CHAPTER - I MATHEMATICS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1) A relation R in a set A is called

Reflexive : if (a,a) ∈ R for every a ∈ A

Symmetric : if (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈R for all a, b ∈ A

Trasitive : if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

⇒ (a, c) ∈ R, for all a,b,c ∈ A

Equivalence relation : if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

2) The minimum number of ordered pairs to form a reflexive relation on the set of n elements
is n.

3) A function f : X → Y is one - one (injective ) if

f (x1) = f (x2)⇒ x1=x2 for all x1, x2 ∈X.

If a line parallel to x - axis interests the graph of the function at more than one point, the
function is not one .

4) A function f : x→y is said to be onto (Surjective)

(1) if range of f is equal to the codomain of f

or (2) If for every y ∈Y, there exist an element x in X such that f(x)=y

A function f : x → y is said to be bijective , if f is bothe one - one and onto.

5) Composition of functions.

f : A→B and g : B→C then the function (g o f) : A→ C given by g of (x) = g (f(x) for all
x∈A

6) To find the inverse of a bijective function

Let f : X → Y be a bijective functiom

(1) Take y=f (x)

(2) Solve the above equationa and express x as a function in y say x=g (y)

(3) Then replace x by f-1 (x) and y by x.

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7) Binary operation  on the set A is

(1) Commutative if a b= b  a for every a,b ∈ A.

(2) associative if ( a  b)  c= a  (b  c) for all a, b, c ∈ A.

8) An elemeny e ∈ A is the identify element for the operation  , if a  e = a= e  a for all a

∈ A.

9) An element a ∈ A is invertible with respect to the operation , if there exists an element b

in A such that a  b =e = b  a and b is called the inverse of a.

Qn 1

1) Show that the function f : N→N given by f(x)=2x is one one but not onto.

Ans: f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒2x1 = 2 x2

⇒ x1 = x2
Pre image are unique. F is one - one
3 has no pre image. F
is not onto.

Qn 2

2) Consider f : R→R given by f (x) = 5x+2.

(a) Show that f is one - one

(b) If f invertible ? If yes find the inverse

Ans: a) f (x) = 5x+2

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 f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ 5x1 + 2 = 5x2 + 2

⇒ 5x1 = 5x2

⇒ x1 = x2

f is one - one.

b) Let y = f (x)

y = 5x + 2
5x = y - 2
x = y -2 ∈ R
5
Every y has a Pre image x.

Hence f is onto.
f is one - one and onto. Hence f is invertible

Let y = f (x)

y = 5x + 2
x = y -2
5
Hence f-1 (x) = x- 2
5
Qn 3 1
/3

Find gof and f o g if f (x) = 8x3 and g(x) = x1/3

Ans: gof (x) = g (f (x) = g (8x3) = (8x3)1/3 = 2x

fog (x) = f (g (x) = f (x 1/3 ) = 8 (x1/3)3 = 8x

Qn 4

If f (x) = 2x + 3 find f [f (x)]

(fof) (x) = f (f (x) = f (2x +3)

= 2 [2x + 3] + 3

= 4x + 6 + 3

= 4x + 9

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Qn 5

Let Q be the set of rational numbers and  be the binary operation on Q defined by

a  b = ab for a, b ∈ Q.
4
1) What is the identify element of  e Q.

2) Find the inverse of the element a under  on Q.

3) Show that (ab)  c = a  (bc) for all a, b, c ∈ Q.

Ans: Let e ∈ Q be the identify element under  then a  e = e  a for all a ∈ Q.

⇒ ae = ea = a
4 4
⇒ ae = 4a

⇒ ae - 4a = 0

⇒ a (e - 4) = 0

⇒ a = 0 or e - 4 = 0

⇒ e = 4 since a is an arbitrary element 4 is the ientify element of  in Q.

b) Let b ∈ Q be the inverse of a ∈ Q .

ab = (bc) =∈

⇒ ab = ba = 4
4 4
⇒ ab = 16

⇒ b = 16 . a ≠0
a
Inverse of a = 16
a
c) (ab) c = (ab)  c = ab.c = abc
4 4 16
4
a ( b c) = a  bc = a. bc = abc
4 4 16
4

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Que 6

Is  defined on the set{1, 2, 3, 4,5} by a  b = L. c. m of a and b, a binary operation.

Justify your answer.

c) ab = L C M (a,b)

2  3 = L C M (2, 3) = 6.

But 6 is not an element of the given set. Hence  is not a binary operation.

Qn 7

Consider the following operation table.

 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 1 2 1 2 1

3 1 1 3 1 1

4 1 2 1 4 1

5 1 1 1 1 5

1) Compute (2  3)  4 and 2  (3  4)

2) Is  associative

3) Compute (2  3)  (4  5)

Ans: 1) (2  3)  4 = 1  4 = 1

2  (3  4) = 2  1 = 1

2)The entries in the table are symmetric along the main diagonal. Hence  is commutative.

3) (2  3)  (4  5) = 1  1 = 1

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 MATHEMATICS
Chapter 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Functions Domain Range or Principal Value
Branch
Sin-1 [-1, 1] [ -π2 , π2 ]
Cos-1 [-1, 1] [0 , π ]

Tan-1 R
( -2π , π2 )
Cot-1 R 0,π

Sec-1 R- (-1, 1) [0 , π ] −
{ 2π }
Cosec-1 R- (-1, 1) [ -π2 , π2 ] − {0}

(
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 x + y
1- xy )
(
tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1 x - y
1+ xy )

Angle
π π π π
Trigonometric 0 6 4 3 2
Ratios
Sin 1 1 √3
0 1
2 √2 2
1 √3 1 1 0
Cos 2
2 √2
1 1
Tan 0 √3 not defined
√3

Qn1 Find the Principal value of Cos-1 -1

( ) 2
Ans: Cos-1 -1 = π − Cos-1 1 Cos-1 (-x ) = π -Cos-1 (x)
( )2 ( )2
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 =π−π
3
= 2π
3
Qn 2: Find the Principal value of Sin-1 - 1
2
Ans: Sin -1 = − Sin 1 Sin-1 (-x ) = - Sin-1 (x)
-1
( )
2
-1
( )
2
=−π
6
Qn 3: Evaluate Sin-1 Sin 4π
5
( )
Sin 4π = Sin π − π = Sin π
5 5 5
Sin -1 Sin 4π = Sin -1 Sin π = π
5 (5 5 )
Qn 4: Prove that 2 tan-1 1 + tan-1 1 = tan-1 31
2 7 17
Ans: 2 tan 1 = tan 1 = tan 1
-1 -1 -1

2 2 2

= tan-1
( 21 + 21 ) = tan 1
-1

3
1−1 x 1 4
2 2
= tan-1 4
3
L.H.S = 2 tan-1 1 + tan-1 1 = tan-1 4 + tan-1 1
2 7 3 7
= tan-1 4 + 1
3 7
1− 4 x 1
3 7
= tan-1 31 = tan-1 31
21−4 17
(
Qn 5: Write the function tan-1 Cos x - Sin x
Cos x + Sin x
) 0< x< π

in the simplest form

[ ]
Cos x - Sin x
Cos x - Sin x = tan-1
Ans: tan-1
( Cos x + Sin x ) Cos x Cos x
Cos x + Sin x
Cos x Cos x
= tan-1 1− tanx = tan-1 [tanx (π −x)
1+ tanx 4
=π-x
4
Qn 6: Write the function tan-1 √1+ x2 - 1 x ≠ 0
x
in the simplest form
Let x= tan θ then θ = tan-1x
√1+ x2 - 1 = = √1+tan2 θ- 1 = Secθ- 1
x tan θ tan θ
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 = 1-Cos θ = 2 Sin2θ/2
Sin θ 2 Sinθ/2 Cosθ/2

= Sinθ/2 = tan θ/2

Cosθ/2
tan-1 √1+ x2-1 = tan-1 (tanθ/2) = 1 tan-1x
x 2
Qn 7: Show that Cos-1 (4x3-3x) = 3Cos-1x, x ∈ 1 , 1
2 [ ]
L.H.S = Cos-1 (4x3-3x) Put x = Cosθ
= Cos-1 (4Cos3 θ -3Cos θ)
= Cos-1 (Cos3 θ) = 3θ
= 3Cos-1 x
Qn 8: Write tan-1
[√ 1− Cosx
1+ Cosx ] ,x<π in the Simplest form

