Concepts of Database Management

Chapter 3
The Relational Model 2: SQL

http://sophorn26sun.blogspot.com/

Objectives
• Introduce Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Use simple and compound conditions in SQL
• Use computed fields in SQL
• Use built-in SQL functions
• Use subqueries in SQL
• Group records in SQL

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 Objectives

• Join tables using SQL

• Perform union operations in SQL
• Use SQL to update database data
• Use an SQL query to create a table in a database

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Introduction to SQL
• Provides with the capacities of querying a
relational database
• Enter commands to obtain the desired result
• Use commands to create and update tables and
to retrieve data from table
• Developed under the name SEQUEL at the IBM
San Jose research in mid-1970
• It was renamed SQL in 1980
• It is a standard language for relational database
manipulation
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 Getting Started with SQL

• If you are completing the work in this chapter using

Microsoft Office Access 2010/2013/2016 or MySQL
version 4.1 or higher (5.7), the following sections
contain specific information about your DBMS

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Getting Started with Microsoft

Office Access 2010/2013 or 2016
• If you are using the Access 2010/2013 or 2016
version of the Premiere Products database
provided with the Data Files for this text:
– Tables in the database have already been created
– You will not need to execute the CREATE TABLE
commands to create the tables or the INSERT
commands to add records to the tables

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 Getting Started with Microsoft Office
Access 2010/2013 or 2016 (cont.)
• To execute the SQL commands shown in the
figures in Access 2013/2016
– Open the Premiere Products database
– Click on tab: Create, then click on Query Design
– Click the Close button in the Show Table dialog box
– Click the View button list arrow on the Query Design
tab, and then click SQL View
– The query opens in SQL view, ready for you to type
your SQL commands

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Getting Started with Microsoft Office

Access 2010/2013 or 2016 (cont.)
• To run the SQL command:
• Click the Run button in the Results group on the
Query Tools Design tab.
• To return to SQL view:
• Click the View button arrow in the Views group on the
Home tab, and then click SQL View.

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 Getting Started with MySQL
• MySQL is an open-source relational database
management system (RDBMS)
• Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-
founder Michael Widenius's daughter and "SQL", the
abbreviation for Structured Query Language
• Owned and sponsored by the Swedish company
MySQL AB, which was bought by Sun Microsystems
(now Oracle Corporation)

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Getting Started with MySQL

• MySQL Server Installation

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 Getting Started with MySQL

• MySQL-Premiere script provided with the

Data Files for this text will:
– Activate the database
– Create the tables
– Insert the records
• To run a script in MySQL:
– Type the SOURCE command followed by the name
of the file
– Press the Enter key

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Getting Started with MySQL (cont.)

• Before typing commands in MySQL, you must

activate the database by typing the USE
command followed by the name of the
database
• The most recent command entered in MySQL
is stored in a special area of memory called the
statement history

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Table Creation

• SQL CREATE TABLE command

– Creates a table by describing its layout
• Typical restrictions placed on table and column
names by DBMS
– Names cannot exceed 18 characters
– Names must start with a letter
– Names can contain only letters, numbers, and
underscores (_)
– Names cannot contain spaces

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 Typical Data Types
• INTEGER
– Numbers without a decimal point
• SMALLINT
– Uses less space than INTEGER
• DECIMAL(p, q)
– P number of digits; q number of decimal places
• CHAR(n)
– Character string n places long
• DATE
– Dates in DD-MON-YYYY or MM/DD/YYYY

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• Use SQL to create the Rep table by

describing its layout.

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 Simple Retrieval

• SELECT-FROM-WHERE: SQL retrieval command

– SELECT clause: lists fields to display
– FROM clause: lists table or tables that contain data
to display in query results
– WHERE clause (optional): lists any conditions to be
applied to the data to retrieve
• Simple condition: field name, a comparison
operator, and either another field name or a value

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Simple Retrieval
Figures 3.1 - 3.2

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 SQL Query to List Part Table
Figures 3.3 - 3.4

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SQL Query with Where Condition

Figures 3.5 - 3.6

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 SQL Comparison Operators
Figure 3.7

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SQL Query to Find Customer 148

Figures 3.8 - 3.9

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 SQL Query to Find
All Customers in ‘Grove’
Figures 3.10 - 3.11

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Query to find Customers with Credit

