Manual

of
Kinematics of Machine Lab
MCC 13203
(0-0-2/2)

i 
 
 Contents
Expt No. Experiment Name Page
No.
-- General Instructions 1
1. To find out the coefficient of friction between sliding belt (rope) and a fixed pulley 2
2. To find out efficiency of a screw jack by raising & lowering conditions 4
3. To verify the relation of compound pendulum & to determine the radius of gyration 6
4. To study radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension 8
5. To study Four-Bar Linkage and determine velocity and acceleration diagram 10
6. To study the cam profile and follower movement 12
7. To determine Coriolli’s component of acceleration 14
8. To find out speed of planet gear in an epicyclic gear train 17
9. To find out speed of gear in the output shaft of a compound gear train 19
10. To find out coefficient of kinetic friction in the inclined plane 21

ii 
 
 General Instruction
1. Please bring rough sketch book and hardbound report book.
2. For some experimental work drawing instrument like set-square, protector and compass are required.
3. Laboratory reports will be checked in the regular basis during the laboratory class. All the students
are advised to come with completed record and corrected observation book of previous experiment.
4. Structure of the sessional class marking is as follows:
Sl Course content Marks Time (week)
No.
i. Experiments – 10 Nos. 50 10
ii. Project – 02 Nos. 20 02
iii. Examination – 01 30 01
Total Marks 100 13

5. Both projects are to be assign after MID semester examination.

6. Final examination will be held just before END semester exam (last official class). The final
examination may be quiz type and/or viva-voce.

LAB SAFETY DO’S AND DON’TS

LAB DOS LAB DON’TS

1. Don't operate any instrument without 1. NEVER experiment on your own.
getting concerned staff member's prior
permission.
2. Wear Shoes. 2. NEVER work in the lab alone.
3. Familiarize yourself with all lab 3. NEVER use electrical equipment around
procedures before doing lab exercise water.
4. Keep you work are area clean and clutter 4. Absolutely NO HORSEPLAY is
free. allowed in the lab area.
5. Tie back all long hair and remove
dangling jewelry during lab.
6. Always be sure that electrical equipment
is turned in the “off” position before
plugging it into a socket.

1 
 
 Experiment No-1
Experiment Name: To find out the coefficient of friction between sliding belt (rope) and a fixed pulley.
Objective: To find out the co-efficient of friction between sliding belt, rope and a fixed pulley.
Theory: The power from one pulley to another may be transmitted by any of the following types of belt
drives:
Open belt drive: The open belt drive, as shown in Fig. 1.1, is used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating
in the same direction. In this case, the driver A pulls the belt from one side (i.e. lower side RQ) and delivers
it to the other side (i.e. upper side LM). Thus the tension in the lower side belt will be more than that in the
upper side belt. The lower side belt (because of more tension) is known as tight side whereas the upper side
belt (because of less tension) is known as slack side, as shown in Fig. 1.1(a).

Fig 1.1 (a) open belt drive (b) cross belt drive

Crossed or twist belt drive: The crossed or twist belt drive, as shown in Fig. 1.1(b), is used with shafts
arranged parallel and rotating in the opposite directions. In this case, the driver pulls the belt from one side
(i.e. RQ) and delivers it to the other side (i.e. LM). Thus the tension in the belt RQ will be more than that in
the belt LM. The belt RQ (because of more tension) is known as tight side, whereas the belt LM (because of
less tension) is known as slack side, as shown in Fig. 1.1(b). A little consideration will show that at a point
where the belt crosses, it rubs against each other and there will be excessive wear and tear. In order to avoid
this, the shafts should be placed at a maximum distance of 20 b, where b is the width of belt and the speed of
the belt should be less than 15 m/s.

