TABLE OF CONTENTS Polynomials Adding Polynomials. Opposites of Polynomials. Subtracting Polynomials The Distributive Principle ..... Factoring Out a Common Factor Monomials, Binomials and Trinomials. Multiplying and Factoring Polynomials The Zero Product Rule .. Quadratic Equations ...... Using Quadratic Equations Written Work Practice Test .. ‘The Search for the Fith Linear equations wore solved by the Egyptians about 2000 0.0, The ‘ancient Babylonians of the Midale East developed methods for solving corain quadratic equations atabout the same te, General methods for solving them were described by the Arabic mathematician Mohammed ln-Musa al-Khowariami about 800 Ap. Renalgsance mathematicians discovered formulas for solving equations of degree three and four, and thay wore discussed in Jerome Cardano's book The Great Artin 1545. ‘Allofthese equations are described the table. The table alsolists ‘equations of dagree five Equation Degree Example. near Fest Tet 4nd Quadratic Second xt + as Cubic Third 2e—6x Tx Quaric Fouth — xt+x)= 2x84 x-8=0 Quinte Fit 2x4 e454 aK 5 Alter 1545 the quest was 10 find a formula to solve fit degree ‘equations. We wil ell you about four famous mathematicians who took Lup the quest Al found revealing properties of equations, but nat one ot thom was able to find a formula First came René Descartes (pronounced day-CART; 1596-1650), \iho Is best known as a philosopher. His book A Discourse on Mathod Includes the famous pivase: “think, therefore | am’ An appendix to this great work contains a section on algebra, and one ofits resus now known as Descartes ule of signs, 'Nextcame th famous scientist Sir Isaac Nowion (1682-1727), who escribed the fist universal laws of gravitation, erealad calelus, and ‘iscovored the secret of color. Although Newton wasn't abe to solve ‘equations of dagree five, he oid ciecover some properties of their solutions. For instance, the sum of the soluions ofthe fith degree ‘equation inthe table equal to 3/2 and the product is equal to (52 Leonard Euler (pronounced oiler; 1707-1783) wrote more mathematical works than anyone else, one of which was book tied Algebra. Toward the end of his ie he went blind, yet even tis daily {id not diminish his output of mathematical witings—he just dictated his Historia nota by Bava Zara Mustration by “Jay Flom ‘indings to other people. Although Euler possessed amazing calculating ables, ne too was unable to solve equations ofthe fit degree “The four member ofthis team, J. L. Lagrange (1786-1813), was @ teal survivor. He managed to survive infancy, the only child of 11 in Ns family fo do.so. He also survived the French revolution inspite ofthe fact that is patron was King Lou's XVI and a very special admirer of is was Marie Antoinatte, who was executed by gullotine. In 1770 Lagrange ‘wrote two vary long manuserips on properties of solutions offith degree ‘equations, and ho vowed to return fo the subject later, but although he lived another 43 years he never again wrote about algebra ‘Allotthesa man attacked the same problom at iferentime periods without euecess. Could the problem be solved? The answer awaited the ‘work of two belant teenagers, ° ‘On the cover ofthis book are the portraits of Newton, Lagrange, Eula and Descartes. IMPORTANT NOTICE: This book is sold as a student workbook and is not to be used as a duplicating master. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyright infringement is a violation of Federal Law. Copyright © 1980 by Key Curriculum Project, nc. All rights reserved © Key to Fractions, Kay to Decimals, Key to Parcants, Key to Algabra, Kay o Geometry, Key fo Measurement, anc Key to Moric Measurement are regstered trademarks of Key Curriculum Press, Published by Key Curriculum Press, 1150 65th Stroot, Emeryulle, CA 94608 Printed inthe United States of America 2322 21 2019 08 07 05 05 04 ISBN 1-55953-0060Polynomials In Book 2 we said that a term is a very simple kind of expression where multiplication is the only operation. This book is about expressions that are made by adding and subtracting terms. These expressions are called polynomials 3at+ a+ Most of the polynomials in this book are polynomials in the variable x. 4y +7 e-5xt+2 is a polynomial in y. is a polynomial in x. 3a + 2b +5c isapolynomial ina, bande. 3x 2a+6a-7 is a polynomial in x. is a polynomial in a. We can list polynomials in x according to their degree. The degree of a polynomial in xis equal to the highest power of x that is in the polynomial. First Zero Fourth Degree Third Degree Second Degree _| Degree | Degree 3x+ Sx - 2xt + 5x4] 6x?+ Sx2+ 4x -2 + 5x+o 3x4 a Ox*- 3x47 RIK He -9 Sxele alo. Hxtewe xt | 3x3-5x-1 be x-6 5 3x* 46° xt- 3x x 2 Tell the degree of each polynomial. xs - bx +4x-2 isa «4 isa xt-5x+2 isa 6x* isa x+5 isa 8 isa 5x 7000 y Key Cutest Poet. re Sorat duc wou peracon +2xt-4x isa third degree polynomial in x. _ degree polynomial in x. ___ degree polynomial in x. degree polynomial in x. degree polynomial in x. ____ degree polynomial in x. ___ degree polynomial in x.Adding Polynomials Polynomials are like numbers in many ways. If we have two polynomials we can always add them together to get another polynomial. We just have to remember only to combine like terms. Here is an example: (Gxter) ate Gat ae Od |Oxtare Here are some polynomials for you to add: (3x +5) +(4x+l= (2x2 + 3x +7) + (8x2 + 3x-4) = (x? +5) + (2 +4) = (5x > 3) + (4x47) +(2x-6) = (xt + 6x -5) + (x2-8x-4) = (3a+4b +c) + (5a -4b + 2c) = (Bx+4) + (5x42) + 2x5 (5x + 4x ~7) + (7528 - 4x +7) = 3x+5x+2 5x*-4x-8 aie cine Kate + Ox - 9x47 2 46x49 3x-9 + gta 4 + 2xr+2x+2 19 0 ay Coss Pr ne ‘oa ites wah parasOpposites of Polynomials There is another way that polynomials are like numbers. Every polynomial has an opposite. To find the opposite of a polynomial we just find the opposite of each term in the polynomial and then simplify. For example, the opposite of = Sx*- 3x + 7 is “Sxt 3x +°7 which simplifies to “5x* + 3x - 7 You finish up the table below. Polynomial Opposite Polynomial 3x*-8x +2 “3x2 +8x-2 bat Tb +4 Sx*-2x- 9 x= 16 KPFT +P KE 4K | “7x-8 xt + 5x-l4 ~Sx tlt Let's see what happens when you add opposite polynomials together. (x? + Bx 14) + (ox? = 5x +14) = (7x -8) + (7x +8) = Oe k al) Okt ON) = {210007 Koy Crim rot ‘one eine wou pesoSubtracting Polynomials Remember how we used to change subtraction problems to addition problems when we worked with integers? We always had to add the opposite of the second number. Well, polynomials work the same way — only this time we have to add the opposite of the second polynomial. Here is an example: (5x3 -3x-7) — (8x3 +6x-2) = First we have to change this to an addition problem. There are three terms in the second polynomial, so we have to be sure to change each of them. (52x2-3x-7) +CB8x2 +%x42) = Now we just have to write the answer: (Sx? -3x-7) + (8x? +°6x+2) = “3x3 - 9x -5 You subtract these polynomials. (3x*+5x-2) — ( 7x - 5x+4) = (Ox? + 2x -2) — ( x*+ 4x-1) = (2y.