Ans : tan-1 1− Cosx = tan-1 2Sin2x/2 = tan-1 √tan2x/2

√1+ Cosx
-1
√
2Cos2x/2
-1
= tan (tan x/2) = x
2
Qn 9: Solve tan-1 2x + tan-1 3x =π
4
tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 x+y
1−xy
tan-1 2x + tan-1 3x = tan-1 2x+3x = π
1−2x.3x 4
tan 5x = π
-1

1−6x2 4
5x = tan-1 π
1−6x2 4
5x = 1
1−6x2
5x = 1−6x2
6x2 + 5x-1=0
x = −5± √52- (4 x 6 x -1)
2x6
= −5± √25+24
12
= −5± √49
12
= −5± 7 = 2 − 12
12 12 , 12
= 1 −1
6,

x= −1does not satisfy the equation since the L.H.S of the equation becomes negative. x=1 is the solution

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 6

Qn 9: Show that Sin-1 3 - Sin-1 8 = Cos-1 84

5 17 85

5
3 tanx = 3
4
x

8 17

tany = 8
y 15
15

85
13
z
84
Sin-1 3 - Sin-1 8 = tan-1 3 − tan-1 8
5 17 4 15
= tan-1 3 − 8 = tan-1
4 15 45-32
1+ 3
4
.8
15
= tan-1 13 = Cos-1 84
[ ]
60
60+24
60
84 85
Qn 10: Prove that
2Sin-1 3 = tan-1 24
5 7
2Sin-1 3 = Sin-1 3 +Sin-1 3 5
3
5 5 5
-1 -1
= tan 3 + tan 3
4 4
-1
= tan 3 + 3 4
4 4
1− 3 x 3
4 4
= tan 6 -1
= tan-1−1 6
4 4
16−9 7
16 16
-1
= tan 6 x 16
( 4 7 ) ( )
= tan-1 24
7
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 MATHEMATICS
Chapter - 3

MATRICES
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions arranged into rows and columns. Generally a
matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order mxn.
1. General form of a 2 x 2 matrix

a11 a12
A =
[ a21 a22 ]
2. General form of a 2 x 3 matix

a11 a12 a13

A =
[ a21 a22 a23 ]
3. General form of a 3 x 2 matrix

[
= a11
]
A a12
a21 a22
a31 a32

Qn.1. Construct a 2 x2 matrix A = [aij] where aij = | 2i -- 3j | write A

a11 a12
Let A =
[ a21 a22 ]
aij = | 2i -- 3j |

a11 = | (2 x 1) -- (3 x 1)| = | 2 -- 3| = 1

a12 = | (2 x 1) -- (3 x 2)| = | 2 -- 6| = 4

a21 = | (2 x 2) -- (3 x 1)| = | 4 -- 3| = 1

a22 = | (2 x 2) -- (3 x 2)| = | 4 -- 6| = 2

1 4
A =
[ 1 2 ]

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 Identity Matrix of order one I1 = [1]
1 0
Identity Matrix of order Two I2 = [ 0 1 ]
[ ]
1 0 0
Identity Matrix of order Three I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1

EQUALITY OF MATIRCES

Two matrices are said to be equal if

(i) They are of the same order.

(ii) Corresponding elements are equal.

Qn: Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations.

[ x+y 2
] [
5 + z xy =
6
5
2
8 ]
Ans: Equating corresponding elements
x + y = 6 ---- (1)
5+z =5 ⇒z=0
xy = 8 ---- (3)
from (1) and (3) we get x = 2, y = 4, z = 0
or x = 4, y = 2, z = 0

Qn: If
7
x+y = 2 [ 0
5 ] &
3
x --- y = 0 [ 0
3 ]

then (i) Find X and Y

(ii) Find 2x + y

1.
7
x+y = 2 [ 0
5 ] ---- (1)

[
3
x -- y = 0
0
3 ] ---- (2) 11
 (1) + (2) 2x = [ 10
2
0
8 ]
X
5 0
= 1 4 [ ]
(1) -- (2) 2y = [ 4
2
0
2 ]
Y
2 0
= 1 1 [ ]
2.
5
2x + y = 2 1 [ 0
4 + ] [ 2
1
0
1 ]

= [ 10
2
0
8 + ] [ 2
1
0
1 ]
= [ 12
3
0
9
]
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Two matrices are conformable for multiplication if the number of columns of the first matrix is equal
to the number of rows of the second matrix.
Qn: If the matrices A and B are of order m x n and n x m respectively. Then AB is of order ............... and
BA is of order ....................
Ans: O (AB) = m x m
O (BA) = n x n

Qn: If M = [ 7
2
5
3 ] then verify M2 -- 10M + 11 I2 = 0

Ans: M2 = M. M = [ 7
2 3
5
][ 7
2
5
] [
3 =
49 + 10
14 + 6
35 + 15
10 + 9 ]

= [ 59
20
50
19 ]
12
 7
10 M = 10 2 [ 5
3 ] [
=
70
20
50
30 ]

1
11 I2 = 11 0 [ 0
1 ] [
=
11
0
0
11 ]

M2 -- 10M + 11 I2 = [ 59
20
50
19 --
70
20 ] [ 50
30 ] [ + ]
11 0
0 11

= [ 59 -- 70 + 11
20 -- 20 + 0
50 -- 50 + 0
19 -- 30 + 11 = ] [ 0
0
0
]
0 = 0

Qn: Consider the matrix A = [ 3

4 --2
--2
]
(1) Find A2 (2) Find K so that A2 = KA -- 2 I

Ans:1 A2 = A. A = [ ][
3 -2
4 -2
3
4
-2
-2 ] [ 9-8
= 12 - 8
-6 + 4
-8 + 4 ]

= [ 1
4
-2
-4 ]
2. KA -- 2 I = K [ 3
4
-2
] [
-2 -- 2
1
0 ]
0
1

[
3 k -- 2k
= 4 k - 2k --- ] [ 2
0
0
2 ]

= [ 3 k -- 2
4k
--2k
-- 2k -- 2
]
A2 = KA - 2 I
1
[
4 -4
-2
] [
=
3k - 2
4k
-2k
-2k - 2 ]
13
 3k -- 2 = 1 ............. (1) 4K = 4 ............ (3)

-- 2k = -- 2 ............. (2) -- 2k -- 2 = -- 4 ........... (4)

Solving we get K = 1
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of the matrix
A and is denoted by AT or A|
Properties of Transpose of matrices
(i) (A1)1 = A (ii) (KA)1 = KA1
(iii) (A + B)1 = A1 + B1 (iv) (AB)1 = B1 A1

Qn. Consider a 2 x2 matrix A = [aij] where

aij = (i + 2j)2
2
(a) Write A
(b) Find A + A1

a11 a12
Ans: Let A =
[ a21 a22 ]
Given aij = (i + 2j)2
2
a11 = [1 + (2 x 1)]2 = (1 + 2)2 = 9
2 2 2
a12 = [1 + (2 x 2)]2 = (1 + 4)2 = 25
2 2 2
a21 = [2 + (2 x 1)]2 = (2 + 2)2 = 16 = 8
2 2 2
a22 = = [2 + (2 x 2)]2 = (2 + 4)2 = 36 = 18
2 2 2
A = 9 25
[ 2
8
2
18
]
A1 9
(b) =
[ 2
25
2
8

18 ]
14
 9 25 9 9 41
A + A1 = [ ] [
2
8
2
18
2
+ 25
2
8

18 ] [ = 41
2
2
36 ]
[ ] [ ]
2 3 1 1 --2
1 1
Qn: If A = 4 1 2 and B =
2 1

(1) Find AB and (AB)T

(2) Verify that (AB)T = BT AT

[ ] [ ]
2 3 1 1 --2
1 1
Ans: AB = 4 1 2
2 1

= [ 2+3+2
4+1+4 ] [ ] -4 + 3 + 1
-8 + 1 + 2 =
7
9
0
-5

(AB)T = [ 7
0 -5
9
]
[ ]
2 4
3 1
(ii) AT =
1 2

BT = [ 1

-2
1

1 1
2
]
15
 BT AT = [1

-2
1

1
2

1 ] [ ] [
2
3
1
4
1
2
=
2+3+2
-4 + 3 + 1
4+1+4
-8 + 1 + 2 =] [ 7
0
9
-5 ]
(AB)T = BT AT
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
Matrix ‘A’ is called symmetric if A1 = A.
SKEW - SYMMETRIC MATRICES
Matrix A is called skew - symmetric if A1 = -A.
Elements in the main diagonal of a skew-symmatric matrix are all zero.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order than AB ---BA is skew - symmetric.
Note: Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew - symmeteric
matrices.
A = P + Q
Where P = A + AT is symmetric
2
Q = A --- AT is skew - symmetric
2
Qn: Consider a 2 x 2 matrix A = [aij] where
aij = 2i + j
(1) Construct A
(2) Find A + A| and A ---A|
(3) Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew - symmetric matrices.