2 
 
When a belt slide over a pulley with uniform acceleration, the equation for co efficient of friction is given
by:
T1/T2=𝑒 Where,
T1=tight side tension in kgf
⇒µ= T2 =slack side tension in kgf
Ɵ
µ =co-efficient of friction
When a rope slides over the pulley with uniform acceleration Ɵ=Angle of contact between the belt and
T1/T2=𝑒 pulley in radian
Where α=Half of the grove angle=750
⇒µ=
Ɵ α
Apparatus and components required: Experimental setup consists of fixed pulley, a belt, a rope, weight
hangers and weights
Experimental and numerical procedure: The whole experiment will be performed for following cases: (1)
when the belt is mounted over pulley on rough side (ii) when the belt is mounted over pulley on rough side
(iii) when the belt is mounted over pulley at an angle α. Weights have to be mounted and noted on the hanger
in the tight and slack side, until the belt slides.
Observation table and calculation:
Belt →Ɵ=1800=π radians
Rough Side:
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Smooth Side:
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Rope→α=75º Ɵ= π radians
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Result: The coefficient of friction between pulley and belt [smooth side] is _______between pulley and belt
[rough side] is _________and between pulley and rope is _________.
Question:
1. The error in the pulley might happen due to _____________________________________.
2. The error in the reading may appear due to surface of belt/rope ______________________.
3. The error in the reading may appear due to weights _______________________________.

3 
 
 Experiment No-2
Experiment Name: To find out efficiency of a screw jack by raising & lowering conditions
Objective: To find out efficiency of a screw jack.
Theory: It is a device used for lifting heavy loads which are usually centrally loaded by applying smaller
effort. It works on the principle of inclined plane. The device consists of a nut and screw. The load is carried
by screw head. The body consisting of a nut is fixed and screw is rotated by means of a lever. The axial
distance moved by the screw when it makes one complete revolution is known as the Lead of the screw. The
distance between two consecutive threads is called Pitch of the screw. For single threaded screw Lead =
Pitch, and for double threaded screw L = 2p
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) =

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

. .
Efficiency (ƞ) =
. .

Apparatus and components required: Screw Jack, standard weight and hanger

Component:
1. Weight Hanger at
load side
2. weight hanger at
raising side
3. Weight to be raised
2 by the screw jack

  1

Experimental and numerical Procedure:

1. Some weight are placed on the hook (i.e., load side)

2. Weight is placed on the hanger so that the load is just raised

4 
 
 3. Weight are noted down
4. Pitch and diameter of pulley is noted
5. Velocity ration and Mechanical Advantage for each set of reading is calculated
6. Three reading each while rising and lowering of screw are noted down.

Observation table and calculation:

Rope dia. D2=5mm
Grove dia. Of pulley, D1=150mm
Pitch of Screw=5mm
Weight of support=104kg
Hanger weight (load) =100gm
Hanger weight (effort) =50gm

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

,

While Raising:

SL No Load (kg) Effort (gms) M.A. V.R. Efficiency

Average Efficiency while raising=

While Lowering:

SL No Load (kg) Effort (gms) M.A. V.R. Efficiency

Average Efficiency while Lowering=

Result: The average efficiency while raising is ________________% while average efficiency while
lowering its ________________%

Question:

1) Efficiency of screw jack is ______________when load is moving down.

2) Efficiency of screw jack is ______________when load is rising up.

3) The thread used in the setup is ________________________________, to take care of _____________.

   

5 
 
 Experiment No-3
Experiment Name: To verify the relation of compound pendulum & to determine the radius of gyration
Objective: To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Connecting Rod, to determine the radius of gyration
Theory: The Moment of Inertia of a body is given by

𝐈 𝐖𝐊 𝟐 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (i)
𝐠
a 
Where, W=weight of the body in kgf and K is Radius of Gyration in
Meters.

Let. ‘a’ be the distance from the point of support ‘A’ to the centroid of
L 
the connecting rod. Let ‘L’ be the distance between the pt. of support.
Effective length of the connecting rod is given by

𝑳𝒆 𝒂 𝒌𝟐 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (ii) Fig 3.1

𝒂

𝑳𝒆
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (iii)
𝒈

If the connecting rod is allowed to oscillate about the second point ‘B’ then the effective length and time of
oscillation are-

𝑳𝒆 𝑳 𝒂 𝒌𝟐
𝑳 𝒂 - - - - - - - - - - - - (iv)

𝑳𝒆
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (v)
𝒈

By suspending the object at points A & B and making the object to oscillate about 40 to the vertical, T & T’
can be obtained.