~ y #3) = (3ye-y - 4) (y> + y -6) — Cy + 5y 6) (4x8 + 3x +5) ~ (4x2-3x +5) ” " 3x24 5x -2 5a*-2a-8 — 2xt-3x+7 - a@-b6at+3 4a — 3x4 2 8x?- 8x- 3. | — 4e+ 3x46 - 4x+2 ‘Donat ache wana perioIn these problems you have to add and subtract polynomials. Change the signs on polynomials you are subtracting, but not on ones you are adding. (6x*~4x +7) + (2x2-3x- = (3x2 + 5x- 1) — (He - 2x4 4) = (3x +544 (2x-3) + (4x-6) = (a+b-c)*(at+b+2c)-(at+bre) = (2x2 + x-3) + (x2 -2x +3) — (92 +x 43) - (x2 - 3-12) = (x-y-2) + (x-y-z) ~ (x-y-2) + (ary ez) = (3a +2b+ 4) - (a? + b-1)- (at +2b-1) - (a?+b-2)= Solve each equation. 8x -(5x-4) =25 6x -(4x-5)=13 10x - (3x +6)=8 Bx +(-5x +4) =25 3x+4% 257" 3x =21 x=7 (6x +9) -(2x -5) = 38 (9x +10) - (3x +2) = 74 gist toy cm rr. nt ile ot eaWrite a polynomial for the perimeter of each figure. Shea Skirt 3k+4 ht 2k-1 the I eon Sk +4 Answer: P= lOk +6 Am+7 A om Sm +7 4x~3 e © i i o = a-3 2x41 ” Beet 6 ‘91800 Uy Koy Cun Dorel pies wtbou peraThe Distributive Principle Remember the Distributive Principle from Book 1? Distributive Principle: Ifa, b and are integers, then a(b +c) = ab +ac and_(b+c)a = ba+ca. This is the principle we use when we want to multiply a single term times a polynomial — we just multiply th Single term times each term in the polynomial. Here are some examples: 2 x + = " 3x +12 x + Ox x R + 2) W “+~™ 5x(2x +6) = 1Ox2 + 30x a 3x(xt - 5x +2) = 3x3 - 15x + 6x hy (2x3 + 3x2 -x + 6) = Bxt+ [2x8 -4xe + 24x To multiply a polynomial times a single term we use the second part of the Distributive Principle. o™ (x+4)6 = 6x +24 “mm (x-5)x = x - 5x wa (10x +.3)5x = 50x +15x “OTN (3x2 +x -7) 2x = 6x? + 2xr 14x ‘190 Koy Cura Proc Bone diplene wu pamnaronUse the Distributive Principle to do each multiplication problem below. <—™~ 3(2x-5)= 6x-15 SOx -4) = — (3a + 4b)2= 6a +8b (x+5)10 = aT. 43x-y+5)= I2x-4y +20 5(3x-y +5) = Ll (3x-y+5)7= a ~5(2x-4) = "10x +20 =~ “4 (3.x? - 6x +2) ="12x7 +24x-8 “4(3y +5) = ~5(3x7 -6x +2) = “3(2a-5b)= “13x -6x +2)= (a+x)"8= (3x? -6x +2)C10) = (q-Tx = 2x0-Tx | Bye Bx) = (3y +5)y = K(2y? + 3x-4) = x(5 -8y)= (2yt*3x-4) xy = xy (3x +4y)= *(2y? #3x-4) = 5x7) Satta =2b*e) = 3a (4a +2) = Dy (3x + 4y -8) = 4x(x2-5)= 2xy (3x + Hy -8)= : (2x+1)2x2 = (7x2 -5x- 6) 6x? = (3y-6)C5y) = “4b (a-3b +c) = Tx (3x + 4y) = Txty (Sxty + 2xy? +x?) =Solve each equation. 5(x+3)=35 3(x +6) = 397 2(3x+15) =18 5x +67 35° 5x =20 axe 4 B(x -2) = 32 5(a +3) =8a Tx = 4(%+6) 4(x+5) = 3(x-6) 3(2x-5)+4 = 31 10 = 18 + 4(3x+7) 3(3x+5) = 2(6x-3)Write a polynomial for the area of each rectangle. 2x45 ax ox 2x45 Bred ax 2x are 4 G1 3 3 G4 2r+7 P lp are? 3x ax -2 ar-2 ar In+4 5n 5n +4 10 A 3x (2x +5) 6x* + 15x " £159 ir Caton rien.Factoring Out a Common Factor Sometimes we need to break down a polynomial into a product of other polynomials. This is called factoring. If you could do the problems on the last three pages, then you won't have any trouble factoring single terms out of polynomials. Here is a polynomial that we will factor: 8x +20 = 4 goes into both’s and 20. So factor out 4: 8x + 20 Now it’s easy to fill in the parentheses: 8x +20 = H4(2x +5) Here's how to check your answer: 4(2x +5) = 8x +20 Here are some polynomials for you to factor. 