Difference Between PAM, PWM and

PPM
In a communication system, the modulation is an important step. Modulation is the process of
transmitting a message signal (Baseband signal with low frequency) from transmitter to receiver without
changing its characteristics (like amplitude, frequency, phase) by using a carrier signal (high frequency)
which varies in accordance with the instantaneous values of the low frequency wave by keeping its
frequency and phase constant.
The modulation techniques are classified into two major types: analog and digital or pulse modulation.
We have discussed previously the different types of modulation techniques, let us understand the basic
difference between PAM, PWM, and PPM.

Types of Modulation Techniques

Before going to discuss the difference between PAM, PWM, and PPM, let us discuss individually each.
All these are pulse analog modulation techniques.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

By varying the amplitude of the pulses (the carrier signal) in proportion to the instantaneous values of
the analog signal (the message signal).
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Signals
The above figure illustrates the time domain representation of the PAM technique which mentions
analog message and PAM modulated signal as an output.

Pulse amplitude modulation is used in the popular Ethernet communication standard. The PAM
modulator and demodulator circuits simple compared to other kinds of modulation and demodulation
techniques.

There are two categories of PAM techniques, one is the pulses have the same polarity and the other in
which the pulses can have both positive and negative polarities according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.

Pulse Width Modulation

The Pulse width Modulation– By varying the width of the pulses (the carrier signal) in proportion to the
instantaneous values of the analog signal (the message signal).
The width of the pulse varies, but the amplitude of the pulse remains constant. Amplitude limiters are
used to make the amplitude constant. These circuits clip-off the amplitude, to a preferred level and
hence the noise is limited.

There are three types of PWM. They are

 The leading edge of the pulse being constant, the trailing edge varies according to the message signal.
 The trailing edge of the pulse being constant, the leading edge varies according to the message signal.
 The center of the pulse being constant, the leading edge and the trailing edge varies according to the
message signal.
Pulse Position Modulation
By varying the position of the pulses (the carrier signal) in proportion to the instantaneous values of the
analog signal (the message signal).

Pulse position modulation is done in accordance with the pulse width modulated signal. Each trailing
of the pulse width modulated signal becomes the starting point for pulses in PPM signal.

Hence, the position of these pulses is proportional to the width of the PWM pulses. But the main
disadvantage of the PPM modulation technique is, The synchronization between transmitter and
receiver must be needed.
Difference Between PAM, PWM, and PPM
In all the above cases, we detect the message of the pulse modulated signal and reconstruct the original
analog signal.

Difference Between PAM, PWM, and PPM

The below table gives the detailed difference between PWM, PAM, and PPM.

Sr. No. Parameter PAM PWM PPM

1 Type of Carrier Train of Pulses Train of Pulses Train of Pulses
Variable Characteristic
2 of the Pulsed Carrier Amplitude Width Position
Bandwidth
3 Requirement Low High High
4 Noise Immunity Low High High
Information Contained
5 in Amplitude Variations Width Variations Position Variations
6 Power efficiency (SNR) Low Moderate High
Varies with amplitude of Varies with variation
7 Transmitted Power pulses in width Remains Constant
Need to transmit
8 synchronizing pulses Not needed Not needed Necessary
Bandwidth depends Bandwidth depends on
Bandwidth depends on on the rise time of the the rise time of the
9 Bandwidth depends on the width of the pulse pulse pulse
Sr. No. Parameter PAM PWM PPM
Instantaneous
Instantaneous transmitter power Instantaneous
transmitter power varies varies with the transmitter power
with the amplitude of the amplitude and width remains constant with
10 Transmitter power pulses of the pulses the width of the pulses
Complexity of
generation and
11 detection Complex Easy Complex
Similarity with other
12 Modulation Systems Similar to AM Similar to FM Similar to PM