Limit Exceeding Balance
Figures 3.12 - 3.13

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 Compound Conditions

• Compound condition
– Connecting two or more simple conditions using one
or both of the following operators: AND and OR
– Preceding a single condition with the NOT operator
• Connecting simple conditions using AND operator
– All of the simple conditions must be true for the
compound condition to be true
• Connecting simple conditions using OR operator
– Any of the simple conditions must be true for the
compound condition to be true

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SQL Query with Compound

Condition using ‘AND’

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 SQL Query using ‘OR’

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Compound Conditions (continued)

• Preceding a condition by NOT operator

– Reverses the truth or falsity of the original condition
• BETWEEN operator
– Value must be between the listed numbers

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 SQL Query using ‘NOT’

Or: WHERE Warehouse!=‘3’;

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Query with ‘BETWEEN’ Operator

Figures 3.20 - 3.21

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 Computed Fields

• Computed field or calculated field

– Field whose values you derive from existing fields
– Can involve:
• Addition (+)
• Subtraction (-)
• Multiplication (*)
• Division (/)
• Access: fieldName1 & fieldName2 AS newField
• MySQL: CONCAT(field1, field2, …)

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SQL Query with Computed Field

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 SQL Query with Computed
Field and Condition

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Using Special Operators

(LIKE and IN)
• Wildcards in Access SQL
– Asterisk (*): collection of characters
– Question mark (?): any individual character
• Wildcards in MySQL
– Percent sign (%): any collection of characters
– Underscore (_): any individual character
• To use a wildcard, include the LIKE operator in the
WHERE clause
• IN operator provides a concise way of phrasing
certain conditions
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 SQL Query with ‘LIKE’ Operator

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SQL Query with ‘IN’ Operator

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 Sorting

• Sort data using the ORDER BY clause

• Sort key: field on which to sort data
• When sorting data on two fields:
– Major sort key (or primary sort key): more important
sort key
– Minor sort key (or secondary sort key): less
important sort key

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SQL Query to Sort Data

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 SQL Query to Sort on Multiple Fields

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Built-in Functions

• Built-in functions (aggregate functions) in SQL

– COUNT: calculates number of entries
– SUM or AVG: calculates sum or average of all
entries in a given column
– MAX or MIN: calculates largest or smallest values
respectively

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 SQL Query to Count Records

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SQL Query to Count Records and

Calculate a Total

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 SQL Query to Perform Calculations
and Rename Fields

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Subqueries

• Subquery: inner query or a query placing inside

another query
• Subquery is evaluated first
• Outer query is evaluated after the subquery

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 SQL Query with Subquery

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Grouping

• Create groups of records that share a common

characteristic
• GROUP BY clause indicates grouping in SQL
• HAVING clause is to groups what the WHERE
clause is to rows

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 SQL Query to Group Records

GROUP BY ជាឃ្លាមួ យ ដែលនឹ ង

ប្រមូ លផ្ុំតទិនន
ន ័ យដែលែូចគ្នជាប្រុម
នៅរនតង Column ណាមួ យ មត នន្វើការ
សរតរ និ ង សននិដ្ឋាននដ្ឋយ
Aggregate Function ។

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SQL Query to Restrict Groups

HAVING ជាឃ្លាមួយដែលនឹងរុំនត់លរខខ័ណ្ឌ នដ្ឋយ
នប្រើសនរ ើសយរដតរួរនែរមួយចគុំនួន នប្កាយនេល
GROUP BY និង សននិដ្ឋាននដ្ឋយ Aggregate Function ។

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 SQL Query with ‘WHERE’
and ‘HAVING’ Clauses
SELECT RepNum, COUNT(*) AS NumCustomers, AVG(Balance) AS
AverageBalance
FROM Customer
WHERE CreditLimit<10000
GROUP BY RepNum
ORDER BY RepNum
;

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Joining Tables
• Queries can locate data from more than one table
• Enter appropriate conditions in the WHERE clause
• To join tables, construct the SQL command as:
1. SELECT clause: list all fields you want to display
2. FROM clause: list all tables involved in the query
3. WHERE clause: give the condition that will restrict
the data to be retrieved to only those rows from the
two tables that match

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 SQL Query to Join Tables
Figures 3.48 - 3.49
SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName, Rep.RepNum, LastName,
FirstName
FROM Customer, Rep
WHERE Customer.RepNum=Rep.RepNum
;

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Query to Restrict Records in Join

Figures 3.50 - 3.51

SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName, Rep.RepNum, LastName,

FirstName
FROM Customer, Rep
WHERE Customer.RepNum=Rep.RepNum
AND CreditLimit=10000
;