(i) aij = 2i + j A = [ a11

a21
a12

a22 ]
a11 =
a12 =
21 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
21 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
A = [ ]
3
5
4
6

a21 = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
a22 = 22 + 2 = 4 + 2 = 6

16
 [ ]
3 5

(ii) A| = 4 6

A + A1 = [ ] [
3
5
4
6 + 4
3 5
6 ] [ =
6
9
9
12 ]
A --- A1 = [ ] [
3
5
4
6 --- 4
3 5
6 ] [ =
0
1
-1
0 ]
(3) Let P = 1 1 (A + A1)
2

= 11 6
2 9 [ ] 9

12
is symmetric

2
1
Q = 1 1 (A + A ) = 1 1
2
[ ]
0

1
-1

0 is symmetric

P + Q= 11
2
[ ] 6

9 1
9
+ 11
2
[ ] [ ]
0

1
-1

0 =
3

5
4

6 = A

[ ]
2 4

Qn: For the matrix A = verify that A + A1 is a symmetric matrix.

5 6

A = [ ]
2

5
5

6
A1 = [ ]
2

4
5

17
 A+A |
= [ ] [
2
5 6
4
+ 4
2 5
6 ] [ =
4
9
9
12 ]
(A + A|)| = [ ]
4
9
9
12 = A + A1

Hence A + A1 is symmetric

[ ]
2 3

Qn: Consider the matrix A = 4 5

(a) ST A2 --- 7A --- 2 I = O

(b) Hence Find A-1

[ ]
2 3

Ans: (a) A = 4 5

[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 2 3 16 21
A2 = A. A = =
4 5 4 5 28 35

[ ] [ ]
2 3 14 21
7A = 7 =
4 5 28 35

[ ] [ ]
1 0 2 0
2I =2 =
0 1 0 2

18
 [ ] [ ] [ ]
16 21 14 21 2 0
2
A --- 7 A.+ 2 I = --- ---
28 37 28 35 0 2

[ ]
0 0

= 0 0 = 0

(b) A2 --- 7 A.+ 2 I = 0

Multiply by A-1, we get

A2 . A-1 --- 7 A . A-1 --- 2 I A -1 = 0

A --- 7 I --- 2A-1 = 0

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 3 1 0
2A-1 = A - 7 I = 2 3 7 0
-7
4 5 0 1 = 4 5 --- 0 7

[ ]
-5 3
=
4 -2

[ ]
-5 3
A-1 = 1
2 4 -2

Qn: Using clementary row operations, find the inverse of the matrix A = 2
-
[ ]
1 2

-1

19
Ans: A = I A

[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 0
= A
2 -1 -2 1

Applying R2 R2 --- 2R1

[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 0
= A
0 -5 -2 1

Applying R2 -1 R2
5
1 0

[ ] [ ]
1 2
= 2 -1 A
0 1
5 5

Applying R1 R1 --- 2 R2

1 2

[ ]
1 0

[ ] 0 1
=
2
5
5 5
-1
5
A

[ ]
A-1 = 1 2
5 5
2 -1
5 5

20
 Chapter 4 MATHEMATICS
Determinants
Let A= a11 a12

⏐ a21 a22 ⏐
⏐ ⏐
a11 a12 a11 . a12 - a21 . a12
⎟ A⎟ = =
a21 a22

The determinant of a square matris of order two = The product of the main diagonal elemnts - the product of
the other elements.

Qn: Evaluate 2 4
⏐ -1 2 ⏐
⏐ ⏐
2 4
= (2 x 2) - (4 x -1) = 4 + 4 = 8//
-1 2

⏐ ⏐
Qn: Evaluate x x-1
x+1 x

⏐ ⏐
x x-1
= x2 - (x+1) (x-1)
x+1 x

= x2 - (x2 -1)
= x2 - x2 +1
=1

x 1
Qn: Evaluate
⏐ 1 x ⏐ = 15 then find the value of x

x 1

⏐ 1 x ⏐ = 15

⇒ x2 - 1= 15
⇒ x2 = 15 + 1
⇒ x2 = 16
⇒ x = ±4

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Determinat of a square matrix of order 3.

⏐ ⏐
Let A = a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33
a11 a12 a13

⎢A ⎢
⏐ a21
a31
a22
a32
a23
a33 ⏐
⏐

⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
=a11 −a12 +a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

If A is any square matrix of order n, then ⏐k A ⏐= kn ⏐A⏐Where k is a scalar.

Qn: Let A be a square matris of order 2 then ⎢k A ⎢ is equal to -
Ans: = k2 [A]
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
1. The Value of a determinant remians unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged .
2. If any two rows (or Columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the sign of the determinant
charges.
3. If any two rows (or Columns) of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
4. If each element of a row (or Column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k then its value gets
multiplied by k.
Qn : using properties of determinant show that
1 a a2

⏐ 1 b b2
1 c c2 ⏐ = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)

⏐ ⏐
Ans: Let 1 a a2
1 b b2
= 1 c c2

1 a a2 R2→ R2- R1
= 0 b-a b2 -a2 R3→ R3- R1
0 c c2 -a2

= (b-c) ( c-a) 1 a a2

0 1 b+a

0 1 c+a
Taking out (b-a) from R2 and (c-a) from R3

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 = (b-a) (c-a) 1 b+a
1 c+a [ ]
= (b-a) (c-a) (c+a - b-a)
= (b-a) (c-a) (c+a - b+a)
= (b-a) (c-a) (c - b)
Qn: By using properties of determinates, show that

a-b-c 2a 2a

[ 2b
2c
b-c-a
2c
2b
c-a-b
] = (a+b+c)3

R 1→ R1+ R2+R3

]
Let = a-b-c 2a 2a a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

[ 2b
2c
b-c-a
2c
2b
c-a-b
= 2b
2c
b-c-a
2c
2b
c-a-b

[ ]
= (a+b+c) 1 1 1

2b b-c-a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b

[ ]
= (a+b+c) 1 0 0 C2→ C2- C1

2b -b-c-a 0 C3→ C 3- C1
2c 2c -c-a-b

= (a+b+c) - (a+b+c) 0 Expanding along R1

[ 0 - (a+b+c) ]
= (a+b+c) [(a+b+c)2 - 0] = (a+b+c)3
Note
1Area of a Triangle
The Area of a triangle having vertices at (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by

[ ]
=1 x1 y1 1
2
x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
2Condition for Collinearity of Three Points
Three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are collinear if

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 [ ]
x1 y1 1

x2 y2 1 =0
x3 y3 1
3 Equation of a line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given by

[ ]
x y 1

x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1

Qn: What is the area of the triangle with vertices at the points (1, 1) (1, -1) and (2, 1)
Area of the triangle = ½ x1

[ ]
y1 1 1 1 1

x2 y2 1 =1/2 1 -1 1
x3 y3 1 2 1 1

= ½ (-2 +1+3)
= ½ x 2 = 1 sq unit.
Qn: Find the equation of the line joining the points (1,2) anfd (-3, -2) using determinant.
Let (x, y) be any point on the line.

[ ]
Then x y 1

x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1

[ ]
ie x y 1

1 2 1 =0
-3 -2 1

x 2 1 -y 1 1 +1 1 1 =0
[ ] [ ] [ ]
-2 1 -3 1 -3 -2

x (2 - -2) -y (1- -3) +1 (-2- -6)=0

4x - 4y+4 = 0
x - y +1 = 0
Note:
Adjoint of a 2x2 matrix can be esily obtained by interchanging the elements in the main diagonal and
changing the sign of the other element.

Qn: Find adj A for A = 2 3

[ ]
1 4

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 adj A = 4 -3
[ ]
-1 2
Singular and Non Singular Matrices
A Square matrix A is called a singular matrix if det A = 0
A Square matrix A is said to be non singular if det A ≠ 0

Inverse of a Square Matrix

A-1 = adj A
[A]
adj A= Transpose of the cofactor matrix.
If [A] = 0 , A-1 does not exist

Qn: Construct a 3x3 Matrix A whose elements are given by ij = 3i - 4j a

1) Find [A]
2) Find adjoint of A.
3) can you find the inverse of A? State your reason.

