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Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

y y y
1.1 Lines in the Plane
4 4 4
1.2 Functions
1.3 Graphs of Functions
x x x
1.4 Shifting, Reflecting, and −4 −2 −2
−4 −2 2 4 2 4 2 4 6
Stretching Graphs −2 −2
1.5 Combinations of Functions −4 −4 −4
1.6 Inverse Functions
1.7 Linear Models and Scatter An equation in x and y defines a relationship between the two variables. The equation
Plots may be represented as a graph, providing another perspective on the relationship
between x and y. In Chapter 1, you will learn how to write and graph linear equations,
how to evaluate and find the domains and ranges of functions, and how to graph
Selected Applications functions and their transformations.
Functions have many real-life © Index Stock Imagery

applications. The applications listed

below represent a small sample of
the applications in this chapter.
■ Rental Demand,
Exercise 86, page 14
■ Postal Regulations,
Exercise 77, page 27
■ Motor Vehicles,
Exercise 83, page 28
■ Fluid Flow,
Exercise 92, page 40
■ Finance,
Exercise 58, page 50
■ Bacteria,
Exercise 81, page 61
■ Consumer Awareness,
Exercise 84, page 61
■ Shoe Sizes,
Exercises 103 and 104,
page 71
■ Cell Phones,
Exercise 12, page 79

Refrigeration slows down the activity of bacteria in food so that it takes longer for the
bacteria to spoil the food. The number of bacteria in a refrigerated food is a function
of the amount of time the food has been out of refrigeration.

Introduction to Library of Parent Functions

In Chapter 1, you will be introduced to the concept of a function. As you proceed
through the text, you will see that functions play a primary role in modeling
real-life situations.
There are three basic types of functions that have proven to be the most
important in modeling real-life situations. These functions are algebraic functions,
exponential and logarithmic functions, and trigonometric and inverse trigonomet-
ric functions. These three types of functions are referred to as the elementary
functions, though they are often placed in the two categories of algebraic functions
and transcendental functions. Each time a new type of function is studied in detail
in this text, it will be highlighted in a box similar to this one. The graphs of many
of these functions are shown on the inside front cover of this text. A review of
these functions can be found in the Study Capsules.

Algebraic Functions
These functions are formed by applying algebraic operations to the identity function f 共x兲 ⫽ x.
Name Function Location
Linear f 共x兲 ⫽ ax ⫹ b Section 1.1
Quadratic f 共x兲 ⫽ ax ⫹ bx ⫹ c
2
Section 2.1
Cubic f 共x兲 ⫽ ax ⫹ bx ⫹ cx ⫹ d
3 2
Section 2.2
Polynomial P共x兲 ⫽ an x ⫹ an⫺1 x
n n⫺1 ⫹ . . . ⫹ a2 x ⫹ a1 x ⫹ a0
2
Section 2.2
N共x兲
Rational f 共x兲 ⫽ , N共x兲 and D共x兲 are polynomial functions Section 2.6
D共x兲
Radical f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪
n P共x兲
Section 1.2

Transcendental Functions
These functions cannot be formed from the identity function by using algebraic operations.
Name Function Location
Exponential f 共x兲 ⫽ a , a > 0, a ⫽ 1
x
Section 3.1
Logarithmic f 共x兲 ⫽ loga x, x > 0, a > 0, a ⫽ 1 Section 3.2
Trigonometric f 共x兲 ⫽ sin x, f 共x兲 ⫽ cos x, f 共x兲 ⫽ tan x,
f 共x兲 ⫽ csc x, f 共x兲 ⫽ sec x, f 共x兲 ⫽ cot x Section 4.4
Inverse Trigonometric f 共x兲 ⫽ arcsin x, f 共x兲 ⫽ arccos x, f 共x兲 ⫽ arctan x Section 4.7

Nonelementary Functions
Some useful nonelementary functions include the following.
Name Function Location
Absolute value f 共x兲 ⫽ g共x兲 , g共x兲 is an elementary function ⱍ ⱍ Section 1.2

Piecewise-defined f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦⫺2x3x ⫹⫹ 2,4, xx <≥ 11 Section 1.2

Greatest integer f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀g共x兲冁, g共x兲 is an elementary function Section 1.3

9
Data defined Formula for temperature: F ⫽ C ⫹ 32 Section 1.2
5

1.1 Lines in the Plane

The Slope of a Line What you should learn
䊏 Find the slopes of lines.
In this section, you will study lines and their equations. The slope of a 䊏 Write linear equations given points on
nonvertical line represents the number of units the line rises or falls vertically for lines and their slopes.
each unit of horizontal change from left to right. For instance, consider the two 䊏 Use slope-intercept forms of linear
points 共x1, y1兲 and 共x2, y2 兲 on the line shown in Figure 1.1. As you move from left equations to sketch lines.
to right along this line, a change of 共 y2 ⫺ y1兲 units in the vertical direction 䊏 Use slope to identify parallel and perpen-
corresponds to a change of 共x2 ⫺ x1兲 units in the horizontal direction. That is, dicular lines.
Why you should learn it
y2 ⫺ y1 ⫽ the change in y The slope of a line can be used to solve
and real-life problems.For instance, in Exercise 87
on page 14.you will use a linear equation to
x2 ⫺ x1 ⫽ the change in x. model student enrollment at Penn State
University.
The slope of the line is given by the ratio of these two changes.
y

(x2 , y2)
y2
y 2 − y1
(x1 , y1)
y1
x 2 − x1

Sky Bonillo/PhotoEdit

x
x1 x2

Figure 1.1

Definition of the Slope of a Line

The slope m of the nonvertical line through 共x1, y1兲 and 共x2, y2 兲 is
y2 ⫺ y1 change in y
m⫽ ⫽
x2 ⫺ x1 change in x

where x1 ⫽ x 2.

When this formula for slope is used, the order of subtraction is important.
Given two points on a line, you are free to label either one of them as 共x1, y1兲 and
the other as 共x2, y2 兲. However, once you have done this, you must form the
numerator and denominator using the same order of subtraction.
y2 ⫺ y1 y1 ⫺ y2 y2 ⫺ y1
m⫽ m⫽ m⫽
x2 ⫺ x1 x1 ⫺ x2 x1 ⫺ x2

Correct Correct Incorrect

Throughout this text, the term line always means a straight line.

Example 1 Finding the Slope of a Line

Exploration
Find the slope of the line passing through each pair of points.
Use a graphing utility to
a. 共⫺2, 0兲 and 共3, 1兲 b. 共⫺1, 2兲 and 共2, 2兲 c. 共0, 4兲 and 共1, ⫺1兲 compare the slopes of the lines
y ⫽ 0.5x, y ⫽ x, y ⫽ 2x, and
Solution y ⫽ 4x. What do you observe
Difference in y-values about these lines? Compare the
slopes of the lines y ⫽ ⫺0.5x,
y2 ⫺ y1 1⫺0 1 1 y ⫽ ⫺x, y ⫽ ⫺2x, and
a. m ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽
x2 ⫺ x1 3 ⫺ 共⫺2兲 3 ⫹ 2 5 y ⫽ ⫺4x. What do you observe
about these lines? (Hint: Use a
Difference in x-values square setting to guarantee a
2⫺2 0 true geometric perspective.)
b. m ⫽ ⫽ ⫽0
2 ⫺ 共⫺1兲 3
⫺1 ⫺ 4 ⫺5
c. m ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫺5
1⫺0 1
The graphs of the three lines are shown in Figure 1.2. Note that the square
setting gives the correct “steepness” of the lines.

4 4 6

(−1, 2) (2, 2) (0, 4)

(3, 1)
−4 5 −4 5
−4 8
(−2, 0) (1, − 1)
−2 −2 −2

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.2

Now try Exercise 9.

The definition of slope does not apply to vertical lines. For instance, consider
the points 共3, 4兲 and 共3, 1兲 on the vertical line shown in Figure 1.3. Applying the 5
formula for slope, you obtain (3, 4)
4⫺1 3
m⫽ ⫽ . Undefined
3⫺3 0 (3, 1)
−1 8
Because division by zero is undefined, the slope of a vertical line is undefined.
From the slopes of the lines shown in Figures 1.2 and 1.3, you can make the −1

following generalizations about the slope of a line. Figure 1.3

The Slope of a Line

1. A line with positive slope 共m > 0兲 rises from left to right.
2. A line with negative slope 共m < 0兲 falls from left to right.
3. A line with zero slope 共m ⫽ 0兲 is horizontal.
4. A line with undefined slope is vertical.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.1 Lines in the Plane 5
y
The Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line
(x , y )
If you know the slope of a line and you also know the coordinates of one point
on the line, you can find an equation for the line. For instance, in Figure 1.4, let y − y1
共x1, y1兲 be a point on the line whose slope is m. If 共x, y兲 is any other point on the (x1 , y1)
line, it follows that
x − x1
y ⫺ y1
⫽ m.
x ⫺ x1
x
This equation in the variables x and y can be rewritten in the point-slope form of
the equation of a line.
Figure 1.4

Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line

The point-slope form of the equation of the line that passes through the
point 共x1, y1兲 and has a slope of m is
y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m共x ⫺ x1兲.

The point-slope form is most useful for finding the equation of a line if you
know at least one point that the line passes through and the slope of the line. You
should remember this form of the equation of a line.

Example 2 The Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line

Find an equation of the line that passes through the point 共1, ⫺2兲 and has a slope
of 3.

Solution y = 3x − 5
3
y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m共x ⫺ x1兲 Point-slope form
−5 10
y ⫺ 共⫺2兲 ⫽ 3共x ⫺ 1兲 Substitute for y1, m, and x1.
(1, − 2)
y ⫹ 2 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 3 Simplify.

y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 5 Solve for y.
−7
The line is shown in Figure 1.5. Figure 1.5

Now try Exercise 25.

The point-slope form can be used to find an equation of a nonvertical line STUDY TIP
passing through two points 共x1, y1兲 and 共x2, y2 兲. First, find the slope of the line.
When you find an equation of
y ⫺ y1 the line that passes through two
m⫽ 2 , x ⫽ x2 given points, you need to substi-
x2 ⫺ x1 1
tute the coordinates of only one
Then use the point-slope form to obtain the equation of the points into the point-slope
y2 ⫺ y1 form. It does not matter which
y ⫺ y1 ⫽ 共x ⫺ x1兲. point you choose because both
x2 ⫺ x1
points will yield the same result.
This is sometimes called the two-point form of the equation of a line.

Example 3 A Linear Model for Sales Prediction

During 2004, Nike’s net sales were $12.25 billion, and in 2005 net sales were
$13.74 billion. Write a linear equation giving the net sales y in terms of the year
x. Then use the equation to predict the net sales for 2006. (Source: Nike, Inc.)

Solution 20
Let x ⫽ 0 represent 2000. In Figure 1.6, let 共4, 12.25兲 and 共5, 13.74兲 be two (6, 15.23)
points on the line representing the net sales. The slope of this line is (4, 12.25)
(5, 13.74)
13.74 ⫺ 12.25 y2 ⫺ y1
m⫽ ⫽ 1.49. m⫽ y = 1.49x + 6.29
5⫺4 x2 ⫺ x1
0 8
By the point-slope form, the equation of the line is as follows. 0

Figure 1.6
y ⫺ 12.25 ⫽ 1.49共x ⫺ 4兲 Write in point-slope form.

y ⫽ 1.49x ⫹ 6.29 Simplify.

Now, using this equation, you can predict the 2006 net sales 共x ⫽ 6兲 to be
STUDY TIP
y ⫽ 1.49共6兲 ⫹ 6.29 ⫽ 8.94 ⫹ 6.29 ⫽ $15.23 billion.
The prediction method illustrated
Now try Exercise 45.
in Example 3 is called linear
extrapolation. Note in the top
Library of Parent Functions: Linear Function figure below that an extrapolated
point does not lie between the
In the next section, you will be introduced to the precise meaning of the given points. When the estimated
term function. The simplest type of function is a linear function of the form point lies between two given
f 共x兲 ⫽ mx ⫹ b. points, as shown in the bottom
figure, the procedure used to
As its name implies, the graph of a linear function is a line that has a slope predict the point is called linear
of m and a y-intercept at 共0, b兲. The basic characteristics of a linear function interpolation.
are summarized below. (Note that some of the terms below will be defined y
later in the text.) A review of linear functions can be found in the Study Given
Capsules. points
Graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ mx ⫹ b, m > 0 Graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ mx ⫹ b, m < 0
Domain: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 Domain: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 Estimated
Range: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 Range: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 point
x-intercept: 共⫺b兾m, 0兲 x-intercept: 共⫺b兾m, 0兲 x

y-intercept: 共0, b兲 y-intercept: 共0, b兲

Linear Extrapolation
Increasing Decreasing
y y y
Given
f(x) = mx + b, f(x) = mx + b, points
m>0 m<0
(0, b) (0, b)
x x
Estimated
( − mb , 0 ( ( − mb , 0 ( point
x

When m ⫽ 0, the function f 共x兲 ⫽ b is called a constant function and its Linear Interpolation
graph is a horizontal line.

Sketching Graphs of Lines

Many problems in coordinate geometry can be classified as follows.
1. Given a graph (or parts of it), find its equation.
2. Given an equation, sketch its graph.
For lines, the first problem is solved easily by using the point-slope form.
This formula, however, is not particularly useful for solving the second type
of problem. The form that is better suited to graphing linear equations is the
slope-intercept form of the equation of a line, y ⫽ mx ⫹ b.

Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line

The graph of the equation
y ⫽ mx ⫹ b
is a line whose slope is m and whose y-intercept is 共0, b兲.

Example 4 Using the Slope-Intercept Form

Determine the slope and y-intercept of each linear equation. Then describe its
graph.
a. x ⫹ y ⫽ 2 b. y ⫽ 2

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

a. Begin by writing the equation in slope-intercept form. a. Solve the equation for y to obtain y ⫽ 2 ⫺ x. Enter this
equation in your graphing utility. Use a decimal viewing
x⫹y⫽2 Write original equation.
window to graph the equation. To find the y-intercept,
y⫽2⫺x Subtract x from each side. use the value or trace feature. When x ⫽ 0, y ⫽ 2, as
shown in Figure 1.7(a). So, the y-intercept is 共0, 2兲. To
y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 2 Write in slope-intercept form.
find the slope, continue to use the trace feature. Move
From the slope-intercept form of the equation, the the cursor along the line until x ⫽ 1. At this point, y ⫽ 1.
slope is ⫺1 and the y-intercept is 共0, 2兲. Because the So the graph falls 1 unit for every unit it moves to the
slope is negative, you know that the graph of the equa- right, and the slope is ⫺1.
tion is a line that falls one unit for every unit it moves
b. Enter the equation y ⫽ 2 in your graphing utility and
to the right.
graph the equation. Use the trace feature to verify the
b. By writing the equation y ⫽ 2 in slope-intercept form y-intercept 共0, 2兲, as shown in Figure 1.7(b), and to see
y ⫽ 共0兲x ⫹ 2 that the value of y is the same for all values of x. So, the
slope of the horizontal line is 0.
you can see that the slope is 0 and the y-intercept
3.1 5
is 共0, 2兲. A zero slope implies that the line is
horizontal.
−4.7 4.7
−6 6

−3.1 −3
(a) (b)
Now try Exercise 47. Figure 1.7

From the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line, you can see that a
horizontal line 共m ⫽ 0兲 has an equation of the form y ⫽ b. This is consistent with Exploration
the fact that each point on a horizontal line through 共0, b兲 has a y-coordinate of b. Graph the lines y1 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1,
Similarly, each point on a vertical line through 共a, 0兲 has an x-coordinate of a. So, y2 ⫽ 12 x ⫹ 1, and y3 ⫽ ⫺2x ⫹ 1
a vertical line has an equation of the form x ⫽ a. This equation cannot be written in the same viewing window.
in slope-intercept form because the slope of a vertical line is undefined. However, What do you observe?
every line has an equation that can be written in the general form
Graph the lines y1 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1,
Ax ⫹ By ⫹ C ⫽ 0 General form of the equation of a line y2 ⫽ 2x, and y3 ⫽ 2x ⫺ 1 in the
same viewing window. What do
where A and B are not both zero.
you observe?

Summary of Equations of Lines

1. General form: Ax ⫹ By ⫹ C ⫽ 0
2. Vertical line: x⫽a
3. Horizontal line: y⫽b
4. Slope-intercept form: y ⫽ mx ⫹ b
5. Point-slope form: y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m共x ⫺ x1兲

Example 5 Different Viewing Windows

The graphs of the two lines 10

y ⫽ ⫺x ⫺ 1 and y ⫽ ⫺10x ⫺ 1 y = 2x + 1
are shown in Figure 1.8. Even though the slopes of these lines are quite different −10 10

(⫺1 and ⫺10, respectively), the graphs seem misleadingly similar because the
viewing windows are different.
−10

(a)
y = −x − 1 10
y = − 10x − 1 10

− 15 15 − 1.5 1.5
y = 2x + 1

−3 3

− 10 −10

Figure 1.8 −20

Now try Exercise 51. (b)

10
TECHNOLOGY TIP When a graphing utility is used to graph a line, it
is important to realize that the graph of the line may not visually appear to y = 2x + 1
have the slope indicated by its equation. This occurs because of the viewing −15 15
window used for the graph. For instance, Figure 1.9 shows graphs of
y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 produced on a graphing utility using three different viewing
windows. Notice that the slopes in Figures 1.9(a) and (b) do not visually −10

appear to be equal to 2. However, if you use a square setting, as in Figure (c)

1.9(c), the slope visually appears to be 2. Figure 1.9

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines TECHNOLOGY TIP

The slope of a line is a convenient tool for determining whether two lines are Be careful when you graph
2 7
parallel or perpendicular. equations such as y ⫽ 3 x ⫺ 3
with your graphing utility. A
common mistake is to type in the
Parallel Lines equation as
Two distinct nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are Y1 ⫽ 2兾3X ⫺ 7兾3
equal. That is,
which may not be interpreted
m1 ⫽ m2. by your graphing utility as the
original equation. You should use
one of the following formulas.
Example 6 Equations of Parallel Lines Y1 ⫽ 2X兾3 ⫺ 7兾3
Find the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line that passes through the Y1 ⫽ 共2兾3兲X ⫺ 7兾3
point 共2, ⫺1兲 and is parallel to the line 2x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 5.
Do you see why?
Solution
Begin by writing the equation of the given line in slope-intercept form.
2x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 5 Write original equation.

⫺2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ ⫺5 Multiply by ⫺1.

3y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 5 Add 2x to each side.

2 5
y⫽ x⫺ Write in slope-intercept form.
3 3
2
Therefore, the given line has a slope of m ⫽ 3. Any line parallel to the given line
must also have a slope of 3. So, the line through 共2, ⫺1兲 has the following
2

equation.
2
y ⫺ 共⫺1兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲 Write in point-slope form. y = 23 x − 5
3 1 3
2 4
y⫹1⫽ x⫺ Simplify.
−1 5
3 3
2 7 (2, − 1)
y⫽ x⫺ Write in slope-intercept form.
3 3
Notice the similarity between the slope-intercept form of the original equation −3 y = 23 x − 7
3
and the slope-intercept form of the parallel equation. The graphs of both
equations are shown in Figure 1.10. Figure 1.10

Now try Exercise 57(a).

Perpendicular Lines
Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if their slopes are nega-
tive reciprocals of each other. That is,
1
m1 ⫽ ⫺ .
m2

Example 7 Equations of Perpendicular Lines

Find the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line that passes through the
point 共2, ⫺1兲 and is perpendicular to the line
2x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 5.

Solution
From Example 6, you know that the equation can be written in the slope-intercept
2 5
form y ⫽ 3 x ⫺ 3. You can see that the line has a slope of 23. So, any line y = 23 x − 5
3
3
perpendicular to this line must have a slope of ⫺ 2 共because ⫺ 2 is the negative
3 3

reciprocal of 3 兲. So, the line through the point 共2, ⫺1兲 has the following equation.
2

−2 7
y ⫺ 共⫺1兲 ⫽ ⫺ 32共x ⫺ 2兲 Write in point-slope form. (2, − 1)
y ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺ 32x ⫹ 3 Simplify.
−3
y⫽ ⫺ 32x ⫹2 Write in slope-intercept form. y = − 32 x + 2

The graphs of both equations are shown in Figure 1.11. Figure 1.11

Now try Exercise 57(b).

Example 8 Graphs of Perpendicular Lines

Use a graphing utility to graph the lines
y⫽x⫹1
and
y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 3
in the same viewing window. The lines are supposed to be perpendicular (they
have slopes of m1 ⫽ 1 and m2 ⫽ ⫺1). Do they appear to be perpendicular on the
display?

Solution
If the viewing window is nonsquare, as in Figure 1.12, the two lines will not
appear perpendicular. If, however, the viewing window is square, as in Figure
1.13, the lines will appear perpendicular.

y = −x + 3 10
y=x+1 y = −x + 3 y=x+1
10

− 10 10 − 15 15

− 10 −10

Figure 1.12 Figure 1.13

Now try Exercise 67.

1.1 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
1. Match each equation with its form.
(a) Ax ⫹ By ⫹ C ⫽ 0 (i) vertical line
(b) x ⫽ a (ii) slope-intercept form
(c) y ⫽ b (iii) general form
(d) y ⫽ mx ⫹ b (iv) point-slope form
(e) y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m共x ⫺ x1兲 (v) horizontal line

In Exercises 2–5, fill in the blanks.

2. For a line, the ratio of the change in y to the change in x is called the _______ of the line.
3. Two lines are _______ if and only if their slopes are equal.
4. Two lines are _______ if and only if their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.
5. The prediction method _______ is the method used to estimate a point on a line that does not
lie between the given points.

In Exercises 1 and 2, identify the line that has the In Exercises 7–10, find the slope of the line passing through
indicated slope. the pair of points. Then use a graphing utility to plot the
points and use the draw feature to graph the line segment
1. (a) m ⫽ 23 (b) m is undefined. (c) m ⫽ ⫺2
connecting the two points. (Use a square setting.)
2. (a) m ⫽ 0 (b) m ⫽ ⫺ 34 (c) m ⫽ 1
7. 共0, ⫺10兲, 共⫺4, 0兲 8. 共2, 4兲, 共4, ⫺4兲
y y
9. 共⫺6, ⫺1兲, 共⫺6, 4兲 10. 共⫺3, ⫺2兲, 共1, 6兲
L1
L3 In Exercises 11–18, use the point on the line and the slope of
L2
the line to find three additional points through which the
x x
L2 line passes. (There are many correct answers.)
L1 Point Slope
L3
11. 共2, 1兲 m⫽0
Figure for 1 Figure for 2 12. 共3, ⫺2兲 m⫽0
13. 共1, 5兲 m is undefined.
In Exercises 3 and 4, sketch the lines through the point with
14. 共⫺4, 1兲 m is undefined.
the indicated slopes on the same set of coordinate axes.
15. 共0, ⫺9兲 m ⫽ ⫺2
Point Slopes
16. 共⫺5, 4兲 m⫽2
3. 共2, 3兲 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ⫺3
17. 共7, ⫺2兲 m ⫽ 12
4. 共⫺4, 1兲
1
(a) 3 (b) ⫺3 (c) 2 (d) Undefined
18. 共⫺1, ⫺6兲
1
m ⫽ ⫺2
In Exercises 5 and 6, estimate the slope of the line.
In Exercises 19–24, (a) find the slope and y-intercept (if
5. y 6. y
possible) of the equation of the line algebraically, and (b)
8 8 sketch the line by hand. Use a graphing utility to verify your
6 6 answers to parts (a) and (b).
4 4
19. 5x ⫺ y ⫹ 3 ⫽ 0 20. 2x ⫹ 3y ⫺ 9 ⫽ 0
2 2
21. 5x ⫺ 2 ⫽ 0 22. 3x ⫹ 7 ⫽ 0
x x
2 4 6 8 4 6 8 23. 3y ⫹ 5 ⫽ 0 24. ⫺11 ⫺ 8y ⫽ 0

In Exercises 25–32, find the general form of the equation In Exercises 47–50, determine the slope and y-intercept of the
of the line that passes through the given point and has the linear equation. Then describe its graph.
indicated slope. Sketch the line by hand. Use a graphing
47. x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 4
utility to verify your sketch, if possible.
48. 3x ⫹ 4y ⫽ 1
Point Slope
49. x ⫽ ⫺6
25. 共0, ⫺2兲 m⫽3
50. y ⫽ 12
26. 共⫺3, 6兲 m ⫽ ⫺2
27. 共2, ⫺3兲 m ⫽ ⫺ 12 In Exercises 51 and 52, use a graphing utility to graph the
28. 共⫺2, ⫺5兲 m⫽ 3 equation using each of the suggested viewing windows.
4
Describe the difference between the two graphs.
29. 共6, ⫺1兲 m is undefined.
30. 共⫺10, 4兲 m is undefined. 51. y ⫽ 0.5x ⫺ 3
31. 共 ⫺ 12, 32 兲 m⫽0 Xmin = -5 Xmin = -2
32. 共2.3, ⫺8.5兲 m⫽0 Xmax = 10 Xmax = 10
Xscl = 1 Xscl = 1
In Exercises 33– 42, find the slope-intercept form of the Ymin = -1 Ymin = -4
equation of the line that passes through the points. Use a Ymax = 10 Ymax = 1
graphing utility to graph the line.
Yscl = 1 Yscl = 1
33. 共5, ⫺1兲, 共⫺5, 5兲
34. 共4, 3兲, 共⫺4, ⫺4兲 52. y ⫽ ⫺8x ⫹ 5
35. 共⫺8, 1兲, 共⫺8, 7兲
Xmin = -5 Xmin = -5
36. 共⫺1, 4兲, 共6, 4兲
Xmax = 5 Xmax = 10
37. 共2, 2 兲, 共2, 4 兲
1 1 5
Xscl = 1 Xscl = 1
38. 共1, 1兲, 共6, ⫺ 3 兲
2
Ymin = -10 Ymin = -80
39. 共⫺ 10, ⫺ 5 兲, 共10, ⫺ 5 兲
1 3 9 9
Ymax = 10 Ymax = 80
40. 共34, 32 兲, 共⫺ 43, 74 兲 Yscl = 1 Yscl = 20
41. 共1, 0.6兲, 共⫺2, ⫺0.6兲
42. 共⫺8, 0.6兲, 共2, ⫺2.4兲 In Exercises 53–56, determine whether the lines L1 and L2
passing through the pairs of points are parallel, perpendi-
In Exercises 43 and 44, find the slope-intercept form of the cular, or neither.
equation of the line shown. 53. L1: 共0, ⫺1兲, 共5, 9兲 54. L1: 共⫺2, ⫺1兲, 共1, 5兲
43. y 44. y L2: 共0, 3兲, 共4, 1兲 L2: 共1, 3兲, 共5, ⫺5兲
2
)− 1, ) 3
2
55. L1: 共3, 6兲, 共⫺6, 0兲 56. L1: (4, 8), (⫺4, 2)
x L2: 共0, ⫺1兲, 共5, 73 兲 L2: 共3, ⫺5兲, 共⫺1, 13 兲
−4 −2 4
−2
(1, −3) x In Exercises 57– 62, write the slope-intercept forms of the
−4 −2 2 equations of the lines through the given point (a) parallel to
−2 (4, − 1)
(−1, − 7) the given line and (b) perpendicular to the given line.
−4 Point Line
57. 共2, 1兲 4x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 3
45. Annual Salary A jeweler’s salary was $28,500 in 2004
58. 共⫺3, 2兲 x⫹y⫽7
and $32,900 in 2006. The jeweler’s salary follows a linear
59. 共⫺ 3, 8 兲
2 7
growth pattern. What will the jeweler’s salary be in 2008? 3x ⫹ 4y ⫽ 7
46. Annual Salary A librarian’s salary was $25,000 in 2004 60. 共⫺3.9, ⫺1.4兲 6x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 9
and $27,500 in 2006. The librarian’s salary follows a linear 61. 共3, ⫺2兲 x⫺4⫽0
growth pattern. What will the librarian’s salary be in 2008? 62. 共⫺4, 1兲 y⫹2⫽0

In Exercises 63 and 64, the lines are parallel. Find the slope- (b) Find the equation of the line between the years 1995
intercept form of the equation of line y2 . and 2004.
63. y 64. y (c) Interpret the meaning of the slope of the equation from
5 4
part (b) in the context of the problem.
y2
y1 = 2x + 4 (d) Use the equation from part (b) to estimate the earnings
y2 y1 = − 2x + 1 per share of stock in the year 2010. Do you think this
(−1, 1)
x is an accurate estimation? Explain.
1
x −3−2−1 2 3 4 72. Sales The graph shows the sales (in billions of dollars)
−4 −3 1 2 3 −2 for Goodyear Tire for the years 1995 through 2004, where
(−1, − 1) −3
t ⫽ 5 represents 1995. (Source: Goodyear Tire)
−3 −4

Sales (in billions of dollars)

19.0
In Exercises 65 and 66, the lines are perpendicular. Find the (14, 18.4)
18.0
slope-intercept form of the equation of line y2 .
17.0
65. y 66. y
16.0
5 (7, 13.2) (13, 15.1)
6 15.0 (10, 14.4)
4 (5, 13.2)
3 (−3, 5) y2 14.0
2
(12, 13.9)
y1 = 2x + 3 13.0
(− 2, 2) x (6, 13.1) (9, 12.9) (11, 14.1)
12.0 (8, 12.6)
x −4 −2 2 4 6
−3 −1 1 2
y2 −4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
−2 y1 = 3x − 4
−3 Year (5 ↔ 1995)

(a) Use the slopes to determine the years in which the sales
Graphical Analysis In Exercises 67–70, identify any
for Goodyear Tire showed the greatest increase and the
relationships that exist among the lines, and then use a
smallest increase.
graphing utility to graph the three equations in the same
viewing window. Adjust the viewing window so that each (b) Find the equation of the line between the years 1995
slope appears visually correct. Use the slopes of the lines to and 2004.
verify your results. (c) Interpret the meaning of the slope of the equation from
1 part (b) in the context of the problem.
67. (a) y ⫽ 2x (b) y ⫽ ⫺2x (c) y ⫽ 2x
2 (d) Use the equation from part (b) to estimate the sales for
⫺ 32x 2
68. (a) y ⫽ 3x (b) y ⫽ (c) y ⫽ 3x ⫹2
Goodyear Tire in the year 2010. Do you think this is an
69. (a) y ⫽ ⫺ 12x (b) y ⫽ ⫺ 12x ⫹3 (c) y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 4 accurate estimation? Explain.
70. (a) y ⫽ x ⫺ 8 (b) y ⫽ x ⫹ 1 (c) y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 3 73. Height The “rise to run” ratio of the roof of a house
determines the steepness of the roof. The rise to run ratio of
71. Earnings per Share The graph shows the earnings per
the roof in the figure is 3 to 4. Determine the maximum
share of stock for Circuit City for the years 1995 through
height in the attic of the house if the house is 32 feet wide.
2004. (Source: Circuit City Stores, Inc.)
attic height
Earnings per share (in dollars)

1.80
(9, 1.60) 4
1.60 3
1.40
1.20
1.00 (5, 0.91) (11, 0.92)
0.80 (8, 0.74)
(10, 0.82) (14, 0.31)
0.60 (6, 0.69)
(7, 0.57) (13, 0.00) 32 ft
0.40
0.20 (12, 0.20)
74. Road Grade When driving down a mountain road, you
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 notice warning signs indicating that it is a “12% grade.”
12
Year (5 ↔ 1995) This means that the slope of the road is ⫺ 100. Approximate
the amount of horizontal change in your position if you
(a) Use the slopes to determine the years in which the
note from elevation markers that you have descended 2000
earnings per share of stock showed the greatest
increase and greatest decrease. feet vertically.