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 Query to Join Multiple Tables
Figures 3.52 - 3.53
SELECT Orders.OrderNum, OrderDate, Customer.CustomerNum,
CustomerName, Part.PartNum, Description, NumOrdered, QuotedPrice
FROM Orders, Customer, OrderLine, Part
WHERE Customer.CustomerNum=Orders.CustomerNum
AND Orders.OrderNum=OrderLine.OrderNum
AND OrderLine.PartNum=Part.PartNum
;

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INNER JOIN

SELECT …
FROM T1 [INNER] JOIN T2
ON T1.PK = T2.FK

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 OUTER JOIN

SELECT …
FROM T1 LEFT OUTER JOIN T2
ON T1.PK = T2.FK

SELECT …
FROM T1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN T2
ON T1.PK = T2.FK

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Union

• Union of two tables is a table containing all rows in

the first table, the second table, or both tables
• Two tables involved must be union compatible
– Same number of fields
– Corresponding fields must have same data types

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 SQL Query to Perform Union

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Intersection
SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName
FROM Customer
WHERE RepNum=‘35’
AND CustomerNum IN(SELECT Customer.CustomerNum
FROM Customer, Orders
WHERE Customer.CustomerNum=Orders.CustomerNum)
;

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 Difference (Subtract)
SELECT CustomerNum, CustomerName
FROM Customer
WHERE RepNum=‘35’
AND CustomerNum NOT IN(SELECT Customer.CustomerNum
FROM Customer, Orders
WHERE Customer.CustomerNum=Orders.CustomerNum)
;

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Example

1. List the number, name and of all customers

that have ordered AND represented by Juan
Perez.
2. List the number, name and of all customers
that have ordered OR represented by Juan
Perez.
3. List the number, name and of all customers
that have ordered BUT NOT represented by
Juan Perez.

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 Updating Tables

• UPDATE command makes changes to existing data

• INSERT command adds new data to a table
• DELETE command deletes data from the database

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SQL Query to Update Data

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 SQL Query to Delete Rows
Figure 3.58

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Creating a Table from a Query

• INTO clause
– Saves the results of a query as a table
– Specified before FROM and WHERE clauses
• MySQL
1.Create the new table using a CREATE TABLE
command
2.Use an INSERT command to insert the appropriate
data into the new table
OR: Use a SELECT command to insert the appropriate
data in CREATE TABLE command

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 SQL Query to Create New Table from
Existing Table In Access

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Creating a Table from a Query in

MySQL/Oracle

FIGURE 3-59b: Query to create a new table (MySQL)

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SQL Query to Create New Table from
Existing Table in MySQL

mysql> CREATE TABLE SmallCust

-> SELECT * FROM Customer;

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SQL Query to Append Record from One

Table to Another Table in Access

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 Alter table to add more column to
a table

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Alter table to delete a column

from a table

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 Alter table to modify a column in
a table

mysql> ALTER TABLE Customer MODIFY RepNum INTEGER;

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Alter table to add a primary key

to a table

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 CREATE INDEX command to
create a primary key to a table

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DROP INDEX Command to

remove primary key from a table

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 DROP a table from a database

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Summary
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language
that is used to manipulate relational databases
• Basic form of an SQL query: SELECT-FROM-
WHERE
• Use CREATE TABLE command to describe table
layout to the DBMS, which creates the table
• In SQL retrieval commands, fields are listed after
SELECT, tables are listed after FROM, and
conditions are listed after WHERE
• In conditions, character values must be enclosed in
single quotation marks
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 Summary (continued)
• Compound conditions are formed by combining
simple conditions using either or both of the
following operators: AND and OR
• Sorting is accomplished using ORDER BY clause
• When the data is sorted in more than one field, can
have a major and minor sort keys
• Grouping: use the GROUP BY clause
• HAVING clause: restricts the rows to be displayed

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Summary (continued)

• Joining tables: use a condition that relates

matching rows in the tables to be joined
• Built-in (aggregate) functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG,
MAX, and MIN
• One SQL query can be placed inside another; the
subquery is evaluated first
• UNION operator: unifies the results of two queries

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 Summary (continued)

• Calculated fields: include the calculation, the word

AS, the name of the calculated field
• INSERT command adds a new row to a table
• UPDATE command changes existing data
• DELETE command deletes records
• INTO clause is used in a SELECT command to
create a table containing the results of the query

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