[ ]
A= a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33
aij = 3i - 4j
aij = (3x1) - (4x1) = 3-4 = -1
a12 = (3x1) - (4x2) = -5
a13 = (3x1) - (4x3) = -9
a21 = (3x2) - (4x1) = 2
a22 = (3x2) - (4x2) = -2
a23 = (3x2) - (4x3) = -6
a31 = (3x3) - (4x1) = 5
a32 = (3x3) - (4x2) = 1
a33 = (3x3) - (4x3) = -3

[ ]
A= -1 -5 -9

2 -2 -6
5 1 -3

-1 -5 -9
⎢A ⎢ = 2 -2 -6
5 1 -3

ssIØmßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛2019˛20 25

Expanding along R1
= -1 -2 -6 2 -6 2 -2
+5 -9
1 -3 5 -3 5 1
= -1(6+6)+5(-6+30)-9(2+10)
= -12+120-108=0
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ssIØmßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛2019˛20 26

 x + 2y + 5z = 10
x - y - z = -2
2x + 3y - z = -11
The system of equations can be written in the from AX=B.

[ ] []
Where A= 1 2 5 x
1 -1 -1 x= y
2 3 -1 z

[]
B= 10
-2
-11
X = A-1 B
A-1 = adj A
[A]

[ ]
[A = 1 2 5
1 -1 -1 = 1 [1+3] -2 [-1+2] +5 [3+2]
2 3 -1
= 4 - 2+25 = 27
To find the cofactor matrix.
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[ ]
Cofactor matrix = 1+3 -2+1 3+2
15+2 -1 - 10 4-3
-2+5 5+1 -1-2
adj A = Transpose of the cofactor matrix.

[ ]
= 4 17 3
-1 -11 6
5 1 -3

[ ]
A-1 = adj A = 1 4 17 3
[A] 27
-1 -11 6
5 1 -3

ssIØmßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛2019˛20 27

 X = A-1 B

= 1
27
[
4

5
17 3
-1 -11 6
1 3 ][ ]
10
-2
-11

= 1
27
[ 40 - 34 - 33
-10 + 22 - 66
50 - 2 + 33 ]
= 1
27
[ ]
54
-27

81
=

[ ]
-2
-1

x = 1, y= -2, z=3

ssIØmßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛2019˛20 28

 Chapter 5 MATHEMATICS
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
f (x) is said to be continuous at x=a if lim f (x) = lim f(x) = f(a)
x→a- x→a+
(1) Examine the continuity of the function
f(x)=
{ x2 + 1
2x +1
x≤ 2
1f x > 2
at x= 2

lim f(x) = lim (x2 + 1) = 22+1 = 4 + 1 = 5

x → 2- x → 2-
lim f(x) = lim (2x + 1) = (2 x 2)+1 = 4 + 1 = 5
x → 2+ x → 2-
f (2) = 22+1 = 4+1=5
lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(2)
x → 2- x→ 2+
f(x) is continuos at x=2

{
(2) f(x = k x+1
3x - 5
1f x< 5
if x>5 is continuous at x=5
Find k?
lim f(x) = lim kx+1 = k x 5+1 = 5k+1
x→ 5- x→ 5-
lim f(x) = lim (3x-5) = 3 x 5-5=15-5=10
x→ 5+ x→ 5+
Since f(x) is continous lim f(x) = lim f(x)
5k + 1= 10 x→ 5- x→ 5+
5k = 10-1
5k = 9 k=9
5//
Results
dy secxtanx
y dx Sec x
xn n x n-1 cosec x -cosecx.cotx
ex ex 1
Sin-1x √1-x2
logx 1
x -1
1 cos -1x √1-x2
√x 2√x
1
Sin x Cos x tan-1x 1+x2

Cos x -1
- Sin x cot-1x 1+x2
tan x sec 2 x 1
-1
sec x x√x2 -1
cot x -1
-cosec2 x -1
cosec x x√x2-1
ssIØm-ßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛ 2019˛ 20 29
 Find dy from the following
dx
(1) 2x + 3y= cosy (4) y=(sinx)x
(2) x2 + xy + y2 = 1 (5) xy = yx

( )
(3) y = sin-1 2x
1+x2
(6) x= a(θ+sin θ) y= a (1-cos θ)

Ans:-
(1) 2x + 3y= cosy (4) y=(sinx)x
Differentiating
(2 x 1) + 3 dy = - sin y dy
dx dx
3 dy + sin y dy = -2
dx dx
dy (3 + sin y) = -2
dx
dy = - 2
dx 3 + sin y//
(2) x2+ xy + y2 = 1
Differentiating
2 x+ x dy + y + 2y dy = 0
dx dx
x dy + 2y dy = - 2x - y
dx dx
dy (x + 2y) = - 2x - y
dx
dy = - 2x - y
dx x + 2y

( )
(iii) y = sin-1 2x
1+x2
x = tan θ
θ = tan-1 x
y = sin-1 2tan θ
(
1+ tan2θ )
= Sin-1(Sin2θ)
=2 θ
=2 tan-1x
dy = 2 1
dx 1 + x2
(iv) y = (sin x)x
Taking log on both sides
logy = log (sin x)x = x log sinx
ssIØm-ßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛ 2019˛ 20 30
 Differentiating
1 dy = x d (log sin x) + log sin x
y dx dx
=x1 . d (sinx)+ log sinx
sin x dx
= x 1 Cosx+ log sinx
sin x
= x Cotx + log sinx
dy = y(x Cotx + log sinx)
dx
= (Sinx)x (x Cotx + log sinx)
y x
Qn5: x = y
Taking log on bothsides
logxy =log yx
y logx = xlogy
Differentiating
y. d (log x) +log x . dy = x . d (log y)+ logy . d(x)
dx dx dx dx
y.1 +log x . dy = x .1 dy + logy
x dx y dx
log x dy - x dy = log y - y
dx y dx x

dx y)
dy logx-x = log y - y
( x
dy = log y - y
dx x
logx - x
y

Qn6: x = a(θ +Sin θ) y =a (1-cos θ)

Differentiating w.r.t.x
x = a(θ +Sin θ)
dx = a(1 +cos θ)
dθ
y =a (1-cos θ)
dy = a(0 +sin θ)
dθ
=a sin θ
dy = dy
dx dθ ( )
dx =a sin θ = sin θ
dθ ( ) a (1+cos θ) 1+cos θ

Qn 7 : y= a cos logx + b sin logx prove that x2 y2 + x y1+ y = 0

y= a cos logx + b sin logx
Differentating y1= a d (cos logx) + b d (sin logx)
dx dx
ssIØm-ßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛ 2019˛ 20 31
 y1= a. (- sin logx) . 1 + b. (cos logx). 1
x x
y1= -a sin logx . + b. cos logx
x x
Multyplying by x
xy1= -a sin logx . + b. cos logx
Differentating again w.r.t.x
x d (y1 ) + y1 d (x) = -a d (sin logx) + b d (cos logx)
dx dx dx dx
x y2 + y1= -a cos logx - b sin logx
x x
Multyplying by x
x2 y2 + x y1= -a cos logx - b sin logx

= - (a cos logx + b sin logx)

= -y
x2 y2 + x y1 + y = 0

ROLLE’S THEOREM
f(x) be a function defined in [a, b] such that
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b), then there exist at least one point c ∈(a, b) such that f1(c) = 0
(5) Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = x2 in [-1, 1]
f(x) is continuous in [-1, 1] since it is a ploynomial function. f(x) is differentiable in (-1, 1)
f(-1) = (-1)2 = 1
f(1) = 12 = 1
f(-1) = f(1)
f(x) = x2
f1(x) = 2x
f1(c) = 2c
f1(c) = 0
⇒2c = 0
c=0=0
2
0 ∈ (-1, 1)
Hnece Rolle’s theorem is verified

ssIØm-ßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛ 2019˛ 20 32

Mean Value Theorem
f(x) be a fumction defined in [a, b] such that
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]

(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b) then there exist attent one point C∈ (a,b) such that
f1 (c) = f (b) - f (a)
b - a
(6) Verify mean value theorem for f (x) = x2 - 4x-3 in [1,4]
f(x) is continuous in [1,4], since it is a ploynomial function

f(x) is differentiable in (1,4)

f(1) = 12 - 4x1-3 = 1-4-3 = - 6
f(4) = 42 - 4x4 - 3 = 16-16-3= -3
f1(x) = 2x - 4
f1(x) = 2c - 4
f1(c) = f(b) - f(a) a=1
b-a b= 4
2c - 4 = f(4) - f(1)
4-1
2c - 4 = -3 - 6
3
2c - 4 = -3 + 6
3
2c - 4 = 1
2c = 5 c= 5 ∈ (1,4) Hence mean value Theorem verified.
2

ssIØm-ßv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√ ]©m-bØv ˛ 2019˛ 20 33

 Mathematics
CHAPTER 6
Application of Derivatives

dy
is the rate of change of y
dx
w.r. to x

1) The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. find the rate at which the area increasing
when the radius is 10 cm.