Rate of Change In Exercises 75–78, you are given the 84. Meteorology Recall that water freezes at 0⬚C 共32⬚F兲 and
dollar value of a product in 2006 and the rate at which the boils at 100⬚C 共212⬚F兲.
value of the product is expected to change during the next (a) Find an equation of the line that shows the relationship
5 years. Write a linear equation that gives the dollar value between the temperature in degrees Celsius C and
V of the product in terms of the year t. (Let t ⴝ 6 represent degrees Fahrenheit F.
2006.)
(b) Use the result of part (a) to complete the table.
2006 Value Rate
75. $2540 $125 increase per year C ⫺10⬚ 10⬚ 177⬚
76. $156 $4.50 increase per year F 0⬚ 68⬚ 90⬚
77. $20,400 $2000 decrease per year
78. $245,000 $5600 decrease per year 85. Cost, Revenue, and Profit A contractor purchases a
bulldozer for $36,500. The bulldozer requires an average
Graphical Interpretation In Exercises 79– 82, match the expenditure of $5.25 per hour for fuel and maintenance,
description with its graph. Determine the slope of each and the operator is paid $11.50 per hour.
graph and how it is interpreted in the given context. [The
(a) Write a linear equation giving the total cost C of oper-
graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]
ating the bulldozer for t hours. (Include the purchase
(a) 40 (b) 125 cost of the bulldozer.)
(b) Assuming that customers are charged $27 per hour of
bulldozer use, write an equation for the revenue R
derived from t hours of use.
0 8 0 10 (c) Use the profit formula 共P ⫽ R ⫺ C兲 to write an
0 0 equation for the profit derived from t hours of use.
(c) 25 (d) 600 (d) Use the result of part (c) to find the break-even point
(the number of hours the bulldozer must be used to
yield a profit of 0 dollars).
86. Rental Demand A real estate office handles an apartment
0 10 0 6 complex with 50 units. When the rent per unit is $580 per
0 0 month, all 50 units are occupied. However, when the rent is
$625 per month, the average number of occupied units
79. You are paying $10 per week to repay a $100 loan.
drops to 47. Assume that the relationship between the
80. An employee is paid $12.50 per hour plus $1.50 for each monthly rent p and the demand x is linear.
unit produced per hour.
(a) Write the equation of the line giving the demand x in
81. A sales representative receives $30 per day for food plus terms of the rent p.
$.35 for each mile traveled.
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the demand equation
82. A computer that was purchased for $600 depreciates $100 and use the trace feature to estimate the number of
per year. units occupied when the rent is $655. Verify your
83. Depreciation A school district purchases a high-volume answer algebraically.
printer, copier, and scanner for $25,000. After 10 years, the (c) Use the demand equation to predict the number of units
equipment will have to be replaced. Its value at that time is occupied when the rent is lowered to $595. Verify your
expected to be $2000. answer graphically.
(a) Write a linear equation giving the value V of the 87. Education In 1991, Penn State University had an
equipment during the 10 years it will be used. enrollment of 75,349 students. By 2005, the enrollment had
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the linear equation increased to 80,124. (Source: Penn State Fact Book)
representing the depreciation of the equipment, and use (a) What was the average annual change in enrollment
the value or trace feature to complete the table. from 1991 to 2005?
(b) Use the average annual change in enrollment to
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 estimate the enrollments in 1984, 1997, and 2000.
V (c) Write the equation of a line that represents the given
data. What is its slope? Interpret the slope in the
(c) Verify your answers in part (b) algebraically by using context of the problem.
the equation you found in part (a).

88. Writing Using the results of Exercise 87, write a short Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 101 and 102,
paragraph discussing the concepts of slope and average determine which pair of equations may be represented by
rate of change. the graphs shown.
101. y 102. y
Synthesis
True or False? In Exercises 89 and 90, determine whether
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
89. The line through 共⫺8, 2兲 and 共⫺1, 4兲 and the line through x
x
共0, ⫺4兲 and 共⫺7, 7兲 are parallel.
90. If the points 共10, ⫺3兲 and 共2, ⫺9兲 lie on the same line, then
the point 共⫺12, ⫺ 2 兲 also lies on that line.
37

(a) 2x ⫺ y ⫽ 5 (a) 2x ⫺ y ⫽ 2
Exploration In Exercises 91–94, use a graphing utility to
2x ⫺ y ⫽ 1 x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 12
graph the equation of the line in the form
(b) 2x ⫹ y ⫽ ⫺5 (b) x ⫺ y ⫽ 1
x y
1 ⴝ 1, a ⴝ 0, b ⴝ 0. 2x ⫹ y ⫽ 1 x⫹y⫽6
a b
(c) 2x ⫺ y ⫽ ⫺5 (c) 2x ⫹ y ⫽ 2
Use the graphs to make a conjecture about what a and b
represent. Verify your conjecture. 2x ⫺ y ⫽ 1 x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 12

x y x y (d) x ⫺ 2y ⫽ ⫺5 (d) x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 2
91. ⫹ ⫽1 92. ⫹ ⫽1 x ⫺ 2y ⫽ ⫺1 x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 12
5 ⫺3 ⫺6 2
x y x y 103. Think About It Does every line have both an x-intercept
93. ⫹ 2 ⫽ 1 94. 1 ⫹ ⫽ 1
4 ⫺3 2
5 and a y-intercept? Explain.
104. Think About It Can every line be written in
In Exercises 95–98, use the results of Exercises 91–94 to slope-intercept form? Explain.
write an equation of the line that passes through the points.
105. Think About It Does every line have an infinite number
95. x-intercept: 共2, 0兲 96. x-intercept: 共⫺5, 0兲 of lines that are parallel to the given line? Explain.
y-intercept: 共0, 3兲 y-intercept: 共0, ⫺4兲 106. Think About It Does every line have an infinite number
97. x-intercept: 共 0兲
⫺ 16, 98. x-intercept: 共34, 0兲 of lines that are perpendicular to the given line? Explain.
y-intercept: 共0, ⫺ 23 兲 y-intercept: 共0, 45 兲 Skills Review
Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 99 and 100, In Exercises 107–112, determine whether the expression is a
determine which equation(s) may be represented by the polynomial. If it is, write the polynomial in standard form.
graph shown. (There may be more than one correct answer.)
107. x ⫹ 20 108. 3x ⫺ 10x2 ⫹ 1
99. y 100. y
109. 4x2 ⫹ x⫺1 ⫺ 3 110. 2x2 ⫺ 2x4 ⫺ x3 ⫹ 2
x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 4
111. 112. 冪x2 ⫹ 7x ⫹ 6
x2 ⫺ 9

x
In Exercises 113–116, factor the trinomial.
113. x2 ⫺ 6x ⫺ 27 114. x2 ⫺ 11x ⫹ 28
x
115. 2x ⫹ 11x ⫺ 40
2
116. 3x2 ⫺ 16x ⫹ 5

(a) 2x ⫺ y ⫽ ⫺10 (a) 2x ⫹ y ⫽ 5

117. Make a Decision To work an extended application
(b) 2x ⫹ y ⫽ 10 (b) 2x ⫹ y ⫽ ⫺5 analyzing the numbers of bachelor’s degrees earned by
(c) x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 10 (c) x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 5 women in the United States from 1985 to 2005, visit this
(d) x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 10 (d) x ⫺ 2y ⫽ ⫺5 textbook’s Online Study Center. (Data Source: U.S.
Census Bureau)

The Make a Decision exercise indicates a multipart exercise using large data sets. Go to this textbook’s
Online Study Center to view these exercises.

1.2 Functions
Introduction to Functions What you should learn
䊏 Decide whether a relation between two
Many everyday phenomena involve pairs of quantities that are related to each variables represents a function.
other by some rule of correspondence. The mathematical term for such a rule of 䊏 Use function notation and evaluate
correspondence is a relation. Here are two examples. functions.
䊏 Find the domains of functions.
1. The simple interest I earned on an investment of $1000 for 1 year is related to
䊏 Use functions to model and solve real-life
the annual interest rate r by the formula I ⫽ 1000r. problems.
2. The area A of a circle is related to its radius r by the formula A ⫽ ␲ r 2. 䊏 Evaluate difference quotients.

Not all relations have simple mathematical formulas. For instance, people Why you should learn it
commonly match up NFL starting quarterbacks with touchdown passes, and Many natural phenomena can be modeled by
hours of the day with temperature. In each of these cases, there is some relation functions, such as the force of water against
that matches each item from one set with exactly one item from a different set. the face of a dam, explored in Exercise 85 on
Such a relation is called a function. page 28.

Definition of a Function
A function f from a set A to a set B is a relation that assigns to each element
x in the set A exactly one element y in the set B. The set A is the domain (or
set of inputs) of the function f, and the set B contains the range (or set of
outputs).

To help understand this definition, look at the function that relates the time
of day to the temperature in Figure 1.14.
Time of day (P.M.) Temperature (in degrees C)

1 9 2 1
2 13 3 Kunio Owaki/Corbis
4 4 5
5 15 6 7 8
6 3 12 14
10 16 11
Set A is the domain. Set B contains the range.
Inputs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Outputs: 9, 10, 12, 13, 15
Figure 1.14

This function can be represented by the ordered pairs 再共1, 9⬚兲, 共2, 13⬚兲, 共3, 15⬚兲,
共4, 15⬚兲, 共5, 12⬚兲, 共6, 10⬚兲冎. In each ordered pair, the first coordinate (x-value) is
the input and the second coordinate (y-value) is the output.

Characteristics of a Function from Set A to Set B

1. Each element of A must be matched with an element of B.
2. Some elements of B may not be matched with any element of A.
3. Two or more elements of A may be matched with the same element
of B.
4. An element of A (the domain) cannot be matched with two different
elements of B.

Library of Functions: Data Defined Function

Many functions do not have simple mathematical formulas, but are defined
by real-life data. Such functions arise when you are using collections of data
to model real-life applications. Functions can be represented in four ways.
1. Verbally by a sentence that describes how the input variables are related to
the output variables
Example: The input value x is the election year from 1952 to 2004 and STUDY TIP
the output value y is the elected president of the United States.
To determine whether or not a
2. Numerically by a table or a list of ordered pairs that matches input values relation is a function, you must
with output values decide whether each input value
Example: In the set of ordered pairs 再共2, 34兲, 共4, 40兲, 共6, 45兲, 共8, 50兲, is matched with exactly one
共10, 54兲冎, the input value is the age of a male child in years and the output value. If any input value
output value is the height of the child in inches. is matched with two or more
3. Graphically by points on a graph in a coordinate plane in which the input output values, the relation is
values are represented by the horizontal axis and the output values are not a function.
represented by the vertical axis
Example: See Figure 1.15.
4. Algebraically by an equation in two variables
Example: The formula for temperature, F ⫽ 95C ⫹ 32, where F is the
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and C is the temperature in degrees
Celsius, is an equation that represents a function. You will see that it is
often convenient to approximate data using a mathematical model or
formula.

Example 1 Testing for Functions Prerequisite Skills

Decide whether the relation represents y as a function of x. When plotting points in a coordinate
plane, the x-coordinate is the directed
a. b. y
distance from the y-axis to the point,
Input, x 2 2 3 4 5
3 and the y-coordinate is the directed
Output, y 11 10 8 5 1 distance from the x-axis to the point.
2
To review point plotting, see
1 Appendix B.1.
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
STUDY TIP
Figure 1.15
Be sure you see that the range
Solution of a function is not the same as
a. This table does not describe y as a function of x. The input value 2 is matched the use of range relating to the
with two different y-values. viewing window of a graphing
b. The graph in Figure 1.15 does describe y as a function of x. Each input value utility.
is matched with exactly one output value.
Now try Exercise 5.

In algebra, it is common to represent functions by equations or formulas

involving two variables. For instance, the equation y ⫽ x 2 represents the variable
y as a function of the variable x. In this equation, x is the independent variable Exploration
and y is the dependent variable. The domain of the function is the set of all
values taken on by the independent variable x, and the range of the function is the Use a graphing utility to graph
set of all values taken on by the dependent variable y. x 2 ⫹ y ⫽ 1. Then use the graph
to write a convincing argument
that each x-value has at most
Example 2 Testing for Functions Represented Algebraically one y-value.
Which of the equations represent(s) y as a function of x? Use a graphing utility to graph
a. x2 ⫹y⫽1 b. ⫺x ⫹ y ⫽ 1 2 ⫺x ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 1. (Hint: You will
need to use two equations.)
Solution Does the graph represent y as
a function of x? Explain.
To determine whether y is a function of x, try to solve for y in terms of x.
a. Solving for y yields
x2 ⫹ y ⫽ 1 Write original equation.

y ⫽ 1 ⫺ x 2. Solve for y.

Each value of x corresponds to exactly one value of y. So, y is a function of x.

b. Solving for y yields
⫺x ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 1 Write original equation.

y2 ⫽ 1 ⫹ x Add x to each side.

y ⫽ ±冪1 ⫹ x. Solve for y.

The ± indicates that for a given value of x there correspond two values of y.
For instance, when x ⫽ 3, y ⫽ 2 or y ⫽ ⫺2. So, y is not a function of x.
Now try Exercise 19.
TECHNOLOGY TIP
Function Notation You can use a graphing utility
to evaluate a function. Go to
When an equation is used to represent a function, it is convenient to name the
this textbook’s Online Study
function so that it can be referenced easily. For example, you know that the
Center and use the Evaluating an
equation y ⫽ 1 ⫺ x 2 describes y as a function of x. Suppose you give this
Algebraic Expression program.
function the name “f.” Then you can use the following function notation.
The program will prompt you
Input Output Equation for a value of x, and then evaluate
x f 共x兲 f 共x兲 ⫽ 1 ⫺ x 2 the expression in the equation
editor for that value of x. Try
The symbol f 共x兲 is read as the value of f at x or simply f of x. The symbol f 共x兲 using the program to evaluate
corresponds to the y-value for a given x. So, you can write y ⫽ f 共x兲. Keep in mind several different functions of x.
that f is the name of the function, whereas f 共x兲 is the output value of the function
at the input value x. In function notation, the input is the independent variable and
the output is the dependent variable. For instance, the function f 共x兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 2x has
function values denoted by f 共⫺1兲, f 共0兲, and so on. To find these values,
substitute the specified input values into the given equation.
For x ⫽ ⫺1, f 共⫺1兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 2共⫺1兲 ⫽ 3 ⫹ 2 ⫽ 5.
For x ⫽ 0, f 共0兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 2共0兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 0 ⫽ 3.

Although f is often used as a convenient function name and x is often used as

the independent variable, you can use other letters. For instance,
f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 7, f 共t兲 ⫽ t 2 ⫺ 4t ⫹ 7, and g共s兲 ⫽ s 2 ⫺ 4s ⫹ 7
all define the same function. In fact, the role of the independent variable is that of
a “placeholder.” Consequently, the function could be written as
f 共䊏兲 ⫽ 共䊏兲2 ⫺ 4共䊏兲 ⫹ 7.

Example 3 Evaluating a Function

Let g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1. Find (a) g共2兲, (b) g共t兲, and (c) g共x ⫹ 2兲.

Solution
a. Replacing x with 2 in g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1 yields the following.
g共2兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共2兲2 ⫹ 4共2兲 ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺4 ⫹ 8 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 5
b. Replacing x with t yields the following.
g共t兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共t兲2 ⫹ 4共t兲 ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺t 2 ⫹ 4t ⫹ 1
c. Replacing x with x ⫹ 2 yields the following.
g共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫹ 4共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫹ 1 Substitute x ⫹ 2 for x.

⫽ ⫺ 共x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 4兲 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 8 ⫹ 1 Multiply.

⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 4 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 8 ⫹ 1 Distributive Property

⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 5 Simplify.

Now try Exercise 29.

In Example 3, note that g共x ⫹ 2兲 is not equal to g共x兲 ⫹ g共2兲. In general,

g共u ⫹ v兲 ⫽ g共u兲 ⫹ g共v兲.

Library of Parent Functions: Piecewise-Defined Function

A piecewise-defined function is a function that is defined by two or more
equations over a specified domain. The absolute value function given by
ⱍⱍ
f 共x兲 ⫽ x can be written as a piecewise-defined function. The basic
characteristics of the absolute value function are summarized below. A
review of piecewise-defined functions can be found in the Study Capsules.
y
Graph of f共x兲 ⫽ x ⫽ ⱍⱍ 冦 x,
⫺x,
x ≥ 0
x < 0 2
Domain: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 1
Range: 关0, ⬁兲 f(x) = ⏐x⏐
x
Intercept: 共0, 0兲 −2 −1 (0, 0) 2
Decreasing on 共⫺ ⬁, 0兲 −1

Increasing on 共0, ⬁兲 −2

Example 4 A Piecewise–Defined Function

Evaluate the function when x ⫽ ⫺1 and x ⫽ 0. TECHNOLOGY TIP

冦xx ⫹⫺ 1,1,
2 x < 0 Most graphing utilities can graph
f 共x兲 ⫽ piecewise-defined functions.
x ≥ 0
For instructions on how to enter
Solution a piecewise-defined function
Because x ⫽ ⫺1 is less than 0, use f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 1 to obtain into your graphing utility,
consult your user’s manual.
f 共⫺1兲 ⫽ 共⫺1兲2 ⫹ 1 ⫽ 2. You may find it helpful to set
For x ⫽ 0, use f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 1 to obtain your graphing utility to dot mode
before graphing such functions.
f 共0兲 ⫽ 0 ⫺ 1 ⫽ ⫺1.
Now try Exercise 37.

The Domain of a Function

The domain of a function can be described explicitly or it can be implied by
the expression used to define the function. The implied domain is the set of all
real numbers for which the expression is defined. For instance, the function
1 Domain excludes x-values that
f 共x兲 ⫽ Exploration
x2 ⫺4 result in division by zero.
Use a graphing utility to graph
has an implied domain that consists of all real x other than x ⫽ ± 2. These two y ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ x2 . What is the
values are excluded from the domain because division by zero is undefined. domain of this function? Then
Another common type of implied domain is that used to avoid even roots of graph y ⫽ 冪x 2 ⫺ 4 . What is
negative numbers. For example, the function the domain of this function?
Domain excludes x-values that result Do the domains of these two
f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x in even roots of negative numbers. functions overlap? If so, for
what values?
is defined only for x ≥ 0. So, its implied domain is the interval 关0, ⬁兲. In general,
the domain of a function excludes values that would cause division by zero or
result in the even root of a negative number.

Library of Parent Functions: Radical Function

Radical functions arise from the use of rational exponents. The most
common radical function is the square root function given by f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x.
STUDY TIP
The basic characteristics of the square root function are summarized below. Because the square root
A review of radical functions can be found in the Study Capsules. function is not defined for
Graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x y x < 0, you must be careful
when analyzing the domains of
Domain: 关0, ⬁兲 4
complicated functions involving
Range: 关0, ⬁兲 3 f(x) = x the square root symbol.
Intercept: 共0, 0兲 2
Increasing on 共0, ⬁兲 1
x
−1 (0, 0) 2 3 4
−1

Example 5 Finding the Domain of a Function

Find the domain of each function. Prerequisite Skills
a. f : 再共⫺3, 0兲, 共⫺1, 4兲, 共0, 2兲, 共2, 2兲, 共4, ⫺1兲冎 In Example 5(e), 4 ⫺ 3x ≥ 0 is a linear
inequality. To review solving of
b. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺3x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 5 linear inequalities, see Appendix E.
1
c. h共x兲 ⫽
x⫹5
d. Volume of a sphere: V ⫽ 43␲ r3

e. k共x兲 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ 3x

Solution
a. The domain of f consists of all first coordinates in the set of ordered pairs.
Domain ⫽ 再⫺3, ⫺1, 0, 2, 4冎
b. The domain of g is the set of all real numbers.
c. Excluding x-values that yield zero in the denominator, the domain of h is the
set of all real numbers x except x ⫽ ⫺5.
d. Because this function represents the volume of a sphere, the values of the
radius r must be positive. So, the domain is the set of all real numbers r such
that r > 0.
e. This function is defined only for x-values for which 4 ⫺ 3x ≥ 0. By solving
this inequality, you will find that the domain of k is all real numbers that are
4
less than or equal to 3.
Now try Exercise 59.

In Example 5(d), note that the domain of a function may be implied by the
physical context. For instance, from the equation V ⫽ 43␲ r 3, you would have no
reason to restrict r to positive values, but the physical context implies that a
sphere cannot have a negative or zero radius.
For some functions, it may be easier to find the domain and range of the
function by examining its graph.

Example 6 Finding the Domain and Range of a Function

Use a graphing utility to find the domain and range of the function
f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x2.
6
Solution
Graph the function as y ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x2, as shown in Figure 1.16. Using the trace f(x) = 9 − x2
feature of a graphing utility, you can determine that the x-values extend from ⫺3
to 3 and the y-values extend from 0 to 3. So, the domain of the function f is all −6 6
real numbers such that ⫺3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and the range of f is all real numbers such
that 0 ≤ y ≤ 3. −2

Now try Exercise 63. Figure 1.16

Applications

Example 7 Cellular Communications Employees

The number N (in thousands) of employees in the cellular communications
industry in the United States increased in a linear pattern from 1998 to 2001 (see
Figure 1.17). In 2002, the number dropped, then continued to increase through Cellular Communications
2004 in a different linear pattern. These two patterns can be approximated by the Employees
function N

Number of employees (in thousands)

冦23.5t ⫺ 53.6,
8 ≤ t ≤ 11 250
N(t兲 ⫽
16.8t ⫺ 10.4,
12 ≤ t ≤ 14 225
200
where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 8 corresponding to 1998. Use this function
175
to approximate the number of employees for each year from 1998 to 2004.
150
(Source: Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association)
125
Solution 100
From 1998 to 2001, use N共t兲 ⫽ 23.5t ⫺ 53.6. 75
50
134.4, 157.9, 181.4, 204.9
25
1998 1999 2000 2001 t
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
From 2002 to 2004, use N共t兲 ⫽ 16.8t ⫺ 10.4.
Year (8 ↔ 1998)
191.2, 208.0, 224.8 Figure 1.17
2002 2003 2004

Now try Exercise 83.

Example 8 The Path of a Baseball

A baseball is hit at a point 3 feet above the ground at a velocity of 100 feet per
second and an angle of 45⬚. The path of the baseball is given by the function
f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺0.0032x 2 ⫹ x ⫹ 3
where x and f 共x兲 are measured in feet. Will the baseball clear a 10-foot fence
located 300 feet from home plate?

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

The height of the baseball is a function of the horizontal distance Use a graphing utility to graph the function
from home plate. When x ⫽ 300, you can find the height of the y ⫽ ⫺0.0032x2 ⫹ x ⫹ 3. Use the value feature or
baseball as follows. the zoom and trace features of the graphing utility
f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺0.0032x2 ⫹ x ⫹ 3 Write original function. to estimate that y ⫽ 15 when x ⫽ 300, as shown in
Figure 1.18. So, the ball will clear a 10-foot fence.
f 共300兲 ⫽ ⫺0.0032共300兲2 ⫹ 300 ⫹ 3 Substitute 300 for x.
100
⫽ 15 Simplify.

When x ⫽ 300, the height of the baseball is 15 feet, so the baseball

will clear a 10-foot fence.

0 400
0
Now try Exercise 85. Figure 1.18

Difference Quotients
One of the basic definitions in calculus employs the ratio
f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲
, h ⫽ 0.
h
This ratio is called a difference quotient, as illustrated in Example 9.

Example 9 Evaluating a Difference Quotient

f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲
For f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 7, find .
h
Solution
f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲关共x ⫹ h兲2 ⫺ 4共x ⫹ h兲 ⫹ 7兴 ⫺ 共x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 7兲
⫽
h h
x 2 ⫹ 2xh ⫹ h 2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 4h ⫹ 7 ⫺ x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 7
⫽
h
2xh ⫹ h 2 ⫺ 4h
⫽
h
h共2x ⫹ h ⫺ 4兲
⫽ ⫽ 2x ⫹ h ⫺ 4, h ⫽ 0
h
Now try Exercise 89.
STUDY TIP
Notice in Example 9 that h
Summary of Function Terminology
cannot be zero in the original
Function: A function is a relationship between two variables such that to expression. Therefore, you
each value of the independent variable there corresponds exactly one value must restrict the domain of the
of the dependent variable. simplified expression by adding
h ⫽ 0 so that the simplified
Function Notation: y ⫽ f 共x兲
expression is equivalent to the
f is the name of the function. original expression.
y is the dependent variable, or output value.
x is the independent variable, or input value.
f 共x兲 is the value of the function at x.
Domain: The domain of a function is the set of all values (inputs) of the
independent variable for which the function is defined. If x is in the domain
of f, f is said to be defined at x. If x is not in the domain of f, f is said to be
undefined at x.
Range: The range of a function is the set of all values (outputs) assumed by
the dependent variable (that is, the set of all function values).
Implied Domain: If f is defined by an algebraic expression and the domain
is not specified, the implied domain consists of all real numbers for which
the expression is defined.

The symbol indicates an example or exercise that highlights algebraic techniques specifically used
in calculus.

1.2 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blanks.

1. A relation that assigns to each element x from a set of inputs, or _______ , exactly one element y
in a set of outputs, or _______ , is called a _______ .
2. For an equation that represents y as a function of x, the _______ variable is the set of all x in the domain,
and the _______ variable is the set of all y in the range.

3. The function f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦 x2 ⫺ 4, x ≤ 0

2x ⫹ 1, x > 0
is an example of a _______ function.

4. If the domain of the function f is not given, then the set of values of the independent variable for which
the expression is defined is called the _______ .
f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲
5. In calculus, one of the basic definitions is that of a _______ , given by , h ⫽ 0.
h

In Exercises 1– 4, does the relation describe a function? 6.

