VMD – 511 ANIMAL WELFARE ETHICS AND

JURISPRUDENCE

MODULE-1: ANIMAL WELFARE

Learning outcomecccp

In this module the student may get an introduction about the What is Animal Welfare,
definition, status of animal welfare in India and animal welfare principles in AVMA.

ANIMAL WELFARE - INTRODUCTION

As per the Indian tradition and culture, animals always had respect and a special place
in society. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism have always preached kindness and
compassion to animals. Each Hindu God or Goddess is seen with an animal.

But today times have changed. With population explosion, urbanization and
consumerism catching up, animals are easy prey for human greed. They are soft targets
for any one trying to make a quick buck, and prime candidates for exploitation. Today
even healthy, young animals are killed for leather, meat and tallow. Calves are kept
hungry and emaciated, while the cow's milk is sold in the markets for human
consumption. Chicken are kept in cramped batteries, either for the eggs or for slaughter.
Slaughter animals are made to walk thousands of miles to slaughterhouses, or carted in
trucks / tempos packed like sardines, with the result some of them die of suffocation
before they reach their destination. Rhesus monkeys and Dancing Bears performing on
the streets, with hordes of people watching them, is another eye sore in India. The fear
of the baton falling on their backs is clearly visible in their eyes. Same is the case with
thousands of animals performing in the circuses. Research on animals is another major
issue that needs to be tackled. With tremendous pressure from animal welfare groups in
the developed countries, companies are bringing their research work to India, where the
laws are not strict and they can get away with just about anything.

In this situation, animal welfare in India takes on a whole new meaning. With so many
animal issues and so many animals on the streets, the need of the day is to have several
animal welfare societies in each community, whereas there is only one full fledged
hospital in whole Mumbai city which is not at all sufficient to look after all the sick and
injured animals. NGOs who are running the ABC centers also treat the sick, injured
animals or house the abandon animals with very meager means and facilities. The
Government of India is trying to encourage setting up of an SPCA in each District of the

1
country, but there are few takers. IDA India also has a project on the agenda to build an
animal hospital with latest technology and equipment.

The only ray of hope is the advent of television. Awareness about animal issues and
environment is spreading among youngsters watching channels like Animal Planet,
National Geographic and Discovery. They are becoming aware of the place of animals in
our lives and the need to give them the due respect. IDA India hopes to tap the potential
of these youngsters for welfare of animals, and has formed the 'Compassionate
Children's Club'.IDA India also regularly organized the animal welfare and awareness
programs in schools, collages, and socials groups which is playing very effective role in
bringing wider vision for animal issues among the adult and children.

ANIMAL WELFARE

 Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it
lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence)
it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour,
and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress.
Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment,
appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane
slaughter. Animal welfare refers to the state of the animal; the treatment that an
animal receives is covered by other terms such as animal care, animal husbandry,
and humane treatment. Protecting an animal's welfare means providing for its
physical and mental needs.
 Ensuring animal welfare is a human responsibility that includes consideration for
all aspects of animal well-being, including proper housing, management,
nutrition, disease prevention and treatment, responsible care, humane handling,
and, when necessary, humane euthanasia.
 There are numerous perspectives on animal welfare that are influenced by a
person's values and experiences. There are also various means of measuring
animal welfare, including (but not limited to) health, productivity, behavior, and
physiological responses.

ANIMAL CRUELTY LAWS

 As civilization has advanced, there was a need to augment in ascendancy and

regulations and set of laws of daily life. These governance and regulations mount
from general repugnance over activities all over the world. One such fast growing
activity is animal cruelty. Animal cruelty implies cruel gratuitous treatment of
animals. Such behavior usually has a single point program - to subject animals

2
 and sometimes pets to unnecessary harm and pain. One major type of animal
cruelty is torture

ANIMAL CRUELTY REPORT

 In a current report, People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) have

released discomforting facts regarding the circus lives of animals. As per their
reports, many famous circuses do not put into practice what they advocate and
are active in animal cruelty on a customary basis. No foundation or entity takes
care of the training sessions of the circuses. Tight collars, lashing, whipping,
beatings and persecution are the order of the day for the animals at the circus.
PETA also mentions that the actions of the animals during the circus shows are
not even close to what they would call natural, in the sense that tigers don't jump
around and then lay down in agreement, elephants don't stroll trunk to tail, and
female elephants don't mount each other. All these are possible only by severe
training, which may be translated into severe cruelty.

CIRCUS ANIMAL CRUELTY

 The animals in circuses are also customarily and hazardously exposed to multiple
diseases. In some cases, they were not given essential medical first aid.
Tuberculosis is seen as a main disease for the elephants in circuses. Some case
reveal that the elephants were not treated medically for injuries inflicted during
thrashing and other natural grounds.
 Animal brutality is a vague term and the terminology flickers from region to
region, state to state and country to country. The classification of animal cruelty
may be everything between wide-ranging and non-existent. While animal cruelty
amongst people may either be existent.

ANIMAL CRUELTY STATISTICS

 Supremacy lies not in treading over the weaker species, but in being empathetic
and compassionate enough to value their being. It doesn't mean that all of us will
be an animal lover overnight - However the point is that if you don't like them,
don't go out of your way to harm them either. Nature made all of us for a special
reason and human being was not put at the head of the food chain to torment the
other beings. We don't understand it now, but life has a law: What goes around,
comes around. Let us not get so blinded and absorbed in our ravenousness that
we forget how to be human beings.

3
DUTIES OF AWO(ANIMAL WELFARE OFFICERS)

1. An AWO (Animal Welfare Officer) should have a thorough knowledge of all the
Animal Welfare Laws and especially the following laws:
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960,
o The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 2006.
o Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision)
Amendment Rules, 2005
o The Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001
o The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001
o The Performing Animals Rules, 1973
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Licensing of Farriers) Rules,
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Draught and Pack Animals Rules, 1965,
amended 1968
o The Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules, 2001
2. The AWO is not an enforcement person. The holding of AWO Card does not
entitle to take direct law enforcement action such as raids, checking of premises,
stopping of vehicle on roads etc. You are an assisting Hony. Animal Welfare
Officer, an assisting person & entitled to lodge a police compliant in the event of
any cruelty being seen or reported to you. The AWO in case wish to inspect any
illicit slaughter house/premises etc. he will be authorized specifically by AWBI on
request from him. In the event of any cruelty being seen or reported you are
requested to take the assistance of Police/Authorities concerned in additional to
informing to the Board over telephone 044–24454958/24454935/e-
mail:[email protected]/fax 044-24454330.
3. The Honorary Animal Welfare Officer is expected to prevent illicit slaughter and
if any report of illicit slaughter is made, the case must be immediately reported to
the concerned authorities and care should be taken to make sure that the illegal
slaughtering is immediately stopped
4. Cruelties to animals during transportation are often severe and the AWO should
immediately report incidents of cruelty to the authorities and ensure that strict
legal action is enforced on the offenders.

5th point may be deleted as it is repeated

6. During natural calamites, the AWO must network with like-minded people in the
neighborhood and organize for (pl delete for) immediate rescue operations and
emergency relief for the helpless animals.

4
7. An important duty of an AWO is to make sure that animals like bears and
monkeys are not used as performing animals in the neighborhood and not
subjected to cruelty and suffering

8. Preventing the suffering that bullocks, horses, donkeys and camels undergo when
used for draught energy, through sensitization and education of the animal
owners is a key responsibility that AWOs must fulfill with complete dedication.

9. The AWO must do his or her best to prevent the misuse and abuse of oxytocin in
milking animals by educating the dairy farmers

10. Participation in coordinating or organizing training programs for villagers on

setting up self sustaining gaushalas is a task that AWOs must execute sincerely.

11. The AWO is expected to organize first aid, veterinary care, food and shelter for
sick and destitute animals

12. Attention towards the proper care and management of birds and fish
maintained in aviaries and aquaria and prevention of cruelty is another
important duty that AWOs must vigilantly carry out.

13. The AWO is expected to be thorough with the PCA act, rules and regulations &
he/she should be able to conduct training programs on legislation issues in
animal welfare for police personnel and lawyers.

14. It is expected that AWOs organize mobile clinics and veterinary camps for stray
animals and for animals belonging to poor people, especially in areas where
veterinary services are not available

15. The AWO is expected to sensitize the community and take appropriate remedial
measures to prevent cruelty to animals from happening – eg.animal sacrifice,
Jallikattu, bull fights, cock fights and ram fights.

16. Establishing good rapport with the press and electronic media to create extensive
public awareness on animal welfare issues is another key role that an AWO
should carry out diligently.

17. The use of animals by the entertainment industry should be vigilantly monitored
by the AWO by attending the film shoots and being physically present at religious
and social events where animals are brought together to prevent cruelty to
animals.

5
 18. AWOs are expected to keep close liaison with law enforcement agencies such as
Police, Forest, Customs & Excise, etc. for effective enforcement of animal welfare
laws and work in close co-ordination with Members of Animal Welfare Board of
India, General Public and Animal Welfare Organisations of the area to promote
animal welfare in the country.

19. AWO is not entitled to collect any fine or accept cash from offenders. Such action
will amount to bribery. Any AWO found to collect fine or money will be
penalized through legal action and FIR will be lodged in addition to cancellation
of AWO ID Card

AVMA ANIMAL WELFARE PRINCIPLES

The AVMA, as a medical authority for the health and welfare of animals in USA, offers
the following eight integrated principles for developing and evaluating animal welfare
policies, resolutions, and actions.

 The responsible use of animals for human purposes, such as companionship,

food, fiber, recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for
the benefit of both humans and animals, is consistent with the Veterinarian's
Oath.
 Decisions regarding animal care, use, and welfare shall be made by balancing
scientific knowledge and professional judgment with consideration of ethical and
societal values.
 Animals must be provided water, food, proper handling, health care, and an
environment appropriate to their care and use, with thoughtful consideration for
their species-typical biology and behavior.
 Animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and
suffering.
 Procedures related to animal housing, management, care, and use should be
continuously evaluated, and when indicated, refined or replaced.
 Conservation and management of animal populations should be humane, socially
responsible, and scientifically prudent.
 Animals shall be treated with respect and dignity throughout their lives and,
when necessary, provided a humane death.
 The veterinary profession shall continually strive to improve animal health and
welfare through scientific research, education, collaboration, advocacy, and the
development of legislation and regulations.


6
MODULE-2: ROLE OF VETERINARIANS IN ANIMAL WELFARE
 Learning outcome
 This module elaborates on Animal Welfare and Veterinarian's Role in Animal
Welfare, Management of Laboratory Animal Production and Maintenance
Colonies Resource and Veterinarians and Institutional Animal Ethics Committees
Resource in brief.

ROLE OF VETERINARIANS IN ANIMAL WELFARE

 For many veterinarians, animal welfare is a matter of animal health: As long as

an animal is healthy, it is also happy. For the past forty years, however, behaviour
biologists have shown repeatedly that, whereas poor health contributes to poor
welfare, the opposite is not necessarily the case. There is more to good welfare
than good health.
 Numerous studies have shown that, despite many generations of selection for
various traits, the behavioural repertoire of domestic animals is almost identical
to that of their wild ancestors. A broiler chicken has a similar demand for dust
bathing as a jungle fowl. A thoroughbred racehorse has the same demand for
social contact as the Przwalski horse. These are just two of many other examples.
Consequently, to ensure a certain level of welfare in our domestic animals, it is
important that they are able to perform their species-specific behaviour beyond
eating behaviour, drinking behaviour, eliminative behaviour and resting
behaviour.
 And that's where the controversy begins Which elements of the animal's
ethogram are essential and which ones are not? Must a prey animal show flight
behaviour regularly to be happy? Must a well-fed animal show foraging behaviour
to be content? Is social contact through bars enough contact?
 The controversy consists of, on the one side, practitioners or producers that need
to house and manage animals in such a way that their production is productive
and, on the other side, animal protection people or animal rights people who are
against any "exploitation" of the domestic animals.
 As with most issues, obviously the optimum lies somewhere in between these two
extremes. We all have to compromise and so must our domestic animals. In
return for regular food, water, shelter and medical care, the animals must give up
some of their freedom. But how much they must give up, how restrictively we can
keep them with good conscience, is a matter of dispute.
 The veterinary profession plays a key role in the controversy in that it possesses a
detailed knowledge of both camps. Practicing veterinarians and veterinary
inspectors are in regular contact with the animals, either in the clinic or during
visits to the farms, either to treat sick animals, to institute preventive measures,
or to control that legislation is being followed. At the same time veterinarians

7
 possess (or should possess) the scientific background that enable them to judge
the welfare of their patients and clients.
 Public concern for the welfare of domestic animals is likely to increase in the
future. At the present time behaviour biologists still struggle with the difficult
task of "measuring happiness" in the animals. Similarly, programs for monitoring
welfare in praxis are being developed in many countries. An important question
in these developments is how the veterinary profession can best prepare itself for
future challenges, both in the veterinary curriculum and in terms of continued
education.

As public concern for animal welfare grew, people began asking awkward
questions regarding, for example, the production of foie gras, the forced molting
of laying hens, and the slaughter of horses for human consumption overseas.

 The public views veterinarians favorably, regarding them as experts in animal

care and welfare. But the veterinary profession has had a love-hate relationship
with animal advocates.
 The profession's economics and changing demographics—in 1960, less than 2%
of veterinarians were female; today 45% are female—will have an impact on the
way the profession deals with animal welfare and animal rights. Public opinion
polls find that women are about 15 percentage points more positive toward
animal welfare issues than are men. One could argue that the increased of
numbers of female veterinarians is already having an impact, even though there
are still relatively few women in leadership positions in the profession. In
addition, most pet caregivers who take their animals to veterinarians will favor
those veterinarians who emphasize animal welfare.
 Because their animals are now considered members of the household, people are
requesting advanced veterinary services—and paying more for them. The more
veterinary hospitals respond to this change in pet caregiver attitudes by, for
example, focusing more on animal welfare and working cooperatively with local
humane societies, the more their clients are likely to trust them and accept the
new economic realities of pet medicine.
 Moreover, as people have come to value their pets more highly, many
veterinarians have responded by offering—and charging for—medical and
surgical services that meet their clients' expanding demands for advanced
healthcare.

8
INTRODUCTION

 Veterinarians play a central role in biomedical (including veterinary), wildlife and

farm animal research. The comprehensive nature of veterinary training equips
veterinary graduates to handle a diverse range of professional responsibilities
relevant to the use of animals for scientific purposes and animal welfare. In the
Indian context, veterinarians in scientific institutions may be divided into two
main categories: those involved in the production, medicine and surgery of
animals used for scientific purposes; and those involved on Institutional Animal
Ethics Committees, and, of course, there are many veterinarians whose duties
involve elements of both categories.
 The broad range of duties in the first category includes management of laboratory
animal production and maintenance colonies, operation of preventative medicine
programs, clinical medicine, provision of research support, maintenance of
quarantine facilities, operation of in-house pathology programs, experimental
surgery, and involvement in animal house design. For those veterinarians
involved with Institutional Animal Ethics Committees their role is to promote
animal welfare and regulatory compliance duties include review of proposals to
use animals for scientific purposes, the minimisation of pain and distress, the
monitoring of animals in research and teaching, the administration of animal
ethics committees, provision of advice to the institution, provision of advice to
researchers, provision of consultation and advice concerning compliance with
relevant legislation and the Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for
Scientific Purposes, and training of research and technical personnel.
 Veterinarians also play a major role in the development of institutional and
regulatory policy, codes of practice, regulation and monitoring.
 Although principally outside the scope of this text, qualification as a veterinarian
also provides a strong base for veterinary graduates to embark upon a scientific
research career in such diverse fields as immunology, molecular biology,
physiology, biochemistry, virology, pathology, bacteriology, parasitology, animal
management, wildlife research, agricultural animal research, and exotic disease
research, and indeed there are veterinary graduates currently working as
investigators in all these fields.

MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND

MAINTENANCE COLONIES

 A veterinarian responsible for the management of laboratory animals uses the

strong scientific knowledge provided by a veterinary degree but must acquire a
number of special skills and a variety of experience in order to fulfil the duties

9
 involved in this role. Although well equipped in the general principles of
preventative and clinical medicine, surgery, genetics, the scientific process, the
principles of animal management, pathology, quarantine, and nutrition, the
laboratory animal veterinarian needs to apply this knowledge to a range of less
familiar species. The focus of undergraduate training is on the domestic and farm
animal species with little attention given to mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits,
let alone fish, amphibia, native animals and reptiles. The laboratory animal
veterinarian therefore embarks early on a steep learning curve concerning
anatomy, physiology and medicine of rodents, rabbits and other unusual species.
The latter includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases one has not encountered
before. In some situations, more familiar species, in which he or she has received
considerable training, may be encountered, but the circumstances of their
housing may be vastly different in the research environment. Many additional
responsibilities such as personnel management of a team of animal technicians,
financial management and environmental control are part of the role of these
veterinarians. It is apparent that, in addition to the experience and training of a
veterinarian, it is necessary to acquire some of the skills of the production
engineer and human resources manager.
 The ultimate aim of the laboratory animal veterinarian is to provide to the
researcher, in a timely and efficient manner, an experimental animal in a state
appropriate to the intended research in terms of biological characteristics, genetic
constitution and microbiological and general health status. In recent years
genetic definition, by targeting specific genes, particularly in laboratory mice, has
allowed investigators to more accurately define the biological roles of genes and
the genetic components of disease processes. As the effects of genetic
manipulation cannot be fully known in advance, this has placed more demands
on veterinarians involved with the production and monitoring of these animals.
 Monitoring aspects will be discussed in the next section, but from a production
viewpoint these animals may require special care, they may be more susceptible
to disease and reproductive efficiency may be impaired. The veterinarian with
experimental surgery commitments performs surgery to assist investigators in
their research and this may extend to development of surgical techniques for
specific protocols as well as training and providing advice in surgical techniques
to investigators and animal technicians in some procedures. It may be seen that
the laboratory animal veterinarian, as defined here, is something of a jack of all
trades. Indeed they are masters of most of the component disciplines. It might be
seen to be a section of the profession that has many challenges. Laboratory
animal veterinarians will tell you that this is indeed true!


10
VETERINARIANS AND INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL ETHICS
COMMITTEES

 The role of veterinarians within the Animal Ethics Committee’s sphere of

activities and institutional animal welfare extends well beyond the formal ethics
meetings.
 Training of investigators and technical staff is an important function carried out
by veterinarians in many institutions using animals. This training usually
includes formal instruction on compliance with the Code and relevant legislation,
and extends to practical workshops in animal handling techniques, routine
research procedures, anaesthetic methods, euthanasia techniques and general or
specific surgical skills. This may be done in conjunction with training provided by
research group leaders. The ongoing monitoring of animals and animal facilities
is another essential role.
 The veterinarian is the ideal person to monitor pain and distress and instigate
alleviation measures when necessary. As the Animal Ethics Committee is
required to provide comment on the building or modification of animal facilities
the veterinarian also has a central role to play in assisting the committee to
determine the appropriateness of the housing environment.
 The concept of genetic modification of animals, while enabling scientists to
concentrate on specific genes essential to the disease process, has brought with it
a whole new set of potential welfare issues to those entrusted with the monitoring
of research using animals. Veterinarians, conversant with this discipline acting in
conjunction with animal technical staff and investigators, are well-positioned to
assess the welfare and genetic stability of newly created genetically modified
animals. They are also best able to institute special care when necessary and to
implement measures where increased susceptibility to disease is involved.
 Given the sometimes sensitive nature of particular research protocols, and the
unique role of veterinarians within institutions and their Animal Ethics
Committees, veterinarians are often required to act as de facto "information or
publicity officers" with potential for interaction with the media and the general
community in public forums. The veterinarian's role may also include that of an
independent complaints officer for concerns and issues raised by staff, students
and members of the general community relating to the care and use of animals
for research or teaching purposes.
 The veterinarian who is a member of an Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
has, by nature of his or her training and experience, a unique and significant role
in being able to provide beneficial advice to the Animal Ethics Committee, the
investigators and/or teachers, and the institute itself whilst facilitating the
accumulation of scientific knowledge in the most humane manner.

11
MODULE-3: ANIMAL WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on Animal Welfare Organizations present in India
like Animal Welfare Division of MoEF, GoI and Animal Welfare Board of India
(AWBI).It also focusess on funds, functions and the power of the Board(AWBI)
to make regulations, Policies, Acts and Rules of AWBI. The recognised Animal
Welfare Organizations by AWBI will also be discussed.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS - ANIMAL

WELFARE DIVISION

Under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI, the Animal Welfare Division is
entrusted with the implementation of the provisions of the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960). Plan Schemes are in operation for implementation of
the statutory obligations under this Act. Two statutory organizations viz. Animal
Welfare Board of India (AWBI) and committee for the Purpose of Supervision and
Control of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) have also been set up under this Act. The
mandate of the Animal Welfare Division is to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain
or suffering on animals.

 Under the scheme for shelter houses for looking after the animals, grant is
provided to establish and maintain shelter houses for distressed animals in the
country. Primarily, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Society for
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCAs) are given grants of upto Rs.22.50 lakhs
for construction of boundary walls, shelters, water tank, drains, in-house
dispensary, medical equipment, contingencies etc. In the current financial year,
13 shelter houses have been constructed up to November 2007.
 In the current financial year, under the Scheme for Birth Control and
lmmunization of Stray Dogs, 33,222 animal birth control operations have been
conducted upto November 2007.
 Under the Scheme for Provision of Ambulance Services to Animals in Distress, 22
ambulances have been given to Animal Welfare Organisations (AWOs) upto
November , 2007.
 The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) has granted recognition to 55 newly
established Animal Welfare organizations (AWOs) during the year.

12
ANIMAL WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS

 The Animal Welfare Board of India

 Ministry of Environment & Forests
 RSPCA
 WSPA
 Blue Cross of India
 Blue Cross of Hyderabad
 People For Animals
 Wildlife Institute of India
 Visakha SPCA
 IPAN
 APOWA
 Bombay SPCA
 Help In Suffering
 CUPA
 Friendicoes Seca
 Madras SPCA
 In Defense of Animals
 Animal Rights International
 Pet Animal Welfare Society
 Calcutta SPCA
 Animal Rights Fund

ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA

Establishment of Animal Welfare Board of India

 For the promotion of animal welfare generally, and for the purpose of protecting
animals from being subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering, in particular,
there shall be established by the Central Government, as soon as may be after the
commencement of this Act, a Board to be called the * * (Animal Welfare Board of
India).
o Subs. Act 26 of 1982; S.3, for the words "Animal Welfare Board".
o Sub-ibid, S.4 for the words "Animal Welfare Board".
 The Board shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common
seal with power, subject to the provisions of this Act, to acquire, hold and dispose
of property and may by its name sue and be sued.

13
  Established in 1962 under Section 4 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,
1960 (No. 59 of 1960), the Animal Welfare Board of India was started under the
stewardship of Late Smt. Rukmini Devi Arundale, well known humanitarian.
From ensuring that animal welfare laws in the country are diligently followed, to
provide grants to Animal Welfare Organizations and advising the Government of
India on animal welfare issues, the Board has been the face of the animal welfare
movement in the country for the last 47 years.
 The Board consists of 28 Members. The term of office of Members is for a period
of 3 years

CONSTITUTION OF THE BOARD

1. The Board shall consist of the following persons, namely

a. the Inspector General of Forests, Government of India, ex-officio;

b. the Animal Husbandry Commissioner to the Government of India, ex-officio;

* (ba) two persons to represent respectively the Ministers of the Central Government
dealing with Home Affairs and Education, to be appointed by the Central Government;

* inserted by Act 26 of 1982; S. 5 (a) (i)

(bb) one person to represent the Indian Board for Wildlife, to be appointed by the
Central Government;

(bc) three persons who, in the option of the Central Government are or have been
actively engaged in animal welfare work and are well-known humanitarians, to be
nominated by the Central Government;

c. one person to represent such association of veterinary practitioners as in the

opinion of the Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to be
elected by that association in the prescribed manner;
d. two persons to represent practitioners of modern and indigenous systems of
medicine, to be nominated by the Central Government;
e. * * one person to represent each of such two municipal corporations as in the
opinion of the Central Government ought to be represented on the Board, to be
elected by each of the said corporations in the prescribed manner;

* * Subs. - ibid S. 5 (a) (ii) for the original clause.

14
 f. one person to represent each of such three organizations actively interested in
animal welfare as in the opinion of the Central Government ought to be
represented on the Board, to be chosen by each of the said organizations in the
prescribed manner;
g. one person to represent of such three societies dealing with prevention of cruelty
to animals as in the opinion of the Central Government ought to be represented
on the Board, to be chosen in the prescribed manner;
h. three persons to be nominated by the Central Government
i. six Members of Parliament, four to be elected by the House of the People (Lok
Sabha) and two by the Council of States (Rajya Sabha)

2. Any of the persons referred to in clause 9 a or clause (b) or *** clause (ba) or clause
(bb) of sub-section (1) may be depute any other person to attend any of the meetings of
the Board.

*** Subs. by Act 26 of 1982: S. 5 (b),for the word,brackets and letter "Clause(b)

TERMS OF OFFICE AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE OF

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD

 **6. (1)The term for which the Board may be reconstituted under section 5 A
shall be three years from the date of the reconstitution and the Chairman and
other Members of the Board as so reconstituted shall hold office till the expiry of
the term for which the Board has been so reconstituted.
 2. Not withstanding anything contained in sub-section (1):
o (a) the term of office of an ex-officio Member shall continue so long as he
holds the office by virtue of which he is such a Member:
o (b) the term of office of a Member elected or chosen under clause (c),
clause (e), clause (g), clause [h] clause (i) of section 5 to represent anybody
of persons shall come to an end as soon as he ceases to be a Member of the
body which elected him or in respect of which he was chosen;
o (c) the term of office of a Member appointed, nominated, elected or chosen
to fill a casual vacancy shall continue for the remainder of the term of
office of the Member in whose place he is appointed, nominated, elected or
chosen;
o (d) the Central Government may, at any time, remove for reasons to be
recorded in writing a member from office after giving him a reasonable
opportunity of showing cause against the proposed removal and any

15
 vacancy caused by such removal shall be treated as casual vacancy for the
purpose of clause (c).
 3. The members of the Board shall receive such allowance, if any, as the Board
may, subject to the previous approval of the Central Government, provided by
regulations made in this behalf;
 4. No act done or proceeding taken by the Board shall be questioned on the
ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of
the Board and in particular, and without prejudice to the generally of the
foregoing, during the period intervening between
the expiry of the term for which the Board has been reconstituted under section 5
A and its further reconstitution under that section, the ex-officio members of the
Board shall discharge all the powers and function of the Board

SECRETARY AND OTHER EMPLOYEES OF THE BOARD

 7. (1) The Central Government shall appoint *xxxxx the Secretary of the Board
 (2) Subject to such rules as may be made by the Central Government in this
behalf, the Board may appoint such number of other officers and employees as
may be necessary for the exercise of its powers and the discharge of its functions
and may determine the terms and conditions of service of such officers and other
employees by regulations made by it with the previous approval of the Central
Government.