4¢ ) 6a - 30= 3( ) 5x - Sy + 1Oz = 6a - 30 = 6( ) 7x~Ty~7T2= 6a-30= 2( ) 12a -28b + lOc = 18x -27= 3( ) 2x + 18x t14= 18x -27= 9 ) (Ox? +15x-20= 4x - 32= 6a - I8b + I2c = 8y -10 = 9x + 12y +15 = 30a -40= 8a + 12b+ 4= Did you get the last problem? If not, see the next page. Som See ae 4no Here's how Sandy and Terry did the last problem on page 11: Sandy 8a + l2b+ 4 = 4(2a+3b +1) Terry 8atl2b+4 = 4(2a+3b) Here's what happened when they checked their answers: Sandy 4(2a+3b+l) = 8a+12b+4 4(2a+3b) = Ba+l2b ° X Sandy's answer checked. Terry's didn't because Terry just factored out the 4 without leaving any term in its place to multiply by. Factor each polynomial Sandy's way. by +5= I4n + 2p +7 = Ta +7= 9x ~ IBy +3 = I2n-3= 11-22a+44b= 5 +20x= 5x +1Ox +5 = 6x -2= 28x? +28x +7= Factor the biggest number you can out of each polynomial. 24x +28= 20x + 60y - 100z = lOa + 25b= 4a - I2b +6c= 4On- 24 = 24 + 48x +42x* = 33p + 55= 50a - 20b + 30c =, 18x - 30y = 6c? +27 - 15 = 100 + 40z = I2r + 36s - 60t = 5ox +42 = Lh 12 1080 Koy Cas Pc, ne Soret atic wanou pornAny number that goes into all the terms of a polynomial is a common factor of those terms. Often we need to factor out the biggest possible number. This is called the greatest common factor. Factoring out the greatest common factor can be done in steps if you don't find it on the first try. 42a + 56 = 2(2la + 28) °° 2-7(3a + 4)° °0(7 Goes nto 2! and 28, +44) so factor out 7, \4(30 0 (2 goes inte 42 and 56) so factor out 2. no Factor out the greatest common factor. Do it in steps if you need to. lox - 48 = 200x + Oy - 120z = 30x + 45 = 72a - 9b - 48c = 75x - 15 = 32x + 40x + 160 = Common factors can be variables as well as numbers. x? + 8x 2e+a3 1@®+8@°°? x(x +8) 2@@ + 2@G"* a(2+a) Here are some for you to try. x is @ common factor. aa = a, so a is acommon factor. x + Bx = a? + 5o*+ 3a = 5a? + 2a = 2x3 + x2 - Bx= yrdye ab + 2b + b* = I2x - x2 = Baty + xy +7y = 3x3 + 2x2 = 8 -4xt tH = xt - Bxt ab + b?+Zbe = Simi ao uoSometimes the terms of a polynomial have several common factors. 5xt + 15x -O@-« +©3-@"°° common factor. = 5x (x +3) Here are some more polynomials for you to factor. Always factor out the biggest single term you can. 5x + 10x = 5x( ) xo + XS — X= KH ) 8ar - 2a = a’-aF—a? = Uys + 3y%= Sa’ + 3a* + bat = xy? + xty= bxty ~ xy? + 2xty? = xy ( Raye 1 XY = wy txty txty? = 3x + I2xt = ab? + atb*+ab = 6x - 9x = [203 - 9a? ~6a = 3a( xt + bxy = 10x + 4x? +6x = lOx® - 15 xt = Bxy + By ~Byz= \2a* - [Bab = xt -HxteBxt = Tx? - 7x? = 63x" +8lx> - 72x? = 25x + 30xy = 60a? + 30ab ~ 90ac = 14 cist Geta reps Sotet apc tha poe,Monomials, Binomials and Trinomials From now on we are going to call single terms monomials. Polynomials that have two terms will be called binomials; and polynomials with three terms will be called trinomials. See if you'can add some more examples to the ones that are given below. Monomials Binomials Trinomials 3x x+5 x +7 +10 de y Ta-44 3x*- 9x +6 oxt 3x9 +22 xty-Z i) a+b 2x# + Bxr- x You wite some, Multiplying and Factoring Polynomials We already know how to multiply monomials (single terms) times other polynomials by using the Distributive