Input, x 0 1 2 1 0
Explain your reasoning.
1. Domain Range 2. Domain Range Output, y ⫺4 ⫺2 0 2 4

−2 5 −2 3 7.
Input, x 10 7 4 7 10
−1 6 −1 4
0 7 0 5 Output, y 3 6 9 12 15
1 8 1
2 2 8.
Input, x 0 3 9 12 15
3. Domain Range 4. Domain Range
Output, y 3 3 3 3 3
Cubs (Year) (Number of
National North Atlantic
Pirates
League tropical storms
Dodgers In Exercises 9 and 10, which sets of ordered pairs represent
and hurricanes) functions from A to B? Explain.
1998 12
9. A ⫽ 再0, 1, 2, 3冎 and B ⫽ 再⫺2, ⫺1, 0, 1, 2冎
Orioles 1999 14
American (a) 再共0, 1兲, 共1, ⫺2兲, 共2, 0兲, 共3, 2兲冎
Yankees 2000 15
League
Twins 2001 16 (b) 再共0, ⫺1兲, 共2, 2兲, 共1, ⫺2兲, 共3, 0兲, 共1, 1兲冎
2002 26 (c) 再共0, 0兲, 共1, 0兲, 共2, 0兲, 共3, 0兲冎
2003 (d) 再共0, 2兲, 共3, 0兲, 共1, 1兲冎
2004
10. A ⫽ 再a, b, c冎 and B ⫽ 再0, 1, 2, 3冎
2005
(a) 再共a, 1兲, 共c, 2兲, 共c, 3兲, 共b, 3兲冎
In Exercises 5–8, decide whether the relation represents y (b) 再共a, 1兲, 共b, 2兲, 共c, 3兲冎
as a function of x. Explain your reasoning. (c) 再共1, a兲, 共0, a兲, 共2, c兲, 共3, b兲冎
5. (d) 再共c, 0兲, 共b, 0 兲, 共a, 3兲冎
Input, x ⫺3 ⫺1 0 1 3

Output, y ⫺9 ⫺1 0 1 9

Circulation of Newspapers In Exercises 11 and 12, use the In Exercises 27– 42, evaluate the function at each specified
graph, which shows the circulation (in millions) of daily value of the independent variable and simplify.
newspapers in the United States. (Source: Editor &
27. f 共t兲 ⫽ 3t ⫹ 1
Publisher Company)
(a) f 共2兲 (b) f 共⫺4兲 (c) f 共t ⫹ 2兲
28. g共 y兲 ⫽ 7 ⫺ 3y
60
(b) g共 37 兲
Circulation (in millions)

(a) g共0兲 (c) g共s ⫹ 2兲

50
29. h共t兲 ⫽ t 2 ⫺ 2t
40
(a) h共2兲 (b) h共1.5兲 (c) h共x ⫹ 2兲
Morning
30 30. V共r兲 ⫽ 43␲ r 3
Evening
20 (a) V共3兲 (b) V 共 23 兲 (c) V 共2r兲
10 31. f 共 y兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 冪y
(a) f 共4兲 (b) f 共0.25兲 (c) f 共4x 2兲
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 32. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 8 ⫹ 2
Year (a) f 共⫺8兲 (b) f 共1兲 (c) f 共x ⫺ 8兲
11. Is the circulation of morning newspapers a function of the 1
33. q共x兲 ⫽
year? Is the circulation of evening newspapers a function of x2 ⫺ 9
the year? Explain. (a) q共0兲 (b) q共3兲 (c) q共 y ⫹ 3兲
12. Let f 共x兲 represent the circulation of evening newspapers in 2t 2 ⫹3
year x. Find f 共2004兲. 34. q共t兲 ⫽
t2
In Exercises 13 –24, determine whether the equation (a) q共2兲 (b) q共0兲 (c) q共⫺x兲
represents y as a function of x.
35. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⱍxⱍ
13. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 4 14. x ⫽ y 2 ⫹ 1 x
15. y ⫽ 冪x2 ⫺ 1 16. y ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 5 (a) f 共3兲 (b) f 共⫺3兲 (c) f 共t兲
17. 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 4 18. x ⫽ ⫺y ⫹ 5 36. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 4 ⱍⱍ
19. y 2 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 1 20. x ⫹ y2 ⫽ 3 (a) f 共4兲 (b) f 共⫺4兲 (c) f 共t兲
21. y ⫽ 4 ⫺ x ⱍ ⱍ ⱍⱍ
22. y ⫽ 4 ⫺ x
冦2x ⫹ 2,
2x ⫹ 1, x < 0
37. f 共x兲 ⫽
23. x ⫽ ⫺7 24. y ⫽ 8 x ≥ 0
(a) f 共⫺1兲 (b) f 共0兲 (c) f 共2兲
In Exercises 25 and 26, fill in the blanks using the specified
function and the given values of the independent variable.
Simplify the result.
38. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦2x2 ⫺⫹x5,, 2
x ≤ 0
x > 0
(a) f 共⫺2兲 (b) f 共0兲 (c) f 共1兲
1
25. f 共x兲 ⫽
x⫹1
1 1
39. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦2x ⫹⫹2,2,
x2
2
x ≤ 1
x > 1
(a) f 共4兲 ⫽ (b) f 共0兲 ⫽
共䊏兲 ⫹ 1 共䊏兲 ⫹ 1 (a) f 共⫺2兲 (b) f 共1兲 (c) f 共2兲

冦1x ⫺⫺2x4, ,
1 1 2
x ≤ 0
(c) f 共4t兲 ⫽ (d) f 共x ⫹ c兲 ⫽ 40. f 共x兲 ⫽
共䊏兲 ⫹ 1 共䊏兲 ⫹ 1 2 x > 0
26. g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 2x (a) f 共⫺2兲 (b) f 共0兲 (c) f 共1兲
(a) g共2兲 ⫽ 共䊏兲 ⫺ 2共䊏兲
2

冦
x ⫹ 2, x < 0
(b) g共⫺3兲 ⫽ 共䊏兲 ⫺ 2共䊏兲 41. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4,
2
0 ≤ x < 2
(c) g共t ⫹ 1兲 ⫽ 共䊏兲 ⫺ 2共䊏兲 x2 ⫹ 1,
2
x ≥ 2
(d) g共x ⫹ c兲 ⫽ 共䊏兲 ⫺ 2共䊏兲 (a) f 共⫺2兲 (b) f 共1兲 (c) f 共4兲
2

57. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪 58. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪

冦
3 x ⫺ 4 4 x2 ⫹ 3x
5 ⫺ 2x, x < 0
42. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5, 0 ≤ x < 1 1 3 10
4x ⫹ 1, 59. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 60. h共x兲 ⫽
x ≥ 1 x x⫹2 x 2 ⫺ 2x
(a) f 共⫺2兲 (b) f 共12兲 (c) f 共1兲 y⫹2 冪x ⫹ 6
61. g共 y兲 ⫽ 62. f 共x兲 ⫽
In Exercises 43– 46, complete the table. 冪y ⫺ 10 6⫹x
43. h共t兲 ⫽ 1
2 ⱍt ⫹ 3ⱍ In Exercises 63–66, use a graphing utility to graph the
function. Find the domain and range of the function.
t ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 63. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ x2 64. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x2 ⫹ 1
h共t兲 65. g共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3 ⱍ ⱍ 66. g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 5 ⱍ ⱍ

44. f 共s兲 ⫽ ⱍs ⫺ 2ⱍ In Exercises 67– 70, assume that the domain of f is

the set A ⴝ {ⴚ2, ⴚ1, 0, 1, 2}. Determine the set of ordered
s⫺2
pairs representing the function f.
s 0 1 3
2
5
2
4 67. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 68. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 3

f 共s兲 69. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 ⱍⱍ 70. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1 ⱍ ⱍ

71. Geometry Write the area A of a circle as a function of its

冦共x ⫺ ⫹2兲 4,,

⫺ 12x x ≤ 0 circumference C.
45. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2 x > 0 72. Geometry Write the area A of an equilateral triangle as a
function of the length s of its sides.
x ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 73. Exploration The cost per unit to produce a radio model is
$60. The manufacturer charges $90 per unit for orders of
f 共x兲 100 or less. To encourage large orders, the manufacturer
reduces the charge by $0.15 per radio for each unit ordered
in excess of 100 (for example, there would be a charge of
冦x ⫺ 3,
9 ⫺ x 2, x < 3
46. h共x兲 ⫽ $87 per radio for an order size of 120).
x ≥ 3
(a) The table shows the profit P (in dollars) for various
numbers of units ordered, x. Use the table to estimate
x 1 2 3 4 5 the maximum profit.
h共x兲
Units, x Profit, P
In Exercises 47–50, find all real values of x such that
110 3135
f 冇x冈 ⴝ 0.
120 3240
47. f 共x兲 ⫽ 15 ⫺ 3x 48. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x ⫹ 1
130 3315
3x ⫺ 4 2x ⫺ 3 140 3360
49. f 共x兲 ⫽ 50. f 共x兲 ⫽
5 7 150 3375
160 3360
In Exercises 51 and 52, find the value(s) of x for which
170 3315
f 冇x冈 ⴝ g冇x冈.
51. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2, g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 (b) Plot the points 共x, P兲 from the table in part (a). Does the
52. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1, g共x兲 ⫽ 7x ⫺ 5 relation defined by the ordered pairs represent P as a
function of x?
In Exercises 53–62, find the domain of the function. (c) If P is a function of x, write the function and determine
its domain.
53. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1 54. g共x兲 ⫽ 1 ⫺ 2x 2
4 3y
55. h共t兲 ⫽ 56. s共 y兲 ⫽
t y⫹5

74. Exploration An open box of maximum volume is to be 76. Geometry A rectangle is bounded by the x-axis and the
made from a square piece of material, 24 centimeters on a semicircle y ⫽ 冪36 ⫺ x 2 (see figure). Write the area A of
side, by cutting equal squares from the corners and turning the rectangle as a function of x, and determine the domain
up the sides (see figure). of the function.
(a) The table shows the volume V (in cubic centimeters) of y
the box for various heights x (in centimeters). Use the
table to estimate the maximum volume.
8
y= 36 − x2
Height, x Volume, V
1 484 4 (x , y )
2 800 2
3 972
x
4 1024 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
5 980 −2
6 864

(b) Plot the points 共x, V兲 from the table in part (a). Does the 77. Postal Regulations A rectangular package to be sent by
relation defined by the ordered pairs represent V as a the U.S. Postal Service can have a maximum combined
function of x? length and girth (perimeter of a cross section) of 108 inches
(see figure).
(c) If V is a function of x, write the function and determine
its domain. x
(d) Use a graphing utility to plot the point from the table in
part (a) with the function from part (c). How closely x
does the function represent the data? Explain.

24 − 2x (a) Write the volume V of the package as a function of x.

What is the domain of the function?
x 24 − 2x x (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the function. Be sure to
use an appropriate viewing window.
75. Geometry A right triangle is formed in the first quadrant
(c) What dimensions will maximize the volume of the
by the x- and y-axes and a line through the point 共2, 1兲共see
package? Explain.
figure兲. Write the area A of the triangle as a function of x,
and determine the domain of the function. 78. Cost, Revenue, and Profit A company produces a toy for
y which the variable cost is $12.30 per unit and the fixed
costs are $98,000. The toy sells for $17.98. Let x be the
4
number of units produced and sold.
(0, y)
(a) The total cost for a business is the sum of the variable
3 cost and the fixed costs. Write the total cost C as a
function of the number of units produced.
2
(b) Write the revenue R as a function of the number of
(2, 1) units sold.
1
(x, 0) (c) Write the profit P as a function of the number of units
x sold. (Note: P ⫽ R ⫺ C.兲
1 2 3 4

Revenue In Exercises 79– 82, use the table, which shows

the monthly revenue y (in thousands of dollars) of a n
landscaping business for each month of 2006, with x ⴝ 1 1000

Miles traveled (in billions)

representing January. 900
800
700
Month, x Revenue, y 600
500
1 5.2 400
300
2 5.6
200
3 6.6 100
4 8.3 t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
5 11.5
Year (0 ↔ 1990)
6 15.8 Figure for 83
7 12.8
84. Transportation For groups of 80 or more people, a
8 10.1
charter bus company determines the rate per person
9 8.6 according to the formula
10 6.9
Rate ⫽ 8 ⫺ 0.05共n ⫺ 80兲, n ≥ 80
11 4.5
12 2.7 where the rate is given in dollars and n is the number of
people.
A mathematical model that represents the data is (a) Write the revenue R of the bus company as a function
of n.
f 冇x冈 ⴝ 冦 ⴚ1.97x 1 26.3
0.505x2 ⴚ 1.47x 1 6.3
. (b) Use the function from part (a) to complete the table.
What can you conclude?
79. What is the domain of each part of the piecewise-defined
function? Explain your reasoning. n 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
80. Use the mathematical model to find f 共5兲. Interpret your R(n)
result in the context of the problem.
81. Use the mathematical model to find f 共11兲. Interpret your (c) Use a graphing utility to graph R and determine the
result in the context of the problem. number of people that will produce a maximum
82. How do the values obtained from the model in Exercises 80 revenue. Compare the result with your conclusion from
and 81 compare with the actual data values? part (b).
85. Physics The force F (in tons) of water against the face of
83. Motor Vehicles The numbers n (in billions) of miles a dam is estimated by the function
traveled by vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles in F共 y兲 ⫽ 149.76冪10y 5兾2
the United States from 1990 to 2003 can be approximated
by the model where y is the depth of the water (in feet).
(a) Complete the table. What can you conclude from it?
冦⫺24.9t
6.13t ⫹ 75.8t ⫹ 577,
2 0 ≤ t ≤ 6
n共t兲 ⫽
⫹ 672, 6 < t ≤ 13 y 5 10 20 30 40
where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to F(y)
1990. Use the table feature of a graphing utility to approx-
imate the number of miles traveled by vans, pickup trucks, (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the function. Describe
and sport utility vehicles for each year from 1990 to 2003. your viewing window.
(Source: U.S. Federal Highway Administration)
(c) Use the table to approximate the depth at which the
force against the dam is 1,000,000 tons. How could you
find a better estimate?
(d) Verify your answer in part (c) graphically.

86. Data Analysis The graph shows the retail sales (in 1 f 共t兲 ⫺ f 共1兲
91. f 共t兲 ⫽ , , t⫽1
billions of dollars) of prescription drugs in the United t t⫺1
States from 1995 through 2004. Let f 共x兲 represent the retail
4 f 共x兲 ⫺ f 共7兲
sales in year x. (Source: National Association of Chain 92. f 共x兲 ⫽ , , x⫽7
x⫹1 x⫺7
Drug Stores)
f(x) Synthesis
240 True or False? In Exercises 93 and 94, determine whether
(in billions of dollars)

200 the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.

Retail sales

160 93. The domain of the function f 共x兲 ⫽ x 4 ⫺ 1 is 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲,

120 and the range of f 共x兲 is 共0, ⬁兲.
80 94. The set of ordered pairs 再共⫺8, ⫺2兲, 共⫺6, 0兲, 共⫺4, 0兲,
共⫺2, 2兲, 共0, 4兲, 共2, ⫺2兲冎 represents a function.
40
x Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 95–98, write a
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
piecewise-defined function for the graph shown.
Year
95. y 96. y
(a) Find f 共2000兲. (2, 3)
5 3
(0, 4)
f 共2004兲 ⫺ f 共1995兲 4 2
(b) Find
2004 ⫺ 1995 2 (− 1, 0) (0, 1)
and interpret the result in the context of the problem. 1 (2, 0) x
x −2 1 2 3
(c) An approximate model for the function is −1
−3−2−1 1 3 4
−2
(− 4, 0) −2
P共t兲 ⫽ ⫺0.0982t3 ⫹ 3.365t2 ⫺ 18.85t ⫹ 94.8, −3 −3
5 ≤ t ≤ 14
97. y 98. y
where P is the retail sales (in billions of dollars) and t
represents the year, with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 1995. 10 8
Complete the table and compare the results with the (− 4, 6) 6
(5, 6) (1, 1)
data in the graph. 6 (− 2, 4) 4
(4, 1)
t 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (− 2, 4) (3, 4)
2 x
x −6 −4 −2 2 4
P(t) (0, 0) (6, − 1)
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−4
(d) Use a graphing utility to graph the model and the data
in the same viewing window. Comment on the validity 99. Writing In your own words, explain the meanings of
of the model. domain and range.
100. Think About It Describe an advantage of function
In Exercises 87–92, find the difference quotient and simplify notation.
your answer.
Skills Review
f 共x ⫹ c兲 ⫺ f 共x兲
87. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x, , c⫽0
c In Exercises 101–104, perform the operation and simplify.
g共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ g 共x兲
88. g共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 1, , h⫽0 4 3 x
h 101. 12 ⫺ 102. ⫹
x⫹2 x2 ⫹ x ⫺ 20 x2 ⫹ 4x ⫺ 5
f 共2 ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共2兲 2x3 ⫹ 11x2 ⫺ 6x x ⫹ 10
89. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1, , h⫽0 103. ⭈
h 5x 2x2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 3
f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲 x⫹7 x⫺7
90. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫹ x, , h⫽0 104. ⫼
h 2共x ⫺ 9兲 2共x ⫺ 9兲

The symbol indicates an example or exercise that highlights algebraic techniques specifically used in calculus.

1.3 Graphs of Functions

The Graph of a Function What you should learn
䊏 Find the domains and ranges of functions
In Section 1.2, functions were represented graphically by points on a graph in a and use the Vertical Line Test for functions.
coordinate plane in which the input values are represented by the horizontal axis 䊏 Determine intervals on which functions
and the output values are represented by the vertical axis. The graph of a func- are increasing, decreasing, or constant.
tion f is the collection of ordered pairs 共x, f 共x兲兲 such that x is in the domain of f. 䊏 Determine relative maximum and relative
As you study this section, remember the geometric interpretations of x and f 共x兲. minimum values of functions.
䊏 Identify and graph step functions and
x ⫽ the directed distance from the y-axis other piecewise-defined functions.
䊏 Identify even and odd functions.
f 共x兲 ⫽ the directed distance from the x-axis
Example 1 shows how to use the graph of a function to find the domain and
Why you should learn it
range of the function. Graphs of functions provide a visual relation-
ship between two variables.For example, in
Exercise 88 on page 40, you will use the graph
Example 1 Finding the Domain and Range of a Function of a step function to model the cost of send-
ing a package.
Use the graph of the function f shown in Figure 1.19 to find (a) the domain of f,
(b) the function values f 共⫺1兲 and f 共2兲, and (c) the range of f.

y
(2, 4)
4
3 y = f (x )
2
1
(4, 0)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 Stephen Chernin/Getty Images
Range

Domain
Figure 1.19

Solution
a. The closed dot at 共⫺1, ⫺5兲 indicates that x ⫽ ⫺1 is in the domain of f,
whereas the open dot at 共4, 0兲 indicates that x ⫽ 4 is not in the domain. So, the STUDY TIP
domain of f is all x in the interval 关⫺1, 4兲.
b. Because 共⫺1, ⫺5兲 is a point on the graph of f, it follows that The use of dots (open or closed)
at the extreme left and right
f 共⫺1兲 ⫽ ⫺5. points of a graph indicates that
the graph does not extend
Similarly, because 共2, 4兲 is a point on the graph of f, it follows that
beyond these points. If no such
f 共2兲 ⫽ 4. dots are shown, assume that the
graph extends beyond these
c. Because the graph does not extend below f 共⫺1兲 ⫽ ⫺5 or above f 共2兲 ⫽ 4, the
points.
range of f is the interval 关⫺5, 4兴.
Now try Exercise 3.

Example 2 Finding the Domain and Range of a Function

Find the domain and range of
f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 4.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

Because the expression under a radical cannot be Use a graphing utility to graph the equation y ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 4, as shown
negative, the domain of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 4 is the set in Figure 1.20. Use the trace feature to determine that the
of all real numbers such that x ⫺ 4 ≥ 0. Solve x-coordinates of points on the graph extend from 4 to the right.
this linear inequality for x as follows. (For help When x is greater than or equal to 4, the expression under the
with solving linear inequalities, see Appendix E.) radical is nonnegative. So, you can conclude that the domain is the
set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 4. From the graph,
x⫺4 ≥ 0 Write original inequality.
you can see that the y-coordinates of points on the graph extend
x ≥ 4 Add 4 to each side. from 0 upwards. So you can estimate the range to be the set of all
nonnegative real numbers.
So, the domain is the set of all real numbers
greater than or equal to 4. Because the value of a 5
radical expression is never negative, the range of
f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 4 is the set of all nonnegative real y= x−4
numbers.
−1 8

−1
Now try Exercise 7.
Figure 1.20

By the definition of a function, at most one y-value corresponds to a given

x-value. It follows, then, that a vertical line can intersect the graph of a function
at most once. This leads to the Vertical Line Test for functions.

Vertical Line Test for Functions

A set of points in a coordinate plane is the graph of y as a function of x if
and only if no vertical line intersects the graph at more than one point. 4

Example 3 Vertical Line Test for Functions

8
Use the Vertical Line Test to decide whether the graphs in Figure 1.21 represent
y as a function of x.

Solution (a)
a. This is not a graph of y as a function of x because you can find a vertical line 4
that intersects the graph twice.
b. This is a graph of y as a function of x because every vertical line intersects the
graph at most once.
7
Now try Exercise 17.

(b)
Figure 1.21

Increasing and Decreasing Functions TECHNOLOGY TIP

The more you know about the graph of a function, the more you know about the Most graphing utilities are
function itself. Consider the graph shown in Figure 1.22. Moving from left to designed to graph functions of
right, this graph falls from x ⫽ ⫺2 to x ⫽ 0, is constant from x ⫽ 0 to x ⫽ 2, and x more easily than other types
rises from x ⫽ 2 to x ⫽ 4. of equations. For instance, the
graph shown in Figure 1.23(a)
represents the equation
Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions x ⫺ 共 y ⫺ 1兲2 ⫽ 0. To use a
A function f is increasing on an interval if, for any x1 and x2 in the interval, graphing utility to duplicate
this graph you must first solve
x1 < x2 implies f 共x1兲 < f 共x2兲. the equation for y to obtain
A function f is decreasing on an interval if, for any x1 and x2 in the interval, y ⫽ 1 ± 冪x, and then graph the
two equations y1 ⫽ 1 ⫹ 冪x and
x1 < x2 implies f 共x1兲 > f 共x2兲. y2 ⫽ 1 ⫺ 冪x in the same
A function f is constant on an interval if, for any x1 and x2 in the interval, viewing window.

f 共x1兲 ⫽ f 共x2兲. y

De
Example 4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

g
3

sin
cre

rea
asi
In Figure 1.23, determine the open intervals on which each function is increasing,

Inc
decreasing, or constant. Constant
1
Solution
x
a. Although it might appear that there is an interval in which this function is −2 −1 1 2 3 4
constant, you can see that if x1 < x2, then 共x1兲3 < 共x2兲3, which implies that −1
f 共x1兲 < f 共x2兲. So, the function is increasing over the entire real line.
Figure 1.22
b. This function is increasing on the interval 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺1兲, decreasing on the
interval 共⫺1, 1兲, and increasing on the interval 共1, ⬁兲.
c. This function is increasing on the interval 共⫺ ⬁, 0兲, constant on the interval
共0, 2兲, and decreasing on the interval 共2, ⬁兲.

x + 1, x < 0
f(x) = 1, 0≤x≤2
−x + 3 x > 2
f(x) = x3 3
f(x) = x3 − 3x 2
2
(−1, 2) (0, 1) (2, 1)
−3 3 −4 4 −2 4

(1, −2)
−2 −3 −2

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.23

Now try Exercise 21.

Relative Minimum and Maximum Values

The points at which a function changes its increasing, decreasing, or constant
behavior are helpful in determining the relative maximum or relative minimum
values of the function.
y
Relative
Definitions of Relative Minimum and Relative Maximum maxima

A function value f 共a兲 is called a relative minimum of f if there exists an

interval 共x1, x2兲 that contains a such that
x1 < x < x2 implies f 共a兲 ≤ f 共x兲.
A function value f 共a兲 is called a relative maximum of f if there exists an
interval 共x1, x2兲 that contains a such that
Relative minima
x1 < x < x2 implies f 共a兲 ≥ f 共x兲. x

Figure 1.24
Figure 1.24 shows several different examples of relative minima and relative
maxima. In Section 2.1, you will study a technique for finding the exact points at
which a second-degree polynomial function has a relative minimum or relative
maximum. For the time being, however, you can use a graphing utility to find
reasonable approximations of these points.

Example 5 Approximating a Relative Minimum

Use a graphing utility to approximate the relative minimum of the function given
by f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 2.

Solution
The graph of f is shown in Figure 1.25. By using the zoom and trace features of TECHNOLOGY TIP
a graphing utility, you can estimate that the function has a relative minimum at When you use a graphing utility
the point to estimate the x- and y-values of
共0.67, ⫺3.33兲. See Figure 1.26. a relative minimum or relative
maximum, the zoom feature will
Later, in Section 2.1, you will be able to determine that the exact point at which often produce graphs that are
the relative minimum occurs is 共 23, ⫺ 10
3 兲. nearly flat, as shown in Figure
1.26. To overcome this problem,
2
f(x) = 3x2 − 4x − 2 you can manually change the
−3.28
vertical setting of the viewing
−4 5 window. The graph will stretch
vertically if the values of Ymin
and Ymax are closer together.
0.62 0.71
−4 −3.39
Figure 1.25 Figure 1.26

Now try Exercise 31.

TECHNOLOGY TIP Some graphing utilities have built-in programs that

will find minimum or maximum values. These features are demonstrated in
Example 6.

Example 6 Approximating Relative Minima and Maxima f(x) = −x3 + x 2

Use a graphing utility to approximate the relative minimum and relative
maximum of the function given by f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 3 ⫹ x.
−3 3
Solution
The graph of f is shown in Figure 1.27. By using the zoom and trace features or
the minimum and maximum features of the graphing utility, you can estimate that −2
the function has a relative minimum at the point
Figure 1.27
共⫺0.58, ⫺0.38兲 See Figure 1.28.

and a relative maximum at the point f(x) = −x3 + x 2

共0.58, 0.38兲. See Figure 1.29.

If you take a course in calculus, you will learn a technique for finding the exact −3 3
points at which this function has a relative minimum and a relative maximum.
Now try Exercise 33. −2

Figure 1.28

Example 7 Temperature
f(x) = −x3 + x 2
During a 24-hour period, the temperature y (in degrees Fahrenheit) of a certain
city can be approximated by the model
y ⫽ 0.026x3 ⫺ 1.03x2 ⫹ 10.2x ⫹ 34, 0 ≤ x ≤ 24 −3 3

where x represents the time of day, with x ⫽ 0 corresponding to 6 A.M.

Approximate the maximum and minimum temperatures during this 24-hour period. −2

Solution Figure 1.29

To solve this problem, graph the function as shown in Figure 1.30. Using the
zoom and trace features or the maximum feature of a graphing utility, you can
determine that the maximum temperature during the 24-hour period was approx- TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT
imately 64⬚F. This temperature occurred at about 12:36 P.M. 共x ⬇ 6.6兲, as shown For instructions on how to use the
in Figure 1.31. Using the zoom and trace features or the minimum feature, you minimum and maximum features,
can determine that the minimum temperature during the 24-hour period was see Appendix A; for specific
approximately 34⬚F, which occurred at about 1:48 A.M. 共x ⬇ 19.8兲, as shown in keystrokes, go to this textbook’s
Figure 1.32. Online Study Center.

y = 0.026x3 − 1.03x2 + 10.2x + 34

70 70 70

0 24 0 24 0 24
0 0 0

Figure 1.30 Figure 1.31 Figure 1.32

Now try Exercise 91.

Graphing Step Functions and Piecewise-Defined

Functions

Library of Parent Functions: Greatest Integer Function

The greatest integer function, denoted by 冀x冁 and defined as the greatest
integer less than or equal to x, has an infinite number of breaks or steps—
one at each integer value in its domain. The basic characteristics of the
greatest integer function are summarized below. A review of the greatest
integer function can be found in the Study Capsules. TECHNOLOGY TIP
Graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x冁 y f(x) = [[x]] Most graphing utilities display
graphs in connected mode, which
Domain: 共⫺ ⬁, ⬁兲 3
means that the graph has no
Range: the set of integers 2
breaks. When you are sketching
x-intercepts: in the interval 关0, 1兲 1
graphs that do have breaks, it is
y-intercept: 共0, 0兲 x
−3 −2 1 2 3 better to use dot mode. Graph
Constant between each pair of
the greatest integer function
consecutive integers
−3
[often called Int 共x兲] in connected
Jumps vertically one unit at each
and dot modes, and compare the
integer value
two results.
Could you describe the greatest integer function using a piecewise-defined
function? How does the graph of the greatest integer function differ from the
graph of a line with a slope of zero?

Because of the vertical jumps described above, the greatest integer function
is an example of a step function whose graph resembles a set of stairsteps. Some
values of the greatest integer function are as follows.
冀⫺1冁 ⫽ 共greatest integer ≤ ⫺1兲 ⫽ ⫺1
冀101 冁 ⫽ 共greatest integer ≤ 101 兲 ⫽ 0
冀1.5冁 ⫽ 共greatest integer ≤ 1.5兲 ⫽ 1
In Section 1.2, you learned that a piecewise-defined function is a function
that is defined by two or more equations over a specified domain. To sketch the
graph of a piecewise-defined function, you need to sketch the graph of each
equation on the appropriate portion of the domain.

Example 8 Graphing a Piecewise-Defined Function

Sketch the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦⫺x2x ⫹⫹ 4,3, x ≤ 1

x > 1
by hand.

Solution
This piecewise-defined function is composed of two linear functions. At and to
the left of x ⫽ 1, the graph is the line given by y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3. To the right of x ⫽ 1,
the graph is the line given by y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 4 (see Figure 1.33). Notice that the point
共1, 5兲 is a solid dot and the point 共1, 3兲 is an open dot. This is because f 共1兲 ⫽ 5.
Now try Exercise 43. Figure 1.33

Even and Odd Functions

A graph has symmetry with respect to the y-axis if whenever 共x, y兲 is on the graph,
so is the point 共⫺x, y兲. A graph has symmetry with respect to the origin if when-
ever 共x, y兲 is on the graph, so is the point 共⫺x, ⫺y兲. A graph has symmetry with
respect to the x-axis if whenever 共x, y兲 is on the graph, so is the point 共x, ⫺y兲. A
function whose graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis is an even function.
A function whose graph is symmetric with respect to the origin is an odd
function. A graph that is symmetric with respect to the x-axis is not the graph
of a function 共except for the graph of y ⫽ 0兲. These three types of symmetry are
illustrated in Figure 1.34.
y y y

(x , y ) (x , y )
(−x, y) (x , y )

x x x

(−x, −y) (x, −y)

Symmetric to y-axis Symmetric to origin Symmetric to x-axis

Even function Odd function Not a function
Figure 1.34

Test for Even and Odd Functions

A function f is even if, for each x in the domain of f, f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲.
A function f is odd if, for each x in the domain of f, f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲.