FUNDS OF THE BOARD

 8. The funds of the Board shall consist of grants made to it from time to time by
the Government and of contributions, subscriptions, bequests, gifts and the like
mae to it by any local authority or by any other person.

FUNCTIONS

 To keep the law in force in India for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals under
constant study and to advise the government on the amendments to be
undertaken in any such law from time to time.
 To advise the Central Government on the making of rules under the Act with a
view to preventing unnecessary pain or suffering to animals generally, and more
particularly when they are being transported from one place to another or when
they are used as performing animals or when they are kept in captivity or
confinment.

16
  To advise the Government or any local authority or other person on
improvements in the design of vehicles so as to lessen the burden on draught
animals.
 To take all such steps as the Board may think fit for amelioration of animals by
encouraging, or providing for the construction of sheds, water troughs and the
like and by providing for veterinary assistance to animals.
 To advise the Government or any local authority or other person in the design of
slaughter houses or the maintenance of slaughter houses or in connection with
slaughter of animals so that unnecessary pain or suffering, whether physicrd or
mental, is eliminated in the pre- slaughter stages as far as possible, and animals
are killed, wherever necessary, in as humane a manner as possible.
 To take all such steps as the Board may think fit to ensure that unwanted animals
are destroyed by local authorities, whenever it is necessary to do so, either
instantaneously or after being rendered insensible to pain or suffering.
 To encourage by the grant of financial assistance or otherwise, the formation or
establishment of Pinjarapoles, rescue homes, animals shelters, sanctuaries and
the like, where animals and birds may find a shelter when they have become old
and useless or when they need protection.
 To co-operate with, and co-ordinate the work of associations or bodies
established for the purpose of preventing unnecessary pain or suffering to
animals or for the protection of animals and birds.
 To give financial assistance and other assistance to Animal Welfare Organisations
functioping in any local area or to encourage the formation of Animal Welfare
Organisations in any local area which shall work under the general supervision
and guidance of the Board.
 To advise the Government on matters relating to the medical care and
attentionwhich may be provided in animal hospitals, and to give financial and
other assistance to animal hospitals whenever the Board think it is necessary to
do so.
 To impart education inrelation to thehumanetreatment of animals and to
encourage the formation of public opinion against the infliction of unnecessary
pain or suffering to animals and for the promotion of animal welfare by means of
lectures books, posters, cinematographic exhibitions and the like.
 To advise the Government on any matter connected with animal welfare or the
Prevention of infliction of unne

POWER OF THE BOARD TO MAKE REGULATIONS

 10. The Board may, subject to the previous approval of the Central Government,
make such regulations as it may think fit for the administration of its affairs and
for carrying out its functions.

17
POLICY OF THE ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA

The Constitution of India Provides Animal Protection by Article 51 Ensuring

"Compassion to all Living Creatures".Further, in pursuance of the recommendations of
Datter Singh's Committee for providing prohibition of slaughter of cows and its progeny,
the constitution in its Directive Principle of state policy provided protection to cow and
its progeny by prohibiting slaughter of all milch animals, which especially identified
cows and calf. In the above backdrop and constitutional mandate, the Govt. Of India by
a Legislative Enactment by Parliament established the Animal Welfare Board of India
under the provisions of the prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

The Animal Welfare Board of India has been constituted vide chapter II, Sections 4 to
10 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.Section 9 lays down the functions
of the board, while section 10 gives the Powers to make regulations, subject to the
previous approval of the central government,to make regulations for carrying on its
affairs and functions. The primary sources of funding of the AWBI are grants from the
Government of India. However contributions, subscriptions, bequests and gifts will also
be encouraged.

The Objective of the Board is to prevent any action resulting in the infliction of pain or
cruelty and misuse of animals in the country. The Board should advise the government
with regard to the development of instruments of law that will fulfill this objective. The
board is unequivocal about its commitment to vegetarianism on ethical, moral and
medical grounds. The Board in pursuance of the above constitutional and statutory
mandate and directive have already resolved and demanded from the govt. of India,
prohibition of meat export. In addition, the board is taking several other programmes
for the saving animal life, very extreme pain of killing and slaughter like dog killing and
cow slaughter etc.The Cattle population in India being the highest as ¼ of the world
population about - 26 crores, the increasing emphasis is about its protection from
slaughter in addition to the saving of dog population from mass killing by municipal
corporations. Statement of Policy of the board (GUIDELINES OF THE FUNCTIONING
OF THE BOARD) To achieve the above policy the AWBI shall

A. In order to institutionalize the animal welfare movement in the country, the board
will take action:

To establish State Animal Welfare Boards, to define their duties and to ensure that
necessary provision of funds are made for the functioning of the board by the state.

18
To establish District Animal Welfare Boards which will monitor the implementation of
PCA Act and the rules made there under, and to take action for the welfare of animals in
the district.

 To make a database of NGOs in each district and to see that they liaise with and
are helped by the State and District Boards and the local administration in their
work.
 To establish one SPCA in each taluka, which will have a hospital/shelter, attached
to it on land given by the local administration and which will have inspectors
employed by it to check the abuse/misuse of animals.
 To derecognise SPCAs that are nonworking or misusing their mandate.
 To encourage the formation of animal welfare organizations and to give financial
and other assistance.
 To monitor the activities of such NGOs.

B. In order to increase the number of groups working in the field of animal welfare and
generate awareness on issues the Board shall: Make official master
trainers/representatives of the Board whose duties will include monitoring all animal
welfare activities and organizations working in the district, which is allotted to them and
to conduct regular programmes of training and awareness generation for potential
NGOs. They will also be put in charge of inspections in the districts. To conduct
awareness programmes or help NGOs conduct awareness programmes though various
media including pamphlets, TV and radio, workshops for specific issues.

 To conduct training/education programmes of specific target groups such as

journalists, police, teachers and government officials.
 To conduct training Programmes of people already in the animal welfare
movement in order to increase their effectiveness.

C. In order to strengthen the laws and implement the ones already in place, the board
shall: Maintain a library of all existing laws which would include Constitutional Law,
Central and state Acts, Rules, Regulations and bye-laws, Notification and Govt. Orders
with judicial decisions upholding their implementation for animal protection,
prohibition of slaughter, prohibition of animal sacrifices and prohibition and
prosecution for them and other offences causing cruelty to animals. The Board will also
suggest enactment of new laws or amendment in them or make within its powers such
rules, regulations or issue administrative directions for enforcing and implementing
them. Make a legal wing with a panel of lawyer's city wise that can be called to contest
cases.

 Be proactive in initiation of cases involving issues of animal welfare.

19
  Issue a monthly newsletter on legal issues.
 Make suitable provision to assist NGOS with their legal cases.

D. In order to ensure that a network of shelters/hospitals is spread throughout India,

the Board shall: Help with financial aid in the running of such shelters. Assist in the
augmentation of shelters already in existence and in providing for the construction of
water troughs etc.

 The financial grants would be as far as possible in consonance with the board's
decisions fixing the parameters and criteria for them in respect of the various
NGOS functioning and requirements, capacity and working conditions and
standards. The present criteria as fixed by the Board would continue till the
Board further amends them.
 Recommend the funding of institution to the parent ministry for the construction
of shelters/hospitals by established groups.

E. In order to make sure that the organizations that have been provided with funds from
the Ministry or the board have utilized the funds prudently and honestly, the board will
build up an effective system of inspections. This will be done by: Investigating all first
time NGOS before any funds are released to them. Nominating Investigators who will be
paid for their inspection.

 Blacklisting Fraudulent or incompetent organizations and informing the State

and District authorities of their blacklisting.
 Moving for recovery of funds given to them.

F. The AWBI shall arrange for the transport or reimburse the costs incurred for the
following: Where animals have been misused/abused or likely to be slaughtered and
have to be transported to safe rescue centers and shelters and maintained as in the case
of - Circuses Animals rescued from laboratories requiring rehabilitation Animals
rescued from trains, trucks and other automobiles/ vehicles Animals rescued from
airports, from where they are being/illegally smuggled out/in The Board would be
provided additional budget for the activities by the Ministry or the Govt. at the initiation
of the ministry.

G. The board shall take all possible action to: Enforce the Animal Birth Control
programme throughout India and will take every step necessary to see that the killing of
dogs is also stopped by municipalities and replaced with vaccination and sterilization
programmes Take every step to ensure that the sacrifice of animals for religious
proposes is stopped.

20
 Take every step to ensure that the dissection of animals in schools, which has
now been stopped by CBSE and ICSE, is also stopped by State Education Boards
and is replaced by other models or systems of education.
 Regulate the use of animals in films and television by strictly enforcing the
Performing Animal (Arnendment) Rules, 2000 and regulating the granting of
permission for the use of animals in the same, ensure presence and functioning of
the appointees on the Censor Boards and by sending inspectors to the shooting of
films and other locations where animals are being used for the purposes of
entertainment. All producers and other people connected with the making of
films be informed of the rules from time to time and it should be ensured that
they have obtained the necessary approvals from the Board.The AWBI prohibits
traveling menageries and exhibitions of animals.
 Regulate any form of the use of animals in sports through racing, rides. Bullock
cat races and fights are forbidden under law and action be taken against any
individual, organization or State Government using them.The Board also to
monitor the laws ad Rules which regulate horse racing.
 Monitor the use of animals in experiments and take action when animals are
subjected to unnecessary pain and suffering or are unnecessarily used in any
form of scientific or commercial venture.
 Inspect slaughterhouses, both municipal and private, to ensure that the - BSI
rules, the PCA Act and the Rules made there under and other relevant Acts are
being adhered to Legal action be taken against slaughterhouses where rules are
being violated.
 Regulate and oversee the transport of animals to such slaughterhouses is carried
out in a legal and humane manner.
 Advise the animal husbandry departments with regard to the working of their
veterinary and husbandry centers.
 Prohibit the use of animals such as birds, monkeys, mongooses, snakes, bears etc
for street entertainment. All such animals will be confiscated and rehabilitated.
 Prohibit all blood sports such as dog fighting, cockfighting, ram fighting, snake -
mongoose fighting etc.
 Prohibit the introduction of air or any chemical substance by injection into milch
animals. Dairies that are using illegal chemicals/hormones/antibiotics etc. be
shut down and legal action taken against them.
 Ban the release of impounded animals from shelters and pounds for biomedical
research laboratories, training and educational institutions and pharmaceutical
houses. Any animal welfare organization that voluntarily gives or sells animals to
these institutions be blacklisted and proceeded against legally.
 Work towards the licensing and taxation of all dog and cat sellers.
 Check on factory farms and those animal husbandry institutions and commercial
ventures that are involved in the raising, housing and selling of animals/birds for

21
 the purpose of meat. Any violations of the BSI and Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act specifications will result in action taken.
 Encourage the use of natural pesticides and cow dung, cow urine for purposes of
fertilizer, alternative sources of energy, medicinal purposes etc.
 Regulate the export/import of species and advise the government on the banning
of particular species.
 Respond to complaints about the misuse and abuse of pets by their owners.
 Encourage and take whatever steps necessary for the improvement in the design
of vehicles so as to lessen the burden on draught animals.
 Take action in respect of any activity that concerns the amelioration of pain and
suffering to animals. H. H The Board would ensure participation of its
representatives in the various committees and activities of the Planning
Commission, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Commerce
and other Ministers including Animal Welfare for effectively co-ordination in
suggesting and advising methodology for implementation of the above objectives,
more particularly constitutional and statutory mandates for protecting from
killing and slaughtering the animals. Its main thrust is in respect of the
prohibition of dog killing and cattle killing and to provide and prohibit cruelties
to all other animals also. It would also seek appropriate funding budget
allotments and help from all the Ministries in addition to the parent Ministry of
Animal Welfare, wherein it would like to evolve and participate in the Ministry's
decisions of funding in all respects direct or indirect.

AWO IN TAMILNADU

1. SPCA Madras, Vepery High Road, Vepery, Chennai - 600007, India, Ph: 91-
(0)44-5321628 / 5322160
2. Blue Cross of India, # 1 A, Eldams Road, Chennai - 600018, Inida, Ph: 91-(0)44-
4341778
3. Indian Institute of Animal Welfare, # 37, Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore,
Chennai - 600004, India. Ph: 91-(0)44-8271972
4. Coimbatore Dt. SPCA, Taluk Office compound (South), Coimbatore - 641183,
India Ph: 30341
5. SPCA Salem, Padmanabha Nilayam, Kannan Kurichi Road, Hasthampatti, Salem
- 636017, India, Ph: 419867
6. Bhagwan Mahaveer Ahimsa Prachar Sangh, # 21, Periyar Naiyakaran Street,
Chennai - 600079, India. Ph: 91-(0)44-588709
7. The Madras Pinjrapole, 383, Konnur High Road, Chennai -600012, India. Ph: 91-
(0)44-617991
8. Krishna Venkatesan Animal Welfare Trust, Karunagiri 3/242, Govinda Nagar,
Palavakkam, Chennai - 600041, India. Ph: 91-(0)44-4914693 / 4926350
22
 9. Sai Raghav Shelter for Animals, # 2, Srinivasa Street, Gangai Nagar, Kallikuppam
(S), Ambattur, Chennai - 600053, India
10. Association for the Stray Dogs Sterilisation, Adoption & Animal Welfare Network
( ASSAAN), C- 81, 559, 8th floor, Mount Road, Chennai - 600006, India, Ph: 91-
(0)44-8275846
11. People for Animals, # 11, Ponnappa Lane, Triplicane, Chennai - 600005, India
12. Sri Satyasai Praniseva Shelters, # 2, Cenotaph Road, 2nd Lane, Chennai -
600018, India. Ph: 91-(0)44-4354924 Mob: (0)-98400 29010

MODULE-4: ACTS AND RULES OF ANIMAL WELFARE - I

13. Learning outcome

14. This module focusing on the Acts and Rules are in force for Animal Welfare. This
gives a detailed discussion on the rules related to animal welfare. The important
laws and its uses in the prevention of cruelty against animals is major area.

ACTS AND RULES

Acts

 No.59 of 1960 - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

o The Prevention of Cruelty to Draught and Pack Animals Rules, 1965
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Licensing of Farriers) Rules, 1965
o The Performing Animals Rules, 1973
o The Transport of Animals, Rules 1978
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Application of Fines) Rules, 1978
o The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Registration of Cattle Premises)
Rules, 1978
o The Prevention of Cruelty (Capture of Animals) Rules, 1972

Rules

 S.O. 1995 (E) [27/07/2010] - Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House)

Amendment Rules 2010.
 S.O.714(E), [26/03/2010] - Animal Birth Control(Dogs) Rules, 2009.
 S.O.1818(E), [23/10/2006] - Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control
and Supervision )Amendment Rules, 2006.
 S.O.1817(E), [19/10/2006] - Reconstitution of Committee for the Purpose of
Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals(CPCSEA).
 S.O.42(E), [14/01/2006] - Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and
Supervision )Amendment Rules, 2005.

23
  S.O.1256(E), [24/12/2001] - The Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001.
 S.O.267(E), [26/3/2001] - The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001.
o S.O.35(E), [8/1/2002] - The Performing Animals (Registration)
Amendment Rules, 2001.
 S.O.271(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment
and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001.
 S.O.270(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter
House) Rules, 2001.
 S.O.268(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Transport of
Animals on Foot) Rules, 2001.
 S.O.134(E), [15/2/2001] - The Breeding of and Experiments on animals (Control
and Supervision) Amendment Rules, 2001.
 S.O.1074, [15/12/1998] - The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control
and Supervision) Rules, 1998.
 S.O.732(E), [26/8/1998] - The Experiments on Animals (controls and
Supervision) (Amendment) Rules, 1998.
 S.O.No.1056, [13/3/1979] - The Prevention of Cruelty (Capture of Animals)
Rules, 1972.
 No.14-20/76-LD.I, [30/11/1978] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(Registration of Cattle Premises) Rules, 1978.
 No. 18-6/70-LDI, [23/3/1978] - The Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 .
o S.O.269(E), [26/3/2001] - The Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules,
2001.
 No.14-21/76-LD.I, [15/2/1978] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(Application of Fines) Rules, 1978.
 No.35-4/72-LD.I, [22/5/1973] - The Performing Animals Rules, 1973.
 No.9-18/62-LD, [23/3/1965] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Licensing
of Farriers) Rules, 1965.
 No.9-18/68-LD, [23/3/1965] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Draught and Pack
Animals Rules, 1965, amended 1968.


THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1960

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960) (26th December, 1960)

An ACT

 To prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and for that
purpose to amend the law relating to the prevention of cruelty to animals.

24
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
(59 of 1960)

As amended by Central Act 26 of 1982.

Arrangement of sections

Chapter 1 - Preliminary

 Short title, extent and commencement.

 Definitions
 Duties of persons having charge of animals.

Chapter II - Animal Welfare Board Of India

 Establishment of Animal Welfare Board of India.

 Constitution of the Board.
o Reconstitution of the Board.
 Term of Office and conditions of services of members of the Board.
 Secretary and other employees of the Board.
 Funds of the Board.
 Functions of the Board.
 Power of Board to make regulations.

Chapter III - Cruelty To Animals Generally

 Treating animals cruelty.

 Penalty for practising Phooka or doom dev.
 Destruction of suffering animals.

Chapter IV - Experimentation Of Animals

 Experiments on animals.
 Committee for control and supervision of experiments on animals.
 Sub-Committee.
 Staff of the Committee.
 Duties of the Committee and power of the Committee to make rules relating to
experiments on animals
 Power of entry and inspection.
 Power to prohibit experiments an animals.
 Penalties.

25
Chapter V - Performing Animals

 "Exhibit" and "Trained" defined.

 Restriction on exhibition and training of performing animals.
 Procedure for registration
 Power of court to prohibit or restrict exhibition and training of performing
animals.
 Power to enter premises
 Offences
 Exemptions.

Chapter VI - Miscellaneous

 Saving as respects manner of killing prescribed by religion.

 Power of court to deprive person convicted of ownership of animal.
 Presumptions as to guilt in certain cases.
 Cognizability of offences.
 Powers of search and seizure.
 Search warrants.
 General Power of Seizure for examination.
 Treatment and care of animals.
 Limitation of prosecutions.
 Delegation of powers.
 Power to make rules.
 Rules and regulations to be laid before Parliament.
 Persons authorised under section 34 to be public servants.
 Indemnity.
 Repeal of Act 11 of 1890.

THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS( SLAUGHTER

HOUSE) RULES,2001

Q 28) What does law provides with respect to the slaughtering houses?

 A ) There are certain rules provided under The Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals
( Slaughter House) Rules, 2001.
 Section 2(c) of the above mentioned Act defines ‘slaughter house’ as a slaughter
house wherein 10 or more than 10 animals are slaughtered per day and is duly
licensed or recognized under a Central, State or Provincial Act or any rules or
regulations made thereunder.

26
Q 29) What is the law regarding the slaughtering of animals?

 A) Section 3(1) of the above mentioned Act provides that animals cannot be
slaughtered except in the recognized and licensed houses. Also, Section 3(2),
prohibits slaughtering of any animal
o which is pregnant or
o has an offspring less than three months old, or
o the animal which is under the age of three months or
o has not been certified by a veterinary doctor that it is in a fit condition to
be slaughtered.

Q 30) Is slaughtering of animal apart from the slaughter house forbidden?

 A) Wherever there is a Government slaughter-house, the slaughter cannot be

done anywhere else. If there is no government slaughter house in that area then
killing can only take place in licenced slaughter houses which should be situated
where they are not public nusisance and an environmental hazard. These
slaughterhouses have to follow the Municipal Corporation laws and the ISI
regulations. Lambs or any other animals cannot be slaughtered in slums, in
roadside ramshackle meat shops or in dhabas or in private houses.

Q31) Is it crime to sell camel’s meat?

 A)Camel’s meat is not notified item of food, as per the provisions of the
prevention of cruelty to animals act,1960.Presently, provision is available, only
for slaughtering cattle, goat, sheep and pig, within the Corporation limits. There
is no qualified Veterinary Surgeon, who can certify the fitness of a camel or the
suitability of its meat for consumption by human beings, or a licensed person to
slaughter a camel.There are no licensed persons within the Corporation limits for
the sale of camel’s meat also. The license to sell beef will not enable the sale of
camel’s meat.

THE EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS( CONTROL AND

SUPERVISION) RULES,1968

Q 32) What does the law says regarding the conducting of experiments on
animals?

A) Section 4 of the Experiments on Animals ( Control and Supervision ) Rules, 1968 lays
down certain conditions regarding the conducting of experiments which are as follows :

27
 1. Experiments should be performed with due care and humanity
2. Experiments shall be performed in every case by or under the supervision of
persons duly qualified, in a laboratory adequately equipped and staffed for the
purpose and under the responsibility of the person performing the experiment.
3. Minimum number of animals shall be used in an experiment
4. Experiments involving operative procedure more severe than simple inoculation
or superficial venesection shall be performed under the influence of anaesthetic
of sufficient power to prevent the animal feeling pain and it shall remain so
throughtout the experiment.
5. The experiment shall not be performed for the purpose of attaining or retaining
manual skill.
6. Experiment shall not be performed by way of an illustration of lecture in schools
or colleges
7. Experiments shall not be performed as a public demonstration except for
advancement of knowledge
8. The substance known as Urari or Curari or any such paralysant shall not be used
or administered for the purpose of any experiment except in conjunction with
anaesthetic of sufficient depth to produce loss of consciousness;

Q 33) Is it illegal to sell animals for experiments?

 A ) Yes, it is illegal to sale animals for experiments. Section 4A of The

Experiments on Animals ( control and Supervision) puts restriction on sale, etc.,
of animals for experiments. It says that no officer, employee or agent of any
animal-control authority shall see, give transfer, trade, supply or otherwise
provide any animal coming into his or her possession to any animal dealer,
commercial kennel, pet shop, laboratory, educational institution or other person
for the use in research, product development testing, education, biological
production or other scientific, biomedical or veterinary purposes. Also the
hospital, educational institution, laboratory or any person is prohibited to
purchase or accept any dog or cat not purposely bred for research from any
animal-control authority, commercial kennel, pet shop or animal dealer for use in
research, product development, testing, education, biological production, or
other scientific, biomedical or veterinary purposes.

28
MODULE-5: ACTS AND RULES OF ANIMAL WELFARE - II

Learning outcome

This module is discussing the following acts and rules.

 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Transport of Animals on Foot) Rules, 2001

 The Breeding of and Experiments on animals (Control and Supervision)
Amendment Rules, 2001
 The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules,
1998
 The Experiments on Animals (controls and Supervision) (Amendment) Rules,
1998
 The Prevention of Cruelty (Capture of Animals) Rules, 1972
 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Registration of Cattle Premises) Rules,
1978
 The Transport of Animals Rules, 1978
 The Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules, 2001
 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Application of Fines) Rules, 1978

MODULE-6: COMMITTEE FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONTROL

AND SUPERVISION ON EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS

 Learning outcome
 On completion of this module the learner might have a idea about what is called
as COMMITTEE FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION ON
EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS (CPCSEA). In addition they know the role and
functions of CPCSEA in animal welfare.

ROLE AND FUNCTION OF CPCSEA

 The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on

Animals (CPCSEA) has been constituted by the Government ofIndia, under
Sections 14 to Chapter IV of the Prevention of Cruel ty to animals Act, 1960, for
the purpose of controlling and supervising experiments performed on animals.

29
Duty of CPCSEA

 It is the duty of the committee to take all such measures as may be necessary to
ensure that the animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering,
before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
 To achieve this purpose, the CPCSEA may, through notification in the Gazette of
India, make such rules as it may think fit in relation to the conduct of such
experiments.
 The CPCSEA will : Register institutions/establishments/breeders carrying out
experiments on animalsl breeding animals. Call for and receive reports and other
information as required from concerned persons/ institutionslbreeders Ensure
that the experiments are carried out by qualified individuals and with full
responsibility ofthe person in charge of the institution.
 Monitor and inspect the housing of animals of breeders/establishments and
ensure that it is as per specified standards. Give permission to registered
institutes/establishments for conducting experiments on animals. Regulate
experiments on animals as per stipulated conditions and standards.
 Monitor the transfer and acquisition of animals for experiments. Participate in
the meetings of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees. Ensure that
experiments are performed with due care and humanity and that as far as
possible experiments involving invasive procedures/surgery are performed under
the influence of some anaesthetic of sufficient power to prevent the animals
feeling pain.
 Ensure that animals which in the course of the experimentunder the influence of
anaesthetic are so injured that their recovery would involve serious suffering are
euthanised as per specified norms Ensure that experiments on animals are
avoided whenever it is possible to do so and propagate the principles of3 Rs that
is to REDUCE, REDEFINE, and REPLACE the use of animals in experiments.
 Ensure that as far as possible experiments are not performed merely for the
purpose of acquiring manual skill Ensure that the animals intended for the
performance of the experiments are properly looked after both before and after
experiments Ensure that required records are maintained with respect to
experiments performed on animals.

CPCSEA GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITY

Goal

 The goal of these Guidelines is to promote the humane care of animals used in
specifications that will enhance animal well-being, quality in the pursuit of
advancement of biological knowledge tl1at is relevant to humans and animals.

30
VETERINARY CARE

 Adequate veterinary care must be provided and is the responsibility of a

veterinarian or a person who has training or experience 'in laboratory animal
sciences and medicine. Daily observation of animals can be accomplished by
someone other than a veterinarian; however, a mechanism of direct and frequent
communication should be adopted so that timely and accurate information on
problems in animal health, behaviour, and well-being is conveyed to the
attending veterinarian.
 The veterinarian can also contribute to the establishment of appropriate policies
and procedures for ancillary aspects of veterinary care, such as reviewing
protocols and proposals, animal husbandry and animal welfare; monitoring
occupational health hazards containment, and zoonosis control programs; and
supervising animal nutrition and sanitation.
 Institutional requirements will determine the need for full-time or part-time or
consultative veterinary services.