A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop abbreviated as PLL is a control system that generates an
output signal whose phase is related to the phase of an input signal. There are several different types; the
simplest is an electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillatorand a phase detector in a feedback
loop. The oscillator generates a periodic signal, and the phase detector compares the phase of that signal with
the phase of the input periodic signal, adjusting the oscillator to keep the phases matched.
Keeping the input and output phase in lock step also implies keeping the input and output frequencies the
same. Consequently, in addition to synchronizing signals, a phase-locked loop can track an input frequency, or
it can generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency. These properties are used for computer
clock synchronization, demodulation, and frequency synthesis.
Phase-locked loops are widely employed in radio, telecommunications, computers and other electronic
applications. They can be used to demodulate a signal, recover a signal from a noisy communication channel,
generate a stable frequency at multiples of an input frequency (frequency synthesis), or distribute precisely
timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits such as microprocessors. Since a single integrated circuit can provide
a complete phase-locked-loop building block, the technique is widely used in modern electronic devices, with
output frequencies from a fraction of a hertz up to many gigahertz.

Coherent and non coherent are processes happen on the transmitter side; it means that there is coherent and
non coherent detection not modulation.

-Coherent detection is the process happened when the receiver exploits knowledge of the carriers phase to
detect the signals.

-Non coherent detection when the receiver doesn't utilize such phase reference information.

Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of digital
audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a
PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each
sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.
 Linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM)
is a specific type of PCM where the quantization levels are linearly uniform.[5] This is in contrast to
PCM encodings where quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the A-law
algorithm or the μ-law algorithm). Though PCM is a more general term, it is often used to describe
data encoded as LPCM.
A PCM stream has two basic properties that determine the stream's fidelity to the original analog
signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit
depth, which determines the number of possible digital values that can be used to represent each
sample.
Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in
one of possible required time shifts.[1][2] This is repeated every T seconds, such that the transmitted
bit rate isbits per second. It is primarily useful for optical communications systems, where tends to be
little or no multipath interference.
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM),
is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation
technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of
the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial[definition needed] loads such as motors. In
addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers,[1]the
other being maximum power point tracking.
The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between
supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the
higher the total power supplied to the load.
Pulse-density modulation, or PDM,
is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with a binary signal. In a PDM signal,
specific amplitude values are not encoded into codewords of pulses of different weight as they would
be in pulse-code modulation (PCM); rather, the relative density of the pulses corresponds to the
analog signal's amplitude. The output of a 1-bit DAC is the same as the PDM encoding of the
signal. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a special case of PDM where the switching frequency is
fixed and all the pulses corresponding to one sample are contiguous in the digital signal. For a 50%
voltage with a resolution of 8-bits, a PWM waveform will turn on for 128 clock cycles and then off for
the remaining 128 cycles. With PDM and the same clock rate the signal would alternate between on
and off every other cycle. The average is 50% for both waveforms, but the PDM signal switches more
often. For 100% or 0% level, they are the same.

Modulation and Different Types of

Modulation
AUGUST 28, 2015 BY ADMINISTRATOR 6 COMMENTS

Table of Contents
 Modulation:
 o Advantages of Modulation:
 Angle Modulation:
 1. Frequency Modulation:
o Advantages of Frequency Modulation:
o Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation:
o Applications of Frequency Modulation (FM):
 2. Phase Modulation:
o Advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Modulation:
o Applications of Phase Modulation:
 Amplitude Modulation:
o Advantages of Amplitude Modulation:
o Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation:
o Applications of Amplitude Modulation:
 Types of Modulation:
o Types of Modulation – Tree Diagram:
 1. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
o Advantages of Pulse Code Modulation:
o Disadvantages of Pulse Code Modulation:
o Applications of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
 2. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
o Advantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
o Disadvantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
o Applications of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
 3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
o Advantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
o Disadvantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
o Applications of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
 4. Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
o Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
o Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
o Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

Modulation:
Modulation is a technique in which message signal is transmitted to the receiver with the help of carrier
signal. Here in modulation, we combine both carrier signal and message signal. You may get the doubt
that what is the need of modulation. Just imagine that you have a paper which contains the message
and you would like to send it to your friend standing 40 feet from your place. You can’t just through the
paper to your friend because paper will not travel that much distance but if you take small stone and
cover the paper with it and through it to your friend, it will definitely reach the target. In the same way,
we need a carrier signal to transmit our message. Sometimes, message signal is also called as
modulating signal. The exact definition of modulation is given below:

“Modulation is a process of message signal and modulating is varied according to the carrier signal for
transmission purpose. The message signal can varied in accordance to the carrier signal that is in terms
of angular or amplitude. So we are modulating the signal.”