Principle. Are you ready to multiply binomials times binomials? Well, here we go... All we have to remember is to multiply each term in the first binomial times each term in the second binomial. Here is an example: (x+5)(x+3)5 First multiply x times each term in the second binomial. oT (x +5)(x +3) = x + 3x Then multiply 5 times each term in the second binomial, rr r—“ ECL St Now simplify the answer by adding like terms. (x +5)(x+3) = @ + 3x + 5x +15 |. FF ©1990 by Key Cunioulum Project ne. 15 spas "a Below are some problems for you to multiply out yourself. (C32) = x8 42x 43x46 4 5)(R+6) = = = x? +5x +6 (x +5)(x +2) = (x+ I)(x+6) = (y+3My +5) = (a +8)(a +9) = (y + 4)ly +10) = (z+3)(z+3)= The problems below have negative terms, so be extra careful. — (XT BY = 22 Sx Hx #20 KODE 23) = x2 + 34-7 -2I eee seeeeaaeee: = x -9x+20 =x - 4-21 (x - 2x -4) = (x ~ 5x +3) = (xe 3) (x5) = (x +2)(x -6) = (x-6)(x ~ 6) = (x + Bx - 5) = s (x-1)(x-8) = (x -8)(x +5) = 16Multiply. (x-3)x-2) = (x + 5)(x-8) = (x-Dlx-l = (x +4) (x-H= (x-7)(x-2) = (x+1)(x-5) = (x-3)(x-4) = (x-3)(x+4)= (x +8)(x -3) = (x-5)x-2)= (x + 5)(x-2)= (x-6)(x+6)= (a-4)(a-6) = (y +3y-3)= (x-3)(x +5) = (x +9)(x-2)= Multiply. (x +53 = (x #5)(x+5) (x-5) = = x +5x+ 5x+25 = x +10x+25 (x t4F = (x-7)= (x +10y = (x-1)*=Write a polynomial for the area of each rectangle. zea A= (x-2)(x+4) x2 x-2 = x* +4 x-2x-8 =x +2x-8 eed x47 2-4 a4 x47 x42 a4 x44 eee x43 re3 x43 x43 » x+6 at xt ray on 1m o ty Cate Prie neTo do the next set of problems you will need a pencil and an eraser. You will need to make some guesses — and if your guess tums out to be wrong, you will need to erase it and guess again. Each problem is a second degree trinomial in x. Your job is to factor the trinomial into a product of two binomials. Here is an example: x + Bx + 12 = ( M ) First factor the12 as many different ways as you can. x + Bx +12 = ( Y ) Now test out the different combinations until you find one that works. (x+3)(x +4) (m+ Ix +12) (x+2)(x+e) a raeaeaceee scree + 12K4 1K IZ + bxt2n+12 4 Tx 412, XP 13K 412 Yes! As you can see, all three combinations gave us the correct first and last terms of the trinomial, but only the third combination gave us 8x for the middle term. So here is the answer: oe Look at the problems below. Can you fill in each pair of blanks with the right numbers? Check each answer to be sure you are right. 200 yhat Factors) has, Gp of 12 add. pte 7? Gp oa x + 7x +12 = (x+3)x+ 4) wand ee xt + Hy + 3x412 HTK 412 x +12x +20 = (x +_)(x +__) x2 + lx +24 = (x +__)(x+__) ® + 9x +205 (K+ _Mx+_ xe + Li + 24 = (x _ Vx +__) ‘Soa case who pea 19Each of these problems is a second degree polynomial in x. Factor each one into a produ 4 of two binomials. Check any answer you are not sure of. 42+ 9x +18 = (x +3(K+6) xt +13x + 36= check: x* + 6x+3x+18 + 9K +18 x +Iix +18 = ¢ Mu ) x + 20x +36 = x 419x +18 = ( M ) x 4+12x +365 w+ 7x +10 = x + 37x +36= x tila tle xt + 15x +365 etd te = xt + 17x +30= we t5xt He x + IIx +30 = xt t 2x1 = x7 + 13x +30= we+3nt2= ae + 31x +305 20 1m yy Cutoum Pope borer eotews win parssonThese polynomials have negative terms. If you factor them very carefully, you can make the numbers and the signs come out right every time. 2 0(hat Factors oF Te add to "10? x? - 10x +16 = (x- 2) x-8) check: 7 -8x-2x +16 x* - 10x+16 we 8x tI =( MO) x -17x +16 = ( y ) -Bx +15 = x2 -lox +15 = xt -17x + 725 2° f What factors of “28 add to "3? xt - 3x -28 = (x+4)(x-7) check: x7 +4x-7x-28 2 -3x-28 xe+3x-28=( MO) x - 2x -24 = xt +2n-24= x* +8x-20= x? - 8x-20= x -16 = (x+4)(x-4) check: x -4x+4%-16 x16 Op ecole x -8l= {21800 Koy cure Pj, oe Soret cies wna pormasan x Hel Mu ) xt -100= 21co Factor these second degree polynomials. Don't forget to check your answers. 