Let r be the radius of the circle.

dr
It is given that =3
dt
2
Area, A = πr
dA dr
= π × 2r ×
dt dt
= π × 2 × 10 × 3 (r = 10 given)
2
= 60 π cm /s

2) Find the rate of change of area of a circle w. r. to radius when the radius is 5 cm.
2
A = πr

Rate of change of area with respect to radius,

dA
= π × 2r = 2πr (r = 5)
dr
= 2π × 5 = 10π

Approximation
1
ƒ(x + h) = ƒ(x) + hƒ (x)

3) Find the approximate value of √ 36.6

Let ƒ(x) = √ x
1 1
ƒ (x) =
2√ x
36.6 = 36 + 0.6

Let x = 36, h = 0.6

1
ƒ(x + h) = ƒ(x) + h ƒ (x)
1
√ 36.6 = ƒ(36) + 0.6 × ƒ (36)
ssIØmßv ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv 2019 ˛ 20 34
 Mathematics

= √ 36 + 0.6 × 1
2√ 36
= 6 + 0.6 × 1
2×6
=6+ 0.6
12
= 72.6 = 6.05
12
Slope of tangent = dy (x1, y1)
dx
Slope of Normal = −1 (x1, y1)
dy/dx
Equation of tangent and Normal:

y − y1 = m (x − x1)

where m is the slope

4) Find the slope of tengent and normal to the Curve

3 2
y = x − x at x = 1
3 2
y=x −x
dy = 3x2 − 2x
dx dy
Slope of tangent = =1
2 dx
= 3 × 1 − 2 × 1 (x = 1) ∴
Slope of normal = −1 = −1 = −1
=3−2=1 dy 1
dx
5) Find the equation of tangent to the curve
2 2
2x + 3y = 5 ad (1, 1)
2 2
2x + 3y = 5

Differentiating
dy
2 × 2x + 3 × 2y =0
dx
dy
4x + 6y =0
dx
dy
6y = − 4x
dx
dy − 4x − 2x
= =
dx 6y 3y
put x = 1, y = 1

ssIØmßv ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv 2019 ˛ 20 35

 Mathematics

dy −2 × 1 −2
dx = 3×1 = 3
−2
Slope of gangent, m =
3
Equation of tangent ad (1,1) is

y − y1 = m (x − x1)
−2
y−1= (x − 1)
3
1
Increasing function ƒ (x) ≥ 0
1
Strictly increasing function ƒ (x) > 0
1
Decreasing function ƒ (x) ≤ 0
1
Strictly increasing function ƒ (x) < 0
3 2
6) Show that ƒ(x) = x − 6x + 12x − 18 is an increasing function
3 2
ƒ(x) = x − 6x + 12x − 18
1 2
ƒ (x) = 3x − 6 × 2x + 12 × 1 − 0
2
= 3x − 12x + 12
2
= 3(x − 4x + 4)
2
= 3(x − 2)
1
ƒ (x) ≥ 0. ∴ ƒ(x) is an increasing functon
3 2
7) Find the intervals in which ƒ(x) = 2x − 3x − 36x + 72 is strictly increasing or
strictly decreasing
3 2
ƒ(x) = 2x − 3x − 36x + 72
1 2
ƒ (x) = 2 × 3x − 3 × 2x − 36 × 1 + 0
2
= 6x − 6x − 36
1
ƒ (x) = 0
2
6x − 6x − 36 = 0
2 + − +
x −x−6=0 × ×
−∞ −2 3 ∞

ssIØmßv ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv 2019 ˛ 20 36

 Mathematics
(x − 3) (x + 2) = 0

x = 3, − 2

ƒ(x) is strictly increasing in (−∞, −2) u (3, ∞) and decreasing in (−2, 3)

1 11
c is a point of local minimum if ƒ (c) = 0 and ƒ (x) < 0
1 11
c is a point of local minimum if ƒ (c) = 0 and ƒ (c) > 0

8) Find two potitive numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible

Since the sum of numbers is 24, let x and 24 − x be the numbers.

product, ƒ(x) = x (24 − x)

2
= 24x − x
1
ƒ (x) = 24 × 1 − 2x

= 24 − 2x
1
ƒ (x) = 0

24 − 2x = 0

2x = 24

x = 24/2 = 12
1
ƒ (x) = 24 − 2x
11
ƒ (x) = − 2
11
ƒ (x) < 0

The numbers are x and 24 − x

= 12 and 24 − 12

= 12 and 12

ssIØmßv ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√m ]©m-bØv 2019 ˛ 20 37

 Mathematics
CHAPTER 7
Integration
n+1
x
1) ∫ xn dx = + c where n ≠ −1
n+1
2) ∫ dx = x + c

3) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

4) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c
2
5) ∫ sec x dx = tan x + c
2
6) ∫ cosec x dx = − cot x + c

7) ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

8) ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c

dx −1
9) ∫ = sin x + c
√1− x 2

dx −1
10) ∫ = − cos x + c
√1− x 2

dx −1
11) ∫ = tan x + c
1+ x2
dx −1
12) ∫ = − cot x + c
1+ x2
dx −1
13) ∫ = sec x + c
x√x − 1
2

dx −1
14) ∫ = − cosec x + c
x√x2 − 1
x x
15) ∫ e dx = e + c
1
16) ∫ dx = log | x | + c
x
x
x a
17) ∫ a dx = +c
log a
18) ∫ tan x dx = log | sec x | + c

19) ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | + c

20) ∫ sec x dx = log | sec x + tan x | + c

21) ∫ cosec x dx = log | cosec x − cot x | + c

dx 1 x−a
22) ∫ = log | |+c
x2 − a2 2a x+a
dx 1 a+x
23) ∫ 2 2 = log | |+c
a −x 2a a−x

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dx 1 − x
24) ∫ 2 = tan 1 +c
x +a
2
a a
dx
25) ∫ 2 2 = log | x + √x2 − a2 | + c
√x − a
dx −1 x
26) ∫ 2 2 = sin a + c
√a − x
x x
27) ∫ e [ƒ(x) + ƒ(x)] dx = e ƒ(x) + c
2
x a
28) ∫ √x2 − a2 dx = √x2 − a2 − log | x + √x2 − a2 | + c
2 2
2
x a
29) ∫ √x + a dx =
2 2
√x + a +
2 2 log | x + √x2 + a2 | + c
2 2
2
x x
30) ∫ √a2 − a2 dx = √a2 − x2 + a sin−1
2 2 a +c
log x
1) ∫ dm
x
pud log x = t
1
dx = dt
x
t2
∫ t dt = 2 + c
(log x)2
= 2 +c
dx
2) ∫ 2
√x + 2x + 2
dx
=∫
√(x + 2x + 12) − 12 + 2
2

dx
=∫ = log | (x + 1) + √(x + 1)2 + 1 | + c
√(x + 1)2 + 1
3) Integration by partial Fraction
Here a complex rational function is reduced to simpler rational functions and integration can be
done by known methods.
x dx
Q.3) ∫
(x + 1)(x + 2)
x A B
= + (1)
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2
x = A (x + 2) + B (x + 1)

put x = − 1,

−1 = Α (−1 + 2) + Β (−1 + 1)

−1 = A + OB

Α = −1,

Put x = −2,
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−2 = A (−2 + 2) + B (−2 +1)

−2 = OA − B

−2 = −B

B=2

Sub. the values of A nd B in (1)

x −1 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) = x + 1 + x + 2
x dx dx dx
∫ =−∫ +2∫
(x + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x+2

= − log | x + 1 | + 2 log | x + 2 | + c
(x + 2)2
= log | | +c
(x + 1)
Integral of product of 2 functions

= (Ist function) × (indegral of 2nd)

− ∫ (derivable of Ist) × (indegral of 2nd) dm.