QUARANTINE, STABILIZATION AND SEPARATION

 Quarantine is the separation of newly received animals from those already in the
facility until the health and possibly the microbial status of the newly received
animals have been determined. An effective quarantine minimizes the chance for
introduction of pathogens into an established colony. A minimum duration of
quarantine for small lab animals is one week and larger animals is 6 weeks (cat, .
dog, monkey, etc.)
 Effective quarantine procedures should be used for non-human primates to help
limit exposure of humans to zoonotic infections.
 Regardless of the duration of quarantine, newly received animals should be given
a period for physiologic, psychologic and nutritional stabilization before their
use. The length of time stabilization will depend on the type and duration of
animal transportation, the species involved and the intended use of the animals.
 Physical separation of animals by species is recommended to prevent interspecies
disease transmission and to eliminate anxiety and possible physiological and
behavioral changes due to interspecies conflict.
 Such separation is usually accomplished by housing different species in separate
rooms; however, cubicles, laminar-flow units, cages that have filtered air or
separate ventilation, and isolators shall be suitable alternatives.
 In some instances, it shall be acceptable to house different species in the same
room, for example, if two species have a similar pathogen status and are
behaviorally compatible.

31
SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF
DISEASE

 All animals should be observed for signs of illness, injury, or abnormal behavior
by animal house staff. As a rule, this should occur daily, but more-frequent
observations might be warranted, such as during postoperative recovery or when
animals are ill or have a physical deficit. It is imperative that-appropriate
methods be in place for disease surveillance and diagnosis
 Unexpected deaths and signs of illness, distress, or other deviations from normal
health condition in animals should be reported promptly to ensure appropriate
and timely delivery of veterinary medical care. Animals that show signs of a
contagious disease should be isolated from healthy animals in the colony. If an
entire room of animals is known or believed to be exposed to an infectious agent
(e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in non-human primates), the group should be
kept intact and isolated during the process of diagnosis, treatment, and control.
Diagnostic clinical laboratory may be made available.

MODULE-7: WELFARE OF ANIMAL USED FOR

EXPERIMENTATION

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on the welfare of animals used for experimentation
purposes in laboratories.

ANIMALS USED FOR EXPERIMENTATION

 Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals
are locked inside cold, barren cages in laboratories across the country. They
languish in pain, ache with loneliness and long to roam free and use their minds.
 Instead, all they can do is sit and wait in fear of the next terrifying and painful
procedure that will be performed on them. The stress, sterility and boredom
causes some animals to develop neurotic behaviors such as incessantly spinning
in circles, rocking back and forth and even pulling out their own hair and biting
their own skin. They shake and cover in fear whenever someone walks past their
cages and their blood pressure spikes drastically. After enduring lives of pain,
loneliness and terror, almost all of them will be killed.
 More than 100 million animals every year suffer and die in cruel chemical, drug,
food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, medical training exercises, and
curiosity-driven medical experiments. Exact numbers aren't available because
mice, rats, birds and cold-blooded animals—who make up more than 95 percent

32
 of animals used in experiments—are not covered by even the minimal protections
of the Animal Welfare Act and therefore go uncounted. To test cosmetics,
household cleaners, and other consumer products, hundreds of thousands of
animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every year by cruel corporations. Mice
and rats are forced to inhale toxic fumes, dogs are force-fed pesticides, and
rabbits have corrosive chemicals rubbed onto their skin and eyes. Many of these
tests are not even required by law, and they often produce inaccurate or
misleading results; even if a product harms animals, it can still be marketed to
you.
 Millions of animals also suffer and die for classroom biology experiments and
dissections, even though modern alternatives have repeatedly been shown to
teach students better, save teachers time and save schools money.
 Each of us can help save animals from suffering and death in experiments by
demanding that our alma maters stop experimenting on animals, by buying
cruelty-free products, by donating only to charities that don't experiment on
animals, by requesting alternatives to animal dissection and by demanding the
immediate implementation of humane, effective non-animal tests by government
agencies and corporations.

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS IN LABORATORIES

 Imagine living inside a locked closet without any control over any aspect of your
life. You can't choose when and what you eat, how you will spend your time,
whether or not you will have a partner and children, or who that partner will be.
You can't even decide when the lights go on and off.
 Think about spending your entire life like this, even though you have committed
no crime. This is life for an animal in a laboratory. It is deprivation, isolation, and
misery.
 On top of the deprivation, there are the experiments. U.S. law allows animals to
be burned, shocked, poisoned, isolated, starved, drowned, addicted to drugs, and
brain-damaged. No experiment, no matter how painful or trivial, is prohibited –
and pain-killers are not required. Even when alternatives to the use of animals
are available, the law does not require that they be used—and often they aren’t.
 Animals are infected with diseases that they would never normally contract, tiny
mice grow tumors as large as their own bodies, kittens are purposely blinded, rats
are made to suffer seizures, and primates' skulls are cut open and electrodes are
implanted in them. Experimenters force-feed chemicals to animals, conduct
repeated surgeries on them, implant wires in their brains, crush their spines, and
much more.
 After enduring these terrifying, painful procedures, animals are then usually
dumped back into a cage without any painkillers. Video footage from inside

33
 laboratories shows animals who cower in fear every time someone walks by their
cages. They don't know if they will be dragged from their prison cells for an
injection, blood withdrawal, a painful procedure, surgery, or death. Often they
see other animals killed right in front of them.
 No animals are safe from experimentation—primates, dogs, rats, mice, rabbits,
pigs, and cats are just a few of the animals that are routinely used in these tests.

INFORMATION ABOUT ANIMAL TESTING

 As a consumer, you have a lot of power to help put an end to animal testing. By
purchasing cosmetics and other products that are not tested on animals and by
supporting compassionate charities, you send a powerful message to corporations
and organizations that they will not receive your hard earned money as long as
they continue conducting inhumane tests on animals.
 Hundreds of thousands of animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every year in
outdated product tests for cosmetics, personal-care products, household-cleaning
products and even fruit juices.
 Although more than 1,100 companies have banned all animal tests forever, some
corporations still force substances into animals’ stomachs and drip chemicals
into rabbits’ eyes. These tests are not required by law, and they often produce
inaccurate or misleading results—even if a product has blinded an animal, it can
still be marketed to you.
 Fortunately, scientists have developed sophisticated product tests that are faster,
cheaper, and far more accurate than blinding and poisoning tests, which were
developed in the 1920s. Human cell cultures and tissue studies (in vitro tests)
and artificial human “skin” and “eyes” mimic the body’s natural properties, and a
number of computer virtual organs serve as accurate models of human body
parts.
 Please vow never to buy products from companies that use animals.
 And remember to support only compassionate charities when you write that end-
of-the-year check! Some health charities ask for donations to help people with
diseases and disabilities yet spend the money to bankroll horrific experiments on
dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, primates, hamsters, pigs, ferrets, frogs, fish, guinea pigs,
sheep, birds, and other animals.
 Instead of ravaging animals’ bodies for cures for human diseases, compassionate
charities focus their research where the best hope of treatment lies: with humans.
They understand that we can improve treatments through up-to-date, non-
animal methods, and they fund only non-animal research, leading to real
progress in the prevention and treatment of disease.

34
ANIMAL TESTING IS BAD SCIENCE: POINT/COUNTERPOINT

 Animal experimenters want us to believe that if they gave up their archaic habit,
sick children and other disease and accident victims would drop dead in droves.
But the most significant trend in modern research in recent years has been the
recognition that animals rarely serve as good models for the human body.
 Studies published in prestigious medical journals have shown time and again that
animal experimenters are often wasting lives—both animal and human—and
precious resources by trying to infect animals with diseases that they would never
normally contract. Fortunately, a wealth of cutting-edge, non-animal research
methodologies promises a brighter future for both animal and human health. The
following are some statements supporting animal experimentation followed by
the arguments against them.
 "Every major medical advance is attributable to experiments on
animals."
 This is simply not true. An article published in the esteemed Journal of the
Royal Society of Medicine has even evaluated this very claim and concluded that
it was not supported by any evidence. Most animal experiments are not relevant
to human health, they do not contribute meaningfully to medical advances and
many are undertaken simply of out curiosity and do not even pretend to hold
promise for curing illnesses. The only reason people are under the misconception
that animal experiments help humans is because the media, experimenters,
universities and lobbying groups exaggerate the potential of animal experiments
to lead to new cures and the role they have played in past medical advances.
 "If we didn't use animals, we'd have to test new drugs on people."
 The fact is that we already do test new drugs on people. No matter how many
animal tests are undertaken, someone will always be the first human to be tested
on.Because animal tests are so unreliable, they make those human trials all the
more risky. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has noted that 92 percent
of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal tests fail in human
trials because they don’t work or are dangerous. And of the small percentage that
are approved for human use, half are relabeled because of side effects that were
not identified in animal tests.
 "We have to observe the complex interactions of cells, tissues, and
organs in living animals."
 Taking a healthy being from a completely different species, artificially inducing a
condition that he or she would never normally contract, keeping him or her in an
unnatural and distressful environment, and trying to apply the results to
naturally occurring diseases in human beings is dubious at best. ,Physiological
reactions to drugs vary enormously from species to species. Penicillin kills guinea
pigs but is inactive in rabbits; aspirin kills cats and causes birth defects in rats,
35
 mice, guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys; and morphine, a depressant in humans,
stimulates goats, cats, and horses. Further, animals in laboratories typically
display behavior indicating extreme psychological distress, and experimenters
acknowledge that the use of these stressed-out animals jeopardizes the validity of
the data produced.
 "Animals help in the fight against cancer."
 Since President Richard Nixon signed the Conquest of Cancer Act in 1971, the
"war on cancer" in the United States has become a series of losing battles.
Through taxes, donations, and private funding, Americans have spent almost
$200 billion on cancer research since 1971. However, more than 500,000
Americans die of cancer every year, a 73 percent increase in the death rate since
the "war" began.
 "Science has a responsibility to use animals to keep looking for cures
for all the horrible diseases that people suffer from."
 While funding for animal experimentation and the number of animals tested on
continues to increase, the United States still ranks 49th in the world in life
expectancy and second worst in infant mortality in the developed world. While
rates of heart disease and strokes have shown slight declines recently—because of
lifestyle factors such as diet and smoking rather than any medical advances—
cancer rates continue to rise, while alcohol- and drug-treatment centers, prenatal
care programs, community mental health clinics, and trauma units continue to
suffer closures because they lack sufficient funds.
 "Many experiments are not painful to animals and are therefore
justified."
 No experiment, no matter how painful or trivial, is prohibited – and pain-killers
are not even required. Even when alternatives to the use of animals are available,
the law does not require that they be used—and often they aren’t. Because the Act
specifically excludes rats, mice, birds and cold-blooded animals, more than 95
percent of the animals used in laboratories are not subject to the minimal
protections provided by federal laws. Because they are not protected by the law,
experimenters don't even have to provide mice and rats with pain relief.
 "We don't want to use animals, but we don't have any other options."
 Human clinical and epidemiological studies, human tissue- and cell-based
research methods, cadavers, sophisticated high-fidelity human patient simulators
and computational models are more reliable, more precise, less expensive, and
more humane than animal experiments. Progressive scientists have used human
brain cells to develop a model "microbrain," which can be used to study tumors,
as well as artificial skin and bone marrow. We can now test irritancy on protein
membranes, produce and test vaccines using human tissues, and perform
pregnancy tests using blood samples instead of killing rabbits. Animal

36
 experiments don’t persist because they are the best science, they persist because
of experimenters’ personal biases and archaic traditions.
 "Don't medical students have to dissect animals?"
 Nearly 95% of U.S. medical schools—including Yale, Harvard and Stanford—do
not use any animals to train medical students and experience with animal
dissection or experimentation on live animals is not required or expected of those
applying to medical school. Medical students are trained with a combination of
didactic methods, sophisticated human patient simulators, interactive computer
programs, safe human-based learning methods and clinical experience. Today,
one can even become a board-certified surgeon without harming any animals.
Some medical professional organizations like the American Board of
Anesthesiologists even require physicians to complete simulation training—not
animal laboratories—to become board-certified.
 "Animals are here for humans to use. If we have to sacrifice 1,000 or
100,000 animals in the hope of benefiting one child, it's worth it."

MODULE-8: WILDLIFE PROTECTION AND WELFARE

 Learning outcome
 Wildlife conservation is the preservation, protection, or restoration of wildlife
and their environment, especially in relation to endangered and vulnerable
species. All living non-domesticated animals, even if bred, hatched or born in
captivity, are considered wild animals. Wildlife represents all the non-cultivated
and non-domesticated animals living in their natural habitats. Our world has
many unique and rare animals, birds and reptiles. However the pressure of
growing population in different parts of the world has led to the increasing need
of using land for human habitations and agriculture. This has led to the reduced
habitat of many wild animals.
 Hence Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI implements wild life protection
act into force to conserve the wildlife in India. This module mainly focusing on
this area.

INTRODUCTION

 Perhaps the greatest challenge that we face in fighting cruelty is changing the way
that humans view animals. Each year, millions of animals are killed because they
are considered pests. Beavers, bats, geese, deer, pigeons, mice, raccoons, snakes,
and squirrels are among those animals who most often suffer horrific deaths
because some consider them a nuisance, but the list also includes bears, coyotes,
ducks, foxes, mountain lions, prairie dogs, rabbits, and even wolves.

37
  Because of rapid urban and rural development and agricultural land use in the
U.S., wild animals are forced to live in closer proximity to humans. Although they
prefer natural, undisturbed areas, evicted and homeless wild animals have no
choice but to seek food and shelter in buildings, parks, and even downtown areas.
When they do, homeowners, communities, municipalities, and state agencies
often hire nuisance-wildlife control operators (e.g., trappers, exterminators, pest-
removal companies) or the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services to
use cruel, archaic methods that rely on inhumane tools such as steel-jaw traps
and poisons to resolve perceived conflicts with these animals.
 Ducks and geese are shot, gassed, and even bludgeoned to death with baseball
bats. Beavers are caught and drowned in body-gripping traps or are sealed up
alive in their own homes. Squirrels, birds, mice, rats, and other small animals are
ensnared by sticky traps and suffer when skin, fur, and feathers are ripped from
their bodies as they struggle to free themselves from the powerful adhesive.
Animals of all kinds are often discarded with the traps and left to die from stress,
injuries, self-mutilation, dehydration, or starvation.
 Not only are these methods cruel, they are also largely ineffective because,
without modifying areas to exclude newcomers, more animals simply move in to
replace those who were killed, resulting in a perpetual, vicious kill cycle.

PROTECTION OF WILD LIFE IN NATURE AND CAPTIVITY

Wildlife Conservation Division

 This Division deals with all matters relating to national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries not covered by the Project Tiger and the Project Elephant Divisions.
 The X Five Year Plan outlay for works relating to this Division is of the order of
Rs 485 crores. The Division also acts as a nodal point for the Wildlife Institute of
India and the Central Zoo Authority, which are autonomous bodies under the
administrative control of the Government of India.
 The two organizations receive support from the Government of India in the form
of grants processed by the Wildlife Division. The details on these two bodies are
given separately.
 The Division also handles the Centrally Sponsored Scheme “Development of
National Parks and Sanctuaries” and the Central Sector Scheme “Strengthening
of Wildlife Division and Consultancies for Wildlife Conservation.”
 The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 has been amended with effect from 1 April
2003. The amendments include, inter-alia, provisions that flow from the
National Wildlife Action Plan adopted by the country in 2002.
 Two new categories of protected areas, namely Conservation Reserves and
Community Reserves, have been incorporated in the amended Act to facilitate

38
 coverage of all biogeographic zones, forest types and wild species of flora and
fauna, and peoples’ involvement in establishment and management of such
protected areas.
 The amendment has also facilitated the issue of certificates of ownership to the
bona-fide possessors of animals, animal articles, trophies, etc., derived from
animals listed in Schedule I and part II of Schedule II of the Act, who had not
been able to declare their possessions earlier.
 The law has become stricter for the offenders. It also makes clear that PAs which
have areas that have had rights extinguished under any legislation, will be
deemed to be finally notified (Sections 26-A(b) and Explanation U/S 35(8) of the
Act)

CONSERVATION OF NATIONAL PARKS AND SANCTUARIES

 The Government of India through a Centrally Sponsored Scheme “Development

of National Parks and Sanctuaries” provides the financial assistance to national
parks and sanctuaries managed by the State Governments.
 The scheme provides 100% Central assistance on items of works of non-recurring
nature. There are a few identified items of recurring nature which are essential
and which need support for a few years. The scheme provides assistance on such
items on a 50% sharing basis, the matching share coming from the State
Government concerned.
 Under the scheme, an assistance of Rs 72.28 crores was provided to the States
during the IX Five Year Plan. The outlay for the X Five Year Plan is Rs 350 crores,
which includes the merged schemes for Eco-development and Tribal
Rehabilitation.

STRENGTHENING OF WILDLIFE DIVISION AND

CONSULTANCIES

 Under this Centrally Sponsored Scheme the infrastructural and conservational

requirements of the Wildlife Division are met. This Division handles the works of
the four sub-ordinate offices of the Deputy Directors, Wildlife Preservation
located at Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi, with their supporting offices at
Amritsar, Guwahati and Cochin.
 The function of these offices is to monitor and take measures to check the
international trade in wildlife and wildlife articles passing through the ports of
entry into and exit from the country. Besides, research proposals from
independent research agencies and institutions on applied aspects of wildlife

39
 conservation, are also
provided support from this head.
 There are 10 ongoing research projects, dealing mainly with applied wildlife
conservation undertaken by various organizations including the BNHS (4),
Institute of Environment Education and Research, Pune (1), University of Patna
(1), Garhwal University (1), Nature Environment and Wildlife Society (1), Gene
Campaign (1) and the Chilika Development Authority (1). The subjects covered
relate to wildlife habitats in the Dangs, Rajaji National Park, Western Ghats,
ecological studies on the Gangetic Dolphin, Irravady Dolphin, forest spotted
owlet, vultures, spot-billed pelican, endangered wildlife in West Bengal and
genetic diversity in the Western Ghats.
 The duration of research projects varies between one year and three years and the
total support asked for is Rs 88.34 lakhs. Nine more are in the pipeline.
Organization of meetings, workshops, events, awards, etc., is also covered under
this scheme. An amount of Rs 10 crores is provided as outlay for this Scheme for
the X Five Year Plan.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST - WILDLIFE AND

CONSERVATION

 The Government of India enacted Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 with the
objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control
poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. The Act was
amended in January 2003 and punishment and penalty for offences under the
Act have been made more stringent. The Ministry has proposed further
amendments in the law by introducing more rigid measures to strengthen the
Act. The objective is to provide protection to the listed endangered flora and
fauna and ecologically important protected areas.

ACT

1. No. 16 of 2003, [17/1/2003] - The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002
2. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993.

BILL

1. Draft Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Bill 2010

2. Statement of Objects and Reasons
3. Explanatory Note

40
RULES

1. Recognition of Zoo Rules, 2009. English, Hindi

2. S.O.1092(E), [22/9/2003] - The National Board for Wild Life Rules, 2003.
3. S.O.445(E), [18/4/2003] - The Declaration of Wild Life Stock Rules, 2003.
4. G.S.R.350(E), [18/4/1995] - The Wildlife (Specified Plant Stock Declaration)
Central Rules, 1995.
5. G.S.R.349(E), [18/4/1995] - The Wildlife (Specified Plants - Conditions for
Possession by Licensee) Rules, 1995.
6. G.S.R.348(E), [18/4/1995] - The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995.
7. Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992.
8. G.S.R.328(E), [13/4/1983] - The Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional
Matters for Consideration) Rules, 1983.
9. G.S.R.29(E), [25/1/1973] - The Wildlife (Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1973.
10. G.S.R.198(E), [9/4/1973] - The Wildlife (Transaction and Taxidermy) Rules,
1973.

NOTIFICATIONS

1. S.O.2180(E), [4/9/2010] - Amendments to Constitution of the National Board for

Wild Life.
2. S.O.802(E), [16/05/2007] - The National Board for Wild Life Rules, 2007.
3. S.O.1093(E), [22/9/2003] - Constitution of the National Board for Wild Life.
4. S.O.1091(E), [22/9/2003] - Coming into force of section 6 of the Wild Life
(Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 (16 of 2003).
5. S.O.446(E), [18/4/2003] - Delegation of Powers of section 58E of the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).
6. S.O.447(E), [18/4/2003] - Delegation of Powers of section 54 of the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).
7. S.O.332(E), [28/3/2003] - Coming into force of all the provisions except section
6 of the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 (16 of 2003).
8. S.O.1085(E), [30/9/2002] - Amendments to Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II
of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).
9. S.O.1197(E), [5/12/2001] - Amendments to Schedule I and Schedule IV of the
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).
10. S.O.665(E), [11/7/2001] - Amendments to Schedule I and Schedule III of the
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).
11. S.O.474(E), [28/5/2001] - Additions to Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection)
Act, 1972 (53 of 1972).

41
GUIDELINES FOR APPOINMENT OF HONORARY WILDLIFE
WARDENS

The Need

1. People’s participation and support is crucial for nature and Wildlife conservation, One
of the important ways of enlisting such support is by involving the community leaders
and other persons of standing, who have the interest as well as the capacity to render
assistance for this cause. Such assistance can be very useful in control over poaching for
this clandestine trade in wild animals or their articles, identification of relatively less
known wildlife refuges needing protection, carrying the message of conservation to the
people living in and around the sanctuaries and national parks, and related matters.
This objective can be accomplished if really suitable public men are identified, duties
and appointed Honorary Wildlife Wardens, with their responsibilities, and powers
clearly defined.

Legal Status

2. Section 4 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act. 1972 empowers the State Govermnent to
appoint

(a) a Chief Wildlife Warden

(b) Wildlife Wardens; and

(c) such other officers and employees as may be necessary for the purposes of the Act.

Honorary Wildlife Wardens can be appointed under sub-section (c) of section 4 of the
Act. Under section 59 of the aforesaid Act, such Honorary Wildlife Wardens shall be
deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code.

Criteria for Selection

3. It is very important that the right persons are selected for appointment as Honorary
Wildlife Wardens. Every State has a Chief Wildlife Warden and it is mainly his duty to
recommend the names of suitable person for this purpose. However, in order to assist
him in this regard as well as to introduce a measure of wider participation, the members
of the State Wildlife Advisory Board should be requested to suggest suitable names,
especially from their own areas.

4. The following criteria should be kept in mind while assessing the suitability of a
person as an Honorary Wildlife Warden:
42
(a) Genuine concern for Wildlife conservation.

(b) Personal record free of involvement in any activity detrimental to the interests of
nature and wildlife conservation.

Any person involved in commercial exploitation of Wildlife should not be considered.

(c) Capacity to render help to the official machinery.

(d) Local standing which make him/her effective, especially in conveying the
conservation message.

5. An important point to bear in mind is the identification of areas particularly prone to

poaching, e.g. forests in the vicinity of urban centres and cantonments or close to
sanctuaries and national park. Likewise, centres of clandestine trade in wildlife and
products thereof should be identified; so also areas where damage to people or their
property from wild animals is heavy. Selection of persons as Honorary Wildlife Wardens
must be related to such problem areas because it is these areas which need priority
attention and where public participation is needed most.

Procedure for Appointment

 Under Section 6 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, every State and Union
Territory has a Wildlife Advisory Board to aid and advise the Government in
matters connected with the protection of wildlife. The appointment of an
Honorary Wildlife Warden should be generally with the recommendation of this
Advisory Board. The Chief Wildlife Warden should submit the proposals for this
purpose at the meetings (s) of the Board and then seek the orders of the
Government.
 While recommending any person for such appointment, the criteria laid down in
paras 4 and 5 above must be kept in mind by the Board. The appointment of an
Honorary Wildlife Warden should, in the first instance, be generally for a period
of one year. Thereafter on the recommendation of the Wildlife Advisory Board, it
may be renewed for a period not exceeding 2-3 years at a time.
 The Wildlife Advisory Board of each State/Union Territory should review the
functioning of the scheme of Honorary Wildlife Wardens at least once every year.
 The appointment order of an Honorary Wildlife Warden should clearly specify
the jurisdiction, which should normally be a district or a few districts, in the area
where the person resides. However, there is no objection to making members of
the State Wildlife Advisory Board Honorary Wardens for larger areas.
 Each Honorary Warden should be issued an identity Card having his signature
and photograph duly attested by the Chief Wildlife Warden. The Chief Wildlife

43
 Warden should also give each Honorary Warden a small booklet containing the
Wildlife (Protection) Act and the Rules made thereunder as well as the duties,
responsibilities, and power of an Honorary Wildlife Warden.
 The State Government may, at its discretion, terminate the appointment of an
Honorary Wildlife Warden at any time, without assigning reasons.

Duties and Responsibilities

13. The main duty and responsibility of an Honorary Wildlife Warden is to assist whole
heatedly the State organization responsible for wildlife conservation work, especially
with regard to the following matters :

(a) Control of poaching and clandestine trade in wild animals and products / articles
thereof

(b) Detection and prosecution of offences under the Wildlife (Protection) Act and the
Rules made thereunder.

(c) Preventing damage to the habitat of wildlife.

(d) Identification and selection of areas suitable to be declared as sanctuaries, national

parks, closed areas, etc; as well as measures for their proper protection.

(e) Measures for dealing with the problem of damage by wild animals to life and
property, including the assessment and payment of compensation, etc.

(f) Carrying the message of conservation to the people and enlisting public support for
nature and wildlife conservation. The effort should be specially directed towards the
communities living in or near the declared wildlife reserves.

(g) Any other matter connected with the protection of wildlife, which may be entrusted
by the Wildlife Advisory Board or the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State, from time to
time.

Powers

14. In accordance with sub-section (3) of section 4 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1M,
an Honorary Wildlife Warden appointed under sub-section (2) (c) of section 4 shall be
subordinate to the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State and under section 59 of aforesaid
Act, he shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of section 21 of the
Indian Penal Code. Protection for action taken in good faith is provided under section
60 of the Act.

44
15. With a view of making the Honorary Wildlife Wardens useful and effective it is
necessary that the following specific powers under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
should be delegated to them:

(a) Power to inspect records of licences under section 47 (b) of the Act;

(b) Powers of entry, search, seizure, and detention under section 50 for prevention and
detection of offences under the Act.

16. Suitable Honorary Wildlife Wardens could be authorised also to file complaints in
courts in accordance with section 55 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Normally,
however, an Honorary Wildlife Warden should bring the offence detected by him to the
notice of the Wildlife Warden having jurisdiction for making proper investigation and
lodging a complaint in the Court as laid down in section 55 of the Act.