Advantages of Modulation:
 With the help of modulation, we can increase the quality of reception.
 We can also decrease the height of the antenna.
  Avoid mixing of different frequency signals and increase the range of communication i.e. without
modulation, we can transmit the message up to 100 meters and with modulation, we can transmit
the message up to 150 meters.
 Allow the flexibility for adjusting the bandwidth.

In the definition, we have seen that message signal can be varied according to the angular or amplitude
of the carrier signal. What happens if message signal is varied in accordance to angular of carrier signal
and what happens if message signal is varied according to the amplitude of carrier signal?

Angle Modulation:
In the angle modulation, again there are two different types of modulations.

1. Frequency modulation
2. Phase modulation.

1. Frequency Modulation:
The process of carrier signal frequency is varied according to the message signal or modulation signal
frequency by keeping the amplitude constant is called frequency modulation.

Advantages of Frequency Modulation:

 Frequency modulation has more noise resistivity when compared to other modulation techniques.
That’s why they are mainly used in broadcasting and radio communications.
And we are all well aware that radio communication use mainly frequency modulation for
transmission. We know that noise will occur mainly to the amplitude of the signal. In frequency
modulation, amplitude is made constant and only frequency is varied, so we can easily find out
the noise in the amplitude by using a limiter.
  The frequency modulation is having greater resistance to rapid signal strength variation, which
we will use in FM radios even while we are travelling and frequency modulation is also mainly
used in mobile communication purposes.
 For transmitting messages in frequency modulation, it does not require special equipments
like linear amplifiers or repeaters and transmission levels or higher when compared to other
modulation techniques. It does not require any class C or B amplifiers for increasing the efficiency.
 Transmission rate is good for frequency modulation when compared to other modulation that is
frequency modulation can transmit around 1200 to 2400 bits per second.
 Frequency modulation has a special effect called capture effect in which high frequency signal
will capture the channel and discard the low frequency or weak signals from interference.

Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation:

 In the transmission section, we don’t need any special equipment but in the reception, we need
more complicated demodulators for demodulating the carrier signal from message or modulating
signal.
 Frequency modulation cannot be used to find out the speed and velocity of a moving object. Static
interferences are more when compared to phase modulation. Outside interference is one of the
biggest disadvantages in the frequency modulation. There may be mixing because of nearby
radio stations, pagers, construction walkie-talkies etc.
 To limit the bandwidth in the frequency modulation, we use some filter which will again introduce
some distortions in the signal.
 Transmitters and receiver should be in same channel and one free channel must be there
between the systems.
 Spectrum space is limit for the frequency modulation and careful controlling the deviation ration.

Applications of Frequency Modulation (FM):

 Frequency modulation is used in radio’s which is very common in our daily life.
 Frequency modulation is used in audio frequencies to synthesize sound.
 For recording the video signals by VCR systems, frequency modulation is used for intermediate
frequencies.
 Used in applications of magnetic tape storage.

2. Phase Modulation:
In the phase modulation, we vary the carrier signal in accordance with the phase of the modulating
signal or message signal by keeping the frequency constant. If the amplitude of message or modulating
signal is huge then the phase shift will also be greater.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Modulation:

 The main advantage of phase modulation is that it has less interference from static, which is why
we use this type of modulation in finding out the speed or velocity of a moving object. In frequency
modulation, we cannot find out the velocity of moving object.
 The main disadvantage is phase ambiguity comes if we increase the phase modulation index,
and data loss is more and we need special equipment like frequency multiplier for increasing the
phase modulation index.