From the value of T & T’ values of Le & Le’ can be obtained. From equation no (ii) k2= (Le-a) a. putting the
value of k2 in equation (iv) we get-
𝑳𝒆 𝒂 𝒂
𝑳𝒆 𝑳 𝒂 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (vi)
𝑳 𝒂

Here Le’, Le and L are known, hence we can find out the value of ‘a’. since ‘a’ & ‘Le’ are known now, we
can find value of ‘k’ from (ii)

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Apparatus and components required:
i. Connecting Rod
ii. Balance with weight upto 1kg
iii. Stop watch
iv. Scale
v. Knife edge fixed on a wall

Experimental and numerical procedure: The whole experiment will be performed considering following
aspects: (1) oscillation given to the connecting rod is considering angle less than 4º (ii) 20 numbers of
oscillation time need to be recorded. (iii) reading must be taken by suspending the connecting rod from both
sides.

Observation table and calculation:

(Length =22.3cm & Weight of the rod=718 gm)

Sl No T (Sec.-20 Osc.) T (mean in Sec.) T’ (Sec.-20 Osc.) T’ (mean in Sec.)

1
2
3
4
5

𝑳𝒆 𝑻𝟐 𝒈 𝑻 𝟐𝒈
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 ⇒𝑳𝒆 m Similarly, 𝑳′𝒆 m
𝒈 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝟐

Now, k2= (Le-a)a Moment Of Inertia, I=mk2 kg.m2

Result: Moment of Inertia of Connecting Rod is ________________________________kg.m2

Question:

1) If angle for oscillation is more than 4º, time required to complete 20º is ________________________.

2) Error between observed T and calculated T is because of ___________________________________.

   

7 
 
 Experiment No. 4
Experiment Name: -To study radius of gyration of bi-filar suspension
Objective: To determine the radius of gyration of given bar by using Bi-Filar suspension.
Theory: The bifilar suspension is a technique used to determine the moment of inertia of any type of object
about any point on the object. This is done by suspending two parallel cords of equal length through the
object examined. However, the approach taken for this experiment is to determine the moment of inertia of a
drop by suspending the cords through the mass centre of bodies, obtaining an angular displacement about the
vertical axis through the centre of mass by a sensibly small angle.

Description of set up: A uniform rectangular section bar is suspended from the pendulum support frame by
two parallel cords. Top ends of the cords are attached to hooks fitted at the top. Other ends are secured in the
Bi-Filar bar. It is possible to
change the length of the cord.

Apparatus and components

required:
1. bar with multiple hole
2. hook.
3. Thread/cord
4. Weight 
5. Spirit label

Fig. 4.1 Schematic of bifilar suspension setup

Experimental and numerical procedure:

1. Suspend the bar from hook. The Suspension length of each cord must be the same. Check it by spirit
label.
2. Allow the bar to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through the center and measure the periodic
time T, by knowing the time for say 10 oscillations.
3. Repeat the experiment by mounting the weights at equal distance from the center.
4. Make two sets of measurements of the time period for the oscillation: (i) vary the thread separation
(d) keeping the length of the threads (L) constant (ii) vary L keeping d constant. Record the time for
say 10 oscillations and hence calculate the period (T).

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Observation Table:-

Sr. No. L (cms) a (cms) T (Sec. for n Osc.)

Calculation :-
For Bi-Filar suspension
K L
T  2
a g
L
T  2 K ( This is for trifilar suspension )
g.x. y
Where, 2a = Distance between two wires cms.
K = Radius of gyration of Bi-Filar suspension.

Result:
Find K experimental by using above formula and compare.
L
K ( Theoretical, for bar ) =
2 3
K ( Practical ) =
Compare the theoretical K with the practical.
Suggest an equation of motion for the system.
Question:

1) If error in K is significant, then possible reasons are ___________________________________________.