Example 9 Testing for Evenness and Oddness

Is the function given by f 共x兲 ⫽ x even, odd, or neither? ⱍⱍ
Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution
This function is even because Use a graphing utility to enter y ⫽ x in the equation editor, as shown in ⱍⱍ
Figure 1.35. Then graph the function using a standard viewing window, as
f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ ⫺x ⱍ ⱍ shown in Figure 1.36. You can see that the graph appears to be symmetric
⫽ ⱍxⱍ about the y-axis. So, the function is even.
⫽ f 共x兲.
y = ⏐x⏐
10

−10 10

−10
Now try Exercise 59.
Figure 1.35 Figure 1.36

Example 10 Even and Odd Functions

Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither.
a. g共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ x
b. h共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1
c. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 1

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

a. This function is odd because a. In Figure 1.37, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
origin. So, this function is odd.
g共⫺x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x兲3 ⫺ 共⫺x兲
⫽ ⫺x3 ⫹ x 2

⫽ ⫺ 共x3 ⫺ x兲 (−x, −y) (x, y)

−3
⫽ ⫺g共x兲. 3

b. This function is even because g(x) = x3 − x

−2
h共⫺x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x兲2 ⫹ 1
Figure 1.37
⫽ x2 ⫹ 1
b. In Figure 1.38, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
⫽ h共x兲. y-axis. So, this function is even.
c. Substituting ⫺x for x produces
3
f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x兲3 ⫺ 1
(−x, y) (x, y)
⫽ ⫺x3 ⫺ 1.
h(x) = x2 + 1
Because f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 1 and ⫺f 共x兲 ⫽⫺x3 ⫹ 1, −3 3
you can conclude that f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 and
f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲. So, the function is neither even −1
nor odd.
Figure 1.38

c. In Figure 1.39, the graph is neither symmetric with respect

to the origin nor with respect to the y-axis. So, this function
is neither even nor odd.

−3 3

f(x) = x3 − 1

−3
Now try Exercise 61. Figure 1.39

To help visualize symmetry with respect to the origin, place a pin at the
origin of a graph and rotate the graph 180⬚. If the result after rotation coincides
with the original graph, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.

1.3 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blanks.

1. The graph of a function f is a collection of _______ 共x, y兲 such that x is in the domain of f.
2. The _______ is used to determine whether the graph of an equation is a function of y in terms of x.
3. A function f is _______ on an interval if, for any x1 and x2 in the interval, x1 < x2 implies f 共x1兲 > f 共x2兲.
4. A function value f 共a兲 is a relative _______ of f if there exists an interval 共x1, x2兲 containing a such that
x1 < x < x2 implies f 共a兲 ≤ f 共x兲.
5. The function f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x冁 is called the _______ function, and is an example of a step function.
6. A function f is _______ if, for each x in the domain of f, f 共⫺x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲.

In Exercises 1– 4, use the graph of the function to find the (c) The values of x from part (b) are referred to as what
domain and range of f. Then find f 冇0冈. graphically?
1. y 2. y (d) Find f 冇0冈, if possible.
3 y = f(x) 5 (e) The value from part (d) is referred to as what
2 y = f(x) graphically?
(f) What is the value of f at x ⴝ 1? What are the
x 2
−2 −1 1 2 3
coordinates of the point?
1
−2 x (g) What is the value of f at x ⴝ ⴚ1? What are the
−3 −3 −1 1 2 coordinates of the point?
(h) The coordinates of the point on the graph of f at which
y y
x ⴝ ⴚ3. can be labeled 冇ⴚ3, f 冇ⴚ3冈冈 or 冇ⴚ3, 䊏冈.
3. 4.
6 y = f(x) 4

2 11. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 6 12. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4x

13. y 14. y
2 x
−2 2 4 3 6
x −2 2 4
−2 2 4 y = f(x)
−2 −4 1
x x
−1 1 3 4 −4 −2 4 6
In Exercises 5–10, use a graphing utility to graph the −2 −4
function and estimate its domain and range. Then find the −3 −6
domain and range algebraically. f(x) = |x − 1| − 2 x + 4, x ≤ 0
f(x) =
5. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 3 4 − x 2, x > 0
6. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫺ 1
7. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 1 In Exercises 15–18, use the Vertical Line Test to determine
8. h共t兲 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ t2 whether y is a function of x. Describe how you can use a
graphing utility to produce the given graph.
9. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3 ⱍ ⱍ
15. y ⫽ 12x 2 16. x ⫺ y 2 ⫽ 1
10. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 14 x ⫺ 5 ⱍ ⱍ 6 3

In Exercises 11–14, use the given function to answer the

questions. −1 8
−6 6
(a) Determine the domain of the function.
(b) Find the value(s) of x such that f 冇x冈 ⴝ 0. −2 −3

17. x 2 ⫹ y 2 ⫽ 25 18. x 2 ⫽ 2xy ⫺ 1 In Exercises 37–42, (a) approximate the relative minimum
6 4 or relative maximum values of the function by sketching its
graph using the point-plotting method, (b) use a graphing
utility to approximate any relative minimum or relative
−9 9 −6 6 maximum values, and (c) compare your answers from parts
(a) and (b).
−6 −4 37. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 5 38. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x2 ⫺ 12x
39. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x 40. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x3 ⫹ 3x2
In Exercises 19–22, determine the open intervals over
41. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 1 42. f 共x兲 ⫽ 8x ⫺ 4x2
which the function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
19. f 共x兲 ⫽ 32x 20. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 4x In Exercises 43–50, sketch the graph of the piecewise-
4 3 defined function by hand.

−6 6
−4 8 43. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦2x3 ⫺⫹x,3, xx <≥ 00
44. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦
x ⫹ 6, x ≤ ⫺4
−4 −5 2x ⫺ 4, x > ⫺4

45. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦
4 ⫹ x, x < 0
冪
21. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x 2 ⫹ 2 22. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x 2 ⫺ 1
4 ⫺ x, x ≥ 0
冪
4 7
1 ⫺ 共x ⫺ 1兲 , x ≤ 2
46. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦
2

x ⫺ 2, 冪 x > 2
−6 6

冦
x ⫹ 3, x ≤ 0
−6 6
47. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3, 0 < x ≤ 2
−4 −1
2x ⫺ 1, x > 2

冦
In Exercises 23–30, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the x ⫹ 5, x ≤ ⫺3
function and (b) determine the open intervals on which the 48. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2, ⫺3 < x < 1
function is increasing, decreasing, or constant. 5x ⫺ 4, x ≥ 1
23. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3
24. f 共x兲 ⫽ x
49. f 共x兲 ⫽冦2xx ⫺⫹ 2,1, 2
x ≤ ⫺1
x > ⫺1

50. h共x兲 ⫽ 冦
25. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2兾3 3 ⫹ x, x < 0
26. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x3兾4 x ⫹ 1, 2
x ≥ 0
27. f 共x兲 ⫽ x冪x ⫹ 3
Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 51–56, sketch
28. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪1 ⫺ x the graph of the function by hand. Then use a graphing
ⱍ
29. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1 ⫹ x ⫺ 1 ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ utility to verify the graph.
ⱍ
30. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ x ⫹ 4 ⫺ x ⫹ 1 ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ 51. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x冁 ⫹ 2
52. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x冁 ⫺ 3
In Exercises 31–36, use a graphing utility to approximate
any relative minimum or relative maximum values of the 53. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x ⫺ 1冁 ⫹ 2
function. 54. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x ⫺ 2冁 ⫹ 1
31. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 6x 55. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀2x冁
32. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x2 ⫺ 2x ⫺ 5 56. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀4x冁

33. y ⫽ 2x 3 ⫹ 3x 2 ⫺ 12x
In Exercises 57 and 58, use a graphing utility to graph the
34. y ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 6x 2 ⫹ 15 function. State the domain and range of the function.
35. h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 1兲冪x Describe the pattern of the graph.
36. g共x兲 ⫽ x冪4 ⫺ x 57. s共x兲 ⫽ 2共14x ⫺ 冀14x冁兲

58. g共x兲 ⫽ 2共14x ⫺ 冀14x冁兲

In Exercises 59–66, algebraically determine whether the In Exercises 89 and 90, write the height h of the rectangle as
function is even, odd, or neither. Verify your answer using a a function of x.
graphing utility. y y
89. 90.
59. f 共t兲 ⫽ t2 ⫹ 2t ⫺ 3 60. f 共x兲 ⫽ x6 ⫺ 2x 2 ⫹3 4 y= −x 2 + 4x − 1 4
61. g共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 5x 62. h共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 5 (1, 3)
3 3
63. f 共x兲 ⫽ x冪1 ⫺ x 2 64. f 共x兲 ⫽ x冪x ⫹ 5 h h
2 2
65. g共s兲 ⫽ 4s 2兾3 66. f 共s兲 ⫽ 4s3兾2 1
(1, 2) (3, 2)
1 y = 4x − x 2
x x
Think About It In Exercises 67–72, find the coordinates of 1 x 3 4 x1 2 3 4
a second point on the graph of a function f if the given point
is on the graph and the function is (a) even and (b) odd. 91. Population During a 14 year period from 1990 to 2004,
67. 共⫺ 32, 4兲 68. 共⫺ 53, ⫺7兲 the population P (in thousands) of West Virginia fluctuated
according to the model
69. 共4, 9兲 70. 共5, ⫺1兲
71. 共x, ⫺y兲 72. 共2a, 2c兲 P ⫽ 0.0108t 4 ⫺ 0.211t 3 ⫹ 0.40t2 ⫹ 7.9t ⫹ 1791,
0 ≤ t ≤ 14
In Exercises 73–82, use a graphing utility to graph the
function and determine whether it is even, odd, or neither. where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to
Verify your answer algebraically. 1990. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau)
73. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5 74. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺9 (a) Use a graphing utility to graph the model over the
appropriate domain.
75. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2 76. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5 ⫺ 3x
(b) Use the graph from part (a) to determine during which
77. h共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 4 78. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫺ 8 years the population was increasing. During which
79. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪1 ⫺ x 80. g共t兲 ⫽ 冪
3 t ⫺ 1
years was the population decreasing?
81. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 ⱍ ⱍ 82. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ x ⫺ 5 ⱍ ⱍ (c) Approximate the maximum population between 1990
and 2004.
In Exercises 83–86, graph the function and determine the 92. Fluid Flow The intake pipe of a 100-gallon tank has a
interval(s) (if any) on the real axis for which f 冇x冈 ~ 0. Use a flow rate of 10 gallons per minute, and two drain pipes
graphing utility to verify your results. have a flow rate of 5 gallons per minute each. The graph
83. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x 84. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4x ⫹ 2 shows the volume V of fluid in the tank as a function of
time t. Determine in which pipes the fluid is flowing in
85. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺9 86. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 4x specific subintervals of the one-hour interval of time shown
87. Communications The cost of using a telephone calling on the graph. (There are many correct answers.)
card is $1.05 for the first minute and $0.38 for each V
additional minute or portion of a minute.
(60, 100)
(a) A customer needs a model for the cost C of using the 100
calling card for a call lasting t minutes. Which of the
Volume (in gallons)

(10, 75) (20, 75)

following is the appropriate model? 75

C1共t兲 ⫽ 1.05 ⫹ 0.38冀t ⫺ 1冁 (45, 50)

50
C2共t兲 ⫽ 1.05 ⫺ 0.38冀⫺ 共t ⫺ 1兲冁 (5, 50) (50, 50)

(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the appropriate model. 25

(30, 25) (40, 25)
Use the value feature or the zoom and trace features to (0, 0)
estimate the cost of a call lasting 18 minutes and 45 t
seconds. 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (in minutes)
88. Delivery Charges The cost of sending an overnight
package from New York to Atlanta is $9.80 for a package
weighing up to but not including 1 pound and $2.50 for
each additional pound or portion of a pound. Use the
greatest integer function to create a model for the cost C of
overnight delivery of a package weighing x pounds, where
x > 0. Sketch the graph of the function.

Synthesis 103. If f is an even function, determine if g is even, odd, or

neither. Explain.
True or False? In Exercises 93 and 94, determine whether (a) g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲 (b) g共x兲 ⫽ f 共⫺x兲
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
(c) g共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ 2 (d) g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x ⫺ 2兲
93. A function with a square root cannot have a domain that 104. Think About It Does the graph in Exercise 16 represent
is the set of all real numbers. x as a function of y? Explain.
94. It is possible for an odd function to have the interval
105. Think About It Does the graph in Exercise 17
关0, ⬁兲 as its domain. represent x as a function of y? Explain.
106. Writing Write a short paragraph describing three
Think About It In Exercises 95–100, match the graph different functions that represent the behaviors of
of the function with the best choice that describes the quantities between 1995 and 2006. Describe one quantity
situation. that decreased during this time, one that increased, and
one that was constant. Present your results graphically.
(a) The air temperature at a beach on a sunny day
(b) The height of a football kicked in a field goal attempt Skills Review
(c) The number of children in a family over time
In Exercises 107–110, identify the terms. Then identify the
(d) The population of California as a function of time
coefficients of the variable terms of the expression.
(e) The depth of the tide at a beach over a 24-hour period
107. ⫺2x2 ⫹ 8x 108. 10 ⫹ 3x
(f) The number of cupcakes on a tray at a party x
y y 109. ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ x3 110. 7x 4 ⫹ 冪2x 2
95. 96. 3
In Exercises 111–114, find (a) the distance between the two
points and (b) the midpoint of the line segment joining the
points.
x x 111. 共⫺2, 7兲, 共6, 3兲
112. 共⫺5, 0兲, 共3, 6兲
113. 共52, ⫺1兲, 共⫺ 32, 4兲
97. y 98. y
114. 共⫺6, 23 兲, 共34, 16 兲
In Exercises 115–118, evaluate the function at each specified
value of the independent variable and simplify.
x 115. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x ⫺ 1
x (a) f 共6兲 (b) f 共⫺1兲 (c) f 共x ⫺ 3兲
116. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 3
99. y 100. y (a) f 共4兲 (b) f 共⫺2兲 (c) f 共x ⫺ 2兲
117. f 共x兲 ⫽ x冪x ⫺ 3
(a) f 共3兲 (b) f 共12兲 (c) f 共6兲
118. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 12x x ⫹ 1 ⱍ ⱍ
(c) f 共⫺ 23 兲
x
(a) f 共⫺4兲 (b) f 共10兲
x
In Exercises 119 and 120, find the difference quotient and
simplify your answer.
101. Proof Prove that a function of the following form is
odd. f 共3 ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共3兲
119. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 2x ⫹ 9, ,h⫽0
y⫽a x 2n⫹1 ⫹ a
2n⫹1 x 2n⫺1 ⫹ . . . ⫹ a x 3 ⫹ a x
2n⫺1 3 1
h
f 共6 ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共6兲
102. Proof Prove that a function of the following form is 120. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5 ⫹ 6x ⫺ x2, ,h⫽0
even. h

y ⫽ a2n x 2n ⫹ a 2n⫺2x 2n⫺2 ⫹ . . . ⫹ a2 x 2 ⫹ a 0

1.4 Shifting, Reflecting, and Stretching Graphs

Summary of Graphs of Parent Functions What you should learn
䊏 Recognize graphs of parent functions.
One of the goals of this text is to enable you to build your intuition for the basic 䊏 Use vertical and horizontal shifts and
shapes of the graphs of different types of functions. For instance, from your study reflections to graph functions.
of lines in Section 1.1, you can determine the basic shape of the graph of the 䊏 Use nonrigid transformations to graph
linear function f 共x兲 ⫽ mx ⫹ b. Specifically, you know that the graph of this functions.
function is a line whose slope is m and whose y-intercept is 共0, b兲.
Why you should learn it
The six graphs shown in Figure 1.40 represent the most commonly used
functions in algebra. Familiarity with the basic characteristics of these simple Recognizing the graphs of parent functions
and knowing how to shift, reflect, and stretch
graphs will help you analyze the shapes of more complicated graphs. graphs of functions can help you sketch a
wide variety of simple functions by hand.This
f(x) = c f(x) = x skill is useful in sketching graphs of functions
3 2 that model real-life data.For example, in
Exercise 57 on page 49, you are asked to
sketch a function that models the amount of
−3 3 fuel used by vans, pickups, and sport utility
vehicles from 1990 through 2003.
−3 3

−1 −2

(a) Constant Function (b) Identity Function

f(x) = x f(x) = x
3 3

Tim Boyle/Getty Images

−3 3 −1 5

−1 −1

(c) Absolute Value Function (d) Square Root Function

f(x) = x2 f(x) = x3
3 2

−3 3
−3 3

−1 −2

(e) Quadratic Function ( f ) Cubic Function

Figure 1.40

Throughout this section, you will discover how many complicated graphs
are derived by shifting, stretching, shrinking, or reflecting the parent graphs
shown above. Shifts, stretches, shrinks, and reflections are called transforma-
tions. Many graphs of functions can be created from combinations of these
transformations.

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Many functions have graphs that are simple transformations of the graphs of
parent functions summarized in Figure 1.40. For example, you can obtain the
graph of
h共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 2
by shifting the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 two units upward, as shown in Figure 1.41. In
function notation, h and f are related as follows.
h共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2
⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ 2 Upward shift of two units
Exploration
Use a graphing utility to display
Similarly, you can obtain the graph of (in the same viewing window)
g共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 the graphs of y ⫽ x2 ⫹ c, where
c ⫽ ⫺2, 0, 2, and 4. Use the
by shifting the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 two units to the right, as shown in Figure 1.42. results to describe the effect that
In this case, the functions g and f have the following relationship. c has on the graph.
g共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 Use a graphing utility to display
(in the same viewing window)
⫽ f 共x ⫺ 2兲 Right shift of two units
the graphs of y ⫽ 共x ⫹ c兲2,
where c ⫽ ⫺2, 0, 2, and 4. Use
h(x) = x2 + 2 f(x) = x2 g(x) = (x − 2)2 the results to describe the effect
y
y
f(x) = x2 that c has on the graph.
5
5
(1, 3) 4
4
3
3
2

1 (1, 1)
(− 12 , 1
4 ( 1 (32 , 14(
x
x −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −1
−1

Figure 1.41 Vertical shift upward: Figure 1.42 Horizontal shift to the
two units right: two units

The following list summarizes vertical and horizontal shifts.

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Let c be a positive real number. Vertical and horizontal shifts in the graph
of y ⫽ f 共x兲 are represented as follows.
1. Vertical shift c units upward: h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ c
2. Vertical shift c units downward: h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ c
3. Horizontal shift c units to the right: h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫺ c兲
4. Horizontal shift c units to the left: h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫹ c兲

In items 3 and 4, be sure you see that h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫺ c兲 corresponds to a right shift
and h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫹ c兲 corresponds to a left shift for c > 0.

Example 1 Shifts in the Graph of a Function

Compare the graph of each function with the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x3.
a. g共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 1 b. h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 1兲3 c. k共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲3 ⫹ 1

Solution
a. Graph f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 and g共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 1 [see Figure 1.43(a)]. You can obtain the
graph of g by shifting the graph of f one unit downward.
b. Graph f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 and h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 1兲3 [see Figure 1.43(b)]. You can obtain the
graph of h by shifting the graph of f one unit to the right.
c. Graph f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 and k共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲3 ⫹ 1 [see Figure 1.43(c)]. You can obtain
the graph of k by shifting the graph of f two units to the left and then one unit
upward.

g(x) = x3 − 1 (1, 1) f(x) = x3 f(x) = x3

2 2 4

(1, 1)
(2, 1) (−1, 2)
−3 3 −2 4 (1, 1)
(1, 0) −5 4

−2 −2 −2
f(x) = x3 h(x) = (x − 1)3 k(x) = (x + 2)3 + 1
(a) Vertical shift: one unit downward (b) Horizontal shift: one unit right (c) Two units left and one unit upward
Figure 1.43
Now try Exercise 23.

Example 2 Finding Equations from Graphs

The graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 is shown in Figure 1.44. Each of the graphs in Figure 1.45
is a transformation of the graph of f. Find an equation for each function.

f(x) = x2 y = g(x) y = h(x)

6 6 6

−6 6 −6 6 −6 6

−2 −2 −2
(a) (b)
Figure 1.44 Figure 1.45

Solution
a. The graph of g is a vertical shift of four units upward of the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2.
So, the equation for g is g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 4.
b. The graph of h is a horizontal shift of two units to the left, and a vertical shift
of one unit downward, of the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2. So, the equation for h is
h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫺ 1.
Now try Exercise 17.

Reflecting Graphs
Another common type of transformation is called a reflection. For instance, if
you consider the x-axis to be a mirror, the graph of h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 is the mirror Exploration
image (or reflection) of the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 (see Figure 1.46). Compare the graph of each
y function with the graph of
f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 by using a graphing
3 utility to graph the function and
2 f in the same viewing window.
1 f(x) = x2 Describe the transformation.
x a. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 b. h共x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x兲2
h(x) = −x2
−2

−3

Figure 1.46

Reflections in the Coordinate Axes

Reflections in the coordinate axes of the graph of y ⫽ f 共x兲 are represented
as follows.
1. Reflection in the x-axis: h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲
2. Reflection in the y-axis: h共x兲 ⫽ f 共⫺x兲

Example 3 Finding Equations from Graphs

The graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x 4 is shown in Figure 1.47. Each of the graphs in Figure 1.48
is a transformation of the graph of f. Find an equation for each function.

f(x) = x4
3 3 1

−1 5

−3 3 −3 3

−1 −1 −3
y = g(x) y = h(x)
(a) (b)
Figure 1.47 Figure 1.48

Solution
a. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by an upward shift of two
units of the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x 4. So, the equation for g is g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 4 ⫹ 2.
b. The graph of h is a horizontal shift of three units to the right followed by a
reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x 4. So, the equation for h is
h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 3兲4.
Now try Exercise 19.

Example 4 Reflections and Shifts

Compare the graph of each function with the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x.
a. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x b. h共x兲 ⫽ 冪⫺x c. k共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 2

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

a. Relative to the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x, the a. Use a graphing utility to graph f and g in the same viewing window.
graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis From the graph in Figure 1.49, you can see that the graph of g is a
because reflection of the graph of f in the x-axis.
g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x b. Use a graphing utility to graph f and h in the same viewing window.
From the graph in Figure 1.50, you can see that the graph of h is a
⫽ ⫺f 共x兲. reflection of the graph of f in the y-axis.
b. The graph of h is a reflection of the c. Use a graphing utility to graph f and k in the same viewing window.
graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x in the y-axis From the graph in Figure 1.51, you can see that the graph of k is a left
because shift of two units of the graph of f, followed by a reflection in the
x-axis.
h共x兲 ⫽ 冪⫺x
⫽ f 共⫺x兲. f(x) = x h(x) = −x f(x) = x
3 3
c. From the equation

k共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 2 −1 8
−3
⫽ ⫺f 共x ⫹ 2兲 3

you can conclude that the graph of k is −3 −1

g(x) = − x
a left shift of two units, followed by a
reflection in the x-axis, of the graph of Figure 1.49 Figure 1.50
f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x.
f(x) = x
3

−3 6

−3
k(x) = − x+2
Now try Exercise 21. Figure 1.51

When graphing functions involving square roots, remember that the domain
must be restricted to exclude negative numbers inside the radical. For instance,
here are the domains of the functions in Example 4.
Domain of g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x: x ≥ 0
Domain of h共x兲 ⫽ 冪⫺x: x ≤ 0
Domain of k共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 2: x ≥ ⫺2

Nonrigid Transformations
Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts, and reflections are called rigid transformations
because the basic shape of the graph is unchanged. These transformations change
only the position of the graph in the coordinate plane. Nonrigid transformations
are those that cause a distortion—a change in the shape of the original graph. For
instance, a nonrigid transformation of the graph of y ⫽ f 共x兲 is represented by
y ⫽ cf 共x兲, where the transformation is a vertical stretch if c > 1 and a vertical
shrink if 0 < c < 1. Another nonrigid transformation of the graph of y ⫽ f 共x兲 is
represented by h共x兲 ⫽ f 共cx兲 , where the transformation is a horizontal shrink if
c > 1 and a horizontal stretch if 0 < c < 1.

Example 5 Nonrigid Transformations f(x) = ⏐x⏐ h(x) = 3⏐x⏐

7
Compare the graph of each function with the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x . ⱍⱍ (1, 3)
a. h共x兲 ⫽ 3 x ⱍⱍ
g共x兲 ⫽ 3ⱍxⱍ
1
b. (1, 1)
−6 6

Solution −1

a. Relative to the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ x , the graph of ⱍⱍ Figure 1.52

h共x兲 ⫽ 3 x ⱍⱍ f(x) = ⏐x⏐ 7

⫽ 3f 共x兲
is a vertical stretch (each y-value is multiplied by 3) of the graph of f. (See
Figure 1.52.) (2, 2)
b. Similarly, the graph of −6 6

g共x兲 ⫽ 1
3 ⱍxⱍ g(x) = 3⏐x⏐
1 −1
(2, 23(
⫽ f 共x兲
1
3
Figure 1.53
is a vertical shrink 共each y-value is multiplied by 兲 of the graph of f. (See
1
3
Figure 1.53.)
Now try Exercise 31.

Example 6 Nonrigid Transformations h(x) = 2 − 18 x3

6
Compare the graph of h共x兲 ⫽ f 共2 x兲 with the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 2 ⫺ x 3.
1

Solution
(1, 1) (2, 1)
Relative to the graph of f 共x兲 ⫽ 2 ⫺ x3, the graph of −6 6

h共x兲 ⫽ f 共兲⫽2⫺共兲
1 1 3 1 3
2x 2x ⫽2⫺ 8x −2
f(x) = 2 − x3
is a horizontal stretch (each x-value is multiplied by 2) of the graph of f. (See
Figure 1.54.) Figure 1.54
Now try Exercise 39.

1.4 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
In Exercises 1–5, fill in the blanks.

1. The graph of a _______ is U-shaped.

2. The graph of an _______ is V-shaped.
3. Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts, and reflections are called _______ .
4. A reflection in the x-axis of y ⫽ f 共x兲 is represented by h共x兲 ⫽ _______ , while a reflection
in the y-axis of y ⫽ f 共x兲 is represented by h共x兲 ⫽ _______ .
5. A nonrigid transformation of y ⫽ f 共x兲 represented by cf 共x兲 is a vertical stretch if _______ and
a vertical shrink if _______ .
6. Match the rigid transformation of y ⫽ f 共x兲 with the correct representation, where c > 0.
(a) h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ c (i) horizontal shift c units to the left
(b) h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ c (ii) vertical shift c units upward
(c) h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫺ c兲 (iii) horizontal shift c units to the right
(d) h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫹ c兲 (iv) vertical shift c units downward

In Exercises 1–12, sketch the graphs of the three functions 13. Use the graph of f to sketch each graph. To print an
by hand on the same rectangular coordinate system. Verify enlarged copy of the graph, go to the website
your result with a graphing utility. www.mathgraphs.com.
1. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2. f 共x兲 ⫽ 12x (a) y ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ 2 y

g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 4 g共x兲 ⫽ 12x ⫹ 2 (b) y ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲 3

(4, 2)
2
h共x兲 ⫽ 3x h共x兲 ⫽ 2 共x ⫺ 2兲 (c) y ⫽ f 共x ⫺ 2兲
1
1 f (3, 1)
3. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 4. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 (d) y ⫽ f 共x ⫹ 3兲 x
(e) y ⫽ 2 f 共x兲 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹2 g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺4
−2 (1, 0)
h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫹ 1 (f) y ⫽ f 共⫺x兲
−3 (0, −1)
(g) y ⫽ f 共2 x兲
1
5. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 2 6. f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲 2
g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 1 g共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫹ 2 14. Use the graph of f to sketch each graph. To print an
enlarged copy of the graph, go to the website
h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 2兲 2 ⫺ 1
www.mathgraphs.com.
7. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 8. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2
(a) y ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ 1 y
g共x兲 ⫽ g共x兲 ⫽ 14x2 ⫹ 2
1 2 (−2, 4)
2x (b) y ⫽ f 共x ⫹ 1兲 4
h共x兲 ⫽ 共2x兲2 h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 14x2 f (0, 3)
(c) y ⫽ f 共x ⫺ 1兲
ⱍⱍ ⱍⱍ
2
9. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 10. f 共x兲 ⫽ x (d) y ⫽ ⫺f 共x ⫺ 2兲 1
g共x兲 ⫽ ⱍxⱍ ⫺ 1 ⱍ ⱍ
g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3 (e) y ⫽ f 共⫺x兲
(1, 0)
x
h共x兲 ⫽ ⱍx ⫺ 3ⱍ h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2ⱍx ⫹ 2ⱍ ⫺ 1 (f) y ⫽ 2 f 共x兲
1 −3 −2 −1 1
−2 (3, −1)
11. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x 12. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x (g) y ⫽ f 共2x兲
g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 1 g共x兲 ⫽ 12冪x
h共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 2 ⫹ 1 h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 4

In Exercises 15–20, identify the parent function and 41. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x 2 42. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 3x 2 ⫹ 2
describe the transformation shown in the graph. Write an g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 13 f 共x兲 g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲
equation for the graphed function.
h共x兲 ⫽ f 共⫺x兲 h共x兲 ⫽ f 共2x兲
15. 5 16. 9
In Exercises 43–56, g is related to one of the six parent
functions on page 42. (a) Identify the parent function f. (b)
−8 4 Describe the sequence of transformations from f to g. (c)
−7 8 Sketch the graph of g by hand. (d) Use function notation to
−3 −1 write g in terms of the parent function f.