4) ∫ x log x dx
1
∫ log x × x dx = log x × ∫ x dx − ∫ [(log x) × ∫ x dx ] dx

= log x × x − ∫ 1 × x2 dx.
2

2 x 2
= log x × x −
2
1 ∫ x dx.
2 2

= log x × x −
2
1 × x2 dx.
2 2 2

= log x × x − x2 + c
2

2 4

5) ∫ log x dx

= ∫ log x × 1 dx

1
= log x × ∫ 1 dx − ∫ [(log x) × ∫1dx ] dx

= log x × x − ∫ 1 × x dx
x
= log x × x − ∫ 1 dx

= log x × x − x + c
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x 1 x
∫ e (ƒ(x) + ƒ (x) dx = e ƒ(x) + c
x
6) ∫ e (Sin x + Cos x) dx
x
= e Sin x + c
π
3
2 Sin x dx
7) ∫0 3 3
Sin x + Cos x
π 3
2Sin x dx
let I = ∫0 3 3 (1)
Sin x + Cos x
a a
π 3 π ∫0 ƒ(x) dx =∫0 ƒ (a − x) dx
2 Sin ( −x) dx 2
I = ∫0 3 3
Sin ( π2 −x) + Cos ( π2 −x)
π 3
2 Cos x dx Sin ( π2 −x) = Cos x
= ∫0 3 3 (2)
Cos x + Sin x Cos ( π2 −x) = Sin x
(1) + (2)
π
3 3
2 Sin x Cos x
I + I = ∫0 3 3
+ 3 3
dx
Sin x + Cos x Cos x + Sin x
π π
3 3
2 Sin x + Cos x 2
2I = ∫0 3 3
dx = ∫0 1 dx
Sin x + Cos x
π
2 π π
2I = [x] = , I=
0 2 4

Definite integral as the limit of a sum

h
∫a ƒ(n) dx = lim h[ƒ(a) + ƒ(a + h) + ƒ(a + 2h) + ............ + ƒ(a + (n − 1) h)]
h −> 0
where nh = b − a

5
8) Evaluate ∫ (x + 1) dx on the limit of a sum
0

a = 0 b = 5 ƒ(m) = x + 1

nb = b − a = 5 − 0 = 5

ƒ(a) = ƒ(0) = 0 + 1 = 1

ƒ(a + h) = ƒ(0 + h) = ƒ(h) = h + 1

ƒ(a + 2h) = ƒ(0 + 2h) = ƒ(2h) = 2h + 1

ƒ(a + (n − 1) h) = ƒ((n − 1) h) = (n − 1) h + 1

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h
∫a ƒ(n) dx = lim h[ƒ(a) + ƒ(a + h) + ƒ(a + 2h) + ....... + ƒ(a + (n − 1) h]
h−>0
5
∫0 (n + 1) dx = lim h[ 1 + h + 1 + 2h + 1 + ......... + (n − 1) h +1]
h −> 0

= lim h[(1 + 1 + ...... + 1) + (h + 2h + ....... + (n − 1) h)]

h −> 0

= lim h [n + h (1 + 2 + ....... + (n - 1))]

h−>0

= lim h[n + h n (n − 1) ]
h −> 0 2 1 + 1 + ....... +1 = n

= lim
2
[nh + h n (n − 1) ] 1 + 2 + ....... + n − 1 = n(n −1)
h−>0 2 2

= lim [nh + nh (nh − h) ] (nh = 5)

h−>0 2

= lim [ 5 + 5(5 − 0) ]
h−>0 2

= lim [ 5 + 1 25 ]
2
35
=
2

1
dx
9) ∫0 2
1+x
1
−1 −1 −1
= [ tan x] = tan 1− tan 0
0

π
= −0
4
π
=
4

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CHAPTER - 8
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis, x = a and x=b is given by
b
Area =  y dx
a
Area bounded by x = f(y), the Y axis,

y = a and y = b is given by

b
Area =  x dy
a
Area bounded by y = f(x) and y = g(x) which are intersected at x=a and
b
x=b is Area =  (fx)-g(x))dx
a
1. Find the area of the region bounded by y2=x, the x axis, and the lines x=1
and x=4 in first quadrant

y2=x y= x
b
Area =  y dx
a

4
=  x dx
1
4
=
2
3 [ (x)
3
]
2 1

3 3
=
2
3 [ (4) 2 - (1)
2
]
=
2
3 [( 4)3 -( 1)3 ]
2 [8-1]
=
3

2 14
= x7= 3
3
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2. Find the area bounded by y = cosx

between x = 0 and x = 2

Area of the shaded region

b
=  y dx
a
 
2 2
=  cosx dx = [sinx]
0 0


= sin 2 - sin0 = 1-0 = 1

Total area = 4x1 = 4

3. Using integration find the area of the circle.

x2+y2=r2 is a circle with centre at origin and radius ‘r’

y2 = r2 - x2

y= r2 - x 2

Area in the first quadrant

b
=  y dx
a
r
=  r2-x2 dx
o
r
r2 x
= [x
2
r2-x2 +
2
Sin-1
r 0
]
r
= ( r2 r2-r2 +
r2
2
Sin-1
r
) - ( 02 r2-02 +
r2
Sin-1
0
r
2
r2 -1 r
r2
= 2 Sin = Sin-1
r 2
r2 
= x2
2

=
r2
4
r2
Total area 4 x = r2
4

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4. Using integration find the area of the ellipse

The equation of ellipse is

x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2

y2 x2
= 1-
b2 a2

y2 a2 -x2
=
b2 a2

2
b2 (a2 -a2)
y =
a2
b (a2 -x2)
y =
a

Area in first quadrant

b
=  y dx
a
b
b
=  a2-x2 dx
a a
a 0 a2 0
=
b
a
[( ba a2-a2 +
a2
2
Sin-1 )(
a
-
2
a2-02 +
2
Sin-1
a
)]
b a2 -1 a
= a x 2 Sin a

b a2 Sin-1 a
= x
a 2 a

b a2 Sin-1
= x
a 2

= ab x  = ab
2 2 4

Total area = 4x
ab = ab
4

5. Find the area between the parabola

y2 =x and x2 = y

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Solving the two equations

y2 = x x2 = y

y= x y = x2

x2 = x

Squaring

x4 = x

x4 - x = 0

x(x3-1) = 0

x = 0, x3 - 1 = 0

= x3 = 1

x=1

b
Area =  f(x) - g(x) dx
a

1
= x-x2)dx
0(

3 1
=
[ 2
3
(x) 2 -
x3

3 0 ]
3 1
= [ 2
3
(1) 2 -
x3

3 0 ]
3
2 13 2 1 1
2 - =
= (1) - = 3 3 3
3 3

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CHAPTER - 9
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative
occuring in a differential equation. The power of the highest order derivative
is called degree.

1. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.

3 4
d2y dy
(i) ( d2y ) + 2 ( dx ) + 9 = sinx
order = 2 degree = 3
d2y
(ii) = ( dx2 ) + Sin ( dy
dx )
=0

order = 2. Degree not defined

dy = 1+y
2
2. Solve
dx 1+x2
dy = dx
(separating the variables)
1+y2 1+x2
dy dx
 1+y 2
=
 1+x2
tan-1y = tan-1x + c

3. Solve Sec2x tany dx + Sec2y + tanx dy = 0

Sec2y tanx dy = Sec2x tany dx

Sec2y dy Sec2x dx
=- (Seperating the variables)
tany tanx

Sec2y dy Sec2x dx
 tany
=-  tanx f1

log tany = - log tanx + c

 f
= log f +c

log tany + log tanx = c

Linear Differential Equation

dy
General form : + Py = Q
dx
 pdx
Integrating factor, I.F. = e

Solution : y x I.F =  Q x I.F dx + c

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4. Solve dy + y
= x2
dx x
This is of the form dy + py = Q
dx
1
P= 2
x Q= x
pdx
I.F. = e