2) Application of bifilar suspension are ___________________ ___________________________________.

Ans:

1. Bifilar pendulum technique for determining mass properties of discos packages in satellite manouverings.
2. The bifilar pendulum can be used to experimentally measure the mass moment of inertia of a test object. A
typical application is to measure mass moment of inertia of aircraft, especially small unmanned air vehicles
(UAV).

9 
 
 Experiment No.- 5
Experiment Name: To study Four-Bar Linkage and determine velocity and acceleration diagram
Objective:
1) To study different mechanisms in four bar linkage in light of Grashof’s law
2) To find velocity and acceleration diagram of the linkage
Theory: A four-bar linkage or simply a 4-bar or four-bar is the simplest movable linkage. It consists of four
rigid bodies (called bars or links), each attached to two others by single joints or pivots to form a closed loop.
Four-bars are simple mechanisms common in mechanical engineering machine design and fall under the
study of kinematics.

Grashof's law is applied to pinned linkages. The sum of the shortest (s) and longest link (l) of a planar four-
bar linkage cannot be greater than the sum of remaining two links if there is to be continuous relative motion
between the links. Whereas, ‘p’ and ‘q’ are other two links of four-bar linkages. Below are the possible types
of pinned, four-bar linkages.

B 

C 

D  A 

(a) ‘s’ not fixed (b) ‘s’ is fixed - double crank

(c) opposite link to 's' not fixed (b) s = p, l = q

Fig 5.1 Grashof's criteria

10 
 
Apparatus and components required: Computer software for simulation: MechAnalyzer, For
experimentation: A multiple bar mechanism model, scale, Tachometer

Experimental and numerical procedure: The whole experiment will be performed considering following
aspects: (1) oscillation given to the connecting rod is considering angle less than 4º (ii) 20 numbers of
oscillation time need to be recorded. (iii) reading must be taken by suspending the connecting rod from both
sides.

Observation table and calculation: Measure (1) length of links (2) angular speed of the concern link
(input).
1) Calculate DOF of the existing mechanism, using DOF= 3(N-1)-2P1-P2, where N= number of link, P1=
kinematic pair having 1 DOF, P2= kinematic pair with 2 DOF
2) convert it to 4-bar linkage
3) to check Grashof's criteria, check relationship between, s, l, p and q
4) Calculate angular velocity considering a certain ω and instaneous angle at input link with the fixed one.

Angular velocity of any link, say BC, ωCB = , Tangential acceleration 𝑓 =αBC, and Centripetal

acceleration=𝑓 =

Results:

1) The four bar-linkage mechanism is obtained for l = ____m, p= ____m, s= ____m, q= ____m

2) Output Velocity of the link _______ is _______ m/s. and acceleration is ________ m/s2

Question:

1) If ‘s’ link is fixed, _______________________________________ mechanism is obtained.

2) If double crank mechanism is obtained in a mechanism, relation between input angular velocity and
output angular velocity will be ________________________________________________________.
3) Inverse mechanism can be obtained by _________________________________________________.

   

11 
 
 Experiment-6
Experiment Name: To study the cam profile and follower movement
Objective: To plot the h-𝜃 (follower displacement Vs angle of cam rotation) curves for different cam
follower pairs.
Theory: A cam may be defined as a rotating or a reciprocating element of a mechanism which imparts a
rotation, reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element termed as follower. In most of the cases the
cam is connected to a frame, forming a turning pair and the follower is connected to the frame to form a
sliding pair. The cam and follower form a three-link mechanism of the higher pair type. The three links of
mechanism are:
a) The cam, which is the driving link and a
curved or straight contact surface
b) The follower, which is the driven link and gets
motion by contact with the surface of the cam.
c) The frame, which is used to support the cam
and guide the follower.
The cam mechanism is used in clock, printing
machine, automatic screw cutting machine, internal
combustion engine for operating valves, shoe-
making machinery etc.