17. 2 18. 5 43. g共x兲 ⫽ 2 ⫺ 共x ⫹ 5兲2 44. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫹ 10兲2 ⫹ 5

45. g共x兲 ⫽ 3 ⫹ 2共x ⫺ 4兲 46. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 4共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫺ 2
2 1

47. g共x兲 ⫽ 3共x ⫺ 2兲3 48. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 2共x ⫹ 1兲3

1
−3 3

−7 2 49. g共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 1兲3 ⫹ 2 50. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫹ 3兲3 ⫺ 10

−2 −1 51. g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 4 ⫹ 8 ⱍ ⱍ 52. g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3 ⫹ 9 ⱍ ⱍ
19. 2 20. 3
53. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2 x ⫺ 1 ⫺ 4 ⱍ ⱍ 54. g共x兲 ⫽ 2 x ⫺ 2 ⫺ 3
1
ⱍ ⱍ
55. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 2冪x ⫹ 3 ⫺ 1 56. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 1 ⫺ 6
1

−1 5 57. Fuel Use The amounts of fuel F (in billions of gallons)

−3 3 used by vans, pickups, and SUVs (sport utility vehicles)
from 1990 through 2003 are shown in the table. A
−2 −1
model for the data can be approximated by the function
F共t兲 ⫽ 33.0 ⫹ 6.2冪t, where t ⫽ 0 represents 1990.
In Exercises 21–26, compare the graph of the function with (Source: U.S. Federal Highway Administration)
the graph of f 冇x冈 ⴝ 冪x.
21. y ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫺ 1 22. y ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 2 Annual fuel use, F
Year
23. y ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 2 24. y ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 4 (in billions of gallons)
25. y ⫽ 2冪x 26. y ⫽ 冪⫺x ⫹ 3 1990 35.6
1991 38.2
In Exercises 27–32, compare the graph of the function with
1992 40.9
the graph of f 冇x冈 ⴝ x . ⱍⱍ 1993 42.9
27. y ⫽ x ⫹ 5 ⱍ ⱍ ⱍⱍ
28. y ⫽ x ⫺ 3 1994 44.1
29. y ⫽ ⫺ x ⱍⱍ 30. y ⫽ ⫺x ⱍ ⱍ 1995 45.6
31. y ⫽ 4 x ⱍⱍ 32. y ⫽ ⱍ12 xⱍ 1996 47.4
1997 49.4
In Exercises 33–38, compare the graph of the function with
1998 50.5
the graph of f 冇x冈 ⴝ x3.
1999 52.8
33. g共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x3 34. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 1兲3
2000 52.9
35. h共x兲 ⫽ 4 共x ⫹ 2兲 36. h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2共x ⫺ 1兲3 ⫹ 3
1 3
2001 53.5
37. p共x兲 ⫽ 共兲
1 3
3x ⫹ 2 38. p共x兲 ⫽ 关3共x ⫺ 2兲兴3 2002 55.2
2003 56.3
In Exercises 39–42, use a graphing utility to graph the three
functions in the same viewing window. Describe the graphs
(a) Describe the transformation of the parent function
of g and h relative to the graph of f.
f 共t兲 ⫽ 冪t.
39. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x 2 40. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 3x 2 ⫹ 2 (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the model and the data
g共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫹ 2兲 g共x兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫺ 1兲 in the same viewing window.
h共x兲 ⫽ 12 f 共x兲 h共x兲 ⫽ f 共3x兲 (c) Rewrite the function so that t ⫽ 0 represents 2003.
Explain how you got your answer.

58. Finance The amounts M (in billions of dollars) of home Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 65–68,
mortgage debt outstanding in the United States from 1990 determine which equation(s) may be represented by the
through 2004 can be approximated by the function graph shown. There may be more than one correct answer.
M共t兲 ⫽ 32.3t 2 ⫹ 3769 65. y 66. y

where t ⫽ 0 represents 1990. (Source: Board of x

Governors of the Federal Reserve System)
(a) Describe the transformation of the parent function
f 共t兲 ⫽ t 2.
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the model over the x
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 14.
(c) According to the model, when will the amount of debt
exceed 10 trillion dollars?
ⱍ ⱍ
(a) f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 ⫹ 1 (a) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫺ 4
(b) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⱍx ⫺ 1ⱍ ⫹ 2 (b) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺4 ⫺ 冪x
(d) Rewrite the function so that t ⫽ 0 represents 2000.
(c) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⱍx ⫺ 2ⱍ ⫹ 1 (c) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 4 ⫺ 冪 ⫺ x
Explain how you got your answer.
(d) f 共x兲 ⫽ 2 ⫹ ⱍx ⫺ 2ⱍ (d) f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪 ⫺ x ⫺ 4
Synthesis (e) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⱍ共x ⫺ 2兲 ⫹ 1ⱍ (e) f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪 ⫺ x ⫹ 4

True or False? In Exercises 59 and 60, determine whether (f) f 共x兲 ⫽ 1 ⫺ ⱍx ⫺ 2ⱍ (f) f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 4
67. y 68. y
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
59. The graph of y ⫽ f共⫺x兲 is a reflection of the graph of
y ⫽ f共x兲 in the x-axis. x
60. The graph of y ⫽ ⫺f共x兲 is a reflection of the graph of
y ⫽ f共x兲 in the y-axis. x
61. Exploration Use the fact that the graph of y ⫽ f共x兲 has
x-intercepts at x ⫽ 2 and x ⫽ ⫺3 to find the x-intercepts of
the given graph. If not possible, state the reason.
(a) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 ⫺ 2 (a) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 4兲3 ⫹ 2
(a) y ⫽ f共⫺x兲 (b) y ⫽ ⫺f共x兲 (c) y ⫽ 2f共x兲
(b) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 4兲 ⫺ 4 2
(b) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫹ 4兲3 ⫹ 2
(d) y ⫽ f共x兲 ⫹ 2 (e) y ⫽ f共x ⫺ 3兲
(c) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 ⫺ 4 (c) f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 2兲3 ⫹ 4
62. Exploration Use the fact that the graph of y ⫽ f共x兲 has
(d) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫺ 4 2
(d) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x ⫺ 4兲3 ⫹ 2
x-intercepts at x ⫽ ⫺1 and x ⫽ 4 to find the x-intercepts of
the given graph. If not possible, state the reason. (e) f 共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 (e) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 4兲3 ⫹ 2
(a) y ⫽ f共⫺x兲 (b) y ⫽ ⫺f共x兲 (c) y ⫽ 2f共x兲 (f) f 共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ 共x ⫹ 2兲 2
(f) f 共x兲 ⫽ 共⫺x ⫹ 4兲3 ⫹ 2
(d) y ⫽ f共x兲 ⫺ 1 (e) y ⫽ f共x ⫺ 2兲 Skills Review
63. Exploration Use the fact that the graph of y ⫽ f共x兲 is
increasing on the interval 共⫺ ⬁, 2兲 and decreasing on the In Exercises 69 and 70, determine whether the lines L1 and
interval 共2, ⬁兲 to find the intervals on which the graph is L2 passing through the pairs of points are parallel, perpen-
increasing and decreasing. If not possible, state the reason. dicular, or neither.
(a) y ⫽ f共⫺x兲 (b) y ⫽ ⫺f共x兲 (c) y ⫽ 2f共x兲 69. L1: 共⫺2, ⫺2兲, 共2, 10兲
(d) y ⫽ f共x兲 ⫺ 3 (e) y ⫽ f共x ⫹ 1兲 L2: 共⫺1, 3兲, 共3, 9兲
64. Exploration Use the fact that the graph of y ⫽ f共x兲 is 70. L1: 共⫺1, ⫺7兲, 共4, 3兲
increasing on the intervals 共⫺ ⬁, ⫺1兲 and 共2, ⬁兲 and
L2: 共1, 5兲, 共⫺2, ⫺7兲
decreasing on the interval 共⫺1, 2兲 to find the intervals on
which the graph is increasing and decreasing. If not In Exercises 71–74, find the domain of the function.
possible, state the reason.
4 冪x ⫺ 5
(a) y ⫽ f共⫺x兲 (b) y ⫽ ⫺f共x兲 (c) y ⫽ 2f共x兲
1 71. f 共x兲 ⫽ 72. f 共x兲 ⫽
9⫺x x⫺7
(d) y ⫽ ⫺f共x ⫺ 1兲 (e) y ⫽ f共x ⫺ 2兲 ⫹ 1 73. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪100 ⫺ x2 74. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪
3
16 ⫺ x2

1.5 Combinations of Functions

Arithmetic Combinations of Functions What you should learn
䊏 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
Just as two real numbers can be combined by the operations of addition, functions.
subtraction, multiplication, and division to form other real numbers, two 䊏 Find compositions of one function with
functions can be combined to create new functions. If f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 and another function.
g共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 1, you can form the sum, difference, product, and quotient of f and 䊏 Use combinations of functions to model
g as follows. and solve real-life problems.

f 共x兲 ⫹ g共x兲 ⫽ 共2x ⫺ 3兲 ⫹ 共x 2 ⫺ 1兲 Why you should learn it

Combining functions can sometimes help
⫽ x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 4 Sum
you better understand the big picture.For
f 共x兲 ⫺ g共x兲 ⫽ 共2x ⫺ 3兲 ⫺ 共x 2 ⫺ 1兲 instance, Exercises 75 and 76 on page 60 illus-
trate how to use combinations of functions to
⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 2 Difference analyze U.S. health care expenditures.

f 共x兲 ⭈ g共x兲 ⫽ 共2x ⫺ 3兲共x 2 ⫺ 1兲

⫽ 2x 3 ⫺ 3x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫹ 3 Product

f 共x兲 2x ⫺ 3
⫽ 2 , x ⫽ ±1 Quotient
g共x兲 x ⫺1
The domain of an arithmetic combination of functions f and g consists of
all real numbers that are common to the domains of f and g. In the case of the
quotient f 共x兲兾g共x兲, there is the further restriction that g共x兲 ⫽ 0. SuperStock

Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions

Let f and g be two functions with overlapping domains. Then, for all x
common to both domains, the sum, difference, product, and quotient of
f and g are defined as follows.
1. Sum: 共 f ⫹ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ g共x兲
2. Difference: 共 f ⫺ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ g共x兲
3. Product: 共 fg兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⭈ g共x兲
f 共x兲
冢g 冣共x兲 ⫽ g共x兲,
f
4. Quotient: g共x兲 ⫽ 0

Example 1 Finding the Sum of Two Functions

Given f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 and g共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1, find 共 f ⫹ g兲共x兲. Then evaluate
the sum when x ⫽ 2.

Solution
共 f ⫹ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ g共x兲 ⫽ 共2x ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ 共x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 4x
When x ⫽ 2, the value of this sum is 共 f ⫹ g兲共2兲 ⫽ 22 ⫹ 4共2兲 ⫽ 12.
Now try Exercise 7(a).

Example 2 Finding the Difference of Two Functions

Given f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 and g共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1, find 共 f ⫺ g兲共x兲. Then evaluate
the difference when x ⫽ 2.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

The difference of the functions f and g is You can use a graphing utility to graph the difference of two
functions. Enter the functions as follows (see Figure 1.55).
共 f ⫺ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ g共x兲
y1 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1
⫽ 共2x ⫹ 1兲 ⫺ 共x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1兲
y2 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1
⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫹ 2.
y3 ⫽ y1 ⫺ y2
When x ⫽ 2, the value of this difference is
Graph y3 as shown in Figure 1.56. Then use the value feature
共 f ⫺ g兲共2兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共2兲 2 ⫹ 2
or the zoom and trace features to estimate that the value of the
⫽ ⫺2. difference when x ⫽ 2 is ⫺2.
Note that 共 f ⫺ g兲共2兲 can also be evaluated as follows. y3 = −x2 + 2
3
共 f ⫺ g兲共2兲 ⫽ f 共2兲 ⫺ g共2兲
⫽ 关2共2兲 ⫹ 1兴 ⫺ 关22 ⫹ 2共2兲 ⫺ 1兴
−5 4
⫽5⫺7
⫽ ⫺2
−3
Figure 1.55 Figure 1.56
Now try Exercise 7(b).

In Examples 1 and 2, both f and g have domains that consist of all real
numbers. So, the domain of both 共 f ⫹ g兲 and 共 f ⫺ g兲 is also the set of all
real numbers. Remember that any restrictions on the domains of f or g must be
considered when forming the sum, difference, product, or quotient of f and g. For
instance, the domain of f 共x兲 ⫽ 1兾x is all x ⫽ 0, and the domain of g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x is
关0, ⬁兲. This implies that the domain of 共 f ⫹ g兲 is 共0, ⬁兲.

Example 3 Finding the Product of Two Functions

Given f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 and g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 3, find 共 fg兲共x兲. Then evaluate the product
when x ⫽ 4.

Solution
共 fg兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲g 共x兲
⫽ 共x 2兲共x ⫺ 3兲
⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x 2
When x ⫽ 4, the value of this product is
共 fg兲共4兲 ⫽ 43 ⫺ 3共4兲2 ⫽ 16.
Now try Exercise 7(c).

Example 4 Finding the Quotient of Two Functions

Find 共 f兾g兲共x兲 and 共g兾f 兲共x兲 for the functions given by f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x and
g共x兲 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ x2. Then find the domains of f兾g and g兾f.

Solution
The quotient of f and g is
f 共x兲冪x
冢g 冣共x兲 ⫽ g共x兲 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ x ,
f
2

and the quotient of g and f is

g共x兲冪4 ⫺ x 2
冢 f 冣共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫽
g
冪x
.
5
y3 = ( gf ((x) = x
4 − x2
The domain of f is 关0, ⬁兲 and the domain of g is 关⫺2, 2兴. The intersection of
these domains is 关0, 2兴. So, the domains for f兾g and g兾f are as follows.
Domain of 共 f兾g兲 : 关0, 2兲 Domain of 共g兾f 兲 : 共0, 2兴
−3 6
Now try Exercise 7(d).
−1
Figure 1.57
TECHNOLOGY TIP You can confirm the domain of f兾g in Example 4 with
your graphing utility by entering the three functions y1 ⫽ 冪x, y2 ⫽ 冪4 ⫺ x2,
and y3 ⫽ y1兾y2, and graphing y3, as shown in Figure 1.57. Use the trace feature 4 − x2
to determine that the x-coordinates of points on the graph extend from 0 to 2 y4 = ( gf ((x) = x
but do not include 2. So, you can estimate the domain of f兾g to be 关0, 2兲. 5

You can confirm the domain of g兾f in Example 4 by entering y4 ⫽ y2兾y1 and
graphing y4 , as shown in Figure 1.58. Use the trace feature to determine that
the x-coordinates of points on the graph extend from 0 to 2 but do not include
0. So, you can estimate the domain of g兾f to be 共0, 2兴. −3 6

−1
Compositions of Functions Figure 1.58
Another way of combining two functions is to form the composition of one with
the other. For instance, if f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 and g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1, the composition of f
with g is
f 共g共x兲兲 ⫽ f 共x ⫹ 1兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 1兲2.
This composition is denoted as f ⬚ g and is read as “f composed with g.”
f °g
Definition of Composition of Two Functions
The composition of the function f with the function g is x g(x)
f f(g(x))
共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共 g共x兲兲. g
Domain of g
The domain of f ⬚ g is the set of all x in the domain of g such that g共x兲 is in Domain of f
the domain of f. (See Figure 1.59.) Figure 1.59

Example 5 Forming the Composition of f with g

Find 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 for f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x, x ≥ 0, and g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 1, x ≥ 1. If possible, find
共 f ⬚ g兲共2兲 and 共 f ⬚ g兲共0兲. Exploration
Let f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 and
Solution g共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x 2. Are the compo-
共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共 g共x兲兲 Definition of f ⬚ g sitions f ⬚ g and g ⬚ f equal? You
can use your graphing utility to
⫽ f 共x ⫺ 1兲 Definition of g共x兲
answer this question by entering
⫽ 冪x ⫺ 1, x ≥ 1 Definition of f 共x兲 and graphing the following
functions.
The domain of f ⬚ g is 关1, ⬁兲. So, 共 f ⬚ g兲共2兲 ⫽ 冪2 ⫺ 1 ⫽ 1 is defined, but
共 f ⬚ g兲共0兲 is not defined because 0 is not in the domain of f ⬚ g. y1 ⫽ 共4 ⫺ x 2兲 ⫹ 2
Now try Exercise 35. y2 ⫽ 4 ⫺ 共x ⫹ 2兲2
What do you observe? Which
The composition of f with g is generally not the same as the composition of function represents f ⬚ g and
g with f. This is illustrated in Example 6. which represents g ⬚ f ?

Example 6 Compositions of Functions

Given f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 and g共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x2, evaluate (a) 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 and (b) 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲
when x ⫽ 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Algebraic Solution Numerical Solution

a. 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲 Definition of f ⬚ g a. You can use the table feature of a graphing utility to
⫽ f 共4 ⫺ x 2兲 Definition of g共x兲 evaluate f ⬚ g when x ⫽ 0, 1, 2, and 3. Enter y1 ⫽ g共x兲
and y2 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲 in the equation editor (see Figure
⫽ 共4 ⫺ x 2兲 ⫹ 2 Definition of f 共x兲
1.60). Then set the table to ask mode to find the desired
⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 6 2
function values (see Figure 1.61). Finally, display the
共f ⬚ g兲共0兲 ⫽ ⫺0 ⫹ 6
2
⫽6 table, as shown in Figure 1.62.
共f ⬚ g兲共1兲 ⫽ ⫺1 ⫹ 6
2
⫽5 b. You can evaluate g ⬚ f when x ⫽ 0, 1, 2, and 3 by using
共f ⬚ g兲共2兲 ⫽ ⫺2 ⫹ 6
2 ⫽2 a procedure similar to that of part (a). You should obtain
共f ⬚ g兲共3兲 ⫽ ⫺3 ⫹ 6
2 ⫽ ⫺3 the table shown in Figure 1.63.

b. 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲 ⫽ g共 f (x)兲 Definition of g ⬚ f

⫽ g共x ⫹ 2兲 Definition of f 共x兲
⫽ 4 ⫺ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 Definition of g共x兲
⫽ 4 ⫺ 共x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 4兲
⫽ ⫺x 2 ⫺ 4x Figure 1.60 Figure 1.61
共g ⬚ f 兲共0兲 ⫽ ⫺02 ⫺ 4共0兲 ⫽ 0
共g ⬚ f 兲共1兲 ⫽ ⫺12 ⫺ 4共1兲 ⫽ ⫺5
共g ⬚ f 兲共2兲 ⫽ ⫺22 ⫺ 4共2兲 ⫽ ⫺12
共g ⬚ f 兲共3兲 ⫽ ⫺32 ⫺ 4共3兲 ⫽ ⫺21
Note that f ⬚ g ⫽ g ⬚ f.
Figure 1.62 Figure 1.63

Now try Exercise 37. From the tables you can see that f ⬚ g ⫽ g ⬚ f.

To determine the domain of a composite function f ⬚ g, you need to restrict

the outputs of g so that they are in the domain of f. For instance, to find the
domain of f ⬚ g given that f 共x兲 ⫽ 1兾x and g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1, consider the outputs of
g. These can be any real number. However, the domain of f is restricted to all real
numbers except 0. So, the outputs of g must be restricted to all real numbers
except 0. This means that g共x兲 ⫽ 0, or x ⫽ ⫺1. So, the domain of f ⬚ g is all real
numbers except x ⫽ ⫺1.

Example 7 Finding the Domain of a Composite Function

Find the domain of the composition 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 for the functions given by
f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 9 and g共x兲 ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x 2.

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

The composition of the functions is as follows. You can use a graphing utility to graph the composition of the functions
共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 as y ⫽ 共冪9 ⫺ x2 兲 ⫺ 9. Enter the functions as follows.
2
共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲
⫽ f 共冪9 ⫺ x2 兲 y1 ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x2 y2 ⫽ y12 ⫺ 9

⫽ 共冪9 ⫺ x2 兲 ⫺ 9
2 Graph y2 , as shown in Figure 1.64. Use the trace feature to determine
that the x-coordinates of points on the graph extend from ⫺3 to 3. So,
⫽ 9 ⫺ x2 ⫺ 9 you can graphically estimate the domain of 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 to be 关⫺3, 3兴.
⫽ ⫺x 2 0
−4 4
From this, it might appear that the domain of
2
the composition is the set of all real numbers. y= ( 9 − x2 ( − 9
This, however, is not true. Because the domain
of f is the set of all real numbers and the
domain of g is 关⫺3, 3兴, the domain of 共 f ⬚ g兲 is −12
关⫺3, 3兴. Figure 1.64
Now try Exercise 39.

Example 8 A Case in Which f ⬚ g ⫽ g ⬚ f

Given f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3 and g共x兲 ⫽ 12共x ⫺ 3兲, find each composition.
a. 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 b. 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲
STUDY TIP
In Example 8, note that the
Solution two composite functions f ⬚ g
a. 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲 b. 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲 ⫽ g共 f (x)兲 and g ⬚ f are equal, and both
represent the identity function.
⫽ g共2x ⫹ 3兲
⫽f 冢12 共x ⫺ 3兲冣 That is, 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ x and
共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲 ⫽ x. You will study
冤冥
1
⫽ 共2x ⫹ 3兲 ⫺ 3 this special case in the next
冤冥
1 2
⫽ 2 共x ⫺ 3兲 ⫹ 3 section.
2 1
⫽ 共2x兲
⫽x⫺3⫹3 2
⫽x ⫽x
Now try Exercise 51.

In Examples 5, 6, 7, and 8, you formed the composition of two given func-

tions. In calculus, it is also important to be able to identify two functions that Exploration
make up a given composite function. Basically, to “decompose” a composite Write each function as a
function, look for an “inner” and an “outer” function. composition of two functions.
a. h共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 2 ⱍ ⱍ
Example 9 Identifying a Composite Function b. r共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 2 ⱍ ⱍ
Write the function h共x兲 ⫽ 共3x ⫺ 5兲3 as a composition of two functions. What do you notice about the
inner and outer functions?
Solution
One way to write h as a composition of two functions is to take the inner func-
tion to be g共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫺ 5 and the outer function to be f 共x兲 ⫽ x3. Then you can
write
h共x兲 ⫽ 共3x ⫺ 5兲3
⫽ f 共3x ⫺ 5兲
⫽ f 共g共x兲兲.
Now try Exercise 65.

Example 10 Identifying a Composite Function

Write the function
1
h共x兲 ⫽
共x ⫺ 2兲 2
as a composition of two functions.
Exploration
Solution The function in Example 10 can
One way to write h as a composition of two functions is to take the inner function be decomposed in other ways.
to be g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 2 and the outer function to be For which of the following pairs
of functions is h共x兲 equal to
1
f 共x兲 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲?
x2
1
⫽ x⫺2. a. g共x兲 ⫽ and
x⫺2
Then you can write f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2
1 b. g共x兲 ⫽ x 2 and
h共x兲 ⫽
共x ⫺ 2兲2
1
f 共x兲 ⫽
⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲⫺2 x⫺2
⫽ f 共x ⫺ 2兲 c. g共x兲 ⫽
1
and
x
⫽ f 共g共x兲兲.
f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲2
Now try Exercise 69.

Example 11 Bacteria Count

Exploration
The number N of bacteria in a refrigerated food is given by
Use a graphing utility to graph
N共T 兲 ⫽ 20T 2 ⫺ 80T ⫹ 500, 2 ≤ T ≤ 14 y1 ⫽ 320x 2 ⫹ 420 and
y2 ⫽ 2000 in the same viewing
where T is the temperature of the food (in degrees Celsius). When the food is
window. (Use a viewing win-
removed from refrigeration, the temperature of the food is given by
dow in which 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and
T共t兲 ⫽ 4t ⫹ 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 400 ≤ y ≤ 4000. ) Explain how
the graphs can be used to
where t is the time (in hours).
answer the question asked in
a. Find the composition N共T共t兲兲 and interpret its meaning in context. Example 11(c). Compare your
b. Find the number of bacteria in the food when t ⫽ 2 hours. answer with that given in part
(c). When will the bacteria
c. Find the time when the bacterial count reaches 2000.
count reach 3200?
Solution Notice that the model for this
bacteria count situation is valid
a. N共T共t兲兲 ⫽ 20共4t ⫹ 2兲2 ⫺ 80共4t ⫹ 2兲 ⫹ 500 only for a span of 3 hours. Now
⫽ 20共16t 2 ⫹ 16t ⫹ 4兲 ⫺ 320t ⫺ 160 ⫹ 500 suppose that the minimum num-
ber of bacteria in the food is
⫽ 320t 2 ⫹ 320t ⫹ 80 ⫺ 320t ⫺ 160 ⫹ 500 reduced from 420 to 100. Will
⫽ 320t 2 ⫹ 420 the number of bacteria still
reach a level of 2000 within the
The composite function N共T共t兲兲 represents the number of bacteria as a function three-hour time span? Will the
of the amount of time the food has been out of refrigeration. number of bacteria reach a level
b. When t ⫽ 2, the number of bacteria is of 3200 within 3 hours?

N ⫽ 320共2兲 2 ⫹ 420
⫽ 1280 ⫹ 420
⫽ 1700.
c. The bacterial count will reach N ⫽ 2000 when 320t 2 ⫹ 420 ⫽ 2000. You can
N = 320t2 + 420, 2 ≤ t ≤ 3
solve this equation for t algebraically as follows. 3500

320t 2 ⫹ 420 ⫽ 2000

320t 2 ⫽ 1580
79
t2 ⫽ 2 3
16 1500
冪79 Figure 1.65
t⫽
4
t ⬇ 2.22 hours 2500

So, the count will reach 2000 when t ⬇ 2.22 hours. When you solve this
equation, note that the negative value is rejected because it is not in the domain
of the composite function. You can use a graphing utility to confirm your
solution. First graph the equation N ⫽ 320t 2 ⫹ 420, as shown in Figure 1.65. 2 3
Then use the zoom and trace features to approximate N ⫽ 2000 when 1500
t ⬇ 2.22, as shown in Figure 1.66. Figure 1.66

Now try Exercise 81.

1.5 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blanks.

1. Two functions f and g can be combined by the arithmetic operations of _______ , _______ , _______ ,
and _______ to create new functions.
2. The _______ of the function f with the function g is 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共g共x兲兲.
3. The domain of f ⬚ g is the set of all x in the domain of g such that _______ is in the domain of f.
4. To decompose a composite function, look for an _______ and an _______ function.