17. Apart from the above, the State Government may delegate any other power under the
aforesaid Act, as it may consider necessary.

General

18. Just as it is expected that the Honorary Wildlife Wardens should assist the State
Wildlife organization, it is equally essential that the Chief Wildlife Warden and the
whole State Machinery responsible for the protection of wildlife should take all possible
steps to associate the Honorary Wildlife Wardens in their work. This can be achieved
best by fostering a spirit of mutual trust and confidence.

19. No staff or vehicle support can be provided to Honorary Wardens as a matter of

course. However, if the circumstances warrant, the departmental staff should provide all
possible help and assistance. Instructions to this effect should be issued by the State
Government to all concerned officers in the field.

20. It is also appropriate that the actual expenses incurred by an Honorary Warden on
travel by public transport for carrying out the duties assigned to him should be
reimbursed by the State Government. In addition, all actual expenses incurred in the
detection of an offence under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, which leads to successful
prosecution may be reimbursed after due verification.

21. The State Government should recognise outstanding work or service rendered by any
Honorary Warden. Such recognition can be by way of a letter of commendation, or a
certificate signed by the Minister in charge of the Department, or the membership of the
State Wildlife Advisory Board. Cash grants could also be considered in suitable cases.

45
MODULE-9: PERFORMING ANIMALS AND ITS WELFARE

Learning outcome

This module focusess on the protection of performing animals,

 to provide sanctuary to the abused, abandoned and retired captive wildlife,

 to enforce the best standards of care for all captive wildlife,
 to preserve the wild species and their habitat
 and to promote public education about the captive wildlife issues.

ANIMALS USED FOR ENTERTAINMENT

 Chimpanzees, bears, tigers, elephants, and other animals aren't actors, spectacles
to imprison and gawk at, or circus clowns. Yet thousands of these animals are
forced to perform silly, confusing tricks under the threat of physical punishment;
are carted around the country in cramped and stuffy boxcars or semi-truck
trailers; are kept chained or caged in barren, boring, and filthy enclosures; and
are separated from their families and friends—all for the sake of human
"entertainment." Many of these animals even pay with their lives.
 Animals are used extensively in the entertainment industry, including in circuses;
zoos and pseudo-sanctuaries; marine parks; the exotic "pet" trade;
advertisements, television shows, and movies; cruel "sports" such as bullfighting,
rodeo events, and horse racing; and more. Businesses that exploit animals exist
to make money, so the animals' needs are usually put last.
 Bears, elephants, tigers, and other animals used in circuses do not voluntarily
ride bicycles, stand on their heads, balance on balls, or jump through rings of fire.
To force them to perform these confusing and physically demanding tricks,
trainers use bullhooks, whips, tight collars, muzzles, electric prods, and other
painful tools of the trade. When they're not performing, elephants are often kept
shackled by two legs, and lions, tigers, bears, primates, and other animals are
forced to eat, sleep, and relieve themselves in tiny cages.
 Zoos, which sentence intelligent, social animals to live in cages for our fleeting
distraction and amusement, aren't much better. Extremely bored, depressed, and
deprived of everything that is natural and important to them, many animals in
zoos literally lose their minds—a condition called "zoochosis." Animals with
zoochosis engage in neurotic behaviors such as pacing, spinning, and bobbing
their heads. They also mutilate themselves, become overly aggressive, throw
feces, and engage in other abnormal behaviors that are not seen in the wild.
46
  Animals used in rodeos, horse racing, dog-sled racing, and other cruel "sports"
are forced to run for their lives. When they aren't being used in competitions,
they are usually kept chained or in cages or stalls. Those who don't "make the cut"
are often casually discarded by being sent to slaughter or are destroyed.

CIRCUS ANIMALS

 Wild animals have no place in a crowded city, and certainly not in a cage. They
are genetically adapted to a particular life style, and have their own habits of
eating food, marking their territory, socializing, etc. The concept of a zoo ruins all
this natural behavioral aspects, under the pretext of education. Worst is the case
of 'circus' animals, who are not only deprived of their natural lifestyle, but they
are also made to walk on their hind legs, ride a motor-cycle, etc. It has been
amply proved that while animals cannot speak or complain, they can most certain
feel the humiliation, through which they are put, by forcing them into such acts
before large crowds. The monkeys are closest to humans and have intelligence of
a related child. When we cannot imagine putting a retarded child through such
trauma, how can we permit such treatment to an animal that is equally
intelligent, but totally helpless?
 The circus trade is inherently sinful and gives wrong signals to children. They
teach children to look at fellow living creatures merely as objects of pleasure and
entertainment. There is absolutely no education in all this.
 Animals working in a circus are tortured all their lives. They are forced to
perform on stage for an audience who is least bothered of their pain. Wild
animals like tigers, lions, elephants, etc., are forced to perform shows and look
fierce to keep the audience captured with awe. No one ever notices the tight
collars, the whips lashing on their bodies, beatings and deprivation of food. Have
you ever gone backstage and had a look at the living conditions that these
animals are kept in? It is against their wild nature to jump around prancing like a
kitten. And when an animal cannot take the torture anymore, he attacks the
abusers. These animal abusers are then labeled victims and the poor animal is
shot dead. The old, sick and weak animals who cannot perform anymore are sold
off to people who too are looking for a fast buck. These animals are killed in the
most gruesome way, one cannot even imagine. Their fur, body parts, bones are
sold off illegally. Few are sold off illegally in pet trade to people who have no idea
about their care. These poor animals are either abandoned or further abused by
the ignorant pet owners.

47
PROTECTION AND WELFARE OF PERFORMING ANIMALS

Care and Management

 To responsibly provide quality, long-term care to the growing number of animals

at sanctuaries, it is vitally important for the organization to be financially strong,
now, and well into the future.

Elephants

 Elephants are highly sensitive, intelligent animals who rely on an intact,

functioning social order to prevent stress and maintain normal physical and
mental health. Profound disruptions in routine and changes in environment and
companions can cause trauma to individual elephants.
 The removal of an individual elephant from familiar surroundings and
companions is a highly traumatic experience which can cause physical and
psychological problems and, occasionally, death. All proposed elephant moves
should be carefully studied and alternative solutions explored before a final
decision is made to relocate individual elephants.
 If a situation requires removal of an elephant to provide a better quality of life,
careful planning and coordination of effort is essential. Trailer training before
transport is critical for the safety of the elephant, and may take months to
achieve. Additional construction is often necessary to facilitate the process and
should be completed before the elephant is moved.

Other animals considered as performing animals are

 Bears
 Larger felines
 Smaller felines
 Small primates

PRERFORMING ANIMALS RULES, 1973

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 38 read with section 37 of the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960), the Central Government hereby makes the
following rules, namely:

1. Short Title and commencement

 These rules may be called the Performing Animals Rules, 1973.

48
  They shall come into force in any State on such date as the State Government
may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

2. Definitions

In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires

 "Act" means the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

 "performing animal" means any animal which is used at, or for the purpose of
any entertainment to which the public are admitted through sale of tickets.
 "prescribed authority" means the State Government or such other authority as
the State Government may, by general or special order, specify in this behalf.
 "schedule" means a schedule appended to these rules.

3. Application for registration

 Every application by a person desirous of exhibiting or training any performing

animal for registration under the Act shall be in the form and shall contain the
particulars set out in the first Schedule.
 Every such application shall be made to the prescribed authority within whose
jurisdiction the applicant ordinarily resides and, if he has no fixed place of
residence, the application shall be made to such authority as the Central
Government may by order specify in this behalf.

4. Fee and Registration

 Every application for registration shall be accompanied by a fee of rupees

twentyfive which may be paid either in cash or in such other manner as may be
specified by the prescribed authority.

5. Form of Certificate of Registration

 The certificate of registration to be issued by the prescribed authority shall be in

the form set out in the Second Schedule.
 Every registration shall be given a serial number according to the order in which
it is made, and the serial number shall be inserted in the certificate of registration
issued to the applicant.

6. Register

49
  Every person to whom a certificate of registration is issued under these rules shall
have his name entered in a register which shall be kept in the form set out in the
Third Schedule.

7. Inspection of Register

 The register kept under these rules shall be open to inspection during office hours
on any working day on payment of a fee of two rupees and any person may take
extract therefrom or may require the prescribed authority to issue to him a
certified copy of any entry therein on payment of a fee of five rupees.

8. Application for variation of entries in register

 Every application under sub-section (5) of section 23 of the Act for the variation
of any particulars entered in the register shall be in the form set out in the Fourth
Schedule and when any particulars are varied the existing certificate of
registration shall be cancelled and a new certificate issued to the applicant.

9. Issue of duplicate copies of certificates

 Any person whose name is registered under these rules may, on proof by him that
the original certificate of registration has been lost or destroyed and on payment
of a fee of rupees five, be given a duplicate copy of the certificate of registration
which for the purpose of these rules shall have the same effect as the original
certificate of registration.

10. Copies of certificates etc. to be sent to the Animal Welfare Board of

India

 The prescribed authority shall cause a copy of every certificate of registration or

duplicate thereof or a new certificate issued under these rules to be sent to the
Animal Welfare Board of India established under the Act, as soon as may be after
it is issued.

FIRST SCHEDULE

FIRST SCHEDULE

(SEE RULE 3)

Form of Application

50
I, the undersigned, do hereby apply for registration under the Performing Animal Rules,
1973 and do hereby declare the following particulars to be true and complete to the best
of my knowledge and belief.

Signature ..........................................

Date ................................................

Address to which certificate of

registration is to be sent.

……………………………………………..

..

PARTICULARS

1. Full name of applicant(in block letters)

2. State name (if any used in India)
3. Nationality
4. Either (a) address of fixed place of

residence in India, or (b) permanent

postal address in India to which letters

addressed to the applicant may be forwarded.

1. Address or addresses (if any) in India, other than temporary addresses

while on tour, at which applicant trains or intends to train performing
animals. (If none, write, "None".)
2. State whether previously registered under the Performing Animals Rules,
1973. If so, state the number and date of certificate of registration.
3. (i) Kinds of performing animals

proposed to be To be trained To be exhibited Kind Number Kind Number

(a) trained,

(b) exhibited, Stating number of each kind Kind Number

(ii) Trained animals already available for being exhibited.

51
8. Describe briefly the general nature* of the performance or performances in which the
performing animals are to be exhibited or for which they are to be trained, mentioning
any apparatus which is used for the purpose of the performance.

Note

* The description must be sufficient to give a general idea of what is done by the animals
taking part in the performance, and should state the approximate duration of the
performance, the number of times for which it is usually to be given in one and the same
day, and the number of animals of each kind taking part in the performance. It need not
give details which would divulge any professional secret.

SECOND SCHEDULE (SEE RULE 5)

Certificate of Registration

This is to certify that the person to whom the under- Serial Number of Entry mentioned
particulars relate has this day been registered in Register under the performing Animals
Rules, 1975 with the registration authority for the

Name of the place:

Date:

Signature of Clerk or registration authority:

PARTICULARS

Nam Natio Eithe Addre Partic Kinds of Descrip Date of Partic

e of nality r (a) ss or ulars performi tion of Registr ulars
train Addre addres of any ng general ation of any
er or ss of ses at previo animals nature order
exhib fixed which us of of
itor place the registr perfor Court
of perfor ation mance made
reside ming under
nce in anima sectio
India ls are n 24
or (b) to be of the
Pema traine Preve
nent d ntion

52
postal of
addre Cruelt
ss in y to
India Anima
to ls
which Act,19
letter 60
s
addre
ssed
to the
traine
r or
exhibi
ter
may
be
forwa
rded

To To be
be exhib
trai ited
ned

Kin Kind
d No.
No.

53
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

THIRD SCHEDULE (SEE RULE 6)

Form of Register

Nam Natio Either Addre Partic Kinds of Descri Date of Partic

e of nality (a)Ad ss or ulars performi ption Registr ulars
train dress addre of any ng of ation of any
er or of sses at previo animals general order
exhi fixed which us nature of
bitor place the registr of Court
of perfor ation perfor made
reside ming mance under
nce in anima sectio
India ls are n 24
or (b) to be of the
Pema traine Preve
nent d ntion
postal of
addre Cruelt
ss in y to
India Anim
to als
which Act,19
letters 60
addre
ssed
to the
traine
r or
exhibi

54
 ter
may
be
forwa
rded

To To
be be
trai exhib
ned ited

Kin Kind
d No.
No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FOURTH SCHEDULE (SEE RULE 6)

Form of application for variation of particulars entered in register

55
Application to have the particulars entered in register with respect to the applicant
varied.

To

The Prescribed Authority,

Full Name of applicant : ................................................................................. (in block

letters)

Number and date of certificate of registration ...................................................

I return herewith my certificate of registration under the Performing Animals Rules,

1973, and I hereby apply to have the particulars entered in the Register with respect to
be varied, as follows and for the reasons given below :

I also request that my existing certificate may be cancelled and a new certificate of
registration may be issued to me.

Signature

.............................................

Address

……………………….

..............................

………………………

…….......................

Note: No fee is payable for the issue of a new certificate of registration.

Notified in Gazette of India, Part 11 Section 3, Sub-section (ii) , Vide Govt. of India,
Ministry of Agriculture No. 35-4/72-LD I dated 22nd May 1973.

INSTRUCTIONS AND CONDITIONS FOR ISSUE OF CERTIFICATE

OF REGISTRATION BY AWBI UNDER THE PERFORMING
ANIMALS (REGISTRATION) RULES 2001 UNDER THE PCA ACT
1960

56
 Producer of the Film in which animals are used should apply to the AWBI
 Application should reach AWBI 30 days before shooting with the animals.
 The prescribed proforma is also available in the website www.awbi.org.
 Furnish details of animals to be used and their performance sequences.
 Furnish ownership certificate for the animals.
 If they are elephants, snakes or wildlife, ownership certificate from the wild life
authorities to be obtained. If the shooting is to be held in the states other then the
state from which certificate is obtained then valid transit pass is to be provided.
 Recent health certificate for the animals to be used should be attached form a VCI
registered veterinary doctor.
 The place (location), date and time of the proposed shoot should be mentioned in
the application. The shooting must be completed within six weeks after pre shoot
approval. In case the shooting does not materialize within the specified period, a
fresh set of health certificates should be submitted.
 A demand draft for Rs. 500/- payable at Chennai drawn in the name of Animal
Welfare Board of India should be enclosed.
 Applications by email and fax will not be considered till the original application
with signature is received in the AWBI.
 Incomplete applications, details of performance and details of animals if not
correctly given, certification will not be entertained.
 If animals in the background in the village scenes, or birds flying or animals
grazing or animals/carts moving on the roads are seen the health certificate and
ownership certificates can be waived.
 If performers are in the carts drawn by animals then the certificates are
mandatory.
 Scenes depicting cruelty, causing hurt to animals, birds and animals in cages,
making animals perform unnatural act are not permitted. The above scenes will
be removed at the time of screening and legal action will be initiated and NOC
will not be issued.
 Racing of animals, fights (Cock, bull, sheep/goat, snake and mongoose)
‘Jallikkattu’ like activities will not be permitted.
 Tripping, falling and throwing of animals, fighting scenes with animals will be
denied certification and invite legal action.
 When large groups of animals are used proper medical facilities will be provided
at the site of shooting and a representative of SPCA or Animal welfare
organization should be present.
 Use of deafening noise, blasts, naked fire and such scenes should be avoided as it
may cause panic and harm the animals and people.
 Fighting scenes in the farm houses / (dairy, poultry, and sheep) farms will not be
permitted.

57
 A sub-committee screens the applications for issuing approvals for shooting (pre-
shoot and post shoot approval)
 Application submitted for post shoot alongwith the CD should not depict/involve
cruelty scenes, failing which AWBI will be constrained to initiate legal
proceedings in addition to direct removal of above scenes.
 Incomplete application will not be entertained.
 Application received in original till the previous day of the meeting will be
screened.
 After the shooting of the film, the clippings of the animal scenes should be sent in
duplicate for the Sub-Committee to scrutinize confirming to the scenes/actions
specified in the application. This should be accompanied by the post shoot health
certificate in the prescribed proforma. Any scenes found in the CD not confirming
in the original application will not be permitted and the pre-shoot permission,
registration certificate will be cancelled under the provisions of the Performing
Animals (Registration) Amendment Rules 2002. One of the approved CDs will be
forwarded to CBFC to indicate the scenes approved and animals permitted by
AWBI.
 The exhibition of the following species of animals have been banned under the
Rules vide Notification No. G.S.R.619(E) dated 14.10.1998 - Tiger, panther, lion,
bear and monkey which may be kept in mind before planning for the film
shooting.
 After 1-12-2006, Certificate of Registration will not be issued for the films which
have been completed without obtaining pre-shoot permission from AWBI. This
has been widely publicized through National Newspapers on 04-11-2006. This
facility was extended upto 31.03.07 for the benefit of film producers. Henceforth
w.e.f. 01.04.07 applications for post shoot NOC without pre-shoot permission
will not be accepted. NOC will be sent alongwith CD to the Censor Board by
AWBI for issuing the Censor Certificate.
 2 copies of CDs must contain the audio track for screening.
 The location with full address of the Censor Board where the film will be
submitted for Censorship Certificate should be given in the time of post shoot
NOC application to enable us to send NOC and CD to the concerned.
 Any regional language movies other than Hindi should have subtitles in English
 Details should be sent about the relevance of using animals in the sequence
 If there are several animal shots, then it should be taken in 1 CD as continuous
shots
 Submission of application is not sufficient for filming (animal shooting) to be
done. The film shooting with animals can only be done after formal approval of
AWBI and after prior intimation of date, time and exact location of film shooting
is communicated to the Board.

58
  If details of shooting (date, place, time of shooting with sufficient time) is not
intimated to the Board, as required, the Board reserves the right not to issue
NOC.

MODULE-10: PROTECTION AND WELFARE OF WORKING

ANIMALS

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on the welfare of Working animals, particularly the pack
and drought animals. Bullocks are commonly used for farming practices in
agricultural sector of India. Mechanization of the farming practices slowly
replaces the drought animals from farming practices.

WORKING ANIMALS

 A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and

trained to perform tasks. They may be close members of the family, such as guide
or service dogs, or they may be animals trained strictly to perform a job, such as
logging elephants. They may also be used for milk, a job that requires human
training to encourage the animal to cooperate. Some, at the end of their working
lives, may also be used for meat or other products such as leather. Such animals
are sometimes called draft animals or beasts of burden.
 The history of working animals may predate agriculture, with dogs used by our
hunter-gatherer ancestors. Around the world, millions of animals work in
relationship with their owners. Domesticated species are often bred to be suitable
for different uses and conditions, especially horses and working dogs. Working
animals are usually raised on farms, though some are still captured from the wild,
such as dolphins and some Asian elephants.
 People have found uses for a wide variety of abilities found in animals and even
in industrialized society many animals are still used for work. The strength of
horses, elephants and oxen is used in pulling carts and logs. The keen sense of
smell of dogs and, sometimes, rats are used to search for drugs and explosives as
well helping to find game while hunting and to search for missing or trapped
people. Several animals including camels, donkeys, horses and dogs are used for
transport, either riding or to pull wagons and sleds. Other animals including dogs
and monkeys provide assistance to blind or disabled people.

Courtesy: WiKi

59
  On rare occasions, wild animals may be not only tamed, but trained to perform
work, though often solely for novelty or entertainment purposes, as such animals
tend to lack the traits of trustworthiness and mild temper that characterize the
true domesticated working animal. Conversely, not all domesticated animals are
working animals. For example, while cats may perform work catching mice, it is
an instinctive behavior, not one that can be trained by human intervention. Other
domesticated animals, such as sheep, or rabbits, may have agricultural uses for
meat, hides and wool, but are not suitable for work. Finally, small domestic pets
such as most birds (other than certain types of pigeon) or hamsters are generally
incapable of performing work other than that of providing simple
companionship.

TYPES OF WORK

1. Types of work
1. Riding animals or mounts
2. Pack animals
3. Harness animals
2. Animals used for their senses or instincts
1. Hunting
2. Searching for people
3. Assistance animals
4. Herding
5. Gathering plants

PACK ANIMALS

 A pack animal or beast of burden is a working animal used by humans as means

of transporting materials by attaching them so their weight bears on the animal's
back; the term may be applied to either an individual animal or a species so
employed. The term pack animal is sometimes used in contrast to draft animal,
which is a working animal that typically pulls a load behind itself (such as a plow
or a wheeled cart) rather than carrying cargo directly on its back.

60
Courtesy:WiKi

 Many ungulate species are traditional pack animals, including elephants, camels,
the yak, reindeer, goats, water buffalo and llama, and many of the domesticated
Equidae (horse family).
 The term is not routinely applied to humans carrying loads on their backs except
to make a pejorative point about the injustice of so employing them, or about the
privation that usually occasions accepting such work without explicit coercion.
(The 1978 Rolling Stones song "Beast of Burden" refers to a sense of abuse,
accepted within a romantic relationship.) Nevertheless, from a physical point of
view, certainly many considerations apply equally to human and other pack
animals, without considering the range of social conditions ranging through
slaves, abused women and children, Himalayan and African natives employed as
expedition porters, vacationing students whose duties as staff of mountaineering
huts include packing heavy loads of supplies up steep slopes, and purely

61
 recreational hikers and backpackers including both short-trip ones, and long-trip
backpackers who court injury and emaciation in carrying their heavy loads.
 Another unconventional form of pack animal may be the dogs that are brought
along on hikes carrying their own supply of drinking water and snacks on their
backs, whether to provide them more exercise, or in pursuit of a hiker's ethic of
"everyone carries his own gear".

PACK ANIMALS BY REGION

 Andes - llama
 Arctic - dog, reindeer
 Central Africa and South Africa - ox
 Central Asia - Bactrian Camel, Yak
 Eurasia - Donkey, ox, horse
 North Africa and Arabic countries - Dromedary camel
 Oceania - Donkey, horse, Dromedary camel, mule, ox
 South Asia and South East Asia - Indian elephant, Water buffalo, Yak

PROTECTION AND WELFARE OF WORKING ANIMATE

Animals in agriculture

 Half a century ago, family farms were prevalent. Animals grazed on pasture,
breathing fresh air, and feeling sunshine on their backs. During inclement
weather, they were sheltered in straw-bedded barns.
 In contrast, the rearing of farm animals today is dominated by industrialized
facilities that maximize profits by treating animals not as sentient creatures, but
as production units. Raised by the thousands, at a single site, animals are
confined in such tight quarters that they can scarcely move, let alone behave
normally. Such production creates what appears to be “cheap” meat, eggs, and
dairy products. But what at the cash register appears inexpensive in fact costs
dearly to farm animals, the environment, rural and traditional farming, human
health, and food quality.
 Over 9 billion chickens, pigs, cattle, turkeys, sheep, goats, ducks, and geese are
bred, raised, and killed for food annually in America. Each is a social, feeling
individual capable of experiencing pleasure but realistically the vast majority are
familiar with deprivation, fear, and pain.
 Of concern to Animal Welfare are all aspects of a farm animal’s life including
breeding, growing, transport, and slaughter. Each phase offers the opportunity
for cruelty or compassion.

62
  Animal Welfare works in myriad ways to halt the inhumane and irresponsible
practices intrinsic to industrial agriculture, and seeks to replace them with
methods which are both humane and economical. These alternative methods take
the feelings of the animals into account, and they ensure each species can express
normal behavior.

MODULE-11: PET AND COMPANION ANIMAL WELFARE

 Learning outcome
 The common types of pets are domesticated pets. They are mammals and bird
species. But wild animals also considered as pets like Exotic mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods and mollusks. This module focusses on the
pet animals and their welfare in domestic environment. In addition this module
also focusses on the laws related to pet animals.

PET

 A pet is an animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a household animal,

as opposed to wild animals or livestock, laboratory animals, working animals or
sport animals, which are kept for economic or productive reasons. The most
popular pets are noted for their loyal or playful characteristics, for their attractive
appearance, or for their song. Pets also generally seem to provide their owners
with non-trivial health benefits; keeping pets has been shown to help relieve
stress to those who like having animals around. There is now a medically-
approved class of "therapy animals," mostly dogs, that are brought to visit
confined humans. Walking a dog can provide both the owner and the dog with
exercise, fresh air, and social interaction.

CRUEL PRACTICES

 While some lucky animal companions are treated as members of the family (as
they should be!), many others experience nothing but suffering, abuse, and
sadness. Some forms of abuse and neglect of animals are illegal, but in many
states, animals have no legal protection from "standard" practices such as being
chained to a post all day and night; having their toes, ears, or tails cut off for

63
 human convenience or preference; or being forced to wear collars that deliver
painful shocks in response to perfectly normal behavior such as barking.
 Chaining dogs, while unfortunately legal in most areas, is one of the cruelest
punishments imaginable for social animals who need and deserve
companionship, exercise, and mental stimulation. It can also turn dogs into
ticking time bombs. Many people, especially children, have been bitten, mauled,
or killed by chained dogs. Similarly, keeping dogs in crates or cages prevents
them from satisfying all their needs and is just a way for guardians to ignore and
warehouse their dogs until they get around to taking care of them properly.
 Birds don't belong to cages, either. Bored, lonely, denied the opportunity to fly or
stretch their wings, and deprived of companionship, many birds become
neurotic—pulling out their own feathers, bobbing their heads incessantly, and
repeatedly pecking at the bars of their cages.
 Declawing, another cruel practice performed only for the convenience of the cat’s
owner, is a painful mutilation that involves 10 individual amputations—not of the
nails but of the ends of the toes themselves (bone and all). The long-term effects
of declawing include skin and bladder problems and the gradual weakening of
cats' legs, shoulders, and back muscles. Declawing is both painful and traumatic,
and it has been outlawed in Germany and other parts of Europe as a form of
cruelty.
 Cruel, unnecessary surgeries that are performed on dogs, including ear-cropping,
tail-docking, and debarking, are so painful and traumatic to dogs that they are
banned in many countries, but they remain legal in the U.S.
 "Training" devices such as shock collars, electric fences, and prong collars rely on
painful punishment and negative reinforcement, causing dogs to live in fear of
being electrocuted or choked for normal behavior such as crossing invisible lines,
barking, jumping onto surfaces within their own homes, and pulling on the leash
during walks.
 Hoarding of animals exists in virtually every community. Formerly referred to as
"collectors" and regarded as well-intentioned people who were overwhelmed by
the animal overpopulation crisis, hoarders are now seen in a very different light.
New information has shown that the problem is far more serious than having too
big a heart. The consequences for hoarders, their human dependents, animals,
and the community are extremely serious—and often fatal for animals.

