ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (IUT)

ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

COURSE: EEE 4386 (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY LAB.)

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 (A)
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: FAMILIARIZATION WITH ALTERNATING CURRENT
WAVES

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this experiment is to make students familiar with Alternating Current (AC) waves of
various shapes. Students will learn various quantities related to AC waves and also learn how to measure
them by using an oscilloscope.

INTRODUCTION:
Any periodic variation of current or voltage where the current (or voltage), when measured along any
particular direction, goes positive as well as negative, is defined to be an AC quantity. The wave shapes
may be of various types. The most common shapes are sinusoidal (Fig. I), triangular (Fig. II) and square
(Fig. III) waves.
For sinusoidal AC waveform, the variation of current or voltage is a sine function of time.

Figure I

Figure II

Figure III
EFFECTIVE VALUES: When we measure voltage or current by a multimeter, we actually get
effective (Root Mean Square or RMS) value. RMS voltage is defined by

1 𝑇
𝑉 = √ ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
The expression for current can be written in a similar fashion.

SINUSOIDAL SHAPE:
A sinusoidal variation in time is represented by the following equation.
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
2𝜋
⟹ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin ( 𝑡)
𝑇
Here, f is the frequency and T is the time period. Again, v(t) is the instantaneous value and Vm is the
maximum instantaneous value.
2
Again, angular frequency,  = 𝑇 .
∴ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
For sinusoidal variation, RMS voltage,

1 𝑇 2𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉 = √ ∫ 𝑉𝑚2 sin2 ( 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇 0 𝑇 √2

PHASE DIFFERENCE: Phase difference between two AC sinusoidal waveforms is the difference in
electrical angle between two identical points of two wave shapes. Voltage equations are given by the
following,
2𝜋
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin ( ) 𝑡
𝑇
2𝜋
𝑣2 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin {( ) 𝑡 − 𝜃}
𝑇
where the phase difference between v1(t) and v2(t) is .

IMPEDANCE:
The relation between a voltage across and current through any component of an AC circuit is given by
impedance. It is represented by Z.
𝑉
𝑍 =
𝐼
In AC, voltage, current, and impedance all have angles associated with them.

LABORATORY TASKS:
1. Be familiar with oscilloscope and signal generator.
2. Activate the signal generator.
3. Generate various wave shapes of various frequencies. Draw them in your notebook. Measure time
period (T) from the oscilloscope. Verify whether this agrees with the theoretical result.
4. Measure the peak values using an oscilloscope and calculate RMS value from the mathematical
equations. Measure RMS value by the multimeter. Do they agree?

EXPERIMENT NO. 5 (B)

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: STUDY OF SERIES AND PARALLEL R-L-C CIRCUIT

OBJECTIVE:
i) To be familiar with AC quantities, their phase, and phase differences.
ii) As the AC quantities are vectors (Phasor), their additions, subtractions, and multiplications are
in vector form. Hence, to be familiar with the drawing of vector diagrams of RLC series and
parallel circuits.

THEORY:
The phase of an alternating quantity is very important to locate it properly with respect to a reference.
Phase is the fractional part of a period through which time or the associated time angle ( = t) has
advanced from an arbitrary reference.

Fig. IV shows phase relation between the current through and voltage across resistive, purely inductive
and purely capacitive elements.

V I
I V V
I

a. Purely resistive b. Purely inductive c. Purely capacitive

Fig. IV: Vector Diagram

In RLC series circuit, if a sinusoidal voltage is applied, then, according to KVL, the applied voltage
must be equal to the vector addition of VR, VL, and VC.
VR VL
R=470 L=2.7mH

I
VL

Vin 5.5V VC
C=0.1F VC Vin
10KHz

VR
 I
I
Fig: V(a) Fig: V(b)

𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶
 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝑗𝐼𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝐼𝑋𝐶
= 𝐼 {𝑅 + 𝑗 (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )}
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑋 −𝑋
 𝐼 = 𝑍 = √{𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 } tan−1 ( 𝐿 𝑅 𝐶 )
Here, V and I indicate the RMS values, Z is the impedance.
In a series circuit, the current through the circuit is constant. Hence, to draw a vector diagram of a series
circuit, it is convenient to take current as a reference. Conversely for parallel circuit voltage across
parallel elements is taken as reference.

RS=470
I
VRS
IR IL IC

Vin 5.5V V R L C
10KHz
1K 2.7mH 0.1F

Fig: VI

APPARATUS:
 Signal generator
 Capacitor 0.1F
 Resistors (470, 1K)
 Inductor 2.7mH
 Multimeter
 AC ammeter (20mA or 10mA)
 Breadboard
 Oscilloscope
 Connecting wires etc.

PROCEDURE
i. Implement the circuit of Fig. V(a) and then set the amplitude of the AC signal to maximum (Vin
should be around 5V RMS). Take the readings of I, Vin, VR, VL, VC using a multimeter. Observe
the voltage wave shapes in the oscilloscope. Measure frequency and amplitudes of the voltages.
Compare the voltage readings from multimeter and oscilloscope.
ii. Then draw a vector diagram showing all voltages and current with the help of the method shown
in Fig. V(b).
iii. Similarly, connect the parallel circuit shown in Fig. VI and then set the amplitude of the AC signal
to maximum (Vin should be around 5V RMS). Take the readings of Vin, VRS, V, I, IR, IL, IC using
a multimeter. Observe the voltage wave shapes in the oscilloscope. Measure frequency and
amplitudes of the voltages. Compare the voltage readings from multimeter and oscilloscope.
iv. Then draw a vector diagram showing all voltages and currents following the hint given.

DATA TABLE:
(a) For series circuit:
Vin (Volt) I (mA) VR (Volt) VL (Volt) VC (Volt)

(b) For parallel circuit:

Vin (Volt) VRS (Volt) V (Volt) I (mA) IR (mA) IL (mA) IC (mA)

REPORT:
1. Show the tables and vector diagrams.
2. Discuss on the obtained results and discrepancies (if any).