In Exercises 1–4, use the graphs of f and g to graph In Exercises 13–26, evaluate the indicated function for
h冇x冈 ⴝ 冇 f 1 g冈冇x冈. To print an enlarged copy of the graph, f 冇x冈 ⴝ x2 ⴚ 1 and g冇x冈 ⴝ x ⴚ 2 algebraically. If possible,
go to the website www.mathgraphs.com. use a graphing utility to verify your answer.
1. y 2. y 13. 共 f ⫹ g兲共3兲 14. 共 f ⫺ g兲共⫺2兲
3
f
3
g 15. 共 f ⫺ g兲共0兲 16. 共 f ⫹ g兲共1兲
2 2
1 17. 共 fg兲共4兲 18. 共 f g兲共⫺6兲
g f
x x
冢g 冣共⫺5兲冢g 冣共0兲
f f
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 19. 20.
−2 −2
−3 −3
21. 共 f ⫺ g兲共2t兲 22. 共 f ⫹ g兲共t ⫺ 4兲
23. 共 fg兲共⫺5t兲 24. 共 fg兲共3t2兲
3. y 4. y

冢g 冣共⫺t兲冢gf 冣共t ⫹ 2兲

f
5 3 25. 26.
4 g f
f
1
2 x In Exercises 27–30, use a graphing utility to graph the func-
g −3 −2 1 3 tions f, g, and h in the same viewing window.
−1
x −2 27. f 共x兲 ⫽ 12 x, g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 1, h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫹ g共x兲
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −3
28. f 共x兲 ⫽ 13 x, g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 4, h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ g共x兲
In Exercises 5 –12, find (a) 冇 f 1 g冈冇x冈, (b) 冇 f ⴚ g冈冇x冈, 29. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2, g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2x, h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲 ⭈ g共x兲
(c) 冇 fg冈冇x冈, and (d) 冇 f/g冈冇x冈. What is the domain of f/g?
30. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x 2, g共x兲 ⫽ x, h共x兲 ⫽ f 共x兲兾g共x兲
5. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3, g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 3
6. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫺ 5, g共x兲 ⫽ 1 ⫺ x In Exercises 31–34, use a graphing utility to graph f, g, and
f 1 g in the same viewing window. Which function con-
7. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2, g共x兲 ⫽ 1 ⫺ x tributes most to the magnitude of the sum when 0 } x } 2?
8. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫺ 5, g共x兲 ⫽ 4 Which function contributes most to the magnitude of the
sum when x > 6?
9. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 5, g共x兲 ⫽ 冪1 ⫺ x
x3
x2 31. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x, g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺
10. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x 2 ⫺ 4, g共x兲 ⫽ 2 10
x ⫹1
x
1 1 32. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x
11. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ 2 2
x x
33. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫹ 2, g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 5
x
12. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ x 3
x⫹1 34. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 12, g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺3x2 ⫺ 1

In Exercises 35–38, find (a) f ⬚ g, (b) g ⬚ f, and, if possible, 59. f 共x兲 ⫽ x , ⱍⱍ g共x兲 ⫽ 2x3
(c) 冇 f ⬚ g冈冇0冈.
6
60. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x
35. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2, g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 1 3x ⫺ 5
36. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪
3 x ⫺ 1, g共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫹ 1
In Exercises 61–64, use the graphs of f and g to evaluate the
37. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫹ 5, g共x兲 ⫽ 5 ⫺ x
functions.
1
38. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 3, g共x兲 ⫽ y
x y y = f (x )
4 y = g (x )
4
In Exercises 39–48, determine the domains of (a) f, 3
(b) g, and (c) f ⬚ g. Use a graphing utility to verify your 3
results. 2
2
1
39. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 4 , g共x兲 ⫽ x2 1
x
x x 1 2 3 4
40. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 3, g(x) ⫽ 1 2 3 4
2
41. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1 , g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x 61. (a) 共 f ⫹ g兲共3兲 (b) 共 f兾g兲共2兲
42. f 共x兲 ⫽ x1兾4 , g共x兲 ⫽ x4 62. (a) 共 f ⫺ g兲共1兲 (b) 共 f g兲共4兲
1 63. (a) 共 f ⬚ g兲共2兲 (b) 共g ⬚ f 兲共2兲
43. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3
x 64. (a) 共 f ⬚ g兲共1兲 (b) 共g ⬚ f 兲共3兲
1 1
44. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ In Exercises 65–72, find two functions f and g such that
x 2x
冇 f ⬚ g冈冇x冈 ⴝ h冇x冈. (There are many correct answers.)
ⱍ
45. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 4 , g共x兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ x ⱍ
2 65. h共x兲 ⫽ 共2x ⫹ 1兲2 66. h共x兲 ⫽ 共1 ⫺ x兲3
46. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 1
x ⱍⱍ 67. h共x兲 ⫽ 冪
3 x2 ⫺ 4
68. h共x兲 ⫽ 冪9 ⫺ x
1 1
47. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 , g共x兲 ⫽ 69. h共x兲 ⫽
x2 ⫺ 4 x⫹2
3 4
48. f 共x兲 ⫽ , g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1 70. h共x兲 ⫽
x2 ⫺ 1 共5x ⫹ 2兲2
71. h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 4兲 2 ⫹ 2共x ⫹ 4兲
In Exercises 49–54, (a) find f ⬚ g, g ⬚ f, and the domain of
72. h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 3兲3兾2 ⫹ 4共x ⫹ 3兲1兾2
f ⬚ g. (b) Use a graphing utility to graph f ⬚ g and g ⬚ f.
Determine whether f ⬚ g ⴝ g ⬚ f. 73. Stopping Distance The research and development
49. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 4, g共x兲 ⫽ x 2 department of an automobile manufacturer has determined
that when required to stop quickly to avoid an accident, the
50. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪
3 x ⫹ 1, g共x兲 ⫽ x 3 ⫺ 1
distance (in feet) a car travels during the driver’s reaction
51. f 共x兲 ⫽ 1
3x ⫺ 3, g共x兲 ⫽ 3x ⫹ 9 time is given by
52. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x , g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x
R共x兲 ⫽ 4 x
3
53. f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2兾3, g共x兲 ⫽ x6
54. f 共x兲 ⫽ x , ⱍⱍ g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫹ 1 where x is the speed of the car in miles per hour. The
distance (in feet) traveled while the driver is braking is
given by
In Exercises 55–60, (a) find 冇 f ⬚ g冈冇x冈 and 冇 g ⬚ f 冈冇x冈, (b)
determine algebraically whether 冇 f ⬚ g冈冇x冈 ⴝ 冇 g ⬚ f 冈冇x冈, and B共x兲 ⫽ 15
1 2
x .
(c) use a graphing utility to complete a table of values for
the two compositions to confirm your answers to part (b). (a) Find the function that represents the total stopping
distance T.
55. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x ⫹ 4, g共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺ x (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the functions R, B, and
56. f 共x兲 ⫽ 14共x ⫺ 1兲, g共x兲 ⫽ 4x ⫹ 1 T in the same viewing window for 0 ≤ x ≤ 60.
57. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 6, g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 5 (c) Which function contributes most to the magnitude of
58. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4, g共x兲 ⫽ 冪
3 x ⫹ 10 the sum at higher speeds? Explain.

74. Sales From 2000 to 2006, the sales R1 (in thousands of 78. Geometry A square concrete foundation was prepared as
dollars) for one of two restaurants owned by the same par- a base for a large cylindrical gasoline tank (see figure).
ent company can be modeled by R1 ⫽ 480 ⫺ 8t ⫺ 0.8t 2,
for t ⫽ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, where t ⫽ 0 represents 2000.
During the same seven-year period, the sales R 2 (in thou-
sands of dollars) for the second restaurant can be modeled
by R2 ⫽ 254 ⫹ 0.78t, for t ⫽ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. r
(a) Write a function R3 that represents the total sales for the
two restaurants.
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph R1, R 2, and R3 (the total
sales function) in the same viewing window. x

Data Analysis In Exercises 75 and 76, use the table, which (a) Write the radius r of the tank as a function of the length
shows the total amounts spent (in billions of dollars) on x of the sides of the square.
health services and supplies in the United States and Puerto (b) Write the area A of the circular base of the tank as a
Rico for the years 1995 through 2005. The variables y1, y2, function of the radius r.
and y3 represent out-of-pocket payments, insurance premi-
(c) Find and interpret 共A ⬚ r兲共x兲.
ums, and other types of payments, respectively. (Source:
U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) 79. Cost The weekly cost C of producing x units in a manu-
facturing process is given by
C共x兲 ⫽ 60x ⫹ 750.
Year y1 y2 y3
The number of units x produced in t hours is x共t兲 ⫽ 50t.
1995 146 330 457
(a) Find and interpret C共x共t兲兲.
1996 152 344 483
(b) Find the number of units produced in 4 hours.
1997 162 361 503
(c) Use a graphing utility to graph the cost as a function of
1998 176 385 520 time. Use the trace feature to estimate (to two-decimal-
1999 185 414 550 place accuracy) the time that must elapse until the cost
2000 193 451 592 increases to $15,000.
2001 202 497 655 80. Air Traffic Control An air traffic controller spots two
2002 214 550 718 planes at the same altitude flying toward each other. Their
2003 231 601 766 flight paths form a right angle at point P. One plane is 150
miles from point P and is moving at 450 miles per hour.
2004 246 647 824
The other plane is 200 miles from point P and is moving at
2005 262 691 891 450 miles per hour. Write the distance s between the planes
as a function of time t.
The models for this data are y1 ⴝ 11.4t 1 83,
y
y2 ⴝ 2.31t 2 ⴚ 8.4t 1 310, and y3 ⴝ 3.03t 2 ⴚ 16.8t 1 467,
where t represents the year, with t ⴝ 5 corresponding to
Distance (in miles)

1995. 200

75. Use the models and the table feature of a graphing utility to
create a table showing the values of y1, y2, and y3 for each s
100
year from 1995 to 2005. Compare these values with the
original data. Are the models a good fit? Explain.
76. Use a graphing utility to graph y1, y2, y3, and x
P 100 200
yT ⫽ y1 ⫹ y2 ⫹ y3 in the same viewing window. What
does the function yT represent? Explain. Distance (in miles)
77. Ripples A pebble is dropped into a calm pond, causing
ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius (in feet)
of the outermost ripple is given by r 共t兲 ⫽ 0.6t, where t is
the time (in seconds) after the pebble strikes the water. The
area of the circle is given by A共r兲 ⫽ ␲ r 2. Find and interpret
共A ⬚ r兲共t兲.

81. Bacteria The number of bacteria in a refrigerated food 86. If you are given two functions f 共x兲 and g共x兲, you can
product is given by N共T兲 ⫽ 10T 2 ⫺ 20T ⫹ 600, for calculate 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 if and only if the range of g is a subset
1 ≤ T ≤ 20, where T is the temperature of the food in of the domain of f.
degrees Celsius. When the food is removed from the refrig-
erator, the temperature of the food is given by
Exploration In Exercises 87 and 88, three siblings are of
T共t兲 ⫽ 2t ⫹ 1, where t is the time in hours.
three different ages. The oldest is twice the age of the mid-
(a) Find the composite function N共T共t兲兲 or 共N ⬚ T兲共t兲 and dle sibling, and the middle sibling is six years older than
interpret its meaning in the context of the situation. one-half the age of the youngest.
(b) Find 共N ⬚ T兲共6兲 and interpret its meaning.
87. (a) Write a composite function that gives the oldest sib-
(c) Find the time when the bacteria count reaches 800. ling’s age in terms of the youngest. Explain how you
82. Pollution The spread of a contaminant is increasing in a arrived at your answer.
circular pattern on the surface of a lake. The radius of the (b) If the oldest sibling is 16 years old, find the ages of the
contaminant can be modeled by r共t兲 ⫽ 5.25冪t, where r is other two siblings.
the radius in meters and t is time in hours since contamina-
88. (a) Write a composite function that gives the youngest
tion.
sibling’s age in terms of the oldest. Explain how you
(a) Find a function that gives the area A of the circular leak arrived at your answer.
in terms of the time t since the spread began.
(b) If the youngest sibling is two years old, find the ages of
(b) Find the size of the contaminated area after 36 hours. the other two siblings.
(c) Find when the size of the contaminated area is 6250 89. Proof Prove that the product of two odd functions is an
square meters. even function, and that the product of two even functions is
83. Salary You are a sales representative for an automobile an even function.
manufacturer. You are paid an annual salary plus a bonus of 90. Conjecture Use examples to hypothesize whether the
3% of your sales over $500,000. Consider the two func- product of an odd function and an even function is even or
tions odd. Then prove your hypothesis.
f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ 500,000 and g(x) ⫽ 0.03x. 91. Proof Given a function f, prove that g共x兲 is even and
If x is greater than $500,000, which of the following repre- h共x兲 is odd, where g共x兲 ⫽ 12 关 f 共x兲 ⫹ f 共⫺x兲兴 and
sents your bonus? Explain. h共x兲 ⫽ 12 关 f 共x兲 ⫺ f 共⫺x兲兴.
(a) f 共g共x兲兲 (b) g共 f 共x兲兲 92. (a) Use the result of Exercise 91 to prove that any function
84. Consumer Awareness The suggested retail price of a new can be written as a sum of even and odd functions.
car is p dollars. The dealership advertised a factory rebate (Hint: Add the two equations in Exercise 91.)
of $1200 and an 8% discount. (b) Use the result of part (a) to write each function as a
(a) Write a function R in terms of p giving the cost of the sum of even and odd functions.
car after receiving the rebate from the factory. 1
f 共x兲 ⫽ x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫹ 1, g 共x兲 ⫽
(b) Write a function S in terms of p giving the cost of the x⫹1
car after receiving the dealership discount.
(c) Form the composite functions 共R ⬚ S 兲共 p兲 and 共S ⬚ R兲共 p兲
Skills Review
and interpret each. In Exercises 93– 96, find three points that lie on the graph of
(d) Find 共R ⬚ S兲共18,400兲 and 共S ⬚ R兲共18,400兲. Which yields the equation. (There are many correct answers.)
the lower cost for the car? Explain.
93. y ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫹ x ⫺ 5 94. y ⫽ 15 x3 ⫺ 4x2 ⫹ 1
Synthesis x
95. x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ 24 96. y ⫽
x2 ⫺ 5
True or False? In Exercises 85 and 86, determine whether
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer. In Exercises 97–100, find an equation of the line that passes
85. If f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 1 and g共x兲 ⫽ 6x, then through the two points.

共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲. 97. 共⫺4, ⫺2兲, 共⫺3, 8兲 98. 共1, 5兲, 共⫺8, 2兲
99. 共32, ⫺1兲, 共⫺ 13, 4兲 100. 共0, 1.1兲, 共⫺4, 3.1兲

1.6 Inverse Functions

Inverse Functions What you should learn
䊏 Find inverse functions informally and
Recall from Section 1.2 that a function can be represented by a set of ordered verify that two functions are inverse
pairs. For instance, the function f x ⫽ x ⫹ 4 from the set A ⫽ 1, 2, 3, 4 to the functions of each other.
set B ⫽ 5, 6, 7, 8 can be written as follows. 䊏 Use graphs of functions to decide whether
functions have inverse functions.
f x ⫽ x ⫹ 4: 1, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7, 4, 8 䊏 Determine if functions are one-to-one.
In this case, by interchanging the first and second coordinates of each of these 䊏 Find inverse functions algebraically.
ordered pairs, you can form the inverse function of f, which is denoted by f ⫺1. Why you should learn it
It is a function from the set B to the set A, and can be written as follows.
Inverse functions can be helpful in further
f ⫺1x ⫽ x ⫺ 4: 5, 1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 8, 4 exploring how two variables relate to each
other. For example, in Exercises 103 and 104
Note that the domain of f is equal to the range of f ⫺1, and vice versa, as shown on page 71, you will use inverse functions
in Figure 1.67. Also note that the functions f and f ⫺1 have the effect of “undoing” to find the European shoe sizes from the
each other. In other words, when you form the composition of f with f ⫺1 or the corresponding U.S. shoe sizes.
composition of f ⫺1 with f, you obtain the identity function.
f f ⫺1x ⫽ f x ⫺ 4 ⫽ x ⫺ 4 ⫹ 4 ⫽ x
f ⫺1 f x ⫽ f ⫺1x ⫹ 4 ⫽ x ⫹ 4 ⫺ 4 ⫽ x

f (x) = x + 4
Domain of f Range of f

x f(x)

Range of f −1 Domain of f −1 LWA-Dann Tardif/Corbis

f −1 (x) = x − 4
Figure 1.67

Example 1 Finding Inverse Functions Informally

Find the inverse function of f(x) ⫽ 4x. Then verify that both f f ⫺1x and STUDY TIP
f ⫺1 f x are equal to the identity function.
Don’t be confused by the use
Solution of the exponent ⫺1 to denote
The function f multiplies each input by 4. To “undo” this function, you need to the inverse function f ⫺1. In this
divide each input by 4. So, the inverse function of f x ⫽ 4x is given by text, whenever f ⫺1 is written,
it always refers to the inverse
x function of the function f and
f ⫺1x ⫽ .
4 not to the reciprocal of f x,
You can verify that both f f ⫺1x and f ⫺1 f x are equal to the identity function which is given by
as follows. 1
.
f x
4 ⫽ 4 4 ⫽ x
x x 4x
f f ⫺1x ⫽ f f ⫺1 f x ⫽ f ⫺14x ⫽ ⫽x
4

Now try Exercise 1.

Example 2 Finding Inverse Functions Informally

Find the inverse function of f x ⫽ x ⫺ 6. Then verify that both f f ⫺1x and
f ⫺1 f x are equal to the identity function.

Solution
The function f subtracts 6 from each input. To “undo” this function, you need to
add 6 to each input. So, the inverse function of f x ⫽ x ⫺ 6 is given by
f ⫺1x ⫽ x ⫹ 6.
You can verify that both f f ⫺1x and f ⫺1 f x are equal to the identity function
as follows.
f f ⫺1x ⫽ f x ⫹ 6 ⫽ x ⫹ 6 ⫺ 6 ⫽ x
f ⫺1 f x ⫽ f ⫺1x ⫺ 6 ⫽ x ⫺ 6 ⫹ 6 ⫽ x

Now try Exercise 3.

A table of values can help you understand inverse functions. For instance, the
following table shows several values of the function in Example 2. Interchange
the rows of this table to obtain values of the inverse function.

x ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 x ⫺8 ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4
f (x) ⫺8 ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 f ⫺1x ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2

In the table at the left, each output is 6 less than the input, and in the table at the
right, each output is 6 more than the input.
The formal definition of an inverse function is as follows.

Definition of Inverse Function

Let f and g be two functions such that
f gx ⫽ x for every x in the domain of g
and
g f x ⫽ x for every x in the domain of f.
Under these conditions, the function g is the inverse function of the
function f. The function g is denoted by f ⫺1 (read “f-inverse”). So,
f f ⫺1x ⫽ x and f ⫺1 f x ⫽ x.
The domain of f must be equal to the range of f ⫺1, and the range of f must
be equal to the domain of f ⫺1.

If the function g is the inverse function of the function f, it must also be true
that the function f is the inverse function of the function g. For this reason, you
can say that the functions f and g are inverse functions of each other.

Example 3 Verifying Inverse Functions Algebraically

Show that the functions are inverse functions of each other.

f x ⫽ 2x3 ⫺ 1 and gx ⫽ x ⫹2 1

Solution

x⫹1
x⫹1
⫺1
3
f gx ⫽ f 3 ⫽2 3
2 2

⫽2 x ⫹2 1 ⫺ 1
⫽x⫹1⫺1
⫽x

2x ⫺ 1 ⫹ 1
3
g f x ⫽ g2x3 ⫺ 1 ⫽ 3 TECHNOLOGY TIP
2
Most graphing utilities can graph
y ⫽ x1
3 in two ways:
⫽ 3
2x 3
2 y1 ⫽ x 1
3 or
⫽
3 x3
y1 ⫽
3
x.
⫽x However, you may not be able
Now try Exercise 15. to obtain the complete graph
of y ⫽ x2
3 by entering
y1 ⫽ x 2
3. If not, you
Example 4 Verifying Inverse Functions Algebraically should use

5 y1 ⫽ x 1
3 2 or
Which of the functions is the inverse function of f x ⫽ ?
x⫺2 y1 ⫽
3 x2 .

x⫺2 5
gx ⫽ or hx ⫽ ⫹2 5
y = x2/3
5 x

Solution
By forming the composition of f with g, you have −6 6

x⫺2

5 25
f gx ⫽ f ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ x.
x⫺2 x ⫺ 12 −3

5
⫺2
5
y= 3
x2
Because this composition is not equal to the identity function x, it follows that g 5
is not the inverse function of f. By forming the composition of f with h, you have

x ⫹ 2 ⫽
5 5 5
f hx ⫽ f ⫽ ⫽ x. −6 6

5 5
⫹2 ⫺2
x x
−3
So, it appears that h is the inverse function of f. You can confirm this by showing
that the composition of h with f is also equal to the identity function.
Now try Exercise 19.

The Graph of an Inverse Function

TECHNOLOGY TIP
The graphs of a function f and its inverse function f ⫺1 are related to each other in
the following way. If the point a, b lies on the graph of f, then the point b, a In Examples 3 and 4, inverse
must lie on the graph of f ⫺1, and vice versa. This means that the graph of f ⫺1 is functions were verified
a reflection of the graph of f in the line y ⫽ x, as shown in Figure 1.68. algebraically. A graphing utility
can also be helpful in checking
y y=x whether one function is the
inverse function of another
function. Use the Graph
y = f ( x) Reflection Program found at
this textbook’s Online Study
Center to verify Example 4
(a , b) graphically.
y = f −1 (x)

(b , a )

Figure 1.68

Example 5 Verifying Inverse Functions Graphically

and Numerically
Verify that the functions f and g from Example 3 are inverse functions of each
other graphically and numerically.

Graphical Solution Numerical Solution

You can verify that f and g are inverse functions of each other You can verify that f and g are inverse functions of each
graphically by using a graphing utility to graph f and g in the other numerically. Begin by entering the compositions
same viewing window. (Be sure to use a square setting.) f gx and g f x into a graphing utility as follows.
From the graph in Figure 1.69, you can verify that the graph
⫺1
3
of g is the reflection of the graph of f in the line y ⫽ x. x⫹1
y1 ⫽ f gx ⫽ 2 3
2
x+1

g(x) = 3 2x3 ⫺ 1 ⫹ 1
2 y=x
4 y2 ⫽ g f x ⫽ 3
2
Then use the table feature of the graphing utility to
−6 6 create a table, as shown in Figure 1.70. Note that the
entries for x, y1, and y2 are the same. So, f gx ⫽ x
and g f x ⫽ x. You can now conclude that f and g
−4
f(x) = 2x3 − 1 are inverse functions of each other.

Figure 1.69

Now try Exercise 25. Figure 1.70

The Existence of an Inverse Function

Consider the function f x ⫽ x2. The first table at the right is a table of values for
f x ⫽ x2. The second table was created by interchanging the rows of the first x ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2
table. The second table does not represent a function because the input x ⫽ 4 is f(x) 4 1 0 1 4
matched with two different outputs: y ⫽ ⫺2 and y ⫽ 2. So, f x ⫽ x2 does not
have an inverse function.
To have an inverse function, a function must be one-to-one, which means
that no two elements in the domain of f correspond to the same element in the
range of f. x 4 1 0 1 4
g(x) ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2
Definition of a One-to-One Function
A function f is one-to-one if, for a and b in its domain, f a ⫽ f b implies
that a ⫽ b.

Existence of an Inverse Function y

A function f has an inverse function f ⫺1 if and only if f is one-to-one. 3

y = x2

From its graph, it is easy to tell whether a function of x is one-to-one. Simply 2

check to see that every horizontal line intersects the graph of the function at most
once. This is called the Horizontal Line Test. For instance, Figure 1.71 shows 1
(−1, 1) (1, 1)
the graph of y ⫽ x2. On the graph, you can find a horizontal line that intersects
x
the graph twice. −2 −1 1 2
Two special types of functions that pass the Horizontal Line Test are those
that are increasing or decreasing on their entire domains. −1

1. If f is increasing on its entire domain, then f is one-to-one. Figure 1.71 f x ⴝ x 2 is not

2. If f is decreasing on its entire domain, then f is one-to-one. one-to-one.

Example 6 Testing for One-to-One Functions

Is the function f x ⫽ x ⫹ 1 one-to-one?

Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution

Let a and b be nonnegative real numbers with f a ⫽ f b. Use a graphing utility to graph the function
y ⫽ x ⫹ 1. From Figure 1.72, you can see that a
a ⫹ 1 ⫽ b ⫹ 1 Set f a ⫽ f b.
horizontal line will intersect the graph at most once
a ⫽ b and the function is increasing. So, f is one-to-one and
does have an inverse function.
a⫽b
So, f a ⫽ f b implies that a ⫽ b. You can conclude that f is y= x+1
5
one-to-one and does have an inverse function.

−2 7

−1
Now try Exercise 55.
Figure 1.72

Finding Inverse Functions Algebraically TECHNOLOGY TIP

For simple functions, you can find inverse functions by inspection. For more Many graphing utilities have
complicated functions, however, it is best to use the following guidelines. a built-in feature for drawing an
inverse function. To see how this
works, consider the function
Finding an Inverse Function f x ⫽ x . The inverse function
1. Use the Horizontal Line Test to decide whether f has an inverse of f is given by f ⫺1x ⫽ x2,
function. x ≥ 0. Enter the function
y1 ⫽ x. Then graph it in the
2. In the equation for f x, replace f x by y.
standard viewing window and
3. Interchange the roles of x and y, and solve for y. use the draw inverse feature.
4. Replace y by f ⫺1x in the new equation. You should obtain the figure
5. Verify that f and f ⫺1 are inverse functions of each other by showing below, which shows both f and
that the domain of f is equal to the range of f ⫺1, the range of f is its inverse function f ⫺1. For
equal to the domain of f ⫺1, and f f ⫺1x ⫽ x and f ⫺1 f x ⫽ x. instructions on how to use
the draw inverse feature, see
Appendix A; for specific
The function f with an implied domain of all real numbers may not pass the keystrokes, go to this textbook’s
Horizontal Line Test. In this case, the domain of f may be restricted so that f does Online Study Center.
have an inverse function. For instance, if the domain of f x ⫽ x2 is restricted to
f −1(x) = x2, x ≥ 0
the nonnegative real numbers, then f does have an inverse function.
10

Example 7 Finding an Inverse Function Algebraically

−10 10
5 ⫺ 3x
Find the inverse function of f x ⫽ .
2
−10
Solution f(x) = x
The graph of f in Figure 1.73 passes the Horizontal Line Test. So you know that
f is one-to-one and has an inverse function.
5 ⫺ 3x 5 − 2x
f x ⫽ Write original function. f −1(x) =
2 3
3
5 ⫺ 3x
y⫽ Replace f x by y.
2
5 ⫺ 3y −2 4
x⫽ Interchange x and y.
2
−1
2x ⫽ 5 ⫺ 3y Multiply each side by 2. 5 − 3x
f(x) =
2
3y ⫽ 5 ⫺ 2x Isolate the y-term.
Figure 1.73
5 ⫺ 2x
y⫽ Solve for y.
3
5 ⫺ 2x
f ⫺1x ⫽ Replace y by f ⫺1x.
3
The domains and ranges of f and f ⫺1 consist of all real numbers. Verify that
f f ⫺1x ⫽ x and f ⫺1 f x ⫽ x.
Now try Exercise 59.

Example 8 Finding an Inverse Function Algebraically

Find the inverse function of f x ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4 and use a graphing utility to graph f
and f ⫺1 in the same viewing window.

Solution
f x ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4 Write original function.

y ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4 Replace f x by y.

x⫽ y3 ⫺4 Interchange x and y.
f −1(x) = 3
x+4 4
y=x

y3 ⫽ x ⫹ 4 Isolate y.
−9 9
y⫽
3 x ⫹4 Solve for y.

f ⫺1x ⫽
3 x ⫹ 4
Replace y by f ⫺1x. f(x) = x3 − 4

The graph of f in Figure 1.74 passes the Horizontal Line Test. So, you know that f −8

is one-to-one and has an inverse function. The graph of f ⫺1 in Figure 1.74 is the Figure 1.74
reflection of the graph of f in the line y ⫽ x. Verify that f f ⫺1x ⫽ x and
f ⫺1 f x ⫽ x.
Now try Exercise 61.

Example 9 Finding an Inverse Function Algebraically

Find the inverse function of f x ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 and use a graphing utility to graph
f and f ⫺1 in the same viewing window.

Solution
f x ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 Write original function.

y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 Replace f x by y.

x ⫽ 2y ⫺ 3 Interchange x and y.

x ⫽ 2y ⫺ 3
2 Square each side.

2y ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 3 Isolate y.

x2 ⫹3
y⫽ Solve for y.
2
x2 ⫹ 3
f ⫺1x ⫽ , x ≥ 0 Replace y by f ⫺1x.
2 x2 + 3
f −1(x) = ,x≥0
2
f(x) = 2x − 3
The graph of f in Figure 1.75 passes the Horizontal Line Test. So you know that 5

f is one-to-one and has an inverse function. The graph of f ⫺1 in Figure 1.75 is the (0, 32(
reflection of the graph of f in the line y ⫽ x. Note that the range of f is the inter-
val 0, ⬁, which implies that the domain of f ⫺1 is the interval 0, ⬁. Moreover,
−2
(32 , 0(
the domain of f is the interval 2, ⬁, which implies that the range of f ⫺1 is the
3 7

interval 2, ⬁. Verify that f f ⫺1x ⫽ x and f ⫺1 f x ⫽ x.

3 −1
y=x

Now try Exercise 65. Figure 1.75

1.6 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blanks.

1. If the composite functions f gx ⫽ x and g f x ⫽ x, then the function g is the _______ function of f,
and is denoted by _______ .
2. The domain of f is the _______ of f ⫺1, and the _______ of f ⫺1 is the range of f.
3. The graphs of f and f ⫺1 are reflections of each other in the line _______ .
4. To have an inverse function, a function f must be _______ ; that is, f a ⫽ f b implies a ⫽ b.
5. A graphical test for the existence of an inverse function is called the _______ Line Test.

In Exercises 1–8, find the inverse function of f informally. 18. f x ⫽ 9 ⫺ x 2, x ≥ 0; gx ⫽ 9 ⫺ x
Verify that f f ⫺1x ⴝ x and f ⫺1 f x ⴝ x.
19. f x ⫽ 1 ⫺ x 3, gx ⫽
3 1 ⫺ x

1. f x ⫽ 6x 2. f x ⫽ 1
3x 1 1⫺x
20. f x ⫽ , x ≥ 0; gx ⫽ , 0 < x ≤ 1
3. f x ⫽ x ⫹ 7 4. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 3 1⫹x x
x⫺1
5. f x ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 6. f x ⫽ In Exercises 21–24, match the graph of the function with
4
the graph of its inverse function. [The graphs of the inverse
7. f x ⫽
3 x
8. f x ⫽ x 5 functions are labeled (a), (b), (c), and (d).]