Fig 6.1 Cam profile analysis aparatus

Apparatus and components required:
The machine is a motorized unit a camshaft is driven by D.C. Motor. The shaft runs in a double ball bearing.
At the end of the cam shaft a cam can be easily mounted. As the follower is properly guided in gun-metal
bushes and the type of the follower can be changed to suit the cam under test. A graduated circular protractor
is fitted coaxial with the shaft and a dial gauge can be fitted to note the follower displacement for the angle
of cam rotation. A spring is used to provide controlling force to the system. Weights on the follower rod can
be adjusted as per the requirements. An arrangement is provided to vary the speed of camshaft. The machine
is particularly very useful for testing the cam performance for jump phenomenon during operation. The
machine clearly shows the effect of change of inertia forces on jump action of cam follower during the
operation. It is used for testing various cam and follower pairs, i.e.
1. An eccentric arc cam with mushroom follower
2. Tangent cam with roller follower
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 3. Circular cam with knife-edge follower 
This is the equilibrium of force equation when the jump will just start where upward inertia force=downward
retaining force.

= (w+s) ω ω= 2πN/60
.

This relation shows that as the follower weight increases the jump speed goes on decreasing
W=follower assembly weight, S=spring force, 𝜔 Angular velocity of cam, r=Distance according to
geometry of cam
Experimental and numerical procedure: Displacement of the follower at different cam angle need to be
measured. Further cam profile needs to be made as per following steps: (i) draw displacement curve h- ɵ. (ii)
draw base circle, about O, equal to the minimum radius of the cam, (iii) Draw the axis of the follower at a
distance equal to eccentricity ‘e’ from the axis of the cam, which intersects the base circle at A.
3. Join AO and draw an offset circle of radius ‘e’ with centre O.
4. Draw tangents on offset circle with 10° division, mark follower movement on these lines from
displacement curve, join those line with French curve.
Observation & Calculation:
The cam & follower assemblies are:
a. An eccentric arc cam with mushroom follower
b. Tangent cam with roller follower
c. Circular cam with knife-edge follower
Acceleration due to gravity,g =9.81 m/s2
Radius of circular arc cam, r =17.15 mm=0.016 m
Radius of Eccentric cam, r =17.15 mm=0.01775 m
Radius of Tangent cam, r =16 mm =0.016 m
Length of spring =40 mm

SL.No. Cam’s Angular Displacement (ɵ) Follower Vertical Displacement (ɵ)

00
100
200
----
3600
Question:
1) Use of cam is found in _______________________________________________________
2) If offset is present in the cam and follower, then ___________________________________
3) When cam follower changes from knife edge to mushroom, changes occur in movement is
_________________________________________________________________________.
13 
 
 Experiment No-7
Experiment Name: To determine Coriolli’s component of acceleration
Objective: to find out velocity and acceleration of a moving point
If a point is moving along a line, with the line having rotational motion, the absolute acceleration of the
point, is vector sum of –ω.
i. Absolute acceleration of coincident point over the link relative to fixed center.
ii. Acceleration of point under consideration relative to coincident point and
iii. The third component, called coriolli’s component of acceleration.
Theory: Consider the motion of slider ‘B’ on the crank OA. Let OA rotate with constant angular velocity of
ω rad/s, and slider B have a radial outwards velocity V m/s relative to crank center ‘O’.
B’ A’
A  A b’ 
B 
V+ΔV b 
slider
crank  dӨ  V 
dӨ B T 
a' a 
V  V
Ꞷ 
V dӨ 
Ꞷ 
o  o  Ꞷ Ꞷ(r+dr) 
o

Fig 7.1 Theory of coriolli’s component

In the velocity diagram, OA represents tangential velocity of slider at crank position OA, and ab represents
radial velocity of slider, at same crank position, Oa' is the tangential velocity of slider at crank position OA
and a'b' represents radial velocity of slider at same crank position.
Hence, bb' represents the resultant the resultant change of velocity of slider. This velocity has two
component b'T and bT in tangential and radial directions respectively.
Now, Tangential component, b'T
 b 's  sT  Vsin d    r  dr    r   Vd   dr (i)

Therefore Rate of change of tangential velocity

d dr
V    V   V  2V (ii)
dt dt
Equation (ii) represents coriolli’s component of acceleration. This acceleration is made up of two
components, one due to increase in radius and other from change in the direction of crank.