 1x dx logx
=e =e =x

Solution is

y x I. F =  Q x I.F. dx
y x x = x 2
x x dx =  x3 dx

y x x = x4 + c
4

dy
5. Solve (1+x2) +2xy = cotx
dx

Dividing by (1 + x2)

dy 2xy cotx
+ =
dx 1+x2 1+x2

This is of the form dy + py = Q

dx
2x cotx
P= 2 , Q =
1+x 1+x2

 pdx  2x dx log(1+x2)
I.F = e = e 1+x2 = e = 1+x2

Solution is
y x I.F = Q x I.F dx
cot x
y x (1+x2) = x 1+x2 dx
2
1+x

= cot x dx

y (1+x2) = Log Sinx + c

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CHAPTER - 10
VECTOR ALGEBRA

Terms and Definitions

1. Unit vector in the direction of a; a = a

a
2 2 2
a = a1 +a2 +a3 , where a = a1i+a2j+a3k

2. AB = OB-OA, where OA and OB are position vectors of A and B.

3. Position vector of A (x, y, z) is OA = xi+yj+zk

4. Section formula : If a and b be the position vectors of the points A and B

respectively, then the position vector of the point which divides the line
segment AB in the ratio m:n internally is

mb+na ; and externally is mb-na

m+n m-n

 the midpoint of AB is a+b

2
5. Product of vectors

(i) Scalar product

a.b = a. b cos , where  is the angle between a and b, 0    

(a) If a = a1i+a2j+a3k, b = b1i + b2j + b3k, then a.b = a1a2+b1b2+c1c2

(b) Projection of b on a = a.b

a
(c) Angle between a and b is  = Cos-1 ( a . b )
a b
(d) a and b (both are non zero vectors) perpendicular vector if and

only if a.b=0.

(ii) Vector product

a x b = a . b sinn, where  is the angle between a and b, 00, and n
is the unit vector perpendicular to both a and b so that a, b, n form a right
handed system.

(a) Area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b = axb

(b) Area of the triangle with adjacent sides a and b is =½ axb

(c) If a and b (both are non-zero vectors) are parallel, then axb=0

(d) a =a1i+a2j+a3k, b = b1i+b2j+b3k, then

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i j k
axb= a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

(iii) Scalar triple product

(a) If a, b and c are any nonzero vectors, then a.(bxc) or (axb).c is called
scalar triple product and is denoted by [abc].

(b) If a = a1i + a2j+ a3k, b= b1i+b2j+b3k, c = c1i+c2j+c3k

a1 a2 a3
[a b c ] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

(c) If a, b, c are the co-terminus edjes of a paralellopiped. Its volume is

[a b c ]

(d) If a, b, c are coplanar then [a b c] = 0

Problems

1. a = 2i+3j+2k, b =i+j+k

(i) Find a and b

(ii) Find a.b and hence find angle between a and b

(iii) Find the projection of a on b

Ans (i) a = 22+32+22 = 4+9+4 = 17

b = 12+12+12 = 1+1+1 = 3

(ii) a.b = 2x1+3x1+2x1= 2+3+2 = 7

=Cos-1
a.b
a b
= Cos-1 ( 7
17 x 3 ) = Cos-1 ( )7
51

a.b 7
(iii) Projection of a on b is =
b 3

2. Find the value of m such that the vector a = 2i+3j+5k and b = mi+2j+k are
perpendicular.

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i j k
axb= a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

(iii) Scalar triple product

(a) If a, b and c are any nonzero vectors, then a.(bxc) or (axb).c is called
scalar triple product and is denoted by [abc].

(b) If a = a1i + a2j+ a3k, b= b1i+b2j+b3k, c = c1i+c2j+c3k

a1 a2 a3
[a b c ] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

(c) If a, b, c are the co-terminus edjes of a paralellopiped. Its volume is

[a b c ]

(d) If a, b, c are coplanar then [a b c] = 0

Problems

1. a = 2i+3j+2k, b =i+j+k

(i) Find a and b

(ii) Find a.b and hence find angle between a and b

(iii) Find the projection of a on b

Ans (i) a = 22+32+22 = 4+9+4 = 17

b = 12+12+12 = 1+1+1 = 3

(ii) a.b = 2x1+3x1+2x1= 2+3+2 = 7

=Cos-1
a.b
a b
= Cos-1 ( 7
17 x 3 ) = Cos-1 ( )7
51

a.b 7
(iii) Projection of a on b is =
b 3

2. Find the value of m such that the vector a = 2i+3j+5k and b = mi+2j+k are
perpendicular.

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If three vector are coplanar [a b c ] = 0

ie 2 -4 5
1 -m 1 =0
3 2 -5

25m - 26 = 0

25m=26 m = 26
25
7. Find the volume of the parelelopped whose co-terminus edjes are
a =7i-2j+k, b = i-2j+2k and c = 3i-8j

Volume = [a b c ] = 7 -2 1
1 -2 2
3 -8 0
= 7 (0+16) +2 (0-6) + 1 (-8+6)
= 7 x 16+2x-6+1x-2
= 112-12-2 = 112-14 = 98

Vectors

8. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(0,-2,1), B(1,-1,2) and
C (-1,1,0)

Ans: The adjacent sides ae AB and AC

AB = OB-OA = (i-j-2k) - (oi-2j+k)

= i+j-3k

A C = D C - O A = (-i+j-ok)-(oi-2j+k)

= -i+3j-k

ABxAC = i j k
1 1 -3 = 8j+4j+4k
-1 3 -1

 ABxAC = 82+42+42 = 64+16+16 = 96

Area of the triangle =  AB x AC

1
= x 96
2
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CHAPTER - 11
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

 Direction cosmes : If ,, are the angles made by a line with positive

directions of x,y and z axes respectively then l=cos, m=cos, n=cos are
called direction cosine of the line.

 l2+m2+n2=1

 Any set of numbers a, b, c which are proposional to l,m,n are called direction
ratios.

 Equation of a line

vector form : r = x1i+y1j+z1k+ (ai+bj+ck)

z-z1
Cartesian form x-x1 = y-y1 =
a b c
x-x1 y-y1 z-z1
 Angle between the lines = = and
a1 b1 c1

x-x2 y-y2 z-z2 a1a2+b1b2+c1c2

a1
=
b1
= c1
is  = Cos-1
( a12+b12+c12 x a22+b22+c22 )
 Shortest distance between r = a1 + b1  r = a2 + b2

is d = (b1xb2) . (a2 - a1)

b1xb2
 Equation of plane
Vector form : r . n = d ie (xi+yi+3k) . (ai+bj+ck) = d
Cartesian form : ax+by+cz = d
 Angle between planes A1x+B1y+C1z+D1= 0 and
A2x+B2y+C2z+D2 = 0 is A1A2+B1B2+C1C2
= Cos-1
( A12+B12+C12 x A22+B22+C22 )
 The angle between line r = a+b + r . n = d is
b.n
 = Sin-1
( b x n )
 The distance of the point (x,y,z1) to the plane Ax+By+Cz+D=0 is
d= Ax1+By1+Cz1
A2+B2+C2

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1. If a line make equal angles with the co-ordinate axes find the direction cosines
of the line.

Let the line make an angle  with each co-ordinate axes, then

l = cos, m = cos, n=cos

l2+m2+n2 = 1 cos2+cos2+cos2=1

3cos2=1 cos2 = 1/3

 Cos= + 1
3
+1
l=m=n=
3
2. Find the angle between the lines

r = 2j+j-3k+(2i+5j-3k) and

r = -2i+4j+5k+  (-i+8j+4k)

Ans : The Cartesian equations of the lines are

x-2 y-1 z-3 x+2 y-2 z-5
= = and = =
2 5 -3 -1 8 4

a1=2, b1=5, c1=-3, a2=-1, b2=8, c2=4

a1a2+b1b2+c1c2
 = Cos-1 ( a12+b12+c12 x a22+b22+c22 )
a1a2+b1b2+c1c2
= Cos -1
( a12+b12+c12 x a22+b22+c22 )

= Cos-1 ( 26
38 x 81 )
= Cos-1
26
9 81 ( )
3. Find the shortest distance between the lines
x-1 y-2 z-3 x-4 y-5 z-6
= = and = =
1 -3 2 2 3 1

Ans : The vector equations are

r = i+2j+3k+ (i-3j+2k) and

r = 4i+5j+6k+ (2i+3j+k)
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a1=i+2j+3k, b1 = i-3j+2k, a1 =4i+5j+6k, b2 = 2i+3j+2k

a2-a1=(4i+5j+6k) - (i+2j+3k) = 3i+3j+3k

b1xb2 = i j k
1 -3 2 = -9i+3j+9k
2 3 1

b1xb2 = (-9)2+32+a2 = 171 = 3 19

= -9x3+3x3+9x3 = 9

4. Find the angle between the planes

r. (i-2j+2z)=8 and r. (-3i+6j-63) = 57

Ans : Cartesian equation are

x-2y+2x=8 and -3x+6y-6z = 57

A1A2+B1B2+C1C2
 = Cos-1
( A12+B12+C12 x A22+B22+C22 )
= Cos-1
( 1x-3+-2x6+2x-6
12+(-2)2+22 x (-3)2+62+(-6)2 )
= Cos-1 ( -3-12-12
9 x 81
) = Cos-1 ( )
27
3x9