22 at + Mx +45 = ( 4x - 45 = xt + 1Bx +45 = xt -I2x- 45 = xe = Hx £45 = xt +12x -45 = xt +x 45 = xt 7 18x +45 = xt + Hox +45 = xt Hg — 45 = x + HH 45 = xt —4ox +45 = « at P? xt ae m +a +72= -a-72= +a-725 -5x+4 = + 3p-4 = + 4x-12= -4x+H = - 10s +25 = -by+9 = +#2a +1 +4m +3 = -e-25 18007 Koy Caos Pc. Sahat dice tha portsonHere are some more second degree polynomials to factor. bt + 4b - 60 = a? - 30 -28 = mt - 2m *63 = w= 7x = 18 = mt +m -30= a - a -20= a+ a-20= z+r-i2= xt x “42 = x - 2x -15 = xt -2x-3 192009 Key Curiatum Proc ne bora dic tau porn 2 = 2r - 63 = x - 8x +12 = wt 9x +8 = + 13s +422 xt Ix + 48= xe- d= a - 36= yr7 ets wos x -49= x - le= mt — 144 = 23processes In each of these problems you have to multiply a monomial times a binomial times a binomial. It's easiest if you multiply the binomials together first. Sx~ 7x +2) = B(x + 2X-7x-14) 2(x+3)(x-3)= = 3(x*-5x-14) = 3x*-15x-42 4(x-3)(x+5)= a(x+I)(x+4) = lx + 5)(x+4) = x(x S)(x-4) = Below are some trinomials for you to factor. First factor out the biggest monomial you can. Then factor the trinomial that's left into a binomial times a binomial. 6x* + IBx ~ 60 = 6(x2+#3x-10) x? + 8x? ~ 20x = x/x*+ Bx-20) = 6(x-2)(x+5) = x(x+10x-2) 2x + 10x-28 = x3 + 7x2 + 10x = 5x? + 35x+ 605 a? - 7a + ba = 24 ovat aieMultiply each pair of binomials. Remember to multiply each term in the first binomial times each term in the second binomial. (2x- 35x +4) = 10x? +8x -15x-12 #10x*-7x-12 (3x-D(4x+3) = mee) (3x-4) = (3x-43x -4) = 9x*~|2x-12x +16 (ox +1)(2x+3) = = 9x*-24x +16 (5x+2)= (5x+33x +4) = (2x+ 5x -3) = (2x-3y'= (4x~-I(3x-1) = xe ts (3x-5)(2x-5) = (3x-7)*= (4x-3 x +3) = (3x + 43x -4) = 25 20 Ky Curiam rjc, ipa winon arise apera Let's factor this trinomial into the product of two binomials. You may need to do a lot of guessing on this problem, so use a pencil and eraser. 2% + |7x +6 = ( nt ) First factor the 12 and the 6 as many different ways as you can. 2% + 17x +6 = ( i ) Now start testing out different combinations on some scratch Paper until you find one that makes the middle term come out to be 17x. (6x +2(2x +3) (6x+3)(2x+2) (6x+1)(2x +6) (ox+6)(2x +1) l2xt #18x+4x+6 I2x*+12x+bx+6 — [2x2+36x+2x+6 [2x2 +6x+12x+6 I2x*+22x+6 I2x*+18x+6 12x7+38x+6 12x2+18x+6 (4x +2)(3x+3) (4x +3)(3x+2) I2x* +12x+6x+o 122 +8x+9x+6 This is it! So here is the answer: 2x + 17x + 6 = (4x+3)(3x+2), Now here is one for you to factor: Cxe a laxealol M ae 26 Soret pce sto peteHere are some trinomials for you to factor. Check your answer each time. Bx +Hxtl = (3x tI (xe) Pas el check: = 3x2+3%+x+1 = xt ety +] Zx*+3x+1 = ( Te ) 2x + 5xt3= check:-«: Sx* +x +1 = 2xt - Tx +35 4a + Sx +d = 2x - 5x-3= Har +a tls 2x*+5x-3= 2x - 3x+1= 2x7 -x-35= Bxt - 2x-[= 4ys - Hy +1 = Bx +2x-(5 Hor + 3a~ I= | |g 6x + Sa ets 9x2 -Ox+1= | ‘oom che abo pre 27Factor each trinomial. Use scratch paper to check your answers. 