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Vector-Valued Function

This document discusses vector-valued functions, which describe curves in space parametrically using coordinate functions x(t), y(t), z(t). Key concepts covered include representing curves using parametric equations, differentiation and integration of vector-valued functions, arc length of curves, and curvature. Examples are provided for evaluating limits, derivatives, integrals, arc length, and curvature of vector-valued functions describing various curves.

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Pearly Mel S Go
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198 views21 pages

Vector-Valued Function

This document discusses vector-valued functions, which describe curves in space parametrically using coordinate functions x(t), y(t), z(t). Key concepts covered include representing curves using parametric equations, differentiation and integration of vector-valued functions, arc length of curves, and curvature. Examples are provided for evaluating limits, derivatives, integrals, arc length, and curvature of vector-valued functions describing various curves.

Uploaded by

Pearly Mel S Go
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTION

MATH23-1
1ST Quarter
AY 2016-2017
Vector-valued function

A parametric curve C in the plane is a pair of functions


and x  f (t ) y  g (t )
that gives x and y as continuous function of the real number
t (the parameter) in some interval I.
When a point moves along a curve in three
z dimensional space, the point’s changing
position can be described by means of
parametric equations
x  f (t ) , y  g (t ) , z  h(t )
that specifies its coordinates as functions of
time t.

A parametric curve C in space is simply a


triple (f, g, h) of such coordinate functions.

o y The changing location of a point moving


r along the parametric curve can be
 described by giving its position vector
( x, y, z )
known as a vector-valued function
r (t )  x(t )i  y(t ) j  z(t )k
x r (t )  x(t ), y(t ), z (t )
or simply r  xi  yj  zk  x, y, z
whose components are the coordinates of
the moving point.
EXAMPLES
1. Evaluate, if possible, the vector-valued function
1
𝑟 𝑡 = ln 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 3𝑡𝑘 given
𝑡
a) 𝑟(2)
b) 𝑟(−3)
c) 𝑟(𝑡 − 4)
2. Find 𝑟(𝑡) given 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + 3𝑡𝑗 − 4𝑡𝑘.
3. Represent the line segment from
𝑃 −2, 5, −3 , 𝑄 −1, 4, 9 by a vector-valued
function and by a set of parametric equations.
Limit of a Vector-Valued Function
Continuity of a Vector-Valued
Function
EXAMPLES
1. Find the limit (if it exists).
a) lim(𝑡𝑖 + cos 𝑡 𝑗 + sin 𝑡 𝑘)
𝑡→𝜋
2 1−cos 𝑡
b) lim 𝑡 𝑖 + 3𝑡𝑗 + 𝑡
𝑘
𝑡→0
2. Determine whether 𝑟(𝑡) is continuous at 𝑡 =
0.
a) 𝑟 𝑡 = 3 sin 𝑡 𝑖 + 3𝑡𝑗
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
b) 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑡
𝑗 + 𝑡𝑘
EXAMPLES
3. Determine the interval on which the vector-
valued-function is continuous.
1
a) 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑗
b) 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + arcsin 𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑡 − 1 𝑘
Differentiation of vector-valued
function
Component wise differentiation
Suppose that
r (t )  f (t ), g (t ), h(t )  f (t )i  g (t ) j  h(t )k
Where f, g, and h are differentiable functions, then
r ' (t )  f ' (t ), g ' (t ), h' (t )  f ' (t )i  g ' (t ) j  h' (t )k
That is, if r  xi  yj  zk then

dr dx dy dz
 i j k
dt dt dt dt
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS FOR
VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTION
EXAMPLES
1. Find 𝑟′(𝑡) and 𝑟′′(𝑡) for each of the following:
a) 𝑟 𝑡 = 2𝑡 + 3 2 𝑖 − 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑗
b) 𝑟 𝑡 = cos 2𝑡 𝑖 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 𝑗
𝑡5 3
c) 𝑟 𝑡 = tan 𝑡 𝑖 + 2 𝑗
2. If 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑖 + ln 𝑡 3 𝑗 ,find 𝐷𝑡 𝑟(𝑡) ∙ 𝑟′(𝑡) .
3. If 𝑟 𝑡 = sin 3𝑡 𝑖 − cos 2𝑡 𝑗 find 𝐷𝑡 𝑟′(𝑡) ∙
EXAMPLES
4. Let 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 2 𝑗 + 𝑡 3 𝑘, find
lim 𝑟(𝑡) ∙ 𝑟 ′ 𝑡 𝑥 𝑟′′(𝑡) ]
𝑡→2
Integration of vector-valued function

r (t )dt  i   f (t )dt   j   g (t )dt 


b b b
a a  a 

a
b
 b
r (t )dt  R(t )  R(b)  R(a)
a

 r (t )dt  R(t )  C if R' (t )  r (t )


EXAMPLES
Evaluate the following integrals.
1. 5𝑖 + 4𝑡𝑗 𝑑𝑡
2. 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑒 −𝑡 , 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2
3. 0
𝑡 𝑖 + 2𝑡 2 𝑗 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
4. 4
0
sec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 𝑖 + tan 𝑡 𝑗 + 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
2
5. 0
𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝑗 − 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
ARC LENGTH
EXAMPLES
1. Find the arc length of the curve given by
4 3 2 1 2
𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑗 + 𝑡 𝑘
3 2
from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 2.
2. Find the arc length of the space curve 𝑟 𝑡 =
3𝜋
4𝑡, − cos 𝑡, sin 𝑡 over the interval 0, .
2
CURVATURE
𝑟′(𝑡)
𝐓 𝑡 =
𝑟′(𝑡)
EXAMPLES
Find the curvature K of the curve given by the
following vector equations.
2 1 3
1. 𝑟 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑗 − 3
𝑡 𝑘
2. 𝑟 𝑡 = 4𝑡𝑖 + 3 cos 𝑡𝑗 + 3 sin 𝑡𝑘

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