14 
 
Hydraullic Analogy: Ꞷ v 

o 

r  dr 
Fig 7.2 Hydraulic analogy of coriolli’s component
Consider a short column of fluid of length dr at radius r from axis of rotation of the tube. Then, if velocity of
fluid relative to tube is V and angular velocity of tube is ω then coriolli’s component of acceleration is 2V ω
in a direction perpendicular to rotation of tube. The torque dT applied by the tube to produce this
acceleration is then
dW
dT  .2V  r
g
Where, dW is weight of short column of fluid.
If w be the specific weight of fluid and a is cross sectional area of tube, then,
dW  wadr
wadr
dT  2V  r
g
Total torque applied to column of length l,
l
w w
T   2 V .a.r.dr  wV .a.l 2
0
g g

ˆ ˆ  2 gT
Hence, Coriolis component of acceleration, CA (iii)
wal 2
Apparatus and components required:
The apparatus consists of two brass tubes connected to a central rotor distributor. The distributor is rotated
by a variable speed d.c. motor. Water is supplied to a distributor by a pump through rotameter. When tubes
are rotating with water flowing through tubes, with various measurements provided, Coriolis component can
be determined experimentally and theoretically.
1) Pipes- 7.7mm I.D. 329 mm. Effective length- 2Nos.
2) Drive motor 0.5 HP, 750 rpm d.c. series motor, swinging field type with speed control.
3) Torque arm- Radius 0.125 m with 5 Kg (capacity spring balance)
4) Pump- 05 HP, Rotameter 400 to 4000 liters per hour capacity.

15 
 
Experimental and numerical procedure: Flow rate of the liquid is measured through rotameter / flowmeter
in the setup. Further velocity of flow needs to be calculated. Calculate theoretical Coriolis acceleration.
Further calculate practical Coriolis component. For that calculate Torque. Torque can be calculated by
measured value of the weight from the spring balance of the setup multiplied by the torque arm. Compare
both value.
Observation & Calculation:
S.No. Speed N (rpm) Spring balance (Kg) Water flow LPH
Initial Final

1) Bore dia. of tubes = 7.7 mm, Area of tube = 4.6566×10-5 m2, Total flow area = 9.31325×10-5 m2
Q
2) Flow rate = Q = LPH/3.6×106 m3/s, Velocity of water through the tubes, V  m/ s
a
3) Length of torque arm = 0.125 m, T = (spring bal. diff.) ×0.125 Kg-m
4) Now theoretically, Coriolis acceleration, CA  2.V   2V  2 N / 60  and Practically,

ˆ ˆ  2 gT m / s 2
CA
w.a.l 2
Where, w = specific weight of water = 1000 Kg/m3, l = Effective length of the tube = 0.329 m, a = Flow
area of tube = 9.31325×10-5 m2 and T = Torque in Kg-m.
Question:
1) Use of Coriolis component analysis is found in ________________________________________
2) If offset is present in the cam and follower, then ___________________________________
3) If significant error occurs in theoretical and practical Coriolis component of acceleration, the possible
reasons are __________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

16 
 
 Experiment No: 8
Experiment Name: To find out speed of planet gear in an epicyclic gear train

Objective: 1) Calculate and experimentally observe the angular velocity ratios of the gears in the trains 2)
Calculate speed of planet/sun gear of the epicyclic gear train when speed of other gears is known.