HOUSING AND HUSBANDRY

 Dogs are kept in kennels by a variety of organizations. Examples include: rescue

organizations, hunt kennels, quarantine kennels, boarding kennels, police, and
assistance organizations. In addition dogs (mainly beagles) are bred and kept in
kennels for biomedical research and for nutritional studies. A useful general

64
 source of information for housing and care of laboratory dogs is hur.
Traditionally kennels were often small, designed to house one dog, and were
often devoid of anything to occupy the dog or provide variety. Such environments
resulted in timid fearful dogs or dogs with repetitive behavior disorders such as
stereotypies, or self injuring behavior. Studies in both shelters and research
establishments have shown that the longer dogs spend in sub-optimal
environments, the more likely they are to show abnormal or undesirable
behaviors. These dogs are likely to make poor research subjects; moreover, since
dogs may spend considerable periods in kennels the welfare impact can be
considerable. Over the last 15 years or so, there have been some important
changes in the conditions considered acceptable for the breeding and keeping
dogs used in research and these have also influenced standards for other types of
kenneling. There are several recent documents that provide comprehensive
reviews and recommendations based on applied research and the natural history
of the dog
 One of the most important changes in the kennelling of research dogs has been in
the reduction of single housing. For many years social housing has been the
default system in the UK. In the UK minimum enclosure dimensions are
sufficient to house one or two dogs, therefore making pair housing financially
advantageous. A similar strategy has now been adopted in the recent revision of
Council of Europe recommendations (Council of Europe, 2006), and social
housing is becoming ever more widely accepted throughout the research
community. Even where dogs have to be isolated during dosing in regulatory
studies, or feeding during nutritional studies, dogs can still be housed in pairs or
groups for the rest of the time. In Europe, it is common for dogs on GLP
toxicology studies to be socially housed, but separate them for feeding so food
consumption can be better measured. This trend is less common, however, in the
United States. Nonetheless, have shown that it can be done, and as UK
companies have to comply with either the same or similar regulatory
requirements, a more general adoption of social housing would seem to be a
relatively easy gain to be made in the USA. Good kennel design is critical in
allowing the adoption of social housing and modular designs, allowing animals to
be run together as desired, are a useful flexible means of achieving this. Social
housing does bring an increased risk of injury, however, and husbandry regimes
should be designed to monitor aggression.

PET HEALTH

Pets can add fun, companionship and a feeling of safety to life.

 Before getting a pet, think carefully about which animal is best for your family.

65
  What is each family member looking for in a pet?
 Who will take care of it?
 Does anyone have pet allergies?
 What type of animal suits your lifestyle and budget?

Once a pet is owened it should be kept healthy. It should be taken to a veterinarian if

 Loss of appetite
 Drinking a lot of water
 Gaining or losing a lot of weight quickly
 Strange behavior
 Being sluggish and tired
 Trouble getting up or down
 Strange lumps

are noticed.

EXERCISE, HUMAN CONTACT, SOCIALIZATION, AND

TRAINING

Some dogs clearly enjoy exercise, but when companion animals are exercised they also
experience exploration, territory marking and socializations all of which are likely to add
to the hedonistic experience of the activity. The benefits of exercise periods will depend
on the exploratory and social opportunities offered to the dogs. Human contact can be
very important for them . Often less than an hour a day , like 45 minutes has been
shown to be beneficial. Dogs used in research can be trained to cooperate with
husbandry and research procedures. Dogs given more human contact time are less
nervous, (good for their welfare), and more cooperative and easier to handle (good for
the staff and researcher).

NON-SOCIAL ENRICHMENT

Provision of chews, platforms, visual sight lines are worked out keeping the dogs'
natural behavior and sensory modalities in mind. Dog appeasement pheromone (DAP)
can be given as a means of reducing the stress when placed in unfamiliar circumstances,
on dogs taken to veterinary surgeries, and in shelters .

NUTRITION AND HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR

Many dogs are highly motivated by food (chews that taste of food seem to be preferred

66
by dogs), Overweight has risks of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular problems and
diabetes. Malnutrition, which, if experienced during development, can lead to
behavioral as well as physical abnormalities. Much attention is given by pet food
manufacturers to ensuring that their diets are palatable, as owners are often influenced
in their purchasing decisions by their dog’s reaction to food. Very palatable diets can
increase the risk of aggression in kennels . Dogs have been used in studies on the effects
of diet on behavior and cognitive function as a model of human degenerative disorders
as well as to study the effects of diet on companion animals.
Last modified: Tuesday, 5
NOISE

Dogs generate a great noise, which can be a potential health problem for humans
working in kennels, and given the greater sensitivity of dogs to sound, may be a welfare
issue for the dogs themselves. Buildings and husbandry routines should be designed so
as to reduce noise. Group housing is associated with less noise production which could
well be a significant benefit in the research setting.

MODULE-12: ANIMAL WELFARE IN COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK

FARMING PRACTICES

Learning outcome

This module mainly focusses on the commercial livestock farming practices and the
associated welfare rules and laws. In India commercial livestock farming includes dairy
practice and sheep and goat rearing. In minor horse rearing,and pig rearing also takes
place. Poultry farming nowadays has become an industrial farming practice.

ANIMAL WELFARE IN COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK FARMING

PRACTICES

Feed and water housing systems

 Animals should receive a daily diet adequate in composition, quantity, and

containing appropriate nutrients to maintain good health, meet their
physiological requirements, and avoid metabolic and nutritional disorders. Feed
should be palatable and free of contaminants, moulds, and toxins.
 It should be noted that food and water requirements vary with feed composition,
physiological state, stage of growth, size and condition, pregnancy, lactation,

67
 exercise and activity, and climate. Access to feed should be at intervals
appropriate to the physiological needs of the animals, and at least once daily.
 Animals should have an adequate daily supply of water that is palatable and not
harmful to their health.
Food and water should be provided in such a way that all animals have an
opportunity to feed or drink without undue competition and injury.
 Animals on highly concentrated diets may also require access to bulky or high
fiber feed in order to satisfy hunger. Medicated or enriched food and water
should only be used on professional advice, or when it is not detrimental to
animal health and welfare.
 Reserves of food and water should be maintained to allow for interruption to
supply.

Housing systems

 Animal accommodation should be designed, constructed, and maintained to

allow all animals space to stand, turn around, stretch, sit, and/or lie down
comfortably at the same time. They should also allow all animals to directly
interact with herd or flock mates, unless isolated for veterinary reasons.
 Stocking densities should be low enough to prevent excessive temperatures and
humidity; competition, stress, and aggression between animals, and abnormal
behavior; and to enable good litter management.
 All animals should have access to a clean and dry place. Floor litter must be kept
free of excessive moisture, and be loose and friable in the case of broiler chickens.
All surfaces and flooring should be non-slip, without sharp projections or edges
likely to cause injury, and provide for the animal to bear weight on the entire sole
of the foot.
 Housing should be constructed of fire-resistant materials and electrical and fuel
installations planned and fitted to minimize fire risk. Fire fighting equipment and
smoke detectors should be installed with sufficient exits to enable evacuation of
the building in an emergency. There should be sufficient drainage to protect
animals from flooding. Automated feeding and watering systems should allow all
animals the opportunity of access to sufficient feed and water without undue
competition (including intimidation, bullying and aggression) likely to cause
injury or distress.
 Feeding and watering systems should be designed, constructed, placed, and
maintained to prevent contamination or spoiling, and minimize spillage. All
automated systems supplying food and water; removing waste; and controlling
temperature, lighting, and ventilation should be checked and maintained
regularly, and backup systems should be available in case of failure.

68
  Natural or artificial light (of an intensity of at least 20 lux) should be available in
all buildings for a minimum of eight hours daily, and there should be a period of
darkness sufficient to allow proper rest.
Air quality should be maintained by removing excessive heat and moisture,
minimizing transmission of airborne infectious agents, preventing the build up of
noxious or harmful waste gases, and to reasonably control humidity and
minimize dust particles.
 Effluent and waste should not be allowed to build up where it leads to discomfort
and compromised welfare.
 Animals should be protected from extreme temperatures or abrupt temperature
fluctuations, cold draughts, and from predators, vermin, andexcessive noise.
 Animals with access to, or living, outdoors should have access to shade and
shelter and protection from predators.

THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO DRAUGHT AND PACK

ANIMALS RULES,1965

Q 21) What is the maximum load for draught animals?

A) Below is the table, stating the specific animals meant for drawing a vehicle of the kind
with the load of excess weight.

TABLE I

1) Small bullock or Two wheeled vehicle- 1000 kilograms

Small buffalo a) If fitted with ball bearings 750 kilograms

b) If fitted with pneumatic tyres 500 kilograms

c) If not fitted with pneumatic tyres

2) Medium bullock or Two wheeled vehicle- 1400 kilograms

Medium buffalo a) if fitted with ball bearings 1050 kilograms

700 kilograms

69
 b) if fitted with pneumatic tyres

c) if not fitted with pneumatic tyres

3) Large bullock or Two wheeled vehicle- 1800 kilograms

Large buffalo a) if fitted with ball bearings 1350 kilograms

b) if fitted with pneumatic tyres 900 kilograms

c) if not fitted with pneumatic tyres

4) Horse or mule b) if fitted with pneumatic tyres 750 kilograms

c) if not fitted with pneumatic tyres 500 kilograms

5) Pony b) if fitted with pneumatic tyres 600 kilograms

c) if not fitted with pneumatic tyres 400 kilograms

6) Camel Two-wheeled vehicle 1000 kilograms

Q 22) What is the maximum load of certain pack animals?

A ) Below is the Table provided specifying animals allowed to carry loads along with the
excess weight .

TABLE II

1) Small bullock or buffalo 100 kilograms

2) Medium bullock or buffalo 150 kilograms

3) Large bullock or buffalo 175 kilograms

4) Pony 70 kilograms

5) Mule 200 kilograms

6) Donkey 50 kilograms

7) Camel 250 kilograms

70
Q 23) What are the powers provided to police officers under The Prevention
of Cruelty to Draught and Pack Animals Rules,1965?

A) Section 11 of the Act, provides that if police officer above the rank of a constable feels
that the rule of reasonable excess weight with regard to the draught and pack animals is
getting violated, he may, ask the owner or the other person in charge of such animal to
take the animal or the vehicle or both to the weighbridge for the purpose of determining
the weight of the load which animal has been or is drawing or carrying.

And if the owner incharge of the aforesaid animals refuses to comply with the demand of
the police officer , the policeman has every right to take the animal or the vehicle or both
to the weighbridge and get it measured. And as soon as any weight is determined under
this rule, the owner or other person in charge of the said animal shall be given a
statement in writing signed by the police officer as to the weight so determined and any
other information relevant for the purpose.

Q 24) What are the general conditions for the use of draught and pack
animals?

A) Section 6 of The Prevention of Cruelty to Draught and Pack Animals Rules, 1965, lays
down the general conditions for the use of draught and pack animals. No person is
allowed to use any animal for drawing any vehicle or carrying any load :

 For more than nine hours in a day in the aggregate;

 For more than five hours continuously without a break or rest for the animal;
 In any area where the temperature exceeds 37 degree C ( 99 degree F ) during the
period between 12 noon and 3 p.m.

Q25) What are other relevant provisions with regard to The Prevention of
Cruelty To Draught And Pack Animals Rules,1965?

A) Following are the important sections that should be known. These are:

 Section 7:- Animals to be disengaged after work:- No person shall continue to

keep in harness any animal used for the purpose of drawing vehicles, after it is no
longer needed for such purpose.
 Section 8:- Use of spiked bits prohibited:- No person shall, for the purpose of
driving or riding an animal or causing it to draw any vehicle or for otherwise
controlling it, use any spiked stick or any other sharp tackle or equipment which
causes brusies,swellings, abrasions or sever pain to the animal.

71
  Section 9:- Saddling of horses:- No person shall cause a horse to be saddled in
such a way that the harness rests directly on the animal’s withers without there
being sufficient clearance between the arch or the saddle and the withers.

BULLOCKS

Bullocks work relentlessly throughout the day, in sun and rain, through the heavy traffic
on the streets. They are beaten mercilessly and kicked, to make them walk faster or to
run. On top of it, they have no shelter where they can rest after a hard day's work. They
usually spend the night on the street tied to their own carts, where they have no
protection from the rain. Their resting place is such that they cannot even sit down, as
the area where they are tied is absolutely dirty with their own muck. So all their life they
face the brunt of a hot sun and heavy rain. Being people of limited means, the bullock
cart "owners" do not take good care of their animals that slave for them. They rarely take
them to vets, and instead treat them with their own herbal medicines. They never
vaccinate them, with the result during the monsoon season they suffer from Foot &
Mouth Disease or HS & BQ (Haemorrhaegic Septicemia & Black Quarter) - both very
painful conditions. The saddest part of the story is that after working so hard all their
lives, they never get any retirement. When they become old and unproductive, they land
in the slaughter houses. This is how we treat these animals, who work without any
expectation of wages, bonus, weekly holidays, etc. All they ask for is a little kindness and
compassion.

To help these animals what we need to do is:

 It must be made compulsory for all these cart owners to carry fitness certificates
of the bullocks issued by SPCA. That will make it necessary for every cart "owner"
to bring his animal to SPCA for a check up, in order to obtain such a certificate.
 The oil companies that use bullocks to cart kerosene, must provide the animals
with a decent shed to house them when they are not working. These oil
companies must treat these animals as they would treat their contract workers,
and provide them with basic needs like shelter, food, water and medical aid.
 The bullock carts should have rubber tyres thereby reducing the neck load on the
bullock.

Last modified: Saturday, 15 December 2012, 10:33 AM

72
 SHEEP HUSBANDRY

SHELTER AND ENVIRONMENT

In cold climates, sheep may need shelter if they are freshly shorn or have baby lambs.
Freshly shorn hoggets can be very susceptible to wet, windy weather and can quickly
succumb to exposure. Sheep have to be kept dry for one to two days before shearing so
that the fleece is dry enough to be pressed and to protect the health of the shearers.

HEALTH CARE

Lambs receive their first antibodies via their mother's colostrum in the first few hours of
life., they get the first vaccine at six months followed by subsequent boosters.

If farmers work with animal nutritionists and veterinarians sheep can be kept healthy.
Lambs may be castrated and have their tails docked for easier shearing, cleanliness, and
to help protect them from fly strike. Shearers or farmers need to remove wool from the
hindquarters around the anus so that droppings do not adhere. In the southern
hemisphere this is called dagging or crutching.

WATER, FOOD AND AIR

 Sheep need fresh water from troughs or ponds, except in some countries, such as
New Zealand, where there is enough moisture in the grass to satisfy this
requirements.

73
  They are usually given feed twice a day from troughs or are allowed to graze in a
pasture.
 Sheep are most comfortable when the temperature is moderate, so fans may be
needed for fresh air if sheep are kept in barns during hot weather. In Australia,
sheep in pasture are often subjected to temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher
without deleterious effects.

MODULE-13: WELFARE OF ANIMALS DURING

TRANSPORTATION

 Learning outcome
 Transportation of animals in the present situation is attracting animal welfare
organizations to concentrate on welfare during transportation. This module
particularly focusses on the laws related to transportation of livestock.

GENERAL WELFARE OF ANIMALS DURING TRANSPORTATION

 Animals to be transported shall be healthy and in good condition and such

animals shall be examined by a veterinary doctor for freedom from infectious
diseases and their fitness to undertake the journey; provided that the nature and
duration of the proposed journey shall be taken into account while deciding upon
the degree of fitness.
 An animal which is unfit for transport shall not be transported and the animals
who are new born, diseased, blind emaciated, lame, fatigued or having given birth
during the preceding seventy two hours or likely to give birth during transport
shall not be transported.
 Pregnant and very young animals shall not be mixed with other animals during
transport.
 Different classes of animals shall be kept separately during transport.
 Diseased animals, whenever transported for treatment, shall not be mixed with
other animals
 Troublesome animals shall be given tranquilisers before loading during
transport.
 Animals shall be transported in their on-farm social groups (established atleast
one week prior to journey).
 While transporting animals all rules must be followed, and they must have a valid
certificate from a veterinarian. The rules require stopping for water and feed, and
that only 6 large animals in a lorry can be transported or about 12 for smaller
calves.
 Any violation of these laws is termed illegal.

74
  The Vehicle transporting them should be large enough to carry animals
comfortably and the animals should not be packed and jammed inside. The
animals should also be protected from the weather.
 The permissible loading in a truck is only 4 buffaloes or 40 sheep/goats, and
truck having wheel base below 142 inches, shall not carry more than five cattle
without calves or four with calves.
 In the case of trucks whose wheel base is over 142 inches shall not carry more
than six cattle without calves or five with calves.
 Animals in tempo are not allowed. Only four passengers excluding the driver are
allowed on a tonga or a total of 325 kgs.

Rules and Acts

o Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules, 2009

o Transport of Animals, Rules, 1978.
 Whereas certain draft rules further to amend the Transport of Animals Rules,
1978 were published as required by sub-section (1) of section 38 of the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960) under the notification of
the Government of India in the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
number S.O. 1164 (E) dated 26th December 2000 in the Gazette of India.
Extraordinary, Part 11, Section 3. Sub Section (ii) dated the 27th December, 2000
inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be affected thereby,
before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on which copies of the
Gazette containing the said notification are made available to the public.
 And, whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the
1st January 2001.
 And, whereas no objection or suggestion has been received from the public in
respect of the said draft rules by the Central Government.
 Now, therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (2) of
section 38 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 (59 of 1960), the
Central Government hereby makes the following rules further to amend the
Transport of Animals Rules 1978, namely
o These rules may be called the Transport of Animals (Amendment)
Rules, 2001.
o They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official
Gazette.

75
TRANSPORT OF MONKEYS

Monkeys are to be transported in suitable wooden or bamboo cages. The following two
sizes of cages shall be used during the transportation of monkeys through rail.

1. 910 x 760 x 510 mm- This cage shall contain not more than twelve monkeys,
weighing between 1.8 and 3.00 kilograms each or ten monkeys weighing between
3.1 and 5.0 kilograms each
2. 710 x 710 x 519 mm- This cage shall contain not more than ten monkeys weighing
between 1.8 and 3.00 kilograms each or eight monkeys weighing between 3.1 and
5.00 kilograms each.

76
Also, not more than one cage shall be placed over the other and gunny packing shall be
placed between two cages, when one is placed over the other.

But when the monkeys are transported by air the following two sizes of cages shall be
used.

1. 460 x 460 x 460 mm- This cage shall contain not more than ten monkeys
weighing from 1.8 to 3.0 kilograms each or four monkeys weighing from 3.1 to
5.0 kilograms each
2. 760 x 530 x 460 mm :- This cage shall contain not more than ten monkeys
weighing from 1.8 to 3.0 kilograms each or eight monkeys weighing from 3.1 to
5.0 kilograms each.

TRANSPORT OF CATTLE

3. When cattle is to be transported by rail an ordinary goods wagon shall carry not
more than ten adult cattle or fifteen calves on broad gauge, not more than six
adult cattle or ten calves on meter gauge, or not more than four adult cattle or six
calves on narrow gauge. And while transporting cattle by goods vehicle, only six
cattle should be loaded.

TRANSPORT OF EQUINES

 For the transport of equines by rail, ordinary goods wagon when used for
transportation shall carry not more than eight to ten horses or ten mules or ten
donkeys on broad gauge and not more than six horses or eight donkeys on meter-
gauge.
 And if equines are to be transported by good-vehicles each vehicle should not
carry more than four to six equines.
 For the transport of equines by sea, horses may normally be accommodated in
single stalls and mules in pens, each pen holding four to five mules.

TRANSPORT OF SHEEP AND GOATS

Following is the chart of transport of sheep and goats through railway wagon, for
different gauge.

77
Broad Guage

 In the area of wagon less than 21.1 Square Metres number of sheep or goat
allowed is 70

Metre Guage

 In the area of wagon 21.11 square Metres and above number of sheep or goat
allowed is 100

Narrow Guage

 In the area of Wagon less than 12.5 Square Metres the number of sheep or goat
allowed is 50
 In the area of wagon 12.5 Square Metres and above the number of sheep or goat
allowed is 60

And the Goods vehicle of capacity of 5 or 4.5 tons, which are generally used for
transporting animals, shall not carry more than forty sheep or goats.

TRANSPORT OF POULTRY BY RAIL, ROAD AND AIR

Containers are used for transporting poultry by rail, road and air. There is specific
number of different kind of poultry to be transported in containers.

Kind of Poultry Number in a container

Month old chickens 24

Three-month old chickens 12

Adult stock(excluding geese and turkeys) 12

Geese and turkeys 10 youngs

2 growings

1 grown up

Chicks 80

78
Poult 60

TRANSPORT OF PIGS BY RAIL OR ROAD

In transport of pigs by road, good vehicles which are generally used for
transporting of animals shall not carry more than twenty pigs.

And while transporting pigs by rail, no railway wagon shall accommodate

more than the number of pigs as provided below:

Broad Gauge

 In the area of wagon les than 21.1 Square Metres number of pigs
allowed is 35

Metre Gauge

 In the area of wagon more than 21.1 Square Metres number of pigs
allowed is 50

Narrow Gauge

 In the area of wagon less than 12.5 Square Metre number of pigs
allowed is 25
 In the area of wagon more than 12.5 Square Metre the number of
pigs allowed is 30
 Not Allowed

Last modified: Tuesday, 5 June 20

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION IN TRANSPORT TO OVERLOADING

Overloading of animals amounts to treating of animals cruelly under Section 11 of The

Prevention Of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960. And if the above general conditions with
regard to the transportation of animals are not met, the animals should be immediately
unloaded and sent to the nearest animal shelter. And since the offence so committed
falls under the Section 11 of The Prevention of Cruelty To Animals Act, 1960, the
offender (in the case of a first offence) will have to pay fine which shall extend to fifty
rupees and if it is the case of second offence or subsequent offence committed within
three years of the previous offence, he will be fined with not less than twenty-five rupees
but which may extend to one hundred rupees or with the imprisonment for a term

79
which may extend to three months or with both. Also, in the case of second offence, the
offender’s vehicle is confiscated, and he will never be allowed to keep an animal again

MODULE-14: ANIMAL WELFARE DURING NATURAL

CALAMITIES AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Learning outcome

This module focusses on animal welfare during natural calamities and in disasters. After
completion of this module the learner might have confidence to manage animal welfare
in emergency situations and will be able to develop an emergency kit for animal welfare.

ANIMAL WELFARE DURING NATURAL CALAMITIES AND

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Safety of pets during storms

 Pets need special attention during storms.

o Keep cats indoors all day, every day all year long.
o During the monsoon season, keep dogs indoors. Thunderstorms easily
frighten many dogs that might dig or jump from the yard to escape. High
winds can blow open gates, knock over fences, and even topple brick walls,
making it easy for a dog to run away.
o Be sure your pets are confined safely indoors when you leave in the
morning. Many storms roll in late in the day when people are at work;
violent storms can crop up quickly!
o Confine pets to a safe, secure room. Turn on the TV or a radio to help
drown out scary noises. Make sure pets have water, bedding and favorite
toys.
o Be sure all pets have current identification in case they run away.
Recommends a microchip complemented by a collar and I.D. tag.
o The I.D. tag should include two telephone numbers, such as a home
number and a work, pager or cellular number. If you have recently moved
or changed phone numbers, be sure to update all tags!
 Thunder and blowing wind can scare even the bravest of animals and they
usually try and escape, usually under the bed or behind the closet. But there may
be some pets that suffer from storm anxiety.
 The symptoms can include biting, excessive chewing, hiding, pulling out own
hair and shaking. The case may be a mild one but there are cases where it turns
severe which is why it needs to be effectively taken care of.

80
  Some breeds of dogs are more prone to chronic anxiety namely Bull dogs,
German Shepherd, Dalmatians and most breeds of terriers. There are many anti-
anxiety drugs available with vets that can help ease the fear and stress.
 Do make sure your pet has proper identification so that if he runs away, you can
get him back safe and sound.

PREPARING FOR A DISASTER: PLANNING FOR PETS AND

LIVESTOCK

 Disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes and floods don’t just affect people – they
also affect pets and other animals. Planning ahead in the event of a natural
disaster can protect the safety and well being of you and your pet.

CREATE A DISASTER KIT

Pack extra pet care and transportation items in an easy to grab kit, including:

 Extra collars, tags and leashes for all pets and extra pet food with a manual can
opener if needed
 A supply of stored drinking water
 Toys or blankets the pet will find familiar
 Paper towels, plastic bags and disinfectant for waste clean-up
 Copies of your pet’s medical and vaccination records
 Extra supplies of any medications your pet is currently taking

IF YOU NEED TO EVACUATE

 Take your pets with you whenever possible (only service animals are allowed in
Red Cross shelters)
 Identify “pet friendly” hotels
o Board with friends/relatives in a safe area.
o Check with your local animal shelter.
o Leave in plenty of time – you may not be able to take your pet at the last
minute.
 Identify your pets, include your address, phone number and the phone number of
a friend outside of the disaster range. Have photos for identification purposes.
 To transport your animals safely:
o Condition your animals to being in a cage/carrying case/pen/trailer.
o Keep animals on a strong leash/harness.

81
 o Take three to five days’ worth of supplies – food, water, high water-content
fruits/vegetables, medication, cat litter, “comfort toys.”
o Birds/lizards – blanket to keep cage warm/plant mister to hydrate
feathers.
o Snakes – pillowcase to transport/heating pad for warmth/water bowl to
soak.
o Pocket pets (hamsters/gerbils) – cage/bedding material/water bottles.

IF YOU MUST LEAVE YOUR PETS BEHIND

 Leave them untied in an interior room with adequate air and no windows – such
as a bathroom.
 Purchase a self-feeder in advance and leave enough food and water for at least
three days. Leave faucet dripping with drain open.
 Leave favorite bed and toys.
 Place notice on front door with location and type of pets, their names and your
contact phone number.
 NEVER leave animals tied up outside.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR LIVESTOCK OWNERS

During a disaster, the behavior and activities of livestock can change dramatically.
Advice on disaster planning and precautions is available from several sources, your local
emergency management office, animal control center and area veterinarians.

 EVACUATE LIVESTOCK WHENEVER POSSIBLE. Arrangements for evacuation,

including routes and host sites, should be made in advance. Alternate routes
should be mapped out in case the planned route is inaccessible. Evacuation sites
should have or be able to readily obtain food, water, veterinary care, handling
equipment and facilities.
 Trucks, trailers, and other vehicles suitable for transporting livestock
(appropriate to the type of animal) should be available, along with experienced
handlers and drivers to transport them. Whenever possible, the animals should
be accustomed to these vehicles in advance so they're less frightened and easier
to move.
 If evacuation is not possible, a decision must be made whether to move large
animals to available shelter or turn them outside. This decision should be
determined based on the type of disaster and the soundness and location of the
shelter (structure). All animals should have some form of identification that will
help facilitate their return.