5. Find the angle between the plane x-2y+2z-8=0

and the line x-3 y+1 z-5
= =
2 3 -2

Ans : vector equation are

r. (i-2j+2k) = 8 and r = 3i-j+5k + (2i+3j-2k)

 = Sin-1 ( b.n
b x n ) = Sin-1
( 1x2+-2x3+2x-2
12+(-2)2_22x 22+32+(-2)2 )
= Sin-1 ( -8
)
3 17

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6. Find the distance from (1,2,3) to the plane

2x+3y-z+2=0
ax1+by1+cz1+d 2x1+3x2-3+2 -8
Ans : d = = =
a2+b2+c2 22+32+(-1)2 14

7. Find the cartesian equation the plane passing through the intersection of the
plane r.(i+j+k)=6 and r. (2i+3j+4k)=-5 and passing through (1,1,1)

Cartesian Equation

(1) 2x+3y+4z+5=0 and

(2) x+y+z-6=0

Equation of the plane passing through the intersection of (1) and (2)

(2x+3y+4z+5) +  (x+y+z-6) = 0

(2+)x + (3+)y+(4+)x+5-6=0

Since this plane passes through (1,1,1)

(2+)x1+(3+)x1+(4+) 1+5-6=0

2++3++4++5-6=0

-3+14=0

3 = 14

= 14/3

(2x+3y+4z+5) + 14/3 (x+y+z-6) = 0

3(2x+3y+4z+5) + 14 (x+y+z-6) = 0

6x+9y+12z+15+14x+14y+14z-64=0

20x+23y+26z-49=0

8. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2,5,-3), (-2,-3,5)
and (5,3,-3)

Equation is x-x1 y-y1 z-z1

x2-x1 y2-y1 z1-z1 = 0

x3-x1 y3-y1 z3-z1

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“ x-2 y-5 z+3

-2-2 -3-5 5+3 = 0

5-2 3-5 -3+3

“ x-2 y-5 z+3

-4 -8 8 = 0

3 2 0

(x-2) ((0-16)-(y-5)(0-24)+(z+3) (-8+24) = 0

(x-2)x-16 - (y-5) x - 24+(3+3)x16=0

-16x+32+24y-120+16x+48=0

-16x+24y+16z-40=0

CHAPTER - 12
LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1. A company produces two articles X and Y. There are two departments through
which the articles are processed namely assembly and finishing. The potential
capacity of the assembly department is 60 hours, a week and that of finishing
department is 38 hours a week. Production of one unit X requires 4 hours of
assembly and 2 hours of assembly and 4 hours of finishing. If profit is Rs. 8
for each unit of X and Rs. 6 for each unit of Y. Formulate the objective
function and constraints.

Ans : Let x unit of X and y unit of Y be produced.

Z=8x+6y

Constraints

4x+2y  60 (Assembly department)

2x+4y  48 (Finishing department)

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2. Maximise Z = 3x+2y subject to the constraints

x+2y10, 3x+y15, x0, y0

Ans: x+2y=10 3x+y=15

x 0 10 x 0 5
y 5 0 y 15 0
16

x+2y=10 - (1)
14

3x+y=15 -(2)
12

1x(3) 3x+6y=30
10

-5y=-15
y=3
8

x+2x3=10
6

B (4,3) x+6=10
x=4
4

C
2

A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Corner points are 0(0,0), A (5,0), B (4,3) and C(0,5)

Corner points Z=3x+2y

0(0,0) 3x0+2x0 = 0

(5,0) 3x5+2x0 = 15

B(4,3) 3x4+2x3 = 18 maximum

C(0,5) 3x0+2x5 =10

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CHAPTER - 13
PROBABILITY
 P(A/B) = P(AB)
P(B)
 P(B/A) = P(AB)
P(A)
 P(AB) = P(A/B). (P(B) = P(B/A). P(A)

 If two events A and B are independent

P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B)

 P(AB) = P(A). P(B)

BAYES’ THEOREM

If E1, E2, .... En are  non-empty events which constitute a

partition of sample space S and A in any event of non-zero
probability, then

P(Ei/A) = P(Ei) P(A/Ei)

n
 P(Ej) P(A/Ej)
j=1

1. A coin is tossed three times, where the events

A : occurring atmost two heads,

B : occurring atmost one tail

Write (i) Sample space

Find P(A), P(B), P(AB), P(A/B) and P(B/A)

Ans : S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, THH, HTH, HHT, HHH}

A = {TTH, THT, HTT, THH, HTH, HHT, TTT}

B = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}

P(A) = 7/8, P(B) = 4/8

AB = {HHT, HTH, THH}

P(AB) = 3/8

P(AB) 3/8 3
P(A/B) = = =
P(B) 4/8 4
P(AB) 3/8 3
P(B/A) = = =
P(A) 7/8 7
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2. A coin is tossed three times where E : head on third toss F: head on first two
tosses. Determine P(E/F)

Ans: S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}

E = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}

F = {HHH, HHT}

EF = {HHH}

P(E) = 4/8, P(F) = 2/8, P(EF) = 1/8

P(EF) 1/8 1
P(E/F) = = =
P(F) 2/8 2

3. A problem is given to three students A, B and C. The probabilities that the

problem will solved by them are 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 respectively. What is the
probability that the problem will be solved.

Ans: P(A) 1/4, P(B) = 1/2, P(C) = 3/4

P (None solve) = P(A cB cC c)

= P(Ac) x P(Bc) x P(Cc)

= 3/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 3/32

P (Problem will be solved) = P(At least one solves)

= 1-P (none)
3 29
= 1- =
32 32

4. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another bag II contains 5 red
and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is
found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag II.

Let E1 be the event of choosing bag I and E2 the event of choosing bagII
and A be the event of drawing a red ball.

P(E1) = P(E2) = 1/2

Also P(A/E1) = P (drawing red ball from bag I) = 3/7

P(A/E2) = P (drawing red ball from bag II) = 5/11

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The probability of drawing a ball from bag II,

being given that it is red in P(E2/A)

by using Baye’s theorem, we have

P(E2/A) = P(E2) P(A/E2) 1/2 x 5/11 3

= =
P(E1)P(A/E1)+P(E2)P(A/E2) 1/2 x 3/7 + 1/2 x 5/11 7

5. Find the variance and mean of the number obtained on a throw of an unbaised
die.

Ans : Sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

Let x denote the number obtained on the throw.

Then x is a random variable which can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6

Also P(1)=P(2)=P(3)=P(4)=P(5)=P(6)=1/6

Therefore, the probability distribution of x is

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

p(x) 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6

n
Now mean = E(x) =  xipi
i=1

= 1x1 + 2x1 + 3x1 + 4x1 + 5x1 + 6x1 + = 21

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

E(x2) = 12x1 + 22x1 +32x1 + 42x1 +52x1 + 62x1 + = 91

6 6 6 6 6 6 6
91 (21)2 91 441 35
Aa(x) = E(x2) - (E(x)]2 = = = - =
6 6 6 36 12

6. A random variable has follosing probability distribution

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

P(x) k 2k 3k 4k 2k k

(i) Find k
(ii) P(x>3)
(iii) P (1<x<4)
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Ans (i) P(x)=1

K+2K+3K+4K+2K+K=1

13K=1 k=1/13

(ii) P(x>3) = P(x=4) + P(x=5)

= 2k+k

= 3k = 3x1/13 = 3/13

(iii) P(1<x<4) = P(x=2)+P(x=3)

= 3k+4k

= 7k = 7x 1 7
=
13 13

(7) If P(A) = 0.6, P(B)=0.7 and P(AB)=0.9, then

Find P(A/B) and P(B/A)

Ans : P(AB)=P(A) + P(B)-P (AB)

0.9 = 0.6+0.7 - P(AB)

P(AB) 0.4 4
P(A/B) = = =
P(B) 0.7 7

P(B/A) = P(AB) 0.4

=
4
=
P(A) 0.6 6



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