8. The flowchart of the dp-P&O method. the INC method is a little more complicated compared
with the P&O algorithm, it can be easily implemented
3.1.2 Variable step size of perturbation and due to the advancements of digital signal processors
dP-P&O Algorithm (VM-dP-P&O (DSPs) [17].
Algorithm)
In this algorithm is margin between variable step size
of perturbation P&O Algorithm and dP-P&O
Algorithm. This Algorithm is called (VM-dP-P&O
Algorithm), Fig.9 show The flowchart of the proposed
VM-dP-P&O Algorithm.

Figure 10. The flowchart of the INC MPPT algorithm.

4. Measurement of PV MPPT Performance

The actual operating voltage and current of the PV
array are readily measured but, it is not easy to
determine Vmax and Imax which vary with irradiance,
temperature, spectrum and other conditions. There are
Figure 9. The flowchart of the proposed VM-dP-P&O two methods to determine Vmax and Imax to measure
Algorithm. the MPPT performance, which are divided into
laboratory (indoor) and field (outdoor) measurements
3.2 Incremental conductance (INC) method [18]. In laboratory measurements, a PV array
This is based on the fact that the slope of the PV array simulator is necessary to generate DC power with the
power versus voltage curve is zero at the MPP. This I-V curve characteristic of a PV array. The simulator

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must be able to simulate an array under a variety of DC/DC converter to track the MPP According to the
conditions (including different fill factors signifying algorithm on the memory
different cell technologies) with satisfactory static
accuracy. In the other hand, the outdoor Table 2 shows the different tests of MPPT algorithms
measurements have the advantage that actual MPPT at different value step size of perturbation M.
behavior will be observed with the real PV array
avoiding potentially unrealistic interactions between Different tests of MPPT
the MPPT and PV array simulator. Obtaining the algorithms with different value
necessary range of parameters outdoors requires co- Algorithms step size of perturbation M.
operative weather as well as access to a variety of PV M1 M2 M3 M4
technologies. P&O- 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
Figure 11, shows the block diagram of the proposed 1(classic
control and measurement circuit of MPPT. The MPP P&O)
and PV characteristics are determined in Outdoor P&O-3(dP- 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
measurements using switching between MPPT and I- P7O)
INC (Inc) 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
V Tracer. The principle of I-V Tracer is depending on
Table 2. Different tests of MPPT algorithms with
two methods to measure I-V and P-V characteristic different value step size of perturbation M.
and determine MPP. The first method is depending on
setting the selector switch to trace 60W variable All testes are executed in sunny day, the irradiance
resistance; the voltage and current are measured at level changes gradually since there is no influence of
different values of variable resistance under normal cloud.
conditions. The second method is depending on
change the value of duty cycle from zero to one by 5. Results and experimental evaluation
step 0.02 every one second and measure voltage and In this section we show P-V and I-V characteristic of
current at different values of duty cycle. To give PV module measured and plotted, also we
accurate results, it is essential that the ambient disseminated and show the output power at direct
conditions do not change significantly between the I- connection without MPPT and the output power after
V curve trace and the normal MPPT operation. To using MPPT at different step values of perturbation
ensure that, no rapid change in the weather conditions, M1, M2, M3 and M4 in P&O-1, P&O-3 and INC
the measurements are executed in a short time. tests. For each test of PV module measured and
plotted using MATLAB

5.1 MPPT measured at the different tests

Table 3, shows the values of MPP measured at
different tests to determine MPP before each test.