Theory: Gear trains of the type shown in Figures 1 is called epicyclic gear trains or planetary gear trains. In
these gear trains, one or more gears are carried on a rotating planet carrier rather than on a shaft that rotates
on a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic gear train consists of a sun gear (S, in fig O) in the center, a planet gear
(P, in fig A,B,C), a planet carrier or arm (a), and an internal or ring gear (R). The sun gear, ring gear and
planet carrier all rotate about the same axis. The planet gear is mounted on a shaft that turns in the bearing in
the planet carrier and meshes with both the sun gear and the ring gear (Fig 8.1).

Ts= Tooth of Sun gear

Tp=Tooth of Planetary gear
a=arm
PA= Planetary gear A

Fig. 8.1

Observation: Measure (1) Speed of arm (2) speed of ring gear

Calculations:

Following Table is to be followed to calculate the revolution of planet gear, arm or ring gear.

Table 1: Calculation of revolution of gears in epicyclic gear

Line Action Rev. of a Rev of S Rev of P

1. ‘a’ fixed, S+1 rev 0 1 -
2. ‘a’ fixed, S+1 rev 0 x - x
3. Add y y y+x y- x

17 
 
Apparatus and components required: Tachometer to measure angular speed, epicyclic gear train

Experimental/numerical procedure: The experiment will be performed for the following cases. Case: 1)
Ring gear fixed, arm rotates clockwise 2) ring gear rotates counter clockwise and arm also rotates counter
clockwise. Tachometer is used to measure angular speed of the gears. If Ring gear is fixed using the pin in
the setup, then arm, sun and planet gear will rotate. Measurement of those gears can be done using
tachometer and the values can be verified with calculated results of Table 1.
Result:

1) Speed of PA is _________________________rpm, when Ring gear fixed, arm rotates clockwise

2) Speed of PA is _________________________rpm, ring gear rotates counter clockwise and arm also
rotates counter clockwise

Questions:

1) Application of Epicyclic Gear Train is __________________________________________.

2) Error in the tachometer reading is for ___________________________________________.
3) If size of the sun gear increases by keeping size of ring gear, revolution of planet gear will be
______________________________________________.

18 
 
 Experiment No: 9
Experiment Name: To find out speed of gear in the output shaft of a compound gear train

Objective: Calculate and experimentally observe the angular velocity ratios of the gears in the trains.

Theory: In a simple train of gears, idle gear does not affect the speed ratio of the system. But these gears are
useful in bridging over the space between the driver and the driven. But whenever the distance between the
driver and the driven or follower has to be bridged over by intermediate gears and at the same time a great
(or much less) speed ratio is required, then the advantage of intermediate gears is intensified by providing
compound gears on intermediate shafts. In this case, each intermediate shaft has two gears rigidly fixed to it
so that they may have the same speed. One of these two gears mesh with the driver and the other with the
driven or follower attached to the next shaft as shown in Fig.9.1(b).

Compound Gear train

Reverted Gear train

Fig 9.1 (a) Compound gear train (b) Reverted gear train

A simple reverted gear train consists of two shafts each of which carry multiple compound spur gears. A
compound gear consists of two gears of different pitch diameters attached to one another. When the axes of
the first gear (i.e. first driver) and the last gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-axial, then the gear train is
known as reverted gear train as shown in Fig. 9.1(b). We see that gear 1 (i.e. first driver) drives the gear 2
(i.e. first driven or follower) in the opposite direction. Since the gears 2 and 3 are mounted on the same shaft,
therefore they form a compound gear and the gear 3 will rotate in the same direction as that of gear 2. The
gear 3 (which is now the second driver) drives the gear 4 (i.e. the last driven or follower) in the same
direction as that of gear 1. Thus we see that in a reverted gear train, the motion of the first gear and the last
gear is like.

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Observation: Measure speed of input gear, output gear, count teeth of all gears, distance between shafts,
diameter of the gears.