Applications of Phase Modulation:

  Phase modulation application is not different from frequency modulation. Phase modulation is
also used in communication systems.
 It may be used in binary phase shift keying.

Amplitude Modulation:
In the amplitude modulation, amplitude of carrier signal wave is varied in accordance with the
modulating or message signal by keeping the phase and frequency of the signals constant. The carrier
signal frequency would be greater than the modulating signal frequency. Amplitude modulation is first
type of modulation used for transmitting messages for long distances by the mankind. The AM radio
ranges in between 535 to 1705 kHz which is great. But when compared to frequency modulation, the
Amplitude modulation is weak, but still it is used for transmitting messages. Bandwidth of amplitude
modulation should be twice the frequency of modulating signal or message signal. If the modulating
signal frequency is 10 kHz then the Amplitude modulation frequency should be around 20 kHz. In AM
radio broadcasting, the modulating signal or message signal is 15 kHz. Hence the AM modulated signal
which is used for broadcasting should be 30 kHz.

Advantages of Amplitude Modulation:

 Because of amplitude modulation wavelength, AM signals can propagate longer distances.
 For amplitude modulation, we use simple and low cost circuit; we don’t need any special
equipment and complex circuits that are used in frequency modulation.
 The Amplitude modulation receiver will be wider when compared to the FM receiver. Because,
atmospheric propagation is good for amplitude modulated signals.
 Bandwidths limit is also big advantage for Amplitude modulation, which doesn’t have in frequency
modulation.
 Transmitter and receiver are simple in Amplitude modulation. When we take a demodulation unit
of AM receiver, it consists of RC filter and a diode which will demodulate the message signal or
modulating signal from modulated AM signal, which is unlike in Frequency modulation.
 Zero crossing in Amplitude modulation is equidistant.

Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation:

  Adding of noise for amplitude modulated signal will be more when compared to frequency
modulated signals. Data loss is also more in amplitude modulation due to noise addition.
Demodulators cannot reproduce the exact message signal or modulating signal due to noise.
 More power is required during modulation because Amplitude modulated signal frequency should
be double than modulating signal or message signal frequency. Due to this reason more power
is required for amplitude modulation.
 Sidebands are also transmitted during the transmission of carrier signal. More chances of getting
different signal interfaces and adding of noise is more when compared to frequency modulation.
Noise addition and signal interferences are less for frequency modulation. That is why Amplitude
modulation is not used for broadcasting songs or music.

Applications of Amplitude Modulation:

 Used to carry message signals in early telephone lines.
 Used to transmit Morse code using radio and other communication systems.
 Used in Navy and Aviation for communications as AM signals can travel longer distances.
 Widely used in amateur radio.

All the above modulation will come under continuous wave modulation, where we will use a sine wave
as carrier signal. Continuous wave modulation can be used in for both digital and analog
communications.

When we take the pulse digital modulation, we use a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses as the
carrier signal. Pulse digital modulation is also used in both analog and digital communications.

Types of Modulation:
In pulse width modulation, there are different types of modulation for analog and digital as shown below:

 PCM: Pulse Code Modulation for Analog Modulation.

 PPM: Pulse Position Modulation for Digital Modulation
 PDM: Pulse Duration Modulation for Digital Modulation.
 PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation for Digital Modulation.