9x + Ox + | = 6x2 + 14x44 = 9x* + 1Ox+ | = 6x* - 10x +4 = 9x* - 1Ox+| = 6x? + 25x +4 = Pixel Xo 6x? -23x-4= lox? - 2x-5 = ox* - 2x -4= Gitar a igo = ox? +1Ox —-4= Cx lox or 6x*+ 5x -4= 6x7 -13x-5 = bx? - IIx +4= 6x? -13x%+5 = 1G Xie Xe Oe 6x? - 7x-5 = lox? - 38x-5 = 6x*+ 7x -5 = lox*-16x-5 = Bx? + 14x +3 = lox +79x-5 = 8x? -1O0x+3 = TO Ke cae RO) Bx? + 25x+3 = lox? + Ilx-5 = 28 tooo op ‘ona pice whoa pomMultiply. Factor. (3x +2)(3x-2) = 9x2-6x+bx-4] lox2-9=( yu ) Saket (5x+7\5x-7) = Uxt-25 = (2s ~3)(2s +3) = 36x* -100 = (8x-4)(8x +4) = Bly? -1= Multiply. Factor. (2x + 3yMx-2y) = 2x2 Hay + 3Bxy-by4} 2x* + Sxy + 3y? = ( Te ) = 2xt- xy by? (Sx +yM(3x+2y) = Hat + loxy + ISy*= (4a-3b)a+b) = 9a? ~ 3ab - 2b* = (2x + 5y)(2x-5y) = Fx2 ~ Iby? = 29The Zero Product Rule Write all the pairs of integer factors you can find for each of the following numbers. Then write the number of pairs you found. 16 14 2 ond & "2 and -8& 4 and 4 “4 and -4 le and 1 “1 and ~1 6 pairs pairs 19 pairs “50 pairs pairs If you tried to write all possible pairs of factors for 0, you wouldn't be finished yet. The number of pairs is unlimited! Any number will do for one factor as long as the other factor is 0. This leads us to the Zero Product Rule: then _a=0 or b=0. If a product is 0, then at least one of the factors must be 0. Or, in algebraic terms: if a*b=0, We can use this rule to solve equations like (x — 3)(x + 2) = 0. All we need to do is find numbers which make either x—3 or x+2 equal to 0. There are two solutions. Can you see what they are? Finish the table to show that the solutions are 3 and -2. x x KAZ (%-3)(% 42) 3 “2 Solve each equation using the Zero Product Rule. (x-7(x-2)=0 (x-@)(x- 1) =O (x+31(x-3)=0 *-7=0 o x-220 Ke7 or X22 x(x-4)=0 3x(x-5)=0 5x(x +8)=O (x-2)(x-9)=0 (x-3)(x+6) =O (x+1)(x+5)=0 30 Sort dpe win parteQuadra Equi ns Equations like (x —3)(x + 2) = 0 are called quadratic equations. A quadratic equation can always be written with a second degree polynomial on one side and a 0 on the other side. (x —3)(x + 2) =0 is equivalent to x2—x—6 = 0, soit is a quadratic equation. It we can factor the polynomial in a quadratic equation, we can solve it by using the Zero Product Rule. Here is an example: x*-8x- 20-0 a First we factor: (x-10)(x +2)=O Then we use the Zero Product Rule: x-lO0=O or x+2=O Then we find the solutions: x=10 of x=72 To check the solutions, we try them in the original equation. (10)* - 8(10) - 20 = 100 - 80 -20=0 (2)*- 8(2)-20 = 4 + 16- 20=0 Solve each equation by factoring and using the Zero Product Rule. = 7Tx+10=0 xt -5x-24 =O xt 10x +9=0 x + Ilx+30=0 OF xt 4+7x -18 Ow + 15x +44 49-0 O=*-25 x? -100=0 x*~6x =0 wx +x <0 x +4x-5=0 1009 ky Cre Pri ne 31 semaeieaoemarscatFirst use the Addition Principle to make one side equal to 0. Then solve the equation by’ oe a ee xt -5x-10 24 +48 =49 x -6=19 x+7x=8 x? -7Tx 2712 xt + Tx+1=1 x*- 10x45 =29 x -5Sxtlle il xt + 16x +42=3 xt - 10K ="2x xt +3%-72 =4x x +36 = 12x Bxt-3x-8=20 +2 | x4 5K45 = x41 32 9100 Koy Cedi Pj, We Bonet dice wiht peinUsing Quadratic Equations Make an equation for each problem. Then solve the eee and use the solutions to find the answer. If multiply a number by 4 and add 5, I get the square of the number. What could the number be? Equation: 4x +5 = x* <5 = xt-4x O= x*-4x-5 O = (x-5)x +1) *-5=0 or x+1=0 x=5 or x=71 Answer: 5 or ~| {| multiply a number by 10 and subtract 9, I get the square