Maximum Power at different

tests of MPPT algorithms with
different value step size of
Algorithms perturbation M
M1 M2 M3 M4
PMAX PMAX PMAX PMAX
Figure 11. Block diagram of proposed control and P&O- 35.37 34.71 35.47 35.49
measurement circuit of MPPT 1(classic 453 214 362 734
P&O)
The circuit is divided into two basic parts, buck P&O-3(dP- 35.02 36.07 35.72 36.52
DC/DC converter, and the control and measurement P&O) 486 561 953 983
circuit using microcontroller. A DC-DC converter INC (Inc) 37.47 37.24 36.17 35.62
acts as an interface between the load and the solar PV 989 310 443 776
module to detect and track the MPP produced by the Table 3. MPPT at different tests.
PV module, under different atmospheric conditions
and connected load. Three basic DC-DC converter 5.1.1 The P-V and I-V characteristic for each
topologies are used in PV systems: step down (buck), test of PV module
step up (boost) and step down converters [19],[20]. Figures 12 to 14 shows P-V and I-V characteristic for
The type of converter is determined during the design each test of PV module measured and plotted using
phase according to the required load power and MATLAB.
voltage .If it is possible to connect several series A. P&O-1 test
modules to get high array voltage and low array Figure 12; show P-V and I-V of PV module
current; buck converter is used.
PIC reading the voltage and current of the solar panels
through the A/D converter and calculates the solar
watts generated and adjusting the duty cycle of the

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p-v and I-v carve p&o-1
4 40 Form figure we get maximum power equal to
At M1
At M2
37.47989 W at step value of perturbation M1.
At M3
At M4
3 30
5.1.2 The output power without MPPT and
with MPPT
current(A)

power(W)
2 20
In this part we shows the output power of all tests The
output power at direct connection without MPPT and
the output power after using MPPT at different step
1 10 values of perturbation M1, M2, M3 and M4 in P&O-
1,P&O-3 and INC tests are shown in figures below.
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 A. The output power at P&O-1 test
Module Voltage (V)

Figure 12, P-V and I-V characteristic of PV module at P&O-1test.

power with mppt and with out mppt in p&o-1
50 P at M1

In this test we obtained the maximum power equal to 45

power with MPPT
P at M2
P at M3
34.71214 W at step value of perturbation M4. 40
P at M4

35
B. P&O-3 test
30
Figure 13; show P-V and I-V of PV module

power(W)
25
p-v and I-v carve in p&o-3
4 40 20
At M1
At M2 15 power without MPPT
At M3
10
AT M4
3 30
5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
current(A)

power(W)

Time(sec)
2 20
Figure 15. The output power at P&O-1 test

1 10 From figure 15, we get the output power in case of

MPPT is larger than the output power without MPPT,
also at M4 we get large output power (PMAX
0 0 =35.49734 W) but at M2 get smaller output power
0 5 10 15 20 25
Module Voltage (V) (PMAX =34.71214 W). Also we can calculate the
Figure 13, P-V and I-V characteristic of PV module at P&O-3 test. average output power without MPPT, the average
power with MPPT and the improvement in output
We obtained the maximum power equal to 36.52983 power at different step values of perturbation M1, M2,
W at step value of perturbation M4. M3 and M4, according to table 4.

A. INC test P&O-1 M1 M2 M3 M4

Figure 14; show P-V and I-V of PV module 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
Average 23.6237 24.4210 23.9241 24.0302
p-v and I-v carve in INC power 5 0 9
4 40
without
At M1
MPPT
At M2
Average 35.8575 34.0926 33.5604 34.9935
At M3
3 30 power 9 9 6 4
AT M4
with MPPT
Improveme 34.1% 28.4% 28.7% 31.3%
current(A)

nt in power
power(W)

2 20
Table 4. Average power without, with MPPT and improvement
in power.

1 10 From table we get the improvement in power is better

at M1 (34 %) but at M2, M3 equal 28 % and at M4
(31 %). Then we concluded that for MPPT we get
0 0 maximum power depends on the step size of
0 5 10 15 20 25
Module Voltage (V) perturbation M.
Figure 14, P-V and I-V characteristic of PV module at INC
test B. The output power at P&O-3 test

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power with mppt and with out mppt in p&o-3 power at different step values of perturbation M1, M2,
50 P at M1
P at M2
M3 and M4.
45 power with MPPT P at M3
P at M4
40 INC M1 M2 M3 M4
35 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
Average 24.05272 24.24319 21.64081 21.71165
30
power
power(W)

25 without
20 MPPT
power without MPPT
Average 37.49398 37.77316 36.69017 36.18164
15
power with
10
MPPT
5 Improvement 35.8% 35.8% 41.0% 40.0%
0
in power
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time(sec)
Table 6, Average power without, with MPPT and improvement in
power.
Figure 16. The output power at P&O-3 test