Types of Modulation – Tree Diagram:

1. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
Pulse Code Modulation is first introduced by Alec Reeves in the year 1937. In the pulse code
modulation, Analog Signal is reconstructed to digital signal for ease of transmission by using the analog
signal samples. In technical terms, PCM will transmit the analog in a digital from, whose signal is
sampled at regular intervals of time and quantized at same quantum levels to digital code. We know
that digital code is nothing but binary code which consists of 1’s and 0’s that is logic1 and logic0. So
we will transmit the digital data in the form of 1’s and 0’s. When the signal is received by the receiver,
demodulator in the receiver will demodulate the binary signal back into pulses with same quantum
levels like in modulator and these pulses are again used for regenerating the required analog signal.
Advantages of Pulse Code Modulation:
 Pulse code modulation will have low noise addition and data loss is also very low.
 We can repeat the exact transmitted signal at the receiver. This is called repeatability. And we
can retransmit the signal with any distortion loss also.
 Pulse code modulation is used in music play back CD’s and also used in DVD for data storing
whose sampling rate is bit higher.
 Pulse code modulation can be used in storing the data.
 PCM can encode the data also.
 Multiplexing of signals can also be done using pulse code modulation. Multiplexing is nothing for
adding the different signals and transmitting the signal at same time.
 Pulse code modulation requires large bandwidth
 Pulse code modulation permits the use of pulse regeneration.

Disadvantages of Pulse Code Modulation:

 Specialized circuitry is required for transmitting and also for quantizing the samples at same
quantized levels. We can do encoding using pulse code modulation but we need to have complex
and special circuitry.
 Pulse code modulation receivers are cost effective when we compared to other modulation
receivers.
 Developing pulse code modulation is bit complicated and checking the transmission quality is
also difficult and takes more time.
 Large bandwidth is required for pulse code modulation when compared to bandwidth used by the
normal analog signals to transmit message.
 Channel bandwidth should be more for digital encoding.
 PCM systems are complicated when compared to analog modulation methods and other systems.
 Decoding also needs special equipment’s and they are also too complex.

Applications of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

  Pulse code modulation is used in telecommunication systems, air traffic control systems etc.
 Pulse code modulation is used in compressing the data that is why it is used in storing data in
optical disks like DVD, CDs etc. PCM is even used in the database management systems.
 Pulse code modulation is used in mobile phones, normal telephones etc.
 Remote controlled cars, planes, trains use pulse code modulations.

2. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of regular interval of periodic pulses or electromagnetic
pulses is varied in proposition to the sample of modulating signal or message signal. This is an analog
type of modulation. In the pulse amplitude modulation, the message signal is sampled at regular
periodic or time intervals and this each sample is made proportional to the magnitude of the message
signal. These sample pulses can be transmitted directly using wired media or we can use a carrier
signal for transmitting through wireless. There are two types of sampling techniques for transmitting
messages using pulse amplitude modulation, they are

 FLAT TOP PAM: The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to instantaneous
modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence and then keeps the amplitude of the
pulse for the rest of the half cycle.
 Natural PAM: The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to the instantaneous
modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence and then follows the amplitude of the
modulating signal for the rest of the half cycle.

Flat top PAM is the best for transmission because we can easily remove the noise and we can also
easily recognize the noise. When we compare the difference between the flat top PAM and natural
PAM, flat top PAM principle of sampling uses sample and hold circuit. In natural principle of sampling,
noise interference is minimum. But in flat top PAM noise interference maximum. Flat top PAM and
natural PAM are practical and sampling rate satisfies the sampling criteria.

There are two types of pulse amplitude modulation based on signal polarity

1. Single polarity pulse amplitude modulation

2. Double polarity pulse amplitude modulation

In single polarity pulse amplitude modulation, there is fixed level of DC bias added to the message
signal or modulating signal, so the output of modulating signal is always positive. In the double polarity
pulse amplitude modulation, the output of modulating signal will have both positive and negative ends.
Advantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
 It is the base for all digital modulation techniques and it is simple process for both modulation and
demodulation technique.
 No complex circuitry is required for both transmission and reception. Transmitter and receiver
circuitry is simple and easy to construct.
 PAM can generate other pulse modulation signals and can carry the message or information at
same time.

Disadvantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

 Bandwidth should be large for transmitting the pulse amplitude modulation signal. Due to Nyquist
criteria also high bandwidth is required.
 The frequency varies according to the modulating signal or message signal. Due to these
variations in the signal frequency, interferences will be there. So noise will be great. For PAM,
noise immunity is less when compared to other modulation techniques. It is almost equal to
amplitude modulation.
 Pulse amplitude signal varies, so power required for transmission will be more, peak power is
also, even at receiving more power is required to receive the pulse amplitude signal.

Applications of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

 It is mainly used in Ethernet which is type of computer network communication, we know that we
can use Ethernet for connecting two systems and transfer data between the systems. Pulse
amplitude modulation is used for Ethernet communications.
 It is also used for photo biology which is a study of photosynthesis.
 Used as electronic driver for LED lighting.
  Used in many micro controllers for generating the control signals etc.

3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

In the pulse position modulation, the position of each pulse in a signal by taking the reference signal is
varied according to the sample value of message or modulating signal instantaneously. In the pulse
position modulation, width and amplitude is kept constant. It is a technique that uses pulses of the same
breath and height but is displaced in time from some base position according to the amplitude of the
signal at the time of sampling. The position of the pulse is 1:1 which is propositional to the width of the
pulse and also propositional to the instantaneous amplitude of sampled modulating signal. The position
of pulse position modulation is easy when compared to other modulation. It requires pulse width
generator and monostable multivibrator.

Pulse width generator is used for generating pulse width modulation signal which will help to trigger the
monostable multivibrator, here trial edge of the PWM signal is used for triggering the monostable
multivibrator. After triggering the monostable multivibrator, PWM signal is converted into pulse position
modulation signal. For demodulation, it requires reference pulse generator, flip-flop and pulse width
modulation demodulator.

Advantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

 Pulse position modulation has low noise interference when compared to PAM because amplitude
and width of the pulses are made constant during modulation.
 Noise removal and separation is very easy in pulse position modulation.
 Power usage is also very low when compared to other modulations due to constant pulse
amplitude and width.

Disadvantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

 The synchronization between transmitter and receiver is required, which is not possible for every
time and we need dedicated channel for it.
 Large bandwidth is required for transmission same as pulse amplitude modulation.
 Special equipments are required in this type of modulations.

Applications of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):

 Used in non coherent detection where a receiver does not need any Phase lock loop for tracking
the phase of the carrier.
 Used in radio frequency (RF) communication.
 Also used in contactless smart card, high frequency, RFID (radio frequency ID) tags and etc.

4. Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) or Pulse Width Modulation

(PWM):
It is a type of analog modulation. In pulse width modulation or pulse duration modulation, the width of
the pulse carrier is varied in accordance with the sample values of message signal or modulating signal
or modulating voltage. In pulse width modulation, the amplitude is made constant and width of pulse
and position of pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal. We can vary the pulse width
in three ways
 1. By keeping the leading edge constant and vary the pulse width with respect to leading edge
2. By keeping the tailing constant.
3. By keeping the center of the pulse constant.

We can generate pulse width using different circuitry. In practical, we use 555 Timer which is the best
way for generating the pulse width modulation signals. By configuring the 555 timer as monostable or
astable multivibrator, we can generate the PWM signals. We can use PIC, 8051, AVR, ARM, etc.
microcontrollers to generate the PWM signals. PWM signal generation has n number of ways. In
demodulation, we need PWM detector and its related circuitry for demodulating the PWM signal.

Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

 As like pulse position modulation, noise interference is less due to amplitude has been made
constant.
 Signal can be separated very easily at demodulation and noise can also be separated easily.
 Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is not required unlike pulse position
modulation.

Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

 Power will be variable because of varying in width of pulse. Transmitter can handle the power
even for maximum width of the pulse.
 Bandwidth should be large to use in communication, should be huge even when compared to the
pulse amplitude modulation.

Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

 PWM is used in telecommunication systems.
 PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the losses.
So, this can be used in power delivering systems.
 Audio effects and amplifications purposes also used.
 PWM signals are used to control the speed of the robot by controlling the motors.
 PWM is also used in robotics.
 Embedded applications.
 Analog and digital applications etc.