of the number. What could the number be? Equation: Answer: If Ladd the square of a number to the number itself, | get 30. What could the number be? Equation: Answer: If add the square of a number to 2 times the number, | get 63. What could the number be? Equation: Answer: I'm thinking of a number. The square of this number is the same as the number times 4. What could my number be? Equation: Answer: Vm thinking of a number. This number is 12 less than its square. What could my number be? Equation: Answer: 2 kay ren rat, te. Soret cite who pemecan 33Write a polynomial for the area of each rectangle. Then write an equation and solve it. Use your solutions to find the length and width of each rectangle. 245 24 z A=e4 2 x4] anos na x45 x-4 Polynomial: x(x +5) = x2+5x Polynomial: Equation: x2 +5x = 84 Equation: x* +5x-84=0 (x-7)(x+12)=0 x-7=0 of x+1220 G=D or x212 Answer: L=x+5212,wex=7 | Answer: 7 2x+t x2) A=96 x-2 = A=210 x zee Beet Polynomial: Polynomial: Equation: Equation: ” Answer: Answer: 34 sty Cam PoeWritten Work Do these problems on some clean paper. Label each page of your work with your name, your class, the date, and the book number. Also number each problem. Keep this written work inside your book and turn it in with your book when you're finished. Please do a neat job. Each of the following polynomials is a second degree polynomial in x. Ifit can be factored, go ahead and factor it. If it cannot be factored, write “can’t be factored” after it * 1, 6x?- Ox ‘Sometimes you can just factor out a monomial. 2. x2-2x-48 6x2 — Ox = 3x(2x ~ 3) 3. Sx24+ 9x +6 Sometimes you can factor it into a binomial ; times a binomial. eae 32 —2x— 48 = (x 8)(x +6) 5. 22 + Sx ‘Sometimes you can factor out a monomial and 6 x2+6r +9 then factor it into a binomial times a binomial. Sx? + Ox + 6 = (a2 + Sx +2) 2 7 Gc + 1)(ae + 2) 8 ae? — Ge ‘And sometimes It can't be factored at alll 9 22-3 x2+4 —_can'tbe factored 10. 22-25 x24x+1__can'tbe factored 11, 242-8 14, x2-2x41 17, 2x2 48x48 12. 24 10x +2 15, 9x2 6x 18. 4x2-9 13, x2-6r +5 16, 2x24 11x +15 19. 4x2 + 4x— 15 Solve each equation. 20. x®-36=0 22, x2+12x+36=0 24, x2-12x+36=0 21. x2+13%+36=0 23. x2+12x=0 25. x? +36 = 20x 26. Make a sketch and write an equation for the problem below. Then solve the equation and use your solutions to answer the question. The length of a rectangular field is 5 meters more than its width. Its area is 300 square meters. How long is the field? 27. Write an equation and use it to solve the following problem: The square of a number is three times the number itself. What is the number? semaines 35Practice Test Write as a polynomial. (Sx + 3x -4) + (3x -8x -2) = (4x2 + 5x 8) - (2x2 ~ 6x +2) = (5x+7) +(2x-4) -(3x+2) = 3(5x +2) = 2xy(y-x) = a(2-a)= -4(a-b) = (a +b+5)3b= 3x(x +x) = Factor. 3a? - orb = 2x +4 + bx = 4a-4e Yee Va ae lOx-5y +35 = Sxtry ~ Sxyt= Write as a polynomial. (x+3)(x+7) = (x-4Y = (x-2)(x +3) = » (2x +3)' = (2a-3)(3a-4) = 36} Factor. # -4x-2| = Be +4x +] = a - 10a +2] = Lr | x? - Bx.+ lo = 10x + 17x +3 = | y? ~64= x -4x-60 = | Solve. 6x -(2x-3) =31 3lx-5) = 45 xt +2x-I5=O xt -7Tx =O Write a polynomial for the perimeter. 2x Tx 42 2x43 ax? 4 e+ 4 Write a polynomial for the area. Then write an equation and use it to find the length and width. 3x42 x A=120 x r+? {61800 Key Ceuta Poet ne. 37 Sonat pte wine pre