From figure 16, we get the maximum power occurs at

6. Comparison between different algorithms
M4 (PMAX =36.52983W) but at M1, PMAX =35.02486 at different tests
W. Also table 5, show the average output power Table 7 show comparison between different
without MPPT, the average power with MPPT and the algorithms at different tests for the average output
improvement in output power at different step values power without MPPT, the average power with MPPT,
of perturbation M1, M2, M3 and M4. the improvement in output power at different step
values of perturbation M1, M2, M3 and M4.
P&O-3 M1 M2 M3 M4
0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
Average 21.13630 24.60713 24.83051 26.57616
power
without P&O-1 M1 M2 M3 M4
MPPT 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
Average 35.21408 35.81751 35.80108 36.41396 Average power 23.623 24.421 23.924 24.030
power with without MPPT 75 0 10 29
MPPT Average power 35.857 34.092 33.560 34.993
Improvement 40.0% 31.3% 30.6% 27.0% with MPPT 59 69 46 54
in power Improvement in 34.1% 28.4% 28.7% 31.3%
Table 5. Average power without, with MPPT and improvement in power
power.
P&O-3 M1 M2 M3 M4
0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
C. The output power at INC test Average power 21.136 24.607 24.830 26.576
without MPPT 30 13 51 16
power with mppt and with out mppt in INC
50 P at M1
Average power 35.214 35.817 35.801 36.413
P at M2 with MPPT 08 51 08 96
45 output power with MPPT
P at M3 Improvement in 40% 31.3% 30.6% 27%
40 P at M4 power
35 INC M1 M2 M3 M4
30
0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005
power(W)

Average power 24.052 24.243 21.640 21.711

25
without MPPT 72 19 81 65
20 Average power 37.493 37.773 36.690 36.181
15 output power without MPPT
with MPPT 98 16 17 64
10
Improvement in 35.8% 35.8% 41% 40%
power
5
Table 7. Comparison between different algorithms at different tests
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time(sec 7. Conclusions
Figure 17. The output power at INC test The photovoltaic cell characteristics are
measured and plotted in the actual
From figure 17, we get improvement in MPPT due to environmental and simulated with MATLAB to
using the algorithm of INC comparing with the P&O
show the effects of irradiance and temperature
algorithms, also we get at M1 PMAX =37.47989 W and
at M4 PMAX =35.627 W. Also table 6, show the on the operation of the photovoltaic array. High
average output power without MPPT, the average efficiency control and measurement circuit of
power with MPPT and the improvement in output MPPT algorithms are implemented using PIC
microcontroller to study the actual behavior of

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MPPT algorithms and compared the two 8- S. Ozcelik, H. Prakash and R. Challoo “Two-Axis
algorithms at different step size values of Solar Tracker Analysis and Control for Maximum
perturbation. Experimental results showed that Power Generation”, Elsevier, Procedia Computer
the best value of step size of perturbation in Science, vol. 6, pp. 457-462, 2011.
P&O and INC algorithms is in the range 9- Jen-Cheng Wang, Jyh-Cherng Shieh and Joe-Air
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Mohamed, "Optimal choice and design of
different topologies of DC-DC converter used in
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Fathy M. Mustafa: received the B.Sc. degree in Electronics and

communications department from the Faculty of Engineering,
Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt, in 2003. He is earned the M.Sc
degree in Electronics and communication engineering in 2007 from
Arab Academy for Science and Technology & Maritime Transport
College of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt. He
received his Ph.D in electrical engineering from Mina University in
2013. Her areas of interest include optical communications, optical
amplifiers and solar cells.

M. Elzalik: received the B.Sc. degree in Process Control Technology

department from the Faculty of industrial Education, Beni-suef
University, Beni-suef, Egypt, in 2007. He is earned the M.Sc degree
in Electrical Power and Machinesin 2013 from Faculty of Industrial
Education, Suez University, and Suez, Egypt. His areas of interest
include renewable energy, power electronics, and electrical machines.

R. Mostafa: Professor in Process Control Technology department

from the Faculty of industrial Education, Beni-suef University, Beni-
suef, Egypt.

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