82
  Your disaster plan should include a list of emergency phone numbers for local
agencies that can assist you if disaster strikes - - including your veterinarian, state
veterinarian, local animal shelter, animal care and control, county extension
service, local agricultural schools and the American Red Cross. These numbers
should be kept with your disaster kit in a secure, but easily accessible place.

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

 A Disaster Risk Management Programme has been taken up in 169 districts in 17

multi-hazard prone States with the assistance from UNDP, USAID and European
Union. Under this project, the States are being assisted to draw up State, district
and Block level disaster management plans; village disaster management plans
are being developed in conjunction with the Panchayati Raj Institutions and
disaster management teams consisting of village volunteers are being trained in
various preparedness and response functions such as search and rescue, first aid,
relief coordination, shelter management etc. Equipment needs for district and
State Emergency Operation Centres have been identified by the State nodal
agencies and equipment is being provided to equip these EOCs. Orientation
training of masons, engineers and architects in disaster resistant technologies
have been initiated in these districts and construction of model demonstration
buildings will be started soon.
 Under this programme Disaster Management Plans have been prepared for 8643
villages, 1046 Gram Panchayat, 188 blocks and 82 districts. More than 29000
elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions have already been trained,
besides imparting training to members of voluntary organizations. About 18000
Government functionaries have been trained in disaster mitigation and
preparedness at different levels. 865 engineers and 425 architects have been
trained under this programme in vulnerability assessment and retrofitting of
lifeline buildings. 600 master trainers and 1200 teachers have already been
trained in different districts in disaster preparedness and mitigation. Disaster
Management Committees consisting of elected representatives, civil society
members, Civil Defence volunteers and Government functionaries have been
constituted at all levels including village/urban local body/ward levels. Disaster
Management Teams have been constituted in villages and are being imparted
training in basic functions of first aid, rescue, evacuation and related issues. The
thrust of the programme is to build up capabilities of the community since the
community is invariably the first responder. During the recent past, it has been
experienced that the capacity building of the community has been very helpful
even in normal situations when isolated instances of drowning, burns etc. take
place. With the creation of awareness generation on disaster mitigation, the
community will be able to function as a well-knit unit in case of any emergency.

83
 Mock drills are carried out from time to time under the close supervision of
Disaster Management Committees. The Disaster Management Committees and
Disaster Management Teams have been established by notifications issued by the
State Governments which will ensure that the entire system is institutionalized
and does not disintegrate after the conclusion of the programme. The key points
being stressed under this programme are the need to ensure sustainability of the
programme, development of training modules; manuals and codes, focused
attention to awareness generation campaigns; institutionalization of disaster
management committees and disaster management teams, disaster management
plans and mock-drills and establishment of techno-legal regimes.

MODULE-15: VETERINARY ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on the legal duties of veterinarians. In field practice the
veterinarian must know how to face the legal issues coming under his control. It
starts from the issue of health certificate, PM certificate, Cruelty to animals,
common offenses against animals. This module exposes the learner to forensic
and state medicine laws in Veterinary Jurisprudence.

VETERINARY ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE

 Veterinary jurisprudence, veterinary forensic medicine and veterinary legal

medicine are considered synonyms.
 It pertains to their (animals) protection: unraveling crimes against them.
 In a way it protects the animals, which in turn may protect the individuals and
the society. It makes to understand the Principles of Code and Ethics for the
professionals. It deals with the questions which related to injury and death of the
animal brought to the veterinarian for taking up the matters in the Court of law.
It includes line of treatment and diagnosis. It helps the vets to approach and
handle the accident and poisoning cases in the field.
 It is essential to have fair knowledge in the subjects of veterinary science to give
evidence in Vetero - legal problems. He must be well aware off the Acts affecting
his privileges and obligations in the veterinary practice.
 Hence, a thorough knowledge of the legal procedures in the criminal courts is
essential for veterinary practitioner.

LEGAL DUTIES OF THE VETERINARIANS

84
 To make a veterinarian know and recognize his exact duties, privileges and
responsibilities in vetro-legal cases both as witness and as an expert advisor it is
very essential that he should have a fair knowledge of all the subjects of
veterinary sciences.
 He must be well acquainted with the animal related Acts and the legal procedures
in the criminal courts.
 Veterinarian has the following responsibilities.
o Conducting postmortem examination of the vetro-legal cases.
o Investigations of common offences against animals.
o Investigations in case of malicious and accidental poisoning.
o Investigations in case of frauds in the sale of livestock and livestock
products.
o Issuing health certificates.
o To get the real culprits punished and help in providing justice and fair
treatment to man and animal and also to save innocent people/persons
from the false accusations of crime.
o To prevent cruelty to animals.
o Application and enforcement of state of law meant for animals.
(Prevention of cruelty to Animals, Cattle Trespass Act)
o To protect the interests of society at large and prevent the unethical
practices in relation to animals in the society.
o In fact everything in which recourse to law is necessary in relation to the
veterinary profession.
 The evidence is recorded as follows
o Examination in chief
 This is the first examination of a witness y the party which calls
him.
 In Government prosecution cases, the prosecuting inspector as a
rule, first examines the witness to elicit the principal facts
concerning the case.
 If the witness is summoned by a private party, he is first examined
by the pleader of that party. Leading questions are not allowed.
(Eg.) If a person x strike or with a stick
 The proper forms of the question in a case of an assault are
 When did this incident occur?
 Where were you at that time?
 What did you notice?
 In that case the witness will narrate the whole incident of a person
‘x’ stricking ‘y’ as he saw it.
o Cross examination

85
  This may be regarded as the most reliable procedure of testing the
value of an evidence and is held by counsel for the accused who
tries to elicit facts (or) demonstrate the possibility of theories, not
necessarily inconsistent with the evidence the witness has given,
but helpful to his own case.
 Leading questions are permissible and witness should be very
cautions in answering them.
 He should not attempt to answer the questions unless he clearly
and completely understands them.
 There is no time limit to cross examination.

Re examination

 The prosecuting Inspector or counsel who conducts the examination inchief has
the right to re-examine the witness to explain away any discrepancies that may
have occurred during cross examination.
 The witness should not introduce any new subject without the consent of the
judge or opposing counsel lest he should become liable to cross examination on
the new point thus introduced.

Question put by the Judge, Juror or Assessor

 The Judge, Juror or Assessor may question the witness at any stage to clear up
doubtful points.

FORENSIC AND STATE MEDICINE LAWS

 Application of basic science of judiciary and foretell on the grounds of scientific

knowledge to detect crime and responsibility for the damage.
 It is a special discipline of veterinary procedural steps.

EXAMINATION OF BLOOD-STAINS

 Examination of blood-stains is of great importance for vetero-Iegal purposes. The

blood-stains are examined to ascertain whether or not they consist blood; if so, to
what species of animal the blood belongs, whether mammal, bird, fish or reptile.
 The examination of all kinds of stains is done by the Chemical Examiner. Before
removing stains for analysis, a note should be made indicating exactly where they
were found and their relative position.
 Stains from persons and animals are best removed with a piece of filter paper
soaked in normal saline solution.

86
  The paper is left in contact until it is coloured, then removed and dried. In case of
garments and weapons, the articles should be allowed to dry, then carefully and
separately wrapped and packed without unnecessary handling.
 Liquid stains are taken in dry tests tubes with the help of dropper or pipette and
the test tube is sealed. The test tube is placed on a cracked- ice container. Moist
stains are completely dried and handled as dry stains.
 Removable stained objects must be sent to the laboratory. Blood-soaked soil is
taken up completely and is sent in a glass container. If stains lie on non-
removable objects, such as wall and floors, are representative section which
contains the stain, is removed by digging out and sent in a container.
 In exceptional cases stains can be scrapped up by a knife. The examination of
blood-stains may be carried out by the following methods:
o Physical examination
o Chemical examination
o Microscopic examination
o Spectroscopic examination
o Serological examination

COMMON OFFENCES AGAINST ANIMALSAND LAWS RELATED

TO THESE OFFENSES

Common offences against animals

 It is more or less obligatory for a veterinarian to be familiar with the laws for
protection of animals, more so because of his training and profession which
inculcate a spirit of sympathy and understanding towards our dumb companions,
the domestic animals, who deserve all sympathy and kindness.
 The common offences against animals are
o mischief,
o bestiality and
o cruelty.

Mischief

 This includes killing, poisoning or maiming an animal. Poisoning is the

commonest method of mischievous killing. Abrus precatrius seed, arsenic,
aconite root, snake venom, datura leaves, and seeds of yellow oleander
arecomrnon poisons used in the mischievous killing of the animals.
o Accidental poisoning may occur in animals by linseed or jowar
consumption.

87
 o Mischiefis punishable under sections 428 and 429:I.P.C.

Maiming

o It means making an animal permanently useless by the use of violence.

This type of offence is also common and its aim is to harm the owner when
his animal damages the crop or other property. The common forms
ofhurting animals and rendering them useless are:
o Fracture of bone
o Cutting tendons oflegs and neck
o Injury to udder in milch animals
o Tearing of the vagina or rectum by introducing sharp or blunt object
o Punctured wounds, etc.

Bestiality

 Bestiality means carnal intercourse with man, woman or animal, against the
order of nature. This type of crime is quite frequently found in India due to the
following reasons:
o The common belief among illiterate people that intercourse with she-
donkey is a remedy for gonorrhoea.
o Excessive sexual desire with little opportunity for natural intercourse.
o Young villagers who go out to graze cattle in fields far away from human
eyes, are incited, owing to loneliness and the proximity of the animals, to
commit this crime, People having some mental abnormalities.
o The human male is generally the active agent and the passive agent a goat,
donkey, mare, cow, or even hen. Examination of animal for bestiality
 Bestiality is punishable under Section 377, I.P.C. The offenders are usually caught
red-handed.
 The vagina of the animal should be examined for evidence of injury and the
suspect examined for marks of injuries caused by the kicks teeth or claws of the
animal.
 The surrounding hair of the animal should be examined for presence of human
spermatozoa (it is very important to note whether the spermatozoa found are of
the same animal or not and for this purpose the presence or absence of heat in
the female animal is also a guide).
 The presence of organisms of gonorrhoea in the vagina of the animal is a definite
sign ofbestiality.
 The clothes of the suspect will smell of urine or faeces of the animal as after a
sexual act animals have a habit of urinating.

88
Cruelty

 This offence includes basting, overloading, using a diseased animal for work,
starvation, "Phuka", etc. These acts are punishable under the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

EXAMINATION OF LIVING AND DEAD ANIMALS IN CRIMINAL

CASES

 The object of the examination is to ascertain the cause and the manner of death
in all deaths from criminal violence, or in sudden deaths from unknown causes.
 Without proper examination it is not possible to ascertain cause of death in all
cases of criminal violence, and sudden deaths due to unknown causes, even when
apparently the animal appears to have died from natural causes.
 It is not uncommon to find that cases of apparently natural deaths or of death
due to contagious disease have actually died of poisoning or violence, which
caused rupture of internal organs without any external lesions. If it is the
question of an injury, or death following an injury, it is necessary not only to
describe in detail the injury, but also to indicate the approximate time of its
occurrence, nature of the weapon used, and manner of causing injury.
 Every possible cause should be investigated before venturing an opinion as to the
cause of death. Not only should the post- mortem lesions, both external and
internal, be carefully examined, but all circumstantial evidence given and the
surroundings, such as the field, or the land, etc., where the animal was found
dead should be described.
 The history, as given by the owner, should be noted briefly and signed by the
owner, or left thumb impression (right thumb impression, if a woman) taken ifhe
or she is illiterate.
 In our climatic conditions, it is necessary to peiform the post-mortem as early as
possible to avoid decomposition ofthe carcass and its mutilation by carrion
animals such as dogs, vultures, hyaenas, etc., because safeguarding these
carcasses under village conditions is not always easy.
 Needless to say that the post -mortem report should be carefully drafted in a
logical order without any exaggeration, so that a true picture ofthe case can be
stated on oath in the witness-box.
 The proforma for recording a post-mortem report must be filled in triplicate at
the time ofthe post- mortem examination, signed, timed and dated. It would be

89
 useful to maintain a vetero-legal register at various institutions to provide
guidance to newcomers.
 Where only bones are available, it is necessary to record the detailed description
of the important bones, which would provide sufficient information to identify
the species, the sex and age ifpossible of the animal.
 This is specially important in the case of cattle and buffaloes on account of ban on
slaughter of cows of all ages and of bullocks below 15 years of age. Any
malformation should be specially noted. The odour and feel of bones should be
noted carefully for assessing the time of death, as recent bones have a peculiar
odour and a greasy feel.

CRUELTY TO THE ANIMALS

 Cruelty to animals is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than
humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for
specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur. Diverging
viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
 Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to the issue. The animal welfare
position holds that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for
human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research, but that it
should be done in a humane way that minimizes unnecessary pain and suffering.
 Animal rights theorists criticize this position, arguing that the words
"unnecessary" and "humane" are subject to widely differing interpretations, and
that the only way to ensure protection for animals is to end their status as
property, and to ensure that they are never used as commodities. Laws
concerning animal cruelty are designed to prevent needless cruelty to animals,
rather than killing for other aims such as food, or they concern species not eaten
as food in the country involved, such as those regarded as pets.

BESTIALITY (ZOOPHILIA)

 Zoophilia, from the Greek ζ ῷ ον (z ṓ ion, "animal") and φιλία (philia,

"friendship" or "love"), also known as zoosexuality, is the practice of sex between
humans and non-human animals (bestiality), or a preference or fixation on such
practice. A person who practices zoophilia is known as a zoophile.
 Although sex with animals is not outlawed in some countries, it is not explicitly
condoned anywhere. In most countries, such acts are illegal under animal abuse
laws or laws dealing with crimes against nature.

MODULE-16: SOUNDNESS

90
  Learning outcome
 This module deals with the soundness in animals. Soundness in horses, cattle and
dogs are important in the selection of animals.

SOUNDNESS IN HORSES

 The structural development of the limbs, size and body proportions that make up
an individual horse's conformation can influence its balance and movement
during exercise. The strength of its limbs and conformation in turn, can influence
its overall soundness and ability to perform in competition.
 Conformation and soundness are interrelated in determining the movement,
performance and overall quality of a horse during its competitive lifetime.
 Soundness can be classified in a number of ways relative to the horse's freedom
from lameness but it can also relatet o the horse's suitability for a particular
purpose, such as eventing, jumping, polocroosse, hack and dressage competition,
which can include other measures of soundness for the purpose, such as
boldness, temperament and flow of the stride.
 Soundness can also be influenced by factors such as the type of working surface,
shoeing, dietary balance, body weight and the exercise program, especially as a
horse ages. Accidental injuries such as lower limb lacerations, excessive bone
modelling responsesa nd abnormal growth and balance in the hooves can all
influence the relative soundness for the purpose. A horse with a minor joint or
tendon injury, for example, may not be suitable for upper level equestrians ports,
but its soundness as a hack will not be compromised. As horses age, natural 'wear
and tear' and other degenerative changes, that are not always related or
influenced by conformation, can occur and restrict its suitability for long term
training and competition.It is always important to select a horse that is sound
and strong if you plan to compete over a few years, rather than try to rehabilitate
ahorse from the race track which has broken down due to tendon and joint
problems and carriest he legacy of unsoundnessin to retirementa nd equestrian
competition.

HOW TO PROTECT YOUR HORSE'S DELICATE LEGS

 Even though horses are big, strong animals, their legs are surprisingly delicate.
The muscles and tendons that make up the legs can get injured quite easily. Your
horse might stumble and cut his front leg with his back hoof. Or he might land
awkwardly after a jump and strain a tendon. Constant pounding on hard surfaces
can also damage legs.

91
  Leg injuries can be serious and many take months (or even years) to heal. Some
injuries never heal properly and you could be left with a lame horse.
 Of course, you can’t cover your horse’s legs in bubble wrap (well, maybe you
could but he would look pretty strange!), but here are 10 things you can do that
may help your horse stay sound.

BOOT UP

 If you’re going to jump or gallop, put brushing boots or splint boots on your
horse. These are padded boots that go on all four legs that protect your horse’s
legs in case he knocks his front legs with his hind hooves, which can cause bruises
or cuts. Padded boots also give extra support to the muscles and tendons in a
horse’s leg.
 If a horse is traveling at fast speeds, a hind hoof may "overreach" and tread on the
heel of a front leg, causing a nasty cut that may take forever to heal. Prevent these
cuts by putting rubber overreach boots on his front legs.

AVOID HARD GROUND

 Try to avoid riding your horse on hard ground. If the ring is rock hard, stick to a
walk or ride out in the fields. Riding on hard ground causes concussion in your
horse’s legs as he bangs on the ground with his hooves. This concussion can
injure or weaken the tendons and bones in his legs and can cause arthritis or
navicular when he gets older.
 If you board at a barn, it’s the owner’s responsibility to make sure the ring surface
is kind on your horse’s legs. The ring should be raked or dragged regularly. If the
ring is always hard, move your horse to a barn where the owner cares about
horses’ legs.

DAILY CHECKS

 Take a look at your horse’s legs every day. If he lives in a pasture, walk out and
run your hands down his legs to feel for lumps and bumps that might need
treating. You should be picking out your horse’s hooves on a daily basis, so check
his legs at the same time.

TREAT SWELLINGS OR LAMENESS QUICKLY

 If you spot an injury on your horse’s leg, spray cold water on it to remove blood
so you can get a closer look. If the wound is serious, call the veterinarian right

92
 away because it might need stitching. If the bleeding doesn’t stop, place a
bandage over the cut and use your hand to apply pressure to the wound until the
vet arrives.
 If you notice a swelling on a leg, feel it right away. If it feels hot, hose it with cold
water for about 15 minutes, then check it again. Cold water can reduce swelling. If
the leg still feels hot, call the vet and explain the situation. He may tell you to put
an ice pack on the swelling, or he may say keep on hosing until he can get to your
barn to examine your horse.

HANDLE YOUNG LEGS WITH CARE

 Young horses have bones that are still growing and developing, so it’s important
that you don’t work them too hard at an early age. If a youngster is lunged on
hard ground or galloped too much he may develop arthritis later on. You may
also damage his delicate tendons and muscles.
 If you back a horse at two, stick to slower speeds and don’t do too much with him
until he’s a bit older. Many sport horse people start horses under saddle when
they turn three. And it’s not a great idea to jump a horse until he’s at least four
because you can put too much stress on his young bones

REGULAR SHOEING AND TRIMMING

 Schedule your farrier on a regular basis—try to get him or her to trim or shoe
your horse every five or six weeks. You don’t want shoes falling off or hoof cracks
getting bigger and bigger. If your horse has lameness issues, a good farrier will be
able to forge therapeutic shoes for him. These are special shoes that may help
your horse stay sounder.

JOINT-CARE SUPPLEMENTS

 If your older horse is starting to shows signs of arthritis (stiffness or lameness),

you could try putting him on a joint-care supplement. These supplements contain
joint lubricants such as glucosamine hydrochloride, chrondroitin sulfate or
hyaluronic acid. Ask your veterinarian if she thinks a particular supplement
would be beneficial to your horse.

WARM UP GRADUALLY

 Don’t just jump on your horse and start galloping around the arena or through
the fields. Just like humans, horses need to warm up for exercise gradually or

93
 they can strain muscles or tendons. Always walk for five or 10 minutes before you
start jogging or loping. And remember to cool down your horse as well. Spend
about five or 10 minutes walking before you take him back to the barn and untack
him.

SUFFICIENT BEDDING

 Don’t skimp on straw or shavings in your horse’s stall or pen. Horses can injure
their legs while lying down or getting up if they are kept on hard concrete floors.
Horses can also get painful sores on their hocks if there isn’t enough bedding in
their pens or stalls.

OUTSIDE LIVING

 A horse’s leg joints are far healthier if he spends most of his time outdoors in a
field, able to mosey where he likes. If he stays in a stall all the time, he can get
stiff.
 Young horses, especially, should spend loads of time outdoors. If they spend too
much time stuck in a stall their bones won’t grow and develop normally and this
can cause lameness or arthritis when they get older.
 Older, arthritic horses seem to be less ouchy and stiff if they spend lots of time
outdoors as well.

BREEDING SOUNDNESS EXAMINATION OF THE DOG

Identification

 The identification is not only important for the medical records, but is essential
in the case of a pre-purchase examination.
 Failure to positively identify an animal could cause legal problems in the future.

History

 Has the dog ever been bred?

 Has he ever sired a litter? If has bred, but never sired a litter, you may consider
congenital infertility.
 If he has sired litters, and is now infertile you may consider acquired infertility.
 Frequency of use
 Every other day breeding is usually acceptable.
 Breeding more than that may be overusing the dog.
 Has there been any exogenous drug therapy (testosterone etc.)?
94
  What is the dog's habitat?
 Is he in a kennel?
 Is he housed with bitch? If so, the bitch may be dominant.
 Is he 'mommies little boy', who has not had any canine contact?
 Has he had any exposure to sex?
 Has he been punished for showing sexual interest?
 Has his libido changed?
 Has he ever been shown?
 Does he have any endocrine disease?

Physical Exam

General exam

 Look for signs of endocrine problems.

 Check for any congenital disorders that would make him an unsuitable potential
breeder.
 Reproductive Exam

MODULE-17: LEGAL ASPECTS OF EXAMINATION OF INJURIES

AND POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION

 Learning outcome
 PM examination is one of the major Veterinary Ethics and Jurisprudence
practices in the field practice of every veterinarian. This module focusses on the
Vetero-Legal aspects of PM examination.

POST - MORTEM EXAMINATION OF VETERO - LEGAL CASES

 Postmortem in these cases has to conducted in order to ascertain

o The time since death
o The cause of death.

RULES FOR PM EXAMINATION

 To be done by written order from the police officer or the Executive Magistrate.
 Carefully read the police report first.
 Examination to be done in day light. (Before sunset / after sunrise).
 Examination to be thorough and complete.
 All the details to be noted in the PM reports on the spot of the PM examination.

95
  The notes and the report to be sent to the Court must tally with each other (Police
and owner).
 Should have fair knowledge of the normal and pathological appearance of viscera.
 Time and date of arrival of carcass to be noted.
 No unnecessary delay in conducting PM.
 No unauthorised person should be allowed to be present at the time of PM except
investigating police officer.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

Chemicals

 Preservatives – common salt and alcohol.

 Fixatives -10% Formalin, 50% glycerin, liquid paraffin, mercuric chloride,
chromates, osmic acid etc.

PROCEDURE FOR PM EXAMINATION

External examination

 Note the general condition of the carcass.

 Note the species age, bread and sex of the animal.
 Examine the body surface for injuries, burns, swellings etc.
 Look for the discharge form the natural orifices.
 Examine the visible mucous membranes.
 Examine the external genitalia.
 All bone for fracture and joint dislocation.

Internal Examination

 Necropsy procedure: Equine

 Place the horse on the right side down.
 Make an incision through skin in the ventral medicine line form chin to anus
dorsolaterally around the mammary glands or penis.
 Skin of the left side of neck, thorax and abdomen is reflected.
 Left fore and hind limbs are severed by cutting all muscles and attachments
 Finish skinning thorax and abdomen to the top of the spinous process of the
vertebrae
 Incise midline form xiphoid to pubis and pubis to lumbar region through
abdominal wall.

96
  Pull upward and forward the large flab of abdominal wall and cut diaphragm
dorso-ventrally close to its attachments
 Abdominal viscera are removed in the following order.
 Great colon and caecum.
 Left kidney
 Left adrenal
 The small colon
 The small intestines
 Liver
 Right kidney
 Right adrenal
 The stomach
 Thoracic cavity – by cutting ribs along their ventral ends form thoracic inlet to
last rib.
 Remove the thoracic organs by cutting oesophagus, trachea and other
attachments lift the heart and lungs out.
 Cut the symphysis of pubis. Examine - genital organs, rectum and urinary
bladder.

RUMINANTS

 Keep the left side down in order to keep the rumen out of way.
 Right fore and hind legs are severed. Disarticulate right hind limb.
 Incision from jaws to the perineal region.
 Skin of right side reflected.
 Abdominal wall is removed.
 Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum are opened in situ and examined.
 Expose thorax as in the case of horse.
 Lungs and heart removed with trachea and oesophagus.
 Urogenital organs are removed.

SWINE

 Place the carcass on its back on the table (supine position).

 Incisions are made to drop the limbs horizontally.
 Remove a strip of the ventral body wall from chin to the pubis regions.
 At sternal incisions passing through the costal cartilages.
 The anterior end of the sternal is raised with the left hand so that the heart in not
cut.
 Ventral abdominal wall in incised and left to the pubis.

97
  Thoracic cavity by breaking ribs.
 Thoracic organs removed.
 First remove the spleen and omentum.
 Push the intestines left side inorder to examine rectum.
 Cut the oesophagus posterior to diaphragm.
 Liver, stomach and intestines removed together.
 Remove adrenal glands before kidneys.
 Kidney by tearing its peritoneal covering.
 Seminal vesicles and other accessory organs in boar.

CANINE AND FELINE

 Place the dorsum upon the table.

 Head and neck straightened.
 Incision from mandibular symphysis to pubis.
 Mammary gland examined.
 Separate the skin.
 Legs pulled to the sides.
 Cut the coxo – femoral joints.
 Incision from xiphoid cartilage to the pubis.
 Make transverse incision.
 Abdominal cavity in exposed.
 Expose thoracic cavity by cutting sternal ribs/cartilage.
 Examine the organs in situ.

EXAMINATION OF ORGANS

Lungs

 Lungs and associated lymph node inspected.

 Open the trachea and its branches.
 Incision to different lobes.
 Squeeze the cut edges and examine for pus, blood or edematous.
 Examine diaphragmatic lobe for parasites.

Hearts

 Examine pericardium, pericardial fluid and epicardium.

 Remove pericardium.
 locate the septum and open right ventricle by incision.
 Pass the knife tricuspid valve into the pulmonary artery and open it.

98
  Similar procedure followed to left side heart.
 Pulmonary vein opened by passing knife through bicuspid valve.

Brains

 Examine for the presence of tumors, cysts, abscesses, parasites, haemorhages etc.

Digestive tract

 Parenchymatous organs - Liver, spleen, kidneys, testes, adrenals.