Calculations: The speed ratio of compound gear train is

N1 N 3 N 5 T2 T4 T6
      
N 2 N 4 N 6 T1 T3 T5

The speed ratio of the reverted gear train is

r1  r2  r3  r4 , and 

T1  T2  T3  T4  

N1 T2 T4
 
N 4 T1 T3

Apparatus and components required: Tachometer to measure

angular speed, compound gear train

Fig 9.2 Reverted gear train

Experimental/numerical procedure: The experiment will be performed when a revolution is given as input
to the compound gear train. Tachometer is used to measure angular speed of the gears. Tooth of the gears can
be counted and the final revolution of the output gear can be verified with calculated results.
Questions:

1. Application of compound gear train is __________________________________________.

2. Application of reverted gear train is __________________________________________.
3. Error in the tachometer reading is for ___________________________________________.
4. Size of the idler gear have following effect in the train ______________________________.

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 Experiment No: 10
Experiment Name: To find out coefficient of kinetic friction in the inclined plane
Objective: To determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between two selected surfaces by two different
methods
Theory: The Coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of friction force to the normal force, μ =
F /N. Consider the following two cases: One measures the force of static friction and the other the force
of kinetic friction. The Inclined surface Method: In this case the tangent of the angle at which a block slides
down on an incline at a constant velocity gives the coefficient of kinetic friction between the bottom of the
block and the top of the incline. μk = tanθk . First, it is easy to prove that when the sides of two angles are
perpendicular to each other, the two angles are equal, as shown Fig. 10.1 below. In each of the two right
triangles the sum of angles must be 180o. Each has a 90o-angle. Also, Angles 1 and 2 are opposite and
therefore equal. Their third angles must therefore be equal. If one is θ, the other has to be equal to θ as
well. This argument is used in Fig. 10.2

Fig 10.2

Note: N is the same thing as FN, the normal

force.
Fig 10.1
In Fig. 10.2, the weight force W is the force of gravity acting on the block causing a normal force to
develop by the incline. This normal force N < W. W can be replaced with F┴ = Wcosθ & F|| = Wsinθ.
Verify this by paying more attention to the right triangles in Fig. 10.2. Also, note that for equilibrium, we
must have N = F┴ or N = Wcosθ. At a certain special angle of inclination, θk, at which the block slides
down at constant velocity, Fk and F|| become equal:
Fk = F|| or Fk = Wsinθk. Since, μk = Fk /N , we may write:
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 μ k = Fk /N = Wsinθk/(Wcosθk), or μk = tanθk
Apparatus and components required: An incline, a wooden box, a weight hanger, a set of slotted weights,
a cord and pulley system, a sheet of graph paper, and a scientific calculator
Experimental/numerical procedure:
In this experiment, since the coefficient of kinetic friction is to be measured, all cases of constant speed
motion of the block must be accompanied by tapping the incline. This causes vibration in the system and
avoids the measurement of the coefficient of static friction instead. The goal is to measure the coefficient
of kinetic friction.
Inclined Plane Method: Measure the mass of the wooden box and record its value. Place the wooden box on
the incline and add a mass of 200 grams to it. Gradually increase the inclination angle until the box slides
down at a constant velocity (See Fig. 4). Read the value of the angle and name it θk. Use the following
formula to calculate μk. Where, μk = tanθk .
Repeat this procedure 4 more times, with 300, 400, 500, and 600 grams added to the box in different
cases according to Table 1 under Data. Measure the angle at which the block slides down at a constant
velocity each time. Make sure that the added weight in each case is evenly distributed in the
box. Using μk = tanθk, find μk in each case and then find the average of those five values. Name it (μk)I that
means the μk found by Method I.

Observation table and calculations / Job to be done:

Method I Method II (μk)II =
(μk)I = tanθk
M1 (grams) θk M1 (grams) M2 (grams)
M2/M1
box+200 = box+200 =
box+300 = box+300 =
box+400 = box+400 =
Mean: Mean:
Compare the results. Write the percent difference formula down and calculate the percent difference.
Difference of the two
% difference 
average of the two
Questions:
1) Is the coefficient of kinetic friction the same for two surfaces regardless of the normal force?
2) How does the value of the coefficient of static friction compare with the value of the coefficient of kinetic
friction for the same two surfaces?
3) How does the slope of the graph compare with the coefficient of friction?

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