In Exercises 9–14, (a) show that f and g are inverse (a) 7 (b) 7
functions algebraically and (b) use a graphing utility to
create a table of values for each function to numerically
show that f and g are inverse functions.
−3 9 −3 9
7 2x ⫹ 6 −1 −1
9. f x ⫽ ⫺ x ⫺ 3, gx ⫽ ⫺
2 7
(c) 4 (d) 4
x⫺9
10. f x ⫽ , gx ⫽ 4x ⫹ 9
4
−6 6 −6 6
11. f x ⫽ x3 ⫹ 5, gx ⫽
3
x⫺5
x3
12. f x ⫽ , gx ⫽
3 2x
−4 −4
2
13. f x ⫽ ⫺ x ⫺ 8, gx ⫽ 8 ⫹ x2, x ≤ 0 21. 4 22. 7

x3 ⫹ 10
14. f x ⫽
3
3x ⫺ 10, gx ⫽
3 −6 6

−3 9
In Exercises 15–20, show that f and g are inverse functions
algebraically. Use a graphing utility to graph f and g in the −4 −1
same viewing window. Describe the relationship between 23. 7 24. 4
the graphs.
15. f x ⫽ x 3, gx ⫽
3
x −6 6
1 1
16. f x ⫽ , gx ⫽ −3 9
x x −1 −4
17. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 4; gx ⫽ x 2 ⫹ 4, x ≥ 0

In Exercises 25–28, show that f and g are inverse functions

45. hx ⫽ x ⫹ 4 ⫺ x ⫺ 4
(a) graphically and (b) numerically.
46. f x ⫽ ⫺
x⫺6
25. f x ⫽ 2x, gx ⫽
x x⫹6
2
In Exercises 47–58, determine algebraically whether the
26. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 5, gx ⫽ x ⫹ 5
function is one-to-one. Verify your answer graphically.
x⫺1 5x ⫹ 1
27. f x ⫽ , gx ⫽ ⫺ 47. f x ⫽ x 4 48. gx ⫽ x 2 ⫺ x 4
x⫹5 x⫺1
x⫹3 2x ⫹ 3 3x ⫹ 4
28. f x ⫽ , gx ⫽ 49. f x ⫽ 50. f x ⫽ 3x ⫹ 5
x⫺2 x⫺1 5
1 4
51. f x ⫽ 52. hx ⫽
In Exercises 29–34, determine if the graph is that of a func- x2 x2
tion. If so, determine if the function is one-to-one.
53. f x ⫽ x ⫹ 32, x ≥ ⫺3
29. y 30. y
54. qx ⫽ x ⫺ 52, x ≤ 5
55. f x ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3
56. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 2
x
x
57. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 2 , x ≤ 2
x2
58. f x ⫽
x2 ⫹ 1

31. y 32. y In Exercises 59 – 68, find the inverse function of f

algebraically. Use a graphing utility to graph both f and f ⴚ1
in the same viewing window. Describe the relationship
between the graphs.
59. f x ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3 60. f x ⫽ 3x
x x 61. f x ⫽ x5 62. f x ⫽ x 3 ⫹ 1
63. f x ⫽ x 3
5 64. f x ⫽ x 2, x ≥ 0
65. f x ⫽ 4 ⫺ x 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
33. y 34. y
66. f x ⫽ 16 ⫺ x2, ⫺4 ≤ x ≤ 0
4 6
67. f x ⫽ 68. f x ⫽
x x
x
x Think About It In Exercises 69–78, restrict the domain of
the function f so that the function is one-to-one and has an
inverse function. Then find the inverse function f ⴚ1. State
the domains and ranges of f and f ⴚ1. Explain your results.
In Exercises 35–46, use a graphing utility to graph the (There are many correct answers.)
function and use the Horizontal Line Test to determine
whether the function is one-to-one and so has an inverse 69. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 2 2
function exists. 70. f x ⫽ 1 ⫺ x 4
35. f x ⫽ 3 ⫺ 1
2x 36. f x ⫽ 4 x
1
⫹ 2 2 ⫺ 1 71. f x ⫽ x ⫹ 2
x2 4⫺x 72. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 2
37. hx ⫽ 38. gx ⫽ 73. f x ⫽ x ⫹ 32
x2 ⫹ 1 6x2
39. hx ⫽ 16 ⫺ x 2 40. f x ⫽ ⫺2x16 ⫺ x 2 74. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 42
41. f x ⫽ 10 42. f x ⫽ ⫺0.65 75. f x ⫽ ⫺2x2 ⫹ 5

43. gx ⫽ x ⫹ 53 76. f x ⫽ 12x2 ⫺ 1

44. f x ⫽ x5 ⫺ 7 77. f x ⫽ x ⫺ 4 ⫹ 1

78. f x ⫽ ⫺ x ⫺ 1 ⫺ 2

In Exercises 79 and 80, use the graph of the function f to 95. f ⫺1 ⬚ f ⫺16 96. g⫺1 ⬚ g⫺1⫺4
complete the table and sketch the graph of f ⫺1. 97. f ⬚ g ⫺1
98. g⫺1 ⬚ f ⫺1
79. y
x f ⫺1x
In Exercises 99–102, use the functions f x ⴝ x 1 4 and
4
⫺4 gx ⴝ 2x ⴚ 5 to find the specified function.
2 f
⫺2 99. g⫺1 ⬚ f ⫺1 100. f ⫺1 ⬚ g⫺1
x
−4 −2 2 4 101. f ⬚ g ⫺1
102. g ⬚ f ⫺1
2
103. Shoe Sizes The table shows men’s shoe sizes in the
3 United States and the corresponding European shoe sizes.
Let y ⫽ f x represent the function that gives the men’s
80. y
x f ⫺1x European shoe size in terms of x, the men’s U.S. size.

4 ⫺3
f Men’s U.S. Men’s European
⫺2 shoe size shoe size
x
−4 −2 4 0 8 41
−2
9 42
−4 6 10 43
11 45
In Exercises 81– 88, use the graphs of y ⴝ f x and y ⴝ g x 12 46
to evaluate the function. 13 47
y y
(a) Is f one-to-one? Explain.
4 6
y = f(x)
4 (b) Find f 11.
y = g(x) (c) Find f ⫺143, if possible.
2
x
−4 −2 2 4 x (d) Find f f ⫺141.
−2 −6 −4 2 4
−2 (e) Find f ⫺1 f 13.
−4 −4
104. Shoe Sizes The table shows women’s shoe sizes in the
United States and the corresponding European shoe sizes.
81. f ⫺10 82. g⫺10 Let y ⫽ gx epresent the function that gives the women’s
83. f ⬚ g2 84. g f ⫺4 European shoe size in terms of x, the women’s U.S. size.
85. f ⫺1g0 86. g⫺1 ⬚ f 3
87. g ⬚ f ⫺12 88. f ⫺1 ⬚ g⫺1⫺2 Women’s U.S. Women’s European
shoe size shoe size
Graphical Reasoning In Exercises 89–92, (a) use a 4 35
graphing utility to graph the function, (b) use the draw
5 37
inverse feature of the graphing utility to draw the inverse of
the function, and (c) determine whether the graph of the 6 38
inverse relation is an inverse function, explaining your 7 39
reasoning. 8 40
89. f x ⫽ x 3 ⫹ x ⫹ 1 90. hx ⫽ x4 ⫺ x 2 9 42

3x 2 4x
91. gx ⫽ 92. f x ⫽ (a) Is g one-to-one? Explain.
x2 ⫹ 1 x 2 ⫹ 15
(b) Find g6.
(c) Find g⫺142).
In Exercises 93–98, use the functions f x ⴝ
1
ⴚ 3 and 8x
(d) Find gg⫺139.
gx ⴝ x to find the indicated value or function.
3
(e) Find g⫺1g5.
93. f ⫺1 ⬚ g⫺11 94. g⫺1 ⬚ f ⫺1⫺3

105. Transportation The total values of new car sales f (in 110. Proof Prove that if f is a one-to-one odd function, f ⫺1 is
billions of dollars) in the United States from 1995 through an odd function.
2004 are shown in the table. The time (in years) is given
by t, with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 1995. (Source: In Exercises 111–114, decide whether the two functions
National Automobile Dealers Association) shown in the graph appear to be inverse functions of each
other. Explain your reasoning.
y y
Year, t Sales, f t 111. 112.
3 3
5 456.2 2 2
6 490.0 1
7 507.5 x x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 −3 −2 2 3
8 546.3 −2
9 606.5 −3
10 650.3
113. y 114. y
11 690.4
3
12 679.5
2 2
13 699.2 1
14 714.3 x x
−1 2 3 −2 −1 1 2

(a) Does f ⫺1 exist? −2

(b) If f ⫺1
exists, what does it mean in the context of the
problem?
In Exercises 115–118, determine if the situation could be
(c) If f ⫺1 exists, find f ⫺1650.3.
represented by a one-to-one function. If so, write a state-
(d) If the table above were extended to 2005 and if the ment that describes the inverse function.
total value of new car sales for that year were $690.4
billion, would f ⫺1 exist? Explain. 115. The number of miles n a marathon runner has completed
in terms of the time t in hours
106. Hourly Wage Your wage is $8.00 per hour plus $0.75
for each unit produced per hour. So, your hourly wage y 116. The population p of South Carolina in terms of the year t
in terms of the number of units produced x is from 1960 to 2005
y ⫽ 8 ⫹ 0.75x. 117. The depth of the tide d at a beach in terms of the time t
(a) Find the inverse function. What does each variable in over a 24-hour period
the inverse function represent? 118. The height h in inches of a human born in the year 2000
(b) Use a graphing utility to graph the function and its in terms of his or her age n in years
inverse function.
Skills Review
(c) Use the trace feature of a graphing utility to find the
hourly wage when 10 units are produced per hour. In Exercises 119–122, write the rational expression in
(d) Use the trace feature of a graphing utility to find the simplest form.
number of units produced when your hourly wage is
27x3 5x2y
$22.25. 119. 120.
3x2 xy ⫹ 5x
Synthesis x2 ⫺ 36 x2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 40
121. 122.
6⫺x x2 ⫺ 3x ⫺ 10
True or False? In Exercises 107 and 108, determine
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
In Exercises 123–128, determine whether the equation
107. If f is an even function, f ⫺1 exists. represents y as a function of x.
108. If the inverse function of f exists, and the graph of f has a 123. 4x ⫺ y ⫽ 3 124. x ⫽ 5
y-intercept, the y-intercept of f is an x-intercept of f ⫺1.
125. x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽9 126. x2 ⫹ y ⫽ 8
109. Proof Prove that if f and g are one-to-one functions, 127. y ⫽ x ⫹ 2 128. x ⫺ y2 ⫽ 0
f ⬚ g⫺1x ⫽ g⫺1 ⬚ f ⫺1x.

1.7 Linear Models and Scatter Plots

Scatter Plots and Correlation What you should learn
䊏 Construct scatter plots and interpret
Many real-life situations involve finding relationships between two variables, correlation.
such as the year and the outstanding household credit market debt. In a typical 䊏 Use scatter plots and a graphing utility
situation, data is collected and written as a set of ordered pairs. The graph of to find linear models for data.
such a set is called a scatter plot. (For a brief discussion of scatter plots, see
Why you should learn it
Appendix B.1.)
Real-life data often follows a linear pattern.
For instance, in Exercise 20 on page 81, you
Example 1 Constructing a Scatter Plot will find a linear model for the winning times
in the women’s 400-meter freestyle Olympic
The data in the table shows the outstanding household credit market debt D (in swimming event.
trillions of dollars) from 1998 through 2004. Construct a scatter plot of the data.
(Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System)

Household credit
Year market debt, D
(in trillions of dollars)
1998 6.0
1999 6.4
2000 7.0
Nick Wilson/Getty Images
2001 7.6
2002 8.4
2003 9.2
2004 10.3

Solution
Begin by representing the data with a set of ordered pairs. Let t represent the year,
with t ⫽ 8 corresponding to 1998.
共8, 6.0兲, 共9, 6.4兲, 共10, 7.0兲, 共11, 7.6兲, 共12, 8.4兲, 共13, 9.2兲, 共14, 10.3兲
Then plot each point in a coordinate plane, as shown in Figure 1.76. Household Credit
Market Debt
Now try Exercise 1. D
Debt (in trillions of dollars)

From the scatter plot in Figure 1.76, it appears that the points describe a 10
relationship that is nearly linear. The relationship is not exactly linear because the 9
household credit market debt did not increase by precisely the same amount each 8
year.
7
A mathematical equation that approximates the relationship between t and D
6
is a mathematical model. When developing a mathematical model to describe a
set of data, you strive for two (often conflicting) goals—accuracy and simplicity. 5
For the data above, a linear model of the form t
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
D ⫽ at ⫹ b Year (8 ↔ 1998)
appears to be best. It is simple and relatively accurate. Figure 1.76

Consider a collection of ordered pairs of the form 共x, y兲. If y tends to increase
as x increases, the collection is said to have a positive correlation. If y tends to
decrease as x increases, the collection is said to have a negative correlation.
Figure 1.77 shows three examples: one with a positive correlation, one with a
negative correlation, and one with no (discernible) correlation.
y y y

x x x

Positive Correlation Negative Correlation No Correlation

Figure 1.77

Example 2 Interpreting Correlation

y
On a Friday, 22 students in a class were asked to record the numbers of hours they
100
spent studying for a test on Monday and the numbers of hours they spent watching
television. The results are shown below. (The first coordinate is the number of 80

Test scores
hours and the second coordinate is the score obtained on the test.)
60
Study Hours: 共0, 40兲, 共1, 41兲, 共2, 51兲, 共3, 58兲, 共3, 49兲, 共4, 48兲, 共4, 64兲,
共5, 55兲, 共5, 69兲, 共5, 58兲, 共5, 75兲, 共6, 68兲, 共6, 63兲, 共6, 93兲, 共7, 84兲, 共7, 67兲, 40

共8, 90兲, 共8, 76兲, 共9, 95兲, 共9, 72兲, 共9, 85兲, 共10, 98兲 20

TV Hours: 共0, 98兲, 共1, 85兲, 共2, 72兲, 共2, 90兲, 共3, 67兲, 共3, 93兲, 共3, 95兲, x
共4, 68兲, 共4, 84兲, 共5, 76兲, 共7, 75兲, 共7, 58兲, 共9, 63兲, 共9, 69兲, 共11, 55兲, 2 4 6 8 10
共12, 58兲, 共14, 64兲, 共16, 48兲, 共17, 51兲, 共18, 41兲, 共19, 49兲, 共20, 40兲 Study hours

a. Construct a scatter plot for each set of data. y

b. Determine whether the points are positively correlated, are negatively 100
correlated, or have no discernible correlation. What can you conclude?
80
Test scores

Solution
60
a. Scatter plots for the two sets of data are shown in Figure 1.78.
40
b. The scatter plot relating study hours and test scores has a positive correlation.
This means that the more a student studied, the higher his or her score tended 20
to be. The scatter plot relating television hours and test scores has a negative
x
correlation. This means that the more time a student spent watching television, 4 8 12 16 20
the lower his or her score tended to be. TV hours
Now try Exercise 3. Figure 1.78

Fitting a Line to Data

Finding a linear model to represent the relationship described by a scatter plot is
called fitting a line to data. You can do this graphically by simply sketching the
line that appears to fit the points, finding two points on the line, and then finding
the equation of the line that passes through the two points.

Example 3 Fitting a Line to Data

Find a linear model that relates the year to the outstanding household credit mar-
ket debt. (See Example 1.)

Household credit
Year market debt, D
(in trillions of dollars) Household Credit
1998 6.0 Market Debt
D
1999 6.4
D = 0.7(t − 9) + 6.4

Debt (in trillions of dollars)

2000 7.0 11

2001 7.6 10

2002 8.4 9

2003 9.2 8

2004 10.3 7
6
Solution 5
Let t represent the year, with t ⫽ 8 corresponding to 1998. After plotting the data t
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
in the table, draw the line that you think best represents the data, as shown in
Figure 1.79. Two points that lie on this line are 共9, 6.4兲 and 共13, 9.2兲. Using the Year (8 ↔ 1998)
point-slope form, you can find the equation of the line to be Figure 1.79

D ⫽ 0.7共t ⫺ 9兲 ⫹ 6.4
⫽ 0.7t ⫹ 0.1. Linear model

Now try Exercise 11(a) and (b).

Once you have found a model, you can measure how well the model fits the STUDY TIP
data by comparing the actual values with the values given by the model, as shown
in the following table. The model in Example 3 is
based on the two data points
t 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 chosen. If different points are
chosen, the model may change
Actual D 6.0 6.4 7.0 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.3 somewhat. For instance, if you
Model D 5.7 6.4 7.1 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.9 choose 共8, 6兲 and 共14, 10.3兲,
the new model is
The sum of the squares of the differences between the actual values and the D ⫽ 0.72共t ⫺ 8) ⫹ 6
model values is the sum of the squared differences. The model that has the least
sum is the least squares regression line for the data. For the model in Example ⫽ 0.72t ⫹ 0.24.
3, the sum of the squared differences is 0.31. The least squares regression line for
the data is
D ⫽ 0.71t. Best-fitting linear model

Its sum of squared differences is 0.3015. See Appendix C for more on the least
squares regression line.

Example 4 A Mathematical Model

The numbers S (in billions) of shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange for
the years 1995 through 2004 are shown in the table. (Source: New York Stock
Exchange, Inc.)

Year Shares, S
1995 154.7
1996 176.9 TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT
1997 207.1 For instructions on how to use the
1998 239.3 regression feature, see Appendix
A; for specific keystrokes, go to
1999 280.9
this textbook’s Online Study
2000 313.9 Center.
2001 341.5
2002 349.9
2003 359.7
2004 380.8

a. Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find a linear model for the
data. Let t represent the year, with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 1995.
b. How closely does the model represent the data?

Graphical Solution Numerical Solution

a. Enter the data into the graphing utility’s list editor. Then a. Using the linear regression feature of a graphing utility,
use the linear regression feature to obtain the model you can find that a linear model for the data is
shown in Figure 1.80. You can approximate the model S ⫽ 26.47t ⫹ 29.0.
to be S ⫽ 26.47t ⫹ 29.0. b. You can see how well the model fits the data by
b. You can use a graphing utility to graph the actual data comparing the actual values of S with the values of S
and the model in the same viewing window. In Figure given by the model, which are labeled S* in the table
1.81, it appears that the model is a fairly good fit for the below. From the table, you can see that the model
actual data. appears to be a good fit for the actual data.

500 Year S S*
1995 154.7 161.4
1996 176.9 187.8
S = 26.47t + 29.0 1997 207.1 214.3
0 18
0
1998 239.3 240.8
Figure 1.80 Figure 1.81
1999 280.9 267.2
2000 313.9 293.7
2001 341.5 320.2
2002 349.9 346.6
2003 359.7 373.1
Now try Exercise 9. 2004 380.8 399.6

When you use the regression feature of a graphing calculator or computer TECHNOLOGY TIP
program to find a linear model for data, you will notice that the program may also
For some calculators, the
output an “r-value.” For instance, the r-value from Example 4 was r ⬇ 0.985.
diagnostics on feature must be
This r-value is the correlation coefficient of the data and gives a measure of how
selected before the regression
well the model fits the data. Correlation coefficients vary between ⫺1 and 1.
feature is used in order to see the
ⱍⱍ
Basically, the closer r is to 1, the better the points can be described by a line.
r-value or correlation coefficient.
Three examples are shown in Figure 1.82.
To learn how to use this feature,
18 18 18 consult your user’s manual.

0 9 0 9 0 9
0 0 0
r ⫽ 0.972 r ⫽ ⫺0.856 r ⫽ 0.190
Figure 1.82

Example 5 Finding a Least Squares Regression Line

The following ordered pairs 共w, h兲 represent the shoe sizes w and the heights h (in
inches) of 25 men. Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find the least
squares regression line for the data.
共10.0, 70.5兲共10.5, 71.0兲共9.5, 69.0兲共11.0, 72.0兲共12.0, 74.0兲
共8.5, 67.0兲共9.0, 68.5兲共13.0, 76.0兲共10.5, 71.5兲共10.5, 70.5兲
共10.0, 71.0兲共9.5, 70.0兲共10.0, 71.0兲共10.5, 71.0兲共11.0, 71.5兲
共12.0, 73.5兲共12.5, 75.0兲共11.0, 72.0兲共9.0, 68.0兲共10.0, 70.0兲
共13.0, 75.5兲共10.5, 72.0兲共10.5, 71.0兲共11.0, 73.0兲共8.5, 67.5兲

Solution
After entering the data into a graphing utility (see Figure 1.83), you obtain the
model shown in Figure 1.84. So, the least squares regression line for the data is
h ⫽ 1.84w ⫹ 51.9.
In Figure 1.85, this line is plotted with the data. Note that the plot does not have
25 points because some of the ordered pairs graph as the same point. The corre-
lation coefficient for this model is r ⬇ 0.981, which implies that the model is a
good fit for the data.
90

h = 1.84w + 51.9

8 14
50

Figure 1.83 Figure 1.84 Figure 1.85

Now try Exercise 20.

1.7 Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blanks.

1. Consider a collection of ordered pairs of the form 共x, y兲. If y tends to increase as x increases,
then the collection is said to have a _______ correlation.
2. Consider a collection of ordered pairs of the form 共x, y兲. If y tends to decrease as x increases,
then the collection is said to have a _______ correlation.
3. The process of finding a linear model for a set of data is called _______ .
4. Correlation coefficients vary between _______ and _______ .

1. Sales The following ordered pairs give the years of 5. y 6. y

experience x for 15 sales representatives and the monthly
sales y (in thousands of dollars).

共1.5, 41.7兲, 共1.0, 32.4兲, 共0.3, 19.2兲, 共3.0, 48.4兲, 共4.0, 51.2兲,
共0.5, 28.5兲, 共2.5, 50.4兲, 共1.8, 35.5兲, 共2.0, 36.0兲,
共1.5, 40.0兲, 共3.5, 50.3兲, 共4.0, 55.2兲, 共0.5, 29.1兲, 共2.2, 43.2兲,
共2.0, 41.6兲 x x

(a) Create a scatter plot of the data.

(b) Does the relationship between x and y appear to be In Exercises 7–10, (a) for the data points given, draw a line
approximately linear? Explain. of best fit through two of the points and find the equation of
the line through the points, (b) use the regression feature of
2. Quiz Scores The following ordered pairs give the scores on a graphing utility to find a linear model for the data, and to
two consecutive 15-point quizzes for a class of 18 students. identify the correlation coefficient, (c) graph the data points
共7, 13兲, 共9, 7兲, 共14, 14兲, 共15, 15兲, 共10, 15兲, 共9, 7兲, and the lines obtained in parts (a) and (b) in the same
共14, 11兲, 共14, 15兲, 共8, 10兲, 共9, 10兲, 共15, 9兲, 共10, 11兲, viewing window, and (d) comment on the validity of both
共11, 14兲, 共7, 14兲, 共11, 10兲, 共14, 11兲, 共10, 15兲, 共9, 6兲 models. To print an enlarged copy of the graph, go to the
website www.mathgraphs.com.
(a) Create a scatter plot of the data.
7. y 8. y
(b) Does the relationship between consecutive quiz scores
4 (2, 3) (4, 3) 6
appear to be approximately linear? If not, give some (−2, 6)
possible explanations. (−1, 1) 2 (0, 2) (−1, 4) (1, 1)
x (0, 2)
In Exercises 3– 6, the scatter plots of sets of data are shown. (−3, 0) 2 4 (2, 1)
Determine whether there is positive correlation, negative −2 x
−2 2 4
correlation, or no discernible correlation between the
−4 −2
variables.
9. y 10. y
3. y 4. y
6
(5, 6) (0, 7)
6 (2, 5)
4 (3, 4)
4 (4, 3)
(0, 2)
(2, 2)
2
x (3, 2) (6, 0)
(1, 1) 4 6 x
x x −2 2 4 6

11. Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law states that the force F 13. Sports The mean salaries S (in thousands of dollars) for
required to compress or stretch a spring (within its elastic professional football players in the United States from
limits) is proportional to the distance d that the spring is 2000 to 2004 are shown in the table. (Source: National
compressed or stretched from its original length. That is, Collegiate Athletic Assn.)
F ⫽ kd, where k is the measure of the stiffness of the
spring and is called the spring constant. The table shows Mean salary, S
the elongation d in centimeters of a spring when a force of Year
(in thousands of dollars)
F kilograms is applied.
2000 787
2001 986
Force, F Elongation, d 2002 1180
20 1.4 2003 1259
40 2.5 2004 1331
60 4.0 (a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
80 5.3 data, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 2000.
100 6.6 (b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year,
(a) Sketch a scatter plot of the data. with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 2000.
(c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
(b) Find the equation of the line that seems to best fit the
model in the same viewing window. Is the model a
data.
good fit? Explain.
(c) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
(d) Use the model to predict the mean salaries for
a linear model for the data. Compare this model with
professional football players in 2005 and 2010. Do the
the model from part (b).
results seem reasonable? Explain.
(d) Use the model from part (c) to estimate the elongation (e) What is the slope of your model? What does it tell you
of the spring when a force of 55 kilograms is applied. about the mean salaries of professional football
12. Cell Phones The average lengths L of cellular phone players?
calls in minutes from 1999 to 2004 are shown in the table. 14. Teacher’s Salaries The mean salaries S (in thousands of
(Source: Cellular Telecommunications & Internet dollars) of public school teachers in the United States from
Association) 1999 to 2004 are shown in the table. (Source:
Educational Research Service)
Average length, L
Year Mean salary, S
(in minutes) Year
(in thousands of dollars)
1999 2.38
1999 41.4
2000 2.56
2000 42.2
2001 2.74
2001 43.7
2002 2.73
2002 43.8
2003 2.87
2004 3.05 2003 45.0
2004 45.6
(a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the (a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
data, with t ⫽ 9 corresponding to 1999. data, with t ⫽ 9 corresponding to 1999.
(b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find (b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year, a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year,
with t ⫽ 9 corresponding to 1999. with t ⫽ 9 corresponding to 1999.
(c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the (c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
model in the same viewing window. Is the model a model in the same viewing window. Is the model a
good fit? Explain. good fit? Explain.
(d) Use the model to predict the average lengths of cellular (d) Use the model to predict the mean salaries for teachers
phone calls for the years 2010 and 2015. Do your in 2005 and 2010. Do the results seem reasonable?
answers seem reasonable? Explain. Explain.

15. Cable Television The average monthly cable television (a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
bills C (in dollars) for a basic plan from 1990 to 2004 are data, with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 2005.
shown in the table. (Source: Kagan Research, LLC) (b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year,
Monthly bill, C with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 2005.
Year
(in dollars) (c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
1990 16.78 model in the same viewing window. Is the model a
good fit? Explain.
1991 18.10
1992 19.08 (d) Use the model to predict the population of New Jersey
in 2050. Does the result seem reasonable? Explain.
1993 19.39
17. State Population The projected populations P (in
1994 21.62
thousands) for selected years for Wyoming based on the
1995 23.07 2000 census are shown in the table. (Source: U.S. Census
1996 24.41 Bureau)
1997 26.48
1998 27.81 Population, P
Year
1999 28.92 (in thousands)
2000 30.37 2005 507
2001 32.87 2010 520
2002 34.71 2015 528
2003 36.59 2020 531
2004 38.23 2025 529
(a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the 2030 523
data, with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 1990.
(b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find (a) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
a linear model for the data and to identify the data, with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 2005.
correlation coefficient. Let t represent the year, with (b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 1990. a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year,
(c) Graph the model with the data in the same viewing with t ⫽ 5 corresponding to 2005.
window. (c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
(d) Is the model a good fit for the data? Explain. model in the same viewing window. Is the model a
(e) Use the model to predict the average monthly cable good fit? Explain.
bills for the years 2005 and 2010. (d) Use the model to predict the population of Wyoming in
(f) Do you believe the model would be accurate to predict 2050. Does the result seem reasonable? Explain.
the average monthly cable bills for future years? 18. Advertising and Sales The table shows the advertising
Explain. expenditures x and sales volumes y for a company for seven
16. State Population The projected populations P (in randomly selected months. Both are measured in thousands
thousands) for selected years for New Jersey based on the of dollars.
2000 census are shown in the table. (Source: U.S. Census
Bureau)
Advertising Sales
Month
expenditures, x volume, y
Population, P
Year 1 2.4 202
(in thousands)
2005 8745 2 1.6 184
2010 9018 3 2.0 220
2015 9256 4 2.6 240
2020 9462 5 1.4 180
2025 9637 6 1.6 164
2030 9802 7 2.0 186

(a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find (b) What information is given by the sign of the slope of
a linear model for the data and to identify the the model?
correlation coefficient. (c) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
(b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the model in the same viewing window.
model in the same viewing window. (d) Create a table showing the actual values of y and the
(c) Interpret the slope of the model in the context of the values of y given by the model. How closely does the
problem. model fit the data?
(d) Use the model to estimate sales for advertising (e) Can the model be used to predict the winning times in
expenditures of $1500. the future? Explain.
19. Number of Stores The table shows the numbers T of Synthesis
Target stores from 1997 to 2006. (Source: Target Corp.)
True or False? In Exercises 21 and 22, determine whether
the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
Year Number of stores, T
21. A linear regression model with a positive correlation will
1997 1130 have a slope that is greater than 0.
1998 1182 22. If the correlation coefficient for a linear regression model is
1999 1243 close to ⫺1, the regression line cannot be used to describe
2000 1307 the data.
2001 1381 23. Writing A linear mathematical model for predicting prize
2002 1475 winnings at a race is based on data for 3 years. Write a
2003 1553 paragraph discussing the potential accuracy or inaccuracy
2004 1308 of such a model.
2005 1400 24. Research Project Use your school’s library, the Internet,
or some other reference source to locate data that you think
2006 1505
describes a linear relationship. Create a scatter plot of the
data and find the least squares regression line that repre-
(a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
sents the points. Interpret the slope and y-intercept in the
a linear model for the data and to identify the
context of the data. Write a summary of your findings.
correlation coefficient. Let t represent the year, with
t ⫽ 7 corresponding to 1997.
Skills Review
(b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the
model in the same viewing window. In Exercises 25–28, evaluate the function at each value of
(c) Interpret the slope of the model in the context of the the independent variable and simplify.
problem. 25. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 5
(d) Use the model to find the year in which the number of (a) f 共⫺1兲 (b) f 共w ⫹ 2兲
Target stores will exceed 1800.
26. g共x兲 ⫽ 5x2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 1
(e) Create a table showing the actual values of T and the
values of T given by the model. How closely does the (a) g共⫺2兲 (b) g共z ⫺ 2兲
model fit the data?
20. Sports The following ordered pairs 共t, T兲 represent the
27. h共x兲 ⫽ 冦
1 ⫺ x2, x ≤ 0
2x ⫹ 3, x > 0
Olympic year t and the winning time T (in minutes) in the (a) h共1兲 (b) h共0兲
women’s 400-meter freestyle swimming event. (Source:
The World Almanac 2005) 28. k共x兲 ⫽ 冦5x ⫺⫹2x,4,
2
x < ⫺1
x ≥ ⫺1
共1948, 5.30兲共1968, 4.53兲共1988, 4.06兲
(a) k共⫺3兲 (b) k共⫺1兲
共1952, 5.20兲共1972, 4.32兲共1992, 4.12兲
共1956, 4.91兲共1976, 4.16兲共1996, 4.12兲
共1960, 4.84兲共1980, 4.15兲共2000, 4.10兲 In Exercises 29–34, solve the equation algebraically. Check
共1964, 4.72兲共1984, 4.12兲共2004, 4.09兲 your solution graphically.
29. 6x ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺9x ⫺ 8 30. 3共x ⫺ 3兲 ⫽ 7x ⫹ 2
(a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
a linear model for the data. Let t represent the year, 31. 8x2 ⫺ 10x ⫺ 3 ⫽ 0 32. 10x2 ⫺ 23x ⫺ 5 ⫽ 0
with t ⫽ 0 corresponding to 1950. 33. 2x2 ⫺ 7x ⫹ 4 ⫽ 0 34. 2x2 ⫺ 8x ⫹ 5 ⫽ 0

What Did You Learn?

Key Terms
slope, p. 3 range, p. 16 odd function, p. 36
point-slope form, p. 5 independent variable, p. 18 rigid transformation, p. 47
slope-intercept form, p. 7 dependent variable, p. 18 inverse function, p. 62
parallel lines, p. 9 function notation, p. 18 one-to-one, p. 66
perpendicular lines, p. 9 graph of a function, p. 30 Horizontal Line Test, p. 66
function, p. 16 Vertical Line Test, p. 31 positive correlation, p. 74
domain, p. 16 even function, p. 36 negative correlation, p. 74

Key Concepts
1.1 䊏
Find and use the slopes of lines to write and 3. A nonrigid transformation distorts the graph by
graph linear equations stretching or shrinking the graph horizontally or
1. The slope m of the nonvertical line through 共x1, y1兲 vertically.
and 共x2, y2 兲, where x1 ⫽ x 2, is
1.5 䊏
Find arithmetic combinations and
y ⫺ y1 change in y compositions of functions
m⫽ 2 ⫽ . 1. An arithmetic combination of functions is the sum,
x2 ⫺ x1 change in x
difference, product, or quotient of two functions. The
2. The point-slope form of the equation of the line that domain of the arithmetic combination is the set of all
passes through the point 共x1, y1兲 and has a slope of m real numbers that are common to the two functions.
is y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m共x ⫺ x1兲.
2. The composition of the function f with the function
3. The graph of the equation y ⫽ mx ⫹ b is a line g is
whose slope is m and whose y-intercept is 共0, b兲.
共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 ⫽ f 共 g共x兲兲.
1.2 䊏 Evaluate functions and find their domains The domain of f ⬚ g is the set of all x in the domain
1. To evaluate a function f 共x兲, replace the independent of g such that g共x兲 is in the domain of f.
variable x with a value and simplify the expression.
2. The domain of a function is the set of all real 1.6 䊏 Find inverse functions
numbers for which the function is defined. 1. If the point 共a, b兲 lies on the graph of f, then the
point 共b, a兲 must lie on the graph of its inverse
1.3 䊏 Analyze graphs of functions function f ⫺1, and vice versa. This means that the
1. The graph of a function may have intervals over graph of f ⫺1 is a reflection of the graph of f in the
which the graph increases, decreases, or is constant. line y ⫽ x.
2. The points at which a function changes its increasing, 2. Use the Horizontal Line Test to decide if f has
decreasing, or constant behavior are the relative mini- an inverse function. To find an inverse function
mum and relative maximum values of the function. algebraically, replace f 共x兲 by y, interchange the
3. An even function is symmetric with respect to the roles of x and y and solve for y, and replace y by
y-axis. An odd function is symmetric with respect to f⫺1共x兲 in the new equation.
the origin. 1.7 䊏 Use scatter plots and find linear models
1.4 䊏
Identify and graph shifts, reflections, and 1. A scatter plot is a graphical representation of data
nonrigid transformations of functions written as a set of ordered pairs.
1. Vertical and horizontal shifts of a graph are 2. The best-fitting linear model can be found using the
transformations in which the graph is shifted up or linear regression feature of a graphing utility or a
down, and left or right. computer program.
2. A reflection transformation is a mirror image of a
graph in a line.

Review Exercises See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

1.1 In Exercises 1 and 2, sketch the lines with the indicated Rate of Change In Exercises 23–26, you are given the
slopes through the point on the same set of the coordinate dollar value of a product in 2008 and the rate at which the
axes. value of the item is expected to change during the next
5 years. Use this information to write a linear equation that
Point Slope gives the dollar value V of the product in terms of the year
1. 共1, 1兲 (a) 2 (b) 0 t. (Let t ⴝ 8 represent 2008.)
(c) ⫺1 (d) Undefined
2008 Value Rate
2. 共⫺2, ⫺3兲
1
(a) 1 (b) ⫺ 2 23. $12,500 $850 increase per year
(c) 4 (d) 0 24. $3795 $115 decrease per year
25. $625.50 $42.70 increase per year
In Exercises 3– 8, plot the two points and find the slope of 26. $72.95 $5.15 decrease per year
the line passing through the points.
27. Sales During the second and third quarters of the year, an
3. 共⫺3, 2兲, 共8, 2兲 e-commerce business had sales of $160,000 and $185,000,
4. 共7, ⫺1兲, 共7, 12兲 respectively. The growth of sales follows a linear pattern.
5. 共 23, 1兲, 共5, 52 兲 Estimate sales during the fourth quarter.
6. 共⫺ 34, 56 兲, 共12, ⫺ 52 兲 28. Depreciation The dollar value of a DVD player in 2006
is $225. The product will decrease in value at an expected
7. 共⫺4.5, 6兲, 共2.1, 3兲
rate of $12.75 per year.
8 共⫺2.7, ⫺6.3兲, 共⫺1, ⫺1.2兲
(a) Write a linear equation that gives the dollar value V of
the DVD player in terms of the year t. (Let t ⫽ 6
In Exercises 9–18, (a) use the point on the line and the slope represent 2006.)
of the line to find the general form of the equation of the
line, and (b) find three additional points through which the (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the equation found in
line passes. (There are many correct answers.) part (a). Be sure to choose an appropriate viewing
window. State the dimensions of your viewing window,
Point Slope and explain why you chose the values that you did.
9. 共2, ⫺1兲 m ⫽ 14 (c) Use the value or trace feature of your graphing utility
10. 共⫺3, 5兲 m ⫽ ⫺ 32 to estimate the dollar value of the DVD player
11. 共0, ⫺5兲 m ⫽ 32 in 2010. Confirm your answer algebraically.

12. 共3, 0兲 m ⫽ ⫺ 23 (d) According to the model, when will the DVD player
have no value?
13. 共 ⫺5兲
1
5, m ⫽ ⫺1
14. 共0, 78 兲 m ⫽ ⫺ 45 In Exercises 29–32, write the slope-intercept forms of the
15. 共⫺2, 6兲 m⫽0 equations of the lines through the given point (a) parallel to
16. 共⫺8, 8兲 m⫽0 the given line and (b) perpendicular to the given line. Verify
your result with a graphing utility (use a square setting).
17. 共10, ⫺6兲 m is undefined.
18. 共5, 4兲 m is undefined. Point Line
29. 共3, ⫺2兲 5x ⫺ 4y ⫽ 8
In Exercises 19–22, find the slope-intercept form of the 30. 共⫺8, 3兲 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 5
equation of the line that passes through the points. Use a
31. 共⫺6, 2兲 x⫽4
graphing utility to graph the line.
32. 共3, ⫺4兲 y⫽2
19. 共2, ⫺1兲, 共4, ⫺1兲
20. 共0, 0兲, 共0, 10兲
21. 共⫺1, 0兲, 共6, 2兲
22. 共1, 6兲, 共4, 2兲

1.2 In Exercises 33 and 34, which sets of ordered pairs 45. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪25 ⫺ x 2
represent functions from A to B? Explain.
46. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x 2 ⫺ 16
33. A ⫽ 再10, 20, 30, 40冎 and B ⫽ 再0, 2, 4, 6冎 5s ⫹ 5 2x ⫹ 1
47. g共s兲 ⫽ 48. f 共x兲 ⫽
(a) 再共20, 4兲, 共40, 0兲, 共20, 6兲, 共30, 2兲冎 3s ⫺ 9 3x ⫹ 4
(b) 再共10, 4兲, 共20, 4兲, 共30, 4兲, 共40, 4兲冎 49. Cost A hand tool manufacturer produces a product for
which the variable cost is $5.35 per unit and the fixed costs
(c) 再共40, 0兲, 共30, 2兲, 共20, 4兲, 共10, 6兲冎
are $16,000. The company sells the product for $8.20 and
(d) 再共20, 2兲, 共10, 0兲, 共40, 4兲冎 can sell all that it produces.
34. A ⫽ 再u, v, w冎 and B ⫽ 再⫺2, ⫺1, 0, 1, 2冎 (a) Write the total cost C as a function of x, the number of
(a) 再共v, ⫺1兲, 共u, 2兲, 共w, 0兲, 共u, ⫺2兲冎 units produced.
(b) 再共u, ⫺2兲, 共v, 2兲, 共w, 1兲冎 (b) Write the profit P as a function of x.
(c) 再共u, 2兲, 共v, 2兲, 共w, 1兲, 共w, 1兲冎 50. Consumerism The retail sales R (in billions of dollars) of
lawn care products and services in the United States from
(d) 再共w, ⫺2兲, 共v, 0兲, 共w, 2兲冎
1997 to 2004 can be approximated by the model

冦0.126t ⫺ 0.89t ⫹ 6.8,

In Exercises 35–38, determine whether the equation 2 7 ≤ t < 11
R共t兲 ⫽
represents y as a function of x. 0.1442t ⫺ 5.611t ⫹ 71.10t ⫺ 282.4,
3 2
11 ≤ t ≤ 14
35. 16x 2 ⫺ y 2 ⫽ 0 where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 7 corresponding
36. 2x ⫺ y ⫺ 3 ⫽ 0 to 1997. Use the table feature of a graphing utility to
37. y ⫽ 冪1 ⫺ x approximate the retail sales of lawn care products and
services for each year from 1997 to 2004. (Source: The
ⱍⱍ
38. y ⫽ x ⫹ 2
National Gardening Association)
In Exercises 39–42, evaluate the function at each specified
In Exercises 51 and 52, find the difference quotient and
value of the independent variable, and simplify.
simplify your answer.
39. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1
f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲
51. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 1, , h⫽0
(a) f 共1兲 (b) f 共⫺3兲 h

(c) f 共b3兲 (d) f 共x ⫺ 1兲 f 共x ⫹ h兲 ⫺ f 共x兲

52. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ x, , h⫽0
h
40. g共x兲 ⫽ x 4兾3

(a) g共8兲 (b) g共t ⫹ 1兲 1.3 In Exercises 53–56, use a graphing utility to graph the
function and estimate its domain and range. Then find the
(c) g共⫺27兲 (d) g共⫺x兲 domain and range algebraically.

41. h共x兲 ⫽ 冦2xx ⫹⫹ 1,2,

2
x ≤ ⫺1
x > ⫺1
53. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 2x2
54. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪2x2 ⫺ 1
(a) h共⫺2兲 (b) h共⫺1兲 55. h 共x兲 ⫽ 冪36 ⫺ x2

(c) h共0兲 (d) h共2兲

56. g共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 5 ⱍ ⱍ
3 In Exercises 57–60, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the
42. f 共x兲 ⫽
2x ⫺ 5 equation and (b) use the Vertical Line Test to determine
whether y is a function of x.
(a) f 共1兲 (b) f 共⫺2兲
(c) f 共t兲 (d) f 共10兲 x2 ⫹ 3x
57. y ⫽
6
In Exercises 43–48, find the domain of the function. 2
58. y ⫽ ⫺ x ⫹ 5
3 ⱍ ⱍ
x⫺1
43. f 共x兲 ⫽
x⫹2 59. 3x ⫹ y2 ⫽ 2
x2 60. x2 ⫹ y2 ⫽ 49
44. f 共x兲 ⫽
x2 ⫹ 1

In Exercises 61–64, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the 81. 10 82. 2
function and (b) determine the open intervals on which the
−6 6
function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
61. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 3x −6 12
62. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x2 ⫺ 9 −2 −6

63. f 共x兲 ⫽ x冪x ⫺ 6 83. 7 84. 4

64. f 共x兲 ⫽
x⫹8 ⱍ ⱍ
2 −1 11

In Exercises 65–68, use a graphing utility to approximate −6 6

(to two decimal places) any relative minimum or relative −1 −4
maximum values of the function.
65. f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x 2 ⫺ 4兲 2 In Exercises 85– 88, use the graph of y ⴝ f 冇x冈 to graph the
function.
66. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 1
y
67. h共x兲 ⫽ 4x 3 ⫺ x4
6
68. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫺ 4x2 ⫺ 1 (−1, 2)
4
(4, 2)
In Exercises 69–72, sketch the graph of the function by x
hand. −2 2 4 8
−4 (8, −4)
69. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦3xx ⫺⫹4,5, xx <≥ 00 (−4, −4)

70. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冦
x ⫹ 7, 2
x < 1 85. y ⫽ f 共⫺x兲 86. y ⫽ ⫺f 共x兲
x ⫺ 5x ⫹ 6, x ≥ 12
87. y ⫽ f 共x兲 ⫺ 2 88. y ⫽ f 共x ⫺ 1兲
71. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x冁 ⫹ 3
Library of Parent Functions In Exercises 89–100, h is
72. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冀x ⫹ 2冁 related to one of the six parent functions on page 42. (a)
Identify the parent function f. (b) Describe the sequence of
In Exercises 73–78, determine algebraically whether the transformations from f to h. (c) Sketch the graph of h by
function is even, odd, or neither. Verify your answer using a hand. (d) Use function notation to write h in terms of the
graphing utility. parent function f.
73. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 6 89. h共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 6
74. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫺ x ⫺ 1 2
90. h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫺ 3
75. f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x2 ⫺ 8兲2 91. h 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 2兲3 ⫹ 5
76. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x3 ⫺ x2 92. h 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫹ 2兲2 ⫺ 8
77. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x5兾 2 93. h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 共x ⫺ 2兲2 ⫺ 8
78. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x 2兾5 94. h共x兲 ⫽ 12 共x ⫺ 3兲2 ⫺ 6
95. h 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 冪x ⫹ 5
1.4 In Exercises 79–84, identify the parent function and 96. h共x兲 ⫽ 2冪x ⫹ 5
describe the transformation shown in the graph. Write an
equation for the graphed function. 97. h共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫺ 1 ⫹ 3

79. 1 80. 6
98. h 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 9 ⱍⱍ
−3 3
99. h共x兲 ⫽ ⫺ 12 x ⫹ 9 ⱍⱍ
100. h共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 8 ⫺ 1 ⱍ ⱍ
−2 10

−3 −2

1.5 In Exercises 101–110, let f 冇x冈 ⴝ 3 ⴚ 2x, g冇x冈 ⴝ 冪x, and 1

121. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 3
h冇x冈 ⴝ 3x2 1 2, and find the indicated values. 2
x⫺4
101. 共 f ⫺ g兲共4兲 122. f 共x兲 ⫽
5
102. 共 f ⫹ h兲共5兲
103. 共 f ⫹ g兲共25兲 In Exercises 123 and 124, show that f and g are inverse
functions (a) graphically and (b) numerically.
104. 共g ⫺ h兲共1兲
105. 共 f h兲共1兲 3⫺x
123. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3 ⫺ 4x, g共x兲 ⫽
4
106. 冢gh冣共1兲 124. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 1, g共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫺ 1, x ≥ 0
107. 共h ⬚ g兲共7兲
In Exercises 125–128, use a graphing utility to graph the
108. 共g ⬚ f 兲共⫺2兲 function and use the Horizontal Line Test to determine
109. 共 f ⬚ h兲共⫺4兲 whether the function is one-to-one and an inverse function
exists.
110. 共g ⬚ h兲共6兲
125. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2 x ⫺ 3
1

In Exercises 111–116, find two functions f and g such that 126. f 共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫺ 1兲2
冇 f ⬚ g冈冇x冈 ⴝ h冇x冈. (There are many correct answers.) 2
127. h共t兲 ⫽
111. h共x兲 ⫽ 共x ⫹ 3兲2 t⫺3
112. h共x兲 ⫽ 共1 ⫺ 2x兲3 128. g共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 6
113. h共x兲 ⫽ 冪4x ⫹ 2
In Exercises 129–134, find the inverse function of f
114. h共x兲 ⫽冪3 共x ⫹ 2兲2
algebraically.
4
115. h共x兲 ⫽ 129. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x ⫺ 5
1
x⫹2
6 7x ⫹ 3
116. h共x兲 ⫽ 130. f 共x兲 ⫽
共3x ⫹ 1兲3 8
131. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4x3 ⫺ 3
Data Analysis In Exercises 117 and 118, the numbers (in 132. f 共x兲 ⫽ 5x3 ⫹ 2
millions) of students taking the SAT 冇 y1冈 and ACT 冇 y2冈 for
133. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪x ⫹ 10
the years 1990 through 2004 can be modeled by
134. f 共x兲 ⫽ 4冪6 ⫺ x
y1 ⴝ 0.00204t2 1 0.0015t 1 1.021
1.7 In Exercises 135 and 136, the scatter plots of sets of data
and
are shown. Determine whether there is positive correlation,
y2 ⴝ 0.0274t 1 0.785 negative correlation, or no discernible correlation between
the variables.
where t represents the year, with t ⴝ 0 corresponding to
1990. (Source: College Entrance Examination Board and 135. y 136. y
ACT, Inc.)

117. Use a graphing utility to graph y1, y2, and y1 ⫹ y2 in the

same viewing window. x x
118. Use the model y1 ⫹ y2 to estimate the total number of
students taking the SAT and ACT in 2008.

1.6 In Exercises 119–122, find the inverse function of f

informally. Verify that f 冇 f ⴚ1 冇x冈冈 ⴝ x and f ⴚ1f 冇x冈冈 ⴝ x.

119. f 共x兲 ⫽ 6x
120. f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 5

137. Education The following ordered pairs give the (a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find
entrance exam scores x and the grade-point averages y a linear model for the data. Let x represent the year,
after 1 year of college for 10 students. with x ⫽ 4 corresponding to 1964. Identify the
correlation coefficient for the model.
共75, 2.3兲, 共82, 3.0兲, 共90, 3.6兲, 共65, 2.0兲, 共70, 2.1兲,
共88, 3.5兲, 共93, 3.9兲, 共69, 2.0兲, 共80, 2.8兲, 共85, 3.3兲 (b) Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the
data.
(a) Create a scatter plot of the data.
(c) Graph the model with the data in the same viewing
(b) Does the relationship between x and y appear to be window.
approximately linear? Explain.
(d) Does the model appear to be a good fit for the data?
138. Stress Test A machine part was tested by bending it x Explain.
centimeters 10 times per minute until it failed
(e) Would this model be appropriate for predicting the
(y equals the time to failure in hours). The results are
winning times in future Olympics? Explain.
given as the following ordered pairs.
共3, 61兲, 共6, 56兲, 共9, 53兲, 共12, 55兲, 共15, 48兲, 共18, 35兲, Height In Exercises 141–144, the following ordered pairs
共21, 36兲, 共24, 33兲, 共27, 44兲, 共30, 23兲冇x, y冈 represent the percent y of women between the ages of
20 and 29 who are under a certain height x (in feet).
(a) Create a scatter plot of the data.
(Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics)
(b) Does the relationship between x and y appear to be
approximately linear? If not, give some possible 共4.67, 0.6兲共5.17, 21.8兲共5.67, 92.4兲
explanations. 共4.75, 0.7兲共5.25, 34.3兲共5.75, 96.2兲
139. Falling Object In an experiment, students measured the 共4.83, 1.2兲共5.33, 48.9兲共5.83, 98.6兲
speed s (in meters per second) of a ball t seconds after it 共4.92, 3.1兲共5.42, 62.7兲共5.92, 99.5兲
was released. The results are shown in the table.
共5.00, 6.0兲共5.50, 74.0兲共6.00, 100.0兲
共5.08, 11.5兲共5.58, 84.7兲
Time, t Speed, s 141. Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find a
linear model for the data.
0 0
1 11.0 142. Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the model
in the same viewing window.
2 19.4
3 29.2 143. How closely does the model fit the data?
4 39.4 144. Can the model be used to estimate the percent of women
who are under a height of 6.3 feet?
(a) Sketch a scatter plot of the data.
(b) Find the equation of the line that seems to fit the data
Synthesis
best. True or False? In Exercises 145–148, determine whether
(c) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
a linear model for the data and identify the correlation
coefficient. Compare this model with the model from 145. If the graph of the parent function f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 is moved six
part (b). units to the right, moved three units upward, and reflected
in the x-axis, then the point 共⫺1, 28兲 will lie on the graph
(d) Use the model from part (c) to estimate the speed of of the transformation.
the ball after 2.5 seconds.
146. If f 共x兲 ⫽ x n where n is odd, f ⫺1 exists.
140. Sports The following ordered pairs 共x, y兲 represent the
Olympic year x and the winning time y (in minutes) in the 147. There exists no function f such that f ⫽ f ⫺1.
men’s 400-meter freestyle swimming event. (Source: 148. The sign of the slope of a regression line is always
The World Almanac 2005) positive.
共1964, 4.203兲共1980, 3.855兲共1996, 3.800兲
共1968, 4.150兲共1984, 3.854兲共2000, 3.677兲
共1972, 4.005兲共1988, 3.783兲共2004, 3.718兲
共1976, 3.866兲共1992, 3.750兲

1 Chapter Test See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

Take this test as you would take a test in class. After you are finished, check your y2(4 − x) = x3
4
work against the answers in the back of the book.

1. Find the equations of the lines that pass through the point 共0, 4兲 and are (a) parallel to −4 8
and (b) perpendicular to the line 5x ⫹ 2y ⫽ 3.
2. Find the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line that passes through the points
共2, ⫺1兲 and 共⫺3, 4兲. −4

3. Does the graph at the right represent y as a function of x? Explain. Figure for 3

ⱍ ⱍ
4. Evaluate f 共x兲 ⫽ x ⫹ 2 ⫺ 15 at each value of the independent variable and simplify.
(a) f 共⫺8兲 (b) f 共14兲 (c) f 共t ⫺ 6兲
5. Find the domain of f 共x兲 ⫽ 10 ⫺ 冪3 ⫺ x.
6. An electronics company produces a car stereo for which the variable cost is $5.60 and
the fixed costs are $24,000. The product sells for $99.50. Write the total cost C as a
function of the number of units produced and sold, x. Write the profit P as a function
of the number of units produced and sold, x.

In Exercises 7 and 8, determine algebraically whether the function is even, odd, or

neither.
7. f 共x兲 ⫽ 2x3 ⫺ 3x 8. f 共x兲 ⫽ 3x4 ⫹ 5x2

In Exercises 9 and 10, determine the open intervals on which the function is increas-
ing, decreasing, or constant.
9. h共x兲 ⫽ 14x 4 ⫺ 2x 2 ⱍ
10. g共t兲 ⫽ t ⫹ 2 ⫺ t ⫺ 2 ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
In Exercises 11 and 12, use a graphing utility to graph the functions and to
approximate (to two decimal places) any relative minimum or relative maximum
values of the function.
11. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x3 ⫺ 5x2 ⫹ 12 12. f 共x兲 ⫽ x5 ⫺ x3 ⫹ 2

In Exercises 13 –15, (a) identify the parent function f, (b) describe the sequence of
transformations from f to g, and (c) sketch the graph of g.

13. g共x兲 ⫽ ⫺2共x ⫺ 5兲3 ⫹ 3 14. g共x兲 ⫽ 冪⫺x ⫺ 7 15. g 共x兲 ⫽ 4 ⫺x ⫺ 7 ⱍ ⱍ

16. Use the functions f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 and g共x兲 ⫽ 冪2 ⫺ x to find the specified function and its
domain.

冢g 冣共x兲
f
(a) 共 f ⫺ g兲共x兲 (b) (c) 共 f ⬚ g兲共x兲 (d) 共g ⬚ f 兲共x兲

In Exercises 17–19, determine whether the function has an inverse function, and if 10:10 pm Tues
10:10 pm
Tues

so, find the inverse function. Cellular LTD

Cellular LTD

W
Year, t Subscribers, S
W

3x冪x 9 86.0
17. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 ⫹ 8 18. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 ⫹ 6 19. f 共x兲 ⫽
8 10 109.5
20. The table shows the numbers of cellular phone subscribers S (in millions) in the 11 128.4
United States from 1999 through 2004, where t represents the year, with t ⫽ 9 12 140.8
corresponding to 1999. Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to find a linear 13 158.7
model for the data. Use the model to find the year in which the number of subscribers 14 182.1
exceeded 200 million. (Source: Cellular Telecommunications & Internet
Association) Table for 20

Proofs in Mathematics
Conditional Statements
Many theorems are written in the if-then form “if p, then q,” which is denoted by
p→q Conditional statement

where p is the hypothesis and q is the conclusion. Here are some other ways to
express the conditional statement p → q.
p implies q. p, only if q. p is sufficient for q.
Conditional statements can be either true or false. The conditional state-
ment p → q is false only when p is true and q is false. To show that a conditional
statement is true, you must prove that the conclusion follows for all cases that ful-
fill the hypothesis. To show that a conditional statement is false, you need only to
describe a single counterexample that shows that the statement is not always true.
For instance, x ⫽ ⫺4 is a counterexample that shows that the following
statement is false.
If x2 ⫽ 16, then x ⫽ 4.
The hypothesis “x2 ⫽ 16” is true because 共⫺4兲2 ⫽ 16. However, the conclusion
“x ⫽ 4” is false. This implies that the given conditional statement is false.
For the conditional statement p → q, there are three important associated
conditional statements.
1. The converse of p → q: q → p
2. The inverse of p → q: ~p → ~q
3. The contrapositive of p → q: ~q → ~p
The symbol ~ means the negation of a statement. For instance, the negation of
“The engine is running” is “The engine is not running.”

Example 1 Writing the Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the conditional statement “If I
get a B on my test, then I will pass the course.”

Solution
a. Converse: If I pass the course, then I got a B on my test.
b. Inverse: If I do not get a B on my test, then I will not pass the course.
c. Contrapositive: If I do not pass the course, then I did not get a B on my test.

In the example above, notice that neither the converse nor the inverse is
logically equivalent to the original conditional statement. On the other hand, the
contrapositive is logically equivalent to the original conditional statement.

Biconditional Statements
Recall that a conditional statement is a statement of the form “if p, then q.”
A statement of the form “p if and only if q” is called a biconditional statement.
A biconditional statement, denoted by
p↔q Biconditional statement

is the conjunction of the conditional statement p → q and its converse q → p.

A biconditional statement can be either true or false. To be true, both
the conditional statement and its converse must be true.

Example 2 Analyzing a Biconditional Statement

Consider the statement x ⫽ 3 if and only if x2 ⫽ 9.
a. Is the statement a biconditional statement? b. Is the statement true?

Solution
a. The statement is a biconditional statement because it is of the form “p if and
only if q.”
b. The statement can be rewritten as the following conditional statement and its
converse.
Conditional statement: If x ⫽ 3, then x2 ⫽ 9.
Converse: If x2 ⫽ 9, then x ⫽ 3.
The first of these statements is true, but the second is false because x could
also equal ⫺3. So, the biconditional statement is false.

Knowing how to use biconditional statements is an important tool for

reasoning in mathematics.

Example 3 Analyzing a Biconditional Statement

Determine whether the biconditional statement is true or false. If it is false,
provide a counterexample.
A number is divisible by 5 if and only if it ends in 0.

Solution
The biconditional statement can be rewritten as the following conditional
statement and its converse.
Conditional statement: If a number is divisible by 5, then it ends in 0.
Converse: If a number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 5.
The conditional statement is false. A counterexample is the number 15, which is
divisible by 5 but does not end in 0. So, the biconditional statement is false.

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