SUBMISSION OF SPECIMENS IN SUSPECTED CASES OF

POISONING
Suspected poison Required material in order of importance

Arsenic (Acute) Liver, kidneys, stomach contents

Arsenic (Chronic) Hair, liver, urine

Alkaloids Liver, urine, brain, stomach contents.

Copper Liver

Cyanide (HCN) Stomach contents, liver, oxalated blood

Chlorinated insecticides Fat, liver, stomach contents

OPC Oxalated blood, whole blood, stomach contents

Lead (Acute) Kidney, Liver, urine

Lead (Chronic) Hair, liver, kidneys, urine

Mercury Liver, kidney, stomach contents, intestinal contents

Nitrate/nitrite Stomach contents, whole blood

Phosphorous Stomach contents, Liver, oxalated blood

Phenol – cresols Liver, stomach contents, kidney

Rodenticides Stomach contents, liver, urine

Strychnine Stomach contents, urine, liver, brain, kidneys

Sodium chloride Oxalated whole blood brain, stomach contents,

99
 liver
QUANTITIES OF SPECIMENS TO BE SENT

Tissue / organs and quantity

Blood 30 to 50 ml

Brain Entire

Fat 200 gm

Hair 5- 10 gm

Intestinal contents 500-1000 g

Kidneys One

Liver 500-1000 g

Stomach contents 500 – 1000g in LA and available contents in SA

Urine All available

 Visceras to be preserved for a period of 6 months and then destroyed after

obtaining the permission from the magistrate.

CONTAINERS FOR THE MATERIAL TO BE PRESERVED

 Wide mouth glass bottle (2 litre) with air light stoppers (arsenic free).
 Bottle should have
o Case no.
o Nature of the contents.
o Place and date of preservation etc.
o Signature of veterinarian done - PM.

PRESERVATIVE

 Alcohol – suitable for viscera (Except cases of alcohol, phenol, by other volatile
substance)
 Saturated common salt.

100
Preservation by alcohol

 Whole organ in dipped into alcohol.

 Saturated common salt
 Solid common salt

Preservation of blood sample

 Sodium fluoride – 20 mg / ml of blood.

 Sodium citrate (5 mg) and mercuric chloride mixture (0.1 mg) / ml of blood.
 Sealing of containers and other material

LETTER TO THE CHEMICAL EXAMINER

 Species sex, age, identification mark and location of lesions.

 Impression of the seal used in closing the bottle and description of seal.
 Separate necropsy report.
 Details of the purpose for which analysis is required.
 List of articles forwarded and mode of transmission.
 Well packed and labeled.
 Send 25 ml of preservative is separate bottle as sample preservative.
 Send copy of inquest.

COLLECTION AND SUBMISSION OF SPECIMENS FOR

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

 Fixing agents - formaldehyde, alcohol, mercuric chlorides, chromates, osmic acid,

picric acid, etc.
 Important is 10% formalin.
 Specimen should be representative of the lesion with normal tissues - 0.5 -1.00
cm thick and 10 times volume of fixatives.

POST-MORTEM ARTIFACTS

 Changes introduced in the dead animals after death.

 Not related to the physiology state of body or tissues either health or disease to
which the animal might be exposed prior to death should be differentiated.
 Unless it will lead to misinterpretation of
o Wrong cause of death
o Wrong manner of death

101
 o Undue suspection of criminal offences
o Miscarriage of justice

PM ARTIFCATS - CLASSIFICATION

 Putrefication
 Environmental artifacts
o Burning
o Corrosion
o Maceration
 Third party artifacts
o Animals, birds, insects, maggots etc.
o Emergency treatment just prior to death and after death
o Deliberate mutilation
 Miscellaneous artifacts

Putrefaction: kept under sunlight < 2 hour - severe decomposition takes place.

 Example
o Distension of abdomen, and thorax
o Profusion of tongue
o Buldging of eye balls.
o Swelling of lips, nose, eyelids, vulvar lips, udder etc.
o Presence of sero sanguineous fluid in and around.
o Mouth, nose, vulvar opening etc.
o PM – vomition of ruminal contents
o PM – defecation and urination

Environmental artifacts

 Postmortem burning: unusual places affected, no tissue reaction.

 Post – mortem corrosion: Acids, caustic soda, industrial effluent etc. and seen on body
surface touching ground.
 PM – maceration: Prolonged physical contact of the body parts and bones with water,
mud, etc.

Third party artifacts

 Birds ants, flies, etc - Ears, eyes, nose, mouth, anus, vulva, udder.
o Example
 Haematoma around jugular vein, sub-cutaneous fluid accumulation at the
sites of injection, laceration and obstetrical handling marks in urogenital
tract, rumen puncture wound etc. are some of the marks left after
emergency treatment.

102
  Deliberate mutilation of body – to mask the identify of the animal.
o Example
 Cutting ear bearing tattoo mark / tag.
 Cutting of tail.
 Damage of scar mark etc.

Miscellaneous

 Dragging marks on the lower surface of the body.

 Rope marks on the fetlock region around horns, neck etc.

POST MORTERM APPEARANCE OF SHOCK

 Signs severe injuries

o Fracture
o Crushing of tissues
o Extensive lacerations and Avulsions
 Generalised visceral congestion
 Oedema of the lungs
 Dark red fluid blood
 Petechial haemorrhage in serious membranes and parenchymatous organs.

MODULE-18: COLLECTION AND DESPATCH OF MATERIALS

FOR CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

 Learning outcome
 In veterinary clinical services the sample collection and dispatch of collected
material from one area to the lab for diagnostic and investigative purposes is very
important in case that material is related to an outbreak or legal case.
This module will educate the learner on the same in an effective manner for
vetero-legal cases.

PROCEDURES ON SUSPICION

 Take careful history, which may indicate changes of feed composition, exposure
to poison or administration of potentially toxic preparation.
 Make a careful examination of the environment to look for the potential
pathogens.
 Note the symptoms carefully and the time of their occurrence.

103
  When there is illness of large number of animals at a time and showing the same
symptoms and post-mortem lesions.
 Carefully examine dead animals for signs of struggling, frothy nasal discharge etc.
 For correct diagnosis, it is essential to have the proper collection, preservation
and chemical analysis from a forensic laboratory. The following tale gives the
summary of the samples to e collected in different suspected conditions.

PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTION OF MATERIAL FOR CHEMICAL

EXAMINATION
Collection of Tissues or fluids should be as fresh as possible
sample

Sample amount needed

In small animals Whole unopened cadaver in case of dog, cat, poultry, etc.

In large animals 100 gms

(tissue, one, ingesta)

Water 100 ml

Whole blood 15 ml

Hair 5-15 gms

Brain 50 ml

Feed 1 kg

Preservation of sample

Preferable  95% ethanol @ 1ml/g of tissue

preservative  Avoid use of formalin as it interferes with many tests.

Storage of sample  Refrigerator or deep freeze

Container  Plastic bags or jars; Glass containers

requirement  Avoid jars with metal screws when metal poisoning is
suspected

Precautions  Do not wash the sample with water before packing and

104
 dispatching

SUBMISSION OF SPECIMENS IN
SUSPECTED CASES OF POISONING
Suspected poison Material required in order of importance

Antimony Liver, thyroid, kidney, urine, milk, stomach and gut

content

Arsenic (acute) Liver, kidneys, stomach and gut contents, urine, feed

Arsenic (chronic) Hair, liver, urine, spleen, altered organs

Alkaloids Liver, urine, brain, stomach and gut contents

Ammonia Whole blood or serum, urine, rumen contents

* Send frozen samples

* In rumen contents, may add 1-2 drops of saturated

HgCl3

Barbiturates Blood, brain, liver, adipose tissue

Cadmium Kidney, liver, hair

Copper Liver, blood, kidney, faeces, urine

Cyanide (HCN) Stomach and gat contents, liver, muscles, oxalated blood,
brain, suspected feed.

* Should be rushed to laboratory in frozen airtight

container

* Liver HCN decrease rapidly, so many times muscle

analysis gives good results

Fluorides Altered parts of bone, teeth, urine, stomach, contents,

liver, kidney, feed and/or drinking water

Insecticides (chlorinated) Fat, liver, stomach contents, brain

* Use only glass containers

105
Insecticides Oxalated blood, whole blood, liver, stomach and gut
(organophosphorus) contents

Lead (acute) Kidneys, liver, urine, whole blood

Lead (chronic) Hair, liver, kidneys, bone, faeces, urine

Mercury Liver, kidneys, intestinal contents, stomach contents,

muscle, brain, faeces

Molybdenum Feed, liver, kidneys, altered organs (bone), hair

* The feed is examined / analysed for its Mo:Cu contents.

Liver contains low amount of copper

Nitrate and Nitrite Stomach and gut contents, whole blood, urine, suspected
feed

* Should e dispatched soon as both nitrate and nitrite

alter rapidly and escape detection

Oxalates Fresh forage, kidneys

(Do not macerate; freeze, fixed in formalin)

Phenol and cresol Liver, kidneys, stomach and gut contents

Phosphide Stomach and gut contents, suspected material (grain,

flour etc.)

(Dispatch as soon as possible as phosphide breaks down

rapidly and hydrogen phosphide produced may escape)

Phosphorus Stomach and gut contents, liver, oxalated blood, altered

organs (lungs), vomitus, faeces

Rodenticides Stomach contents, liver, urine

Selenium Suspected feed, altered organs, whole blood, liver, hair

Sodium chloride Oxalated and whole blood, brain

Sodium fluoroacetate Stomach contents, liver

Strychnine Stomach, gut contents, urine, liver, kidney and brain

106
Urea Feed, stomach contents (See aminonia)

Warfarin Whole blood, liver, feed

Zinc Liver, kidney, pancreas, faeces, bone (humerus)

Zinc phosphide Liver, gastric contents, feed (See phosphide)

PROCEDURE FOR DISPATCHING OF

MATERIAL FOR CHEMICAL
EXAMINATION

 Complete the report forms for pathological specimens.

 Enter the name and address of the submitter.
 Enter full name and address of the owner of the stock.
 Describe the full history along with ante and post-mortem findings if any.
 A separate container should preferably be used for each case.
 Put a frozen coolant pad, into each container or pack these specimens in ice
before dispatching.
 Specimens must be packed so that they do not contaminate each other, or leak in
transit.
 Normally samples are sent through express rail or local transport arrangements.

SUBMISSION OF SPECIEMNS IN POISONING SUSPECTED

CASES

 In suspected cases of poisoning the specimens should be sent for chemical

analysis.

Poison Materials required in order of importance

Arsenic Liver, Kidneys, Stomach contents

(Acute)
Hair, Liver, Urine
Arsenic

107
(chronic) Liver, Urine, Brain, Stomach contents

Alhaloids Liver

Copper Stomach contents, Liver, Oxalated blood

Cyanide Fat, Liver, Stomach contents

Chlorinated Oxalated blood, whole blood, Liver Stomach contents

Insecticides
Kidneys, Liver, Urine
Organophates
Insecticides Hair, Liver, Kidneys, Urine

Lead (Acute) Liver, Kidneys, Stomach contents Intestinal contents

Lead Stomach contents, Whole blood

(chronic)
Stomach contents, Liver, Oxalated blood
Mercury
Liver, Stomach contents, Kidneys
Nitrate &
Nitrite Stomach contents, Liver, Urine

Phosphorus Oxalated, Whole blood, Brain, Stomach contents, Liver

Phenols,
Cresols

Rodenticides

Sodium
Chloride
MINIMUM QUANTITIES OF SPECIMENS TO BE SENT FOR
TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
Materials Quantity

Blood 30 – 50 ml

Brain Entire brain

108
 Fat 200 gm

Hair 5 to 10 gm

Intestinal contents 500 to 1,000 gm

Kidneys One

Liver 500 to 1,000gm

Stomach contents 500 to 1,000gm in Large Animals

Urine Availage contents in Small Animals

All available

 Unless, the viscera and other articles are forwarded to the chemical examiner,
they are to be preserved for a period of six months. After six months, they are to e
destroyed after obtaining the permission from the magistrate.
 When the veterinarian forwards articles to the chemical examiner, he should at
the same time address a letter to the chemical examiner on the authorized form
advising him or their despatch.
 The letter should contain
o Animals species, Breed, Sex, age, identification marks and location of
lesions.
o An impression of the seal used in closing the bottle and a description of
the seal.
o A list of articles forwarded and mode of transmission (by post, rail or
constable)
o A separate necropsy report should be sent.
o Full details of the purpose for which analysis is required
o Bottles should be well packed to prevent breakage or leakage during
transport/transit.
o Bottles should e labelled and properly sealed
o Same seal is to e used all through and the same sealing material
o Note the reference number of your letter of advice to the chemical
Examiner on the labels of the bottles.

SUBMISSIONS OF SPECIMENS FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL

EXAMINATION

109
  Histo pathological examination in many cases is helpful in diagnosing the cause
of death. Tissues for histo pathological examination should be preserved. The
tissues must be fixed as soon as they are removed from the animal.
 The ideal fixing agent should quickly penetrate the tissue and preserve it for
longer period.
 Different fixing agents are
o Formaldehyde
o Alcohol (Ethanol)
o Mercuric chloride
o Chromates
o Osmic acid
o Picric acid
 Most common fixative used is 10 per cent formalin.
 Specimen taken for H.P. examination should be representative of the lesion and
should include some of the normal tissues.
 Specimen should be cut in size of 0.5 to 1cm thick and placed in the fixative which
is 10 times the volume of the tissue.
 The labeled bottles are then packed carefully to prevent leakage or breakage.

MODULE-19: PROVINCIAL AND CENTRAL ACTS RELATING TO

ANIMALS

 Learning outcome
 In India, Ministry of Environment and Forests - Animal Welfare Division, Animal
Welfare Board of India, National Institute of Animal Welfare and CPCSEA are
major key players in drafting and implementing the laws related to veterinary
ethics and jurisprudence. This module will educate the learner on this area and
expose them to laws and rules related to animal welfare.

ACT

 No.59 of 1960 - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.

RULES

1. S.O. 1995 (E) [27/07/2010] - Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House)

Amendment Rules 2010.
2. S.O.714(E), [26/03/2010] - Animal Birth Control(Dogs) Rules, 2009.
3. S.O.1818(E), [23/10/2006] - Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control
and Supervision )Amendment Rules, 2006.

110
 4. S.O.1817(E), [19/10/2006] - Reconstitution of Committee for the Purpose of
Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals(CPCSEA).
5. S.O.42(E), [14/01/2006] - Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and
Supervision )Amendment Rules, 2005.
6. S.O.1256(E), [24/12/2001] - The Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001.
7. S.O.267(E), [26/3/2001] - The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001.
8. S.O.35(E), [8/1/2002] - The Performing Animals (Registration) Amendment
Rules, 2001.
9. S.O.271(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Establishment
and Regulation of Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Rules, 2001.
10. S.O.270(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter
House) Rules, 2001.
11. S.O.268(E), [26/3/2001] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Transport of
Animals on Foot) Rules, 2001.
12. S.O.134(E), [15/2/2001] - The Breeding of and Experiments on animals (Control
and Supervision) Amendment Rules, 2001.
13. S.O.1074, [15/12/1998] - The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control
and Supervision) Rules, 1998.
14. S.O.732(E), [26/8/1998] - The Experiments on Animals (controls and
Supervision) (Amendment) Rules, 1998.
15. S.O.No.1056, [13/3/1979] - The Prevention of Cruelty (Capture of Animals)
Rules, 1972.
16. No.14-20/76-LD.I, [30/11/1978] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(Registration of Cattle Premises) Rules, 1978.
17. No. 18-6/70-LDI, [23/3/1978] - The Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 .
18. S.O.269(E), [26/3/2001] - The Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules, 2001.
19. No.14-21/76-LD.I, [15/2/1978] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
(Application of Fines) Rules, 1978.
20. No.35-4/72-LD.I, [22/5/1973] - The Performing Animals Rules, 1973.
21. No.9-18/62-LD, [23/3/1965] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Licensing
of Farriers) Rules, 1965.
22. No.9-18/68-LD, [23/3/1965] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Draught and Pack
Animals Rules, 1965, amended 1968.

NOTIFICATIONS

23. G.S.R.619(E), [14/10/1998] - The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Restricted to

Exhibit on Trained as a Performing Animals).

111
THE GLANDERS AND FARCY ACT - 1899

 An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Glanders and Farcy.
 Whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to Glanders
and Farcy : It is hereby enacted as follows
 Short title extent and commencement
o This Act may be called the Glanders and Farcy Act 1899
o It extends to the whole of British India.
 Definition of “diseased”
o In this act unless there is anything repugnant in the Farcy or any other
dangerous epidemic disease among horses, which the Governor General in
Council may by notification in the Gazette of India, specify in this behalf,
either generally or in respect of any local area.
o The provisions in this Act relating to horses shall apply also to Asses and
mules.
 Application of Act to local areas by local Government
o The local Government may, by notification in the local official Gazette
apply this Act or any provision of this Act, so far as all or any of the
diseases mentioned in or specified in a notification under section 2. sub
section 1, are concerned to any local area to be specified in such
notification within the Province.
 Local Government to appoint the Inspects
o When this Act has been so applied to a local area, the local Government
may by notification in the local official Gazette appoint such persons as it
thinks fit to be Inspectors under this Act and to exercise and perform
within the whole of the local area, of such portions thereof as it may
prescribe the powers conferred and the duties imposed by this Act on such
officers.
o X.L.V of 1860
 Every person so appointed shall be deemed to be a public servant
within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code.
 Power of entry and search
o Within the local limits for which he is so appointed, any such Inspector as
aforesaid may subject to such rules as the Local Government may make in
this behalf enter and search any field building or other place for the
purpose of ascertaining whether there is therein any horse which is
diseased.
 Power of seizure
o Within such limits as aforesaid, the Inspector may seize Power of any
horse, which he has reason, to believe to be diseased.
 Horse to by examined by Veterinary Practitioner
112
 o On any such seizure as aforesaid, the Inspector shall cause the horse seized
to be examined as soon as possible by such Veterinary Practitioner as the
Local Government may appoint in this behalf.
o Provided that, when the Inspector is also a Veterinary Practitioner so
appointed, he may make the examination himself.
o For the purposes of the examination, the Veterinary Practitioner may
submit the horse to any test or tests which the Local Government may
prescribe.
 Horse to be destroyed if found diseased: otherwise restored
o If the Veterinary Practitioner certifies in writing that the horse is diseased,
the Inspector shall cause the same to be immediately destroyed.
o Provided that, in the case of any disease other than Glanders or Farcy,
horses certified to be diseased as aforesaid, may subject to any rules which
the Local Government may make in this behalf, be either destroyed or
otherwise treated or dealt with as the Veterinary Practitioner may deem
necessary.
o If, after completing the examination the Veterinary Practitioner does not
certify that the horse is diseased, the Inspector shall at once deliver the
same to the person entitled to the possession thereof.
 When horse diseased, place where it has been to be disinfected etc.
o When any diseased horse has been in any building, shed or other enclosed
place, or in any open lines, the Inspector may issue a notice to the owner of
the building, shed place or lines or to the person in charge thereof,
directing him to have the same disinfected and the internal fittings thereof
or such other things found therein or near thereto as the Local
Government may by rule prescribe, destroyed.
o On the failure or neglect of such owner or other person as aforesaid to
comply with the notice within a reasonable time, the Inspector shall cause
the billing, shed place or lines to be disinfected and the fittings or other
things to be destroyed, and the expense (if any) thereby incurred may be
recovered from the owner or other person as if it were a fine.
 Owner or person in charge of diseased horse to give notice
o The owner or any person in charge of a diseased horse shall give
immediate information of the horse being diseased to the Inspector or to
such authority as the Local Government may appoint in this behalf.
 Prohibition against removal without license, of horse which has been with
diseased horse
o No person in charge of any horse which has been in the same filed,
building or place as, or in contact with, a diseased horse, shall remove such
horse except in good faith for the purpose of preventing infection, or under

113
 a license to be granted by the Inspector and subject to the conditions of the
license.
 Vexatious entries, searches and seizures.
o Whoever, being an Inspector appointed under this Act, vexatious and
unnecessarily enters or searches any filed building or other place, or seizes
or detains any horse on the pretence that it is diseased, shall be punishable
with imprisonment.
o For a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend
to five rupees, or with both.
o No prosecution under this section shall be instituted after the expiry of
three months from the date on which the offence has been committed.
 Penalty for refusing to comply with notice under section 9 or for removing horse
contrary to section 11
o Whoever refuses or neglects to comply with any notice issued by the
Inspector under section 9, or removes any horse in contravention of
section 11, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may
extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to fifty rupees, or with
both.
o The Local Government may make rules to carry out the purposes and
objects of this Act.
o In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing
power such rules as aforesaid may -
 regulate entries, searches and seizures by Inspectors under this Act
;
 regulate the use of tests and the isolation of horses subjected
thereto, and provide for recovering the expense of detaining,
isolating and testing horses from the owners or persons in charge
thereof, as if it were a fine;
 regulate the destruction or treatment as the case may be of horses
certified under section 8 to be diseased, and the disposal of the
carcasses of diseased horse;
 regulate the disinfecting of buildings and places in which diseased
horses have been, and prescribe what things found therein or near
thereto, shall be destroyed; and
 regulate the grant of licenses under section 11 and the conditions on
which those licenses shall be granted.
o All rules under this section shall be published in the local official Gazette
and, on such publication, shall have effect as if enacted by this Act.
o In making any rule under this section, the Local Government may direct
that a breach of it shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which

114
 may extent to one month or with fine which may extent to fifty rupees, or
with both.
 Appointment of same person to be both inspector and Veterinary Practitioner
o Any Veterinary Practitioner may be appointed by the Local Government to
be both Inspector and Veterinary Practitioner for all or any of the purposes
of this Act or of any rule there under.
 Protection to persons acting under Act
o No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any person
for anything which is, in good faith, done or intended to be done under
this Act.

THE DOURINE ACT, 1910

 An Act to provide for the prevention of the spread of Dourine.

 Short title and extent
o Whereas it is expedient to provide for the prevention of the spread of
dourine; It is hereby enacted as follows:
o This Act may be called the Dourine Act, 1910.
 The definitions
o This section extends to the whole of British India: rest of this Act extends
only to such areas as the Local Government may, by notification in the
local official Gazette, direct.
o In this Act, the expressions "inspector" and "veterinary particular" mean,
respectively, the officers appointed as such under this Act, acting within
the local limits for which they are so appointed.
o The provision of this Act in so far as they relate to entire horses shall, if the
Local Government, by notification as aforesaid, so directs, apply also to
entire asses used for mule-breeding purposes.
 Registration of horses
o The Local Government may, by notification as aforesaid, make such orders
as it thinks fit directing and regulating the registration of entire horses
maintained for breeding purposes.
o Appointment of Inspectors and Veterinary Practitioners
o The Local Government may, by notification as aforesaid, appointment any
persons it thinks fit to be inspectors, and any qualified veterinary surgeons
to be veterinary practitioners, under this Act, and to exercise and perform,
within any area prescribed by the notification, the powers conferred and
duties imposed by this Act upon such officers respectively.
o ALVA of 1860
o Every person so appointed shall be deemed to be public servant within the
meaning of the Indian Penal Code.

115
 Powers of Inspectors
o An inspector may, subject to such rules as the Local Government may
make in this behalf,-
o Enter and search any building, field or other place for the purpose of
ascertaining whether there is therein any horse which is affected with
dourine; and
o prohibit, by order in writing, the owner or keeper of any horse, which in
his opinion is affected with dourine, from using such horse for breeding
purposes, pending examination by the veterinary practitioner, (see
Amendment Act, 1920).
 Duties of Inspectors
o An inspector issuing an order under section 5, shall forthwith forward a
copy of such order to the veterinary practitioner.
 Inspection of horses
o A veterinary practitioner receiving a copy of an order forwarded under
section 6 shall, as soon as possible after receipt of such copy, examine the
horse mentioned therein, and may for such purpose enter any building,
field or other place.
 Powers of Veterinary Practitioner
 A Veterinary Practitioner may cancel any order issued under section 5, clause,
(b); or if on microscopical examination he finds that any horse is affected with
dourine,
o in the case of an entire horse, cause it to be castrated,
o in the case of a mare, cause it to be branded in such manner as he may
direct, or with the previous sanction of the Commissioner or such other
officer as the Local Government may appoint in this behalf, cause it to be
destroyed.
 Compensation for horse destroyed, etc.
 When any horse is castrated or destroyed under section 8, the market-value of
such horse immediately before it became affected with dourine shall be
ascertained; and the Local Government shall pay as compensation to the owner
thereof-
o in the case of a mare which has been destroyed, or of an entire horse which
has died in consequence of castration, such market value, and,
o in the case of an entire horse which survives castration, half the amount by
which such value has been diminished owing to infection with dourine and
castration.
 Settlement of compensation
o A veterinary practitioner may award, as compensation to be paid under
section 9 in respect of each horse castrated or destroyed under section 8, a
sum not exceeding two hundred and fifty rupees.

116
 o If in the opinion of the veterinary practitioner the amount which should be
paid as such compensation exceeds two hundred and fifty rupees, he shall
report accordingly to the Collector, who shall decide the amount to be so
paid.
 Committee for hearing appeals
o The Local Government shall, by rules published in the local official
Gazette, make provision for the constitution of a committee or committees
for the hearing of appeals from decisions under section 10.
o Such rules shall provide that not less than one member of any committee
constituted there under shall be a person not in the employ of Government
or of a local authority.
 Appeals
o Any owner may, within two months from the date of a decision under
section 10, appeal against such decision to the committee constituted in
that behalf by rules made under section 11, and the decision of such
committee shall be final.
 Vexatious entries and searches
o Whoever, being an inspector appointed under this Act, vexatiously and
unnecessarily enters or searches any field, building or other place, shall be
punishable, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six
months, or with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, or with
both.
o No prosecution under this section shall be instituted after the expiry of
three months from the date on which the offence has been committed.
 Rules
o The Local Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying into
effect the provisions of this Act.
o In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of Rules the
foregoing power, such rules as aforesaid may.-
 regulate entries searches and orders by inspectors under section 5;
and
 regulate the action to be taken by the veterinary practitioners under
section 8; and
 make provision for the payment of compensation to the owner of
any mare branded under section 8.
o All such rules shall be published in the local official Gazette, and, on such
publication, shall have effect as if enacted in this Act.
o In making any rule under this section the Local Government may direct
that a breach of it shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty
rupees.
 Penalties

117
 o Whoever uses or permits to be used for breeding purposes
 any horse which has not been registered in accordance with the
requirements of a notification under section 3. or
 any horse in respect of which an order under section 5, clause (b) is
in force, or
 any mare which has been branded in pursuance of section 8, clause
(b)
o shall be punishable with fine which may amount, in the case of a first
conviction, to fifty rupees, or in the case of a second or subsequent
conviction, to one hundred rupees.
 Protection to person acting under Act
o No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any person
for anything which is, in good faith, done or intended to be done under
this Act.
o II.ACT No. VIII of 1920 AMENDING THE ABOVE ACT.
o (PASSED BY THE INDIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL)
o (Received the assent of the Governor-General on the 4th March, 1920.)
o An Act to amend the Dourine Act, 1910.
 (Short title.)
 V of 1920. Whereas it is expedient to amend the Dourine Act, 1910; It is hereby
enacted as follows:-
o (Amendment of section 5, Act V of 1910.)
o This Act may be called the Dourine (Amendment) Act, 1920.
o V of 1920.
o In section 5 of the Dourine Act, 1910 (hereinafter referred to as the said
Act),
 the word "and" at the end of clause (a) shall be omitted; and
 after clause (b) the following clause shall be added, namely :-
 "(c) direct, by order in writing, the owner or keeper of any horse
which, in the opinion of the Inspectors, is affected with dourine to
remove it or permit it to be removed for the purpose of segregation
to a place specified in the order, and such direction shall be
sufficient authority for the detention of the horse in that place for
that purpose."
o (Amendment of section 6, Act V of 1910.)
o In section 6 of the said Act the word and letter "clause (b)" shall be
omitted. (Amendment of section 8, Act V of 1910.)
o In section 8 of the said Act
 in clause (a) the word and letter "clause (b)" shall be omitted; and
 in clause (b)

118
  after the words "on microscopical examination" the words "or by
other scientific test" shall be inserted;
 for sub-clause (ii) the following shall be substituted namely :-
 "(ii) in the case of mare, with the previous sanction of such
authority as the Local Government may appoint in this behalf, or, if
so empowered by the local Government, without such sanction,
cause it to be destroyed."
o In sub-section (2) of section 14 of the said Act - (Amendment of section 14,
Act V of 1910.)
o for clause (a) the following shall be substituted, namely :-
o "(a) regulate the exercise of the powers conferred on Inspectors under
section 5" ; and the word "and" at the end of clause
o (b) and the whole of clause
o (c) shall be omitted. (Amendment of section 15, Act V of 1910.)
o For clause (b) and (c) of section 15 of the said Act, the following shall be
substituted, namely:-
o "(b) any horse in respect of which an order under clause (b) or clause (c) of
section 5 is in force."

MODULE-20: SUDDEN DEATH IN ANIMALS

 Learning outcome
 The animal death may happen due to various reasons. But sudden death in
animals may be due to some unknown causes. This unknown causes may elicit
suspects to animal owners. To rule out the causes the veterinarian has to rule out
all possible causes. This module focusing on various reasons of sudden death in
animals and its related management.

SUDDEN OR UNEXPECTED DEATH

 Sudden or unexpected death may occur from

o Unnatural causes - Violence or poison
o Natural causes
 Unnatural death - always to be investigated by the police.
 Natural death if they have occurred suddenly in apparently healthy animals and
under suspicious circumstances, vetero legal investications are needed. The
possibility of death as a result of disease and injury together has to be kept in
mind. In such cases, a veterinary practitioner should not certify the cause of
death without conducting a postmortem examination even if there is a string
evidence of the disease.

119
Etiology/causes

 Natural causes producing sudden death are

 Diseases of the cardio vascular system
o Acute myocarditis - due to infections like enteric fever (Typhoid)
Diptheria, pericarditis Fathydegeneration of the myocardium Rupture of a
myocardial infact or aneurysm.
o Left ventricular failure - associated with Aortic valvular disease,
hyperthyroidism.
o Right ventricular failure - associated with chronic emphysema and lung
diseases.
o Diseases of pericardium - Pericarditis.
o Congenital abnormal conditions of the heart in calves.

Classification of Death

 Vetero-legal deaths is ased upon the concept that the cessation of the vital
function depends upon tissue anoxia, which is brought about by four ways.
 Defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs (or) anoxic anoxia is produced by
o Obstruction to the passage of air into the respiratory tract as in
 Suffocation
 Smothering and
 Overlaying
o Obstruction in the passage of air down the respiratory tract as in
 Strangulation
 Drowning
 Chocking from impaction of a foreign body.
o External compression of the chest and abdominal walls
 Eg. on being buried under earth (or) debris.
o Primary cessation of respiratory movements causing respiratory failure
 Eg. Narcotic poisoning, electrical shock
o Breathing in a vitiated atmosphere containing excess of carbondioxide or
inert gases.
 Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood – Anaemic anoxia occurring in
acute poisoning by
o Carbon monoxide
o Chlorates
o Nitrites
o Coal tar derivatives
 Depression of the oxidative processes in the tissues – histotoric anoxia occur in
acute cyanide poisoning

120
  Inefficient circulation of the blood through the tissues – stagnant anoxia –
occurring in death from
o Traumatic shock
o Heat stroke and
o Acute and corrosive poisoning
 All four types of anoxia produce circulatory failure and leads to death.
 The postmortem finding in all forms of death of vetero-legal nature can be
divided into two types.
o Basic pathological haemorrhages and
o Special pathological charges depending upon the particular type of death.
Eg. Local injuries to the neck in throttling a strangulation.
 The tissue anoxia induced, leads to circulatory failure. Hence, the fundamental
pathological changes are uniform in all forms of death they vary in degree.
 Sudden primary cardiac failure cause rapid death and the absence of visceral
congestion when compared with death occurring slowly.

CHIEF SIGNS OF DEATH

 An assessment of the various changes in the body, after death, enable us to arrive
at an approximate idea as to the length of time that has elapsed since death. It is
impossible to fix the exact moment of death.

Chief signs of death

 Cessation of circulation and respiration

o Complete cessation of the circulation and respiration are the only reliable
signs of death in early postmortem stages. In any case of doubt, the carcass
should be left until some of the later signs appear which render the
diagnosis absolute.
o Hibernating animals are known to resuscitate to life after having
remained/for some time in a condition in which the action of heart and
lungs was in abeyance and the muscles stiff and motionless. This state of
suspended animation may last for a few seconds to half an hour or more
may be found in cases of hysteria, sunstroke, concussion, drawing frozen,
coma, electric shock, tetanus, convulsions, surgical shock and anesthesia.
The animal can be revived by cardiac massage or electric stimulator
accompanied by artificial respiration.
o Cessation of circulation can be tested by
 Auscultation of the heart
 Absence of a pulsation in the arteries
o Cessation of respiration may be tested by

121
 o Holding a bright looking-glass infront of the open mouth and nostrils
become dim due to the condensation of warm moist air exhaled from the
lungs if animal respire.
 Hold a feather (or) cotton fibre infront of the mouth and nostrile, if
respiration has stopped, these will be no movement.
 Changes in the eye
o Soon after death, the eye loses its luster. The corneal reflex is lost. Cornea
become opaque and looks like dimmed glass. Such a condition may be
present before death in uraemia and narcotic poisoning. Pupils may
change their form and become oval, triangular or polygonal when pressure
is applied by fingers on two or more sides of the eye balls of a dead animal.
Pupils retain their round form in a living animal. Eyes look sunken due to
reduction of intra-ocular tension.
 Cooling of the body
o After death, the body starts losing its heat by conduction, convection and
radiation and gradually attains the same temperature as that of its
surrounding medium. The loss of heat from the body cannot be considered
as a certain sign of death until the body has lost 15 to 20 degrees of the
normal heat viz 80ºF for a rectal temperature. The body surface will be
cold in 8 to 12 hours. The rate of cooling of the body may be influenced by
age, condition of the body, manner or mode of death and surroundings of
the body.
o Fat and large well-nourished bodies retain heat much longer than lean and
weak bodies. In general small and emaciated animals loose their warmth
rapidly in cold surroundings. Freezing temperature accelerates the loss of
the body heat.
o Cooling of the body is more rapid in deaths occurring from severe
haemorrhage, chronic and wasting diseases, whereas the body stays warm
for a long time, when death has resulted from Asphyxia as in lightning,
suffocation or poisoning by carbondioxide.
 Cadaveric changes in the muscles
o After death, Muscular tissues of the body pass through 3 stages
 Primary flaccidity or relaxation
 Rigor mortis or cadaveric rigidity
 Secondary flaccidity
o Primary flaccidity
 Soon after death, the whole muscular system begins to relax. Hence,
we notice that the lower jaw falls, the eye lids lose their tension, the
extremities become soft, and flay and the joints flexiable. But, the
muscles are contractile and react to external stimuli, mechanical or

122
 electrical due to their retaining molecular life after somatic death.
This stage lasts for 3 to 6 hours, but the average is 2 or 3 hours.
o Rigor mortis or cadaveric rigidity
 Is also known as death stiffening. Rigor mortis comes on
immediately after the muscles have lost the power of contractility
(both voluntary and involuntary muscles). Adenosine triphosphate
plays on fundamental role in the normal contraction, relaxation of
the living muscle and it also determines the physical condition of
the muscle protein, myosin. Mnocle protein consists of two protein
myosin and actin. Their combined form is called actomyosin, which
possesses the property of contractility and relaxation in the
presence of ade-nosine triphisphate which is closely bound to the
muscle protein and potassium chloride (Kcl).
o Secondary Flaccidity
 Secondary flaccidity is characterized by the relaxation of the muscle
which is synchronous with the onset of putrefaction. The muscles
do not respond to any electrical stimuli.
 Putrefaction or Decomposition
 It is the last stage in the resolution of the body. It is a slow
process which is brought about by the action of ferments,
produced by living saprophytic micro-organisms which
resolve the complex organized tissues of the body into
simpler inorganic compounds. Aerobic and gas forming
anaerobic micro organisms in the living animal are found in
large numbers in the alimentary cannal but within a short
time after death are found scattered in all the tissues and
organs and even in the blood. Unless special care is taken to
prevent the spread of micro-organisms, they may cause
putrefaction of the carcass.
 Factors responsible for the process of putrefaction
 Temperature: Most favourable temperature for
putrefaction is 100ºF.
 Access of air: Presence of air promotes putrefaction
and vice versa.
 Moisture: Presence of moisture in the air promotes
putrefaction. Asence of moisture in the air promotes
mummification.
 Age: Young animals carcass putrefy more rapidly. Old
animals carcass do not decompose very rapidly.

123
  Cause of death: Putrefaction is rapid in sudden death.
Poisoning by Arsenic and Antimony in animals retard
the putrefaction changes.
 Signs of putrefaction
 Distension of the adomen due to the formation of
gasses
 Blood stained fluid from the mouth and nostrils
 Liquefaction of the eye balls
 Development of foul-smelling gases
 Thoracic and abdominal carities will burst, protruding
out the stomach and intestines
 Conversion of the tissues into a semifluid mass
 Adipocere
o Adipocere is formed when the carcass is kept in moist condition. It is due
to the gradual hydrogenation of pre-existing fats. The fat is converted into
palmitic, stearic and hydro stearic acid. Mixture of these substances
constitutes adipocere. Adipocere has a distrinct rancid or sweetish smell
which is quite characteristic. It floats in water and dissolves in ether and
alcohol. Adipocere is formed first in the subcutaneous tissues and later in
the adipose tissues elsewhere in the body. It does not occur naturally in
the viscera or in the nonfatty tissues.
 Mummification
o Desiccation or shriveling of the carcass from the evaporation of water is
mummification. Mummification occur, when the carcass is in dry
surrounding like sandy soil or a cool dry place.
 Consumption by insects and animals
o Insects and animals may begin to consume a body soon after death. Flies,
maggots and beetles attach open areas of the body. They gather an soft
body tissues. An entomologist’s study of the insect larvae on a body can
help estimate the time of death.

PM REPORT

 After conducting the PM, veterinarian discloses the opinion regarding the cause
of death based on observations made by him during PM.
o Report should be concise but with complete opinion.
o Forward as soon as possible to the investigating officer.
o A word ‘Probably’ should not be used as it creates bad impression in the
mind of Judge for being unable to come to a definite conclusion.

124
EXAMINATION OF DECOMPOSED ANIMAL

 Same lines of examination as in fresh autopsies.

 Should be complete.
 Precaution to be taken by veterinarian to protect himself from septic poisoning.
 External fetal injuries to be searched for cause of death.
 Skin and epidermis has pealed off, under lying tissues to be examined.
 Body thoroughly examined for presence of foreign body such as bullet, piece of
weapon, wire, wood etc.
 Bone fracture to be examined.

EXAMINATION OF MULTILATED CARCASS

 Mutilation of dead animals – Criminal Act.

 Done to destroy mark of identification.
 Identify the species, sex, age and colour marks etc.
 Time since death.
 Cause of death.
 Microscopic examination of blood, blood grouping, hair.
 Precipitation test for species identification.

RIGOR MORTIS

 Sets in
 2-3 hrs after death in hot climates
 Relaxation occurs after 12 hrs
 Duration doubled in cases of winter climate.
 Delayed in
o Well fed, well rested animal.
 Quick setting in
 Death due to heat stroke, racing animals, high environment temperature, weak
emaciated animal due to tetanus.

Rigor mortis

 1st stage: Acidic muscles (relaxation with Contractibility).

 2nd stage: Complete rigidity.
 3rd stage: Alkaline (Flaccidity with contractibility).

Setting of Rigor mortis

125
  From head, forelimbs (quarter) and hind limbs (quarter) and tail.


COOLING OF BODY

 1st 3 ° F raise - during contraction after death

 After 2 – 24 hrs cooling occurs ,except in frost bite.
 Rate of cooling: is 1 ° C per 2.5 hrs. i.e., 3.5 ° F per hr for 1st 6 hrs.
 1.5°F to 2.0°F/hr after 6 hrs.
 Hours since death = (Normal Temp – rectal temp)/ Rate of cooling / Hr
(Multiplying rectal temperature with 1.31)

HYPOSTATIC CONGESTION

 Having following characters

o Epidermal in situation.
o Seen in dependent parts.
o Uniform in colour.
o It gives the position of the carcass to which side the animal was lying
before death.
o It starts ½ to 1 hour after death, marked in 6-8 hrs.
o Fixed after 12 hrs.
o Cherry or pink colour - CO or HCN poisoning. Dark brown – Phosphorus
poisoing.
o Putrified carcass- pseudomelanosis.

PUTRIFICATION

 Last stage of the resolution of the body.

 It is absolute and sure sign of death.
 Begins after 6-36 hrs.
 Due to aerobic and anaerobic bacteria present in body.
 Clostridium welchii – Proteolytic, sacchrolytic and lipolytic enzyme.
 Lecithinase – RBC (dissolves RBC) – PM Haemolysis
 Quick putrification occurs in
o Increase temperature
o Air/ Moisture
o Young animal
o Fatty animal
o Due to poisoning, arsenic etc.

126
 o Summer months.

Order of putrification

 Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, brain, heart, lungs, kidney, diaphragm, blood
vessels, and uterus.

ASSESSING OF TIMINGS OF DEATH

 Colour changes:
o After 6 -12 hrs in summer.
o 1.3 days in winter.
o Green colour seen on the skin on iliac region face, front of neck and
spreads all over abdomen by 12-18 hrs.
 Softening of parenchyma tissue:
o Liquefaction of eye ball 6 -12 hrs
 Foul smell: 24 -48 hrs after death.
 Formation of blisters: 36-72 hrs.
 Softening of soft parts: 3-5 days.
 Appearance of maggots: 3-6 days.
 Time lapsed between death and PM
o Loosening of the epithelium in omasum within few hour after death.
o At death, the heart is in diastole i.e., left ventricle almost empty and right
ventricle about half full with in first hour of death.
 Cornea of eye – initially glistening, pupils dilated. Later opaque films of dried
secretions and pupil constricted.
 Little blood tinged frothy exudates from nostrils shortly after death.
 Warm body – shortly after death.
 Cold and stiff – long period has elapsed since death a some time.

DROWNING

 When atmospheric air is prevented from entering the lungs, caused by the
submersion of a body in water, it is called drowning.
 Drowning is rarely employed as a means of mischievous killing of animals.
 In the vetero-legal cases, the veterinarian may be asked to confirm whether the
cause of death was drowning or if there were other factors responsible for the
death of the animal.
 By examination of the carcass it can be decided whether the animal was alive at
the time of drowning or the dead animal was thrown into the water.

127
Signs suggestive of death by drowning

 External surface
o Skin shows a corrugated appearance
o If the animal was alive at the time of drowning, the injuries will have an
inflammatory reaction.
 Respiratory system
o A fine white lathery froth is seen at the mouth, nostril, trachea and
bronchi.
o Lungs are edematous and distended like ballons.
o Presence of water in the lungs.
 Gastrointestinal tract
o Large amount of water in the stomach containing objects present.
o in the water at immersion (eg) Sand, Mud and Algae.
 Rigor mortis.
 Early Mode of death - In drowning, death is due to Asphyxia, shock and Fatal
injuries.
 Carcass should be examined carefully for death due to other causes like
poisoning, violence, Disease. When the signs of death by drowning are absent.
 Typical signs of drowning are seen in the body only if it is removed from water
within few hours after death and examined immediately. These signs are
modified with the time and may disappear all together when the body is removed
from after putrification.

DEATH FROM DROWNING

 Means death from prevention of atmospheric air from entering the lungs caused
by the submersion of the body in any fluid medium.
 Submersion of mouth and nostrils alone with prevent the air from entering the
respiratory tract.
 Complex patho-physiological events occur.
 May differ according to the fluid entering in to the lungs.

DEATH DUE TO FRESH WATER

 Large amount of water enter (hypotonic nature)

 Lungs
 Absorbed rapidly in to blood stream
 Hypervolemia
 Haemodilution
 Anoxia caused by dilution of haemoglobin associated with RBCs
128
  Ventricular fibrillation
 Haemolysis of erythrocytes

DROWNING IN SEA WATER

Drowning in sea water (Hypertonic)

 Rapid diffusion of salts into blood.

 Effusion of water from blood.
 Haemoconcentration and Pulmonary oedema due to entering of water into
alveoli.

MODE OF DEATH IN CASE OF DROWNING

 Asphyxia
 Shock
 Fatal injuries
 Signs which indicate the occurrence of death by drowning
o Fine leathery froth is seen at the mouth and nostrils.
o Skin - corrugated appearance.
o Early rigor mortis.
o Lungs –distended like balloons.
o Oedematous and spongy lungs.
o Fine white froth in larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.
o Presences of water in lungs.
o Large amount of water in stomach along with the objects present in the
water like algae etc.
o Injuries on the animal body- Live at death - inflammatory process.
o Above feature are absent the carcass should be thoroughly examined for
other causes. Eg. Poisoning, violence, diseases etc.

LIGHTNING STROKE

 Accidental deaths of animals may occur due to a lightning stroke and

Electrocation

Lightning Stroke

 Common causes of lightning stroke are

o Flashes of lightning during thunderstorms may prove fatal to animals

129
 o Big trees usually have well-developed root systems. During a
thunderstorm, if the ground is damp, then electrification of the root
system charges a wide surface area. Merely standing on electrified earth
electrocutes animals.
 In Lightning stroke, if animals die following points should be taken for
consideration
o History of thunderstorm in the locality.
o Evidence of the effects of lightning (eg) Damage to houses or trees.
o Often, a lightning stroke will affect several animals in a herd.

Signs of Lightening

 Half-chewed food in the mouth is a significant finding in the case of a lightning

stroke.
 Singeing and burning marks occur in about 90 per cent of cases of lightning.
Mostly on the medial sides of the limbs but the hairs have a brownish
discolouration and abnormal kinking.

DEATH FROM LIGHTENING STROKE AND ELECTROCUTION

 Common in animal.
 Causes of death form electric currents is not necessary the same in all cases.
o Low tension and intensity current
o Kill by producing ventricular fibrillation.
o Closing the current - inhibit the heart.
o Opening the current - is followed by fibrillation.
o High tension and intensity.
o Kill by paralysing the bulbar respiratory centre.
 Flash of lightning
 Considerable air-pressure
 Death is immediate due to CNS affection
 Severe injuries
 Paralysing heart or respiratory center
 Flash – zigzag (easiest path of least resistance).
 Lighting always - DC.
 Forms ladder path form clouds to earth.
 10,000 to 2,00,000 amperes & voltage up to 2,00,00,000.
 1/1000 of second.
 Thunderous sound – high voltage and amperage generates tremendous heat
cause blasts.
 Destruction zone - 30 mts.

130
CAUSES

 Linear lighting – group of animals affected.

 Tall trees with developed roots e.g. oak, poplar, elm,conifer, walnut, ash, beech.
 Faulty electric circuits.
 Metallic manager, electric pole, water or milk line electrified due to short circuit.
 Transmission wires breaks fall on animals.
 Transmission wires fall on ground.
 Geological composition - Loam, sand, clay, marble and chalk enhance
conductivity.
 Rocky area – more exit.
 Chewing of electrical wires.
 110 to 220 volts sufficient to kill adult cattle provided their contact. with surface
ground is strong enough.
 Good conduct when which is standing in water or on a damp floor.

SYMPTOMS

 Shock
 Fell dead with out struggles
 Less severe cases – unconscious and recover after few minutes
 Residual nervous symptom -depression, paraplegia and cutaneous hyper
aesthesia
 Minor case – restless, nervous and kicking at the stanchion or dividing rail.
 Intermittent shock eat and drink with care
 Singeing and burning marks – medial sides of limbs.
 Hair brownish and abnormal kinking
 Half chewed food in the mouth.

CAUSES OF DEATH AND PM CHANGES

Causes of death

 Nervous shock
 Respiratory paralysis
 Ventricular fibrillation.

PM changes

 Rigor develops and passes quickly - early putrification

131
  Bloody discharge form natural office
 Blood-dark and tends to clot slowly
 Distended rumen and swollen carcass
 Petechial haemorrhage throughout the body endocardium, meanings and CNS.
 Congested upper respiratory tract mucosae.
 Extravasation of blood in muscles and lymph nodes
 Longitudinal fracture of long bones.
 Singeing or burning marks on the feet or muzzle.

ELECTROCUTION

 Common causes are

o Defective electric circuits in cow sheds.
o Electric pole or water lines may be electrified due to a short circuit.
o Transmission lines may break and fall on the animals.
o Fallen transmission wires may electrify a pool of water and animals
passing through it may be killed instantly.
o Animals may chew the electric-cord and receive an electric shock.

Effect of electrocution on the body

 The clinical symptoms due to electrocution depend upon

o The strength of the current
o The efficiency of the contact and earth and
o The length of exposure and the area in contact.
 Death by electrocution occurs due to
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Cardiac arrest
o Respiratory failure.
 Clinical symptoms of electrocution
o Minor
 Animal will be restless, nervous and may kicking.
 Animal which have received intermittent shock, may eat and drink
with care.
o Less severe
 Animal becomes unconscious and may recover completely after a
few minutes.
 Some animals may show nervous symptoms such as depression,
paraplegia.
 These symptoms may persist or disappear gradually.
o Severe

132
  Animals may fall dead without struggle in most instances.
 Singeing and burning marks occurs in most of the cases of
lightning.
 Hairs have a brownish discolouration and abnormal kinking.
 Half-chewed food in the mouth is a significant finding in the case of
a lightning stroke.
 Varying degrees of shock may occur.

 Postmortem changes in electrocution
o Circulatory system
 Bloody discharge from all natural orifices.
 Blood is dark and tends to clot slowly.
 Petechial haemorrhages throughout the body, endocardium,
meninges and CNS.
o Skin & Musulo skeletal system
 Extravasation of blood in muscles and superficial lymphnodes.
 Longitudinal fractures of long ones.
 Singeing or burning marks on the feet or muzzle.
o Gastro Intestinal tracts
 Distended rumen and swollen carcass.
o Respiratory system
 Congested upper respiratory tract mucosal.
o Rigor mortis - Rigor mortis develops and passes quickly early putrefaction

SNAKE BITE

 Fatal snakebites are common in dogs.

 Because of their size, horses and cattle seldom die due to direct result of snake
venom ut death may follow bites on muzzle, head or neck.

Type of Snake Clinical symptoms

Elapines  Pain and swelling are minimal.

 Systemic neurologic signs
 e.g. Cobra, coral snakes. predominate
 They have short fangs and  Excitement with convulsions
produce neurotoxin that
paralyses the respiratory
centre

133
 Viperines  Severe Intal tissue damage
 Tissue becomes discoloured
 e.g. True vipers and pit within few minutes.
vipers  Dark bloody fluid may ooze out
 They have long fangs and of the fang wounds and
produce hemotoxin, coagulability of blood is
necrotizing and completely lost.
anticoagulant

Diagnosis of snake bite

 Clinical sings
 Identification of the snake

Differential diagnosis of snake bite

 Fracture
 Abscess
 Spider envenomations
 Allergic reactions to insect bites

SUFFOCATION

 Exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression of the neck is
termed as suffocation. Suffocation may cause death.

Causes of suffocation

o Smothering or closure of the mouth and nostrils

o Chocking or obstruction of the air passages from within
o Inhalation of irrespirable gases
 Smothering or closure of the Mouth and Nostrils
o Calves are often accidentally smothered by being overlaid by their dams. A
common method of killing the claves is to close the mouth and nostrils.
 Chocking or obstruction of the Air passages from within
o Mostly accidental, this may be due to
 Presence of foreign bodies – piece of carrot, potato, corn, coin, cork,
rag, roundworm, mud, cotton, leaves in the air passage.

134
 o It is not necessary that the foreign body should be of big size as to block
the air passages completely. Even a small object blocking the lumen
partially may cause death by spasm.
 Inhalation of Irrespirable Gases
o Inhalation of gases such as CO2, an anaesthetic used by mistake carbon
monoxide, hydrogen sulphide or smake from a barning house will produce
suffocation.

Mode of death due to suffocation

 Usually death is due to asphyxia but it may be due to shock, when the heart stops
y reflex action through the ragus nerves.
 Death occurs on an average from 10 to 15 minutes after complete withdrawal of
air from the lungs. Death was almost instantaneous when the windpipe was
blocked by a foreign body. Recovery may occur if treated with 5 minutes.

Postmortem Appearance

 External
o Death may be due to the cause leading to suffocation or asphyxia.
o Due to foreible application of the hand over the mouth and nostrils,
bruises and abrasions may be found on the lips and edge of the mouth and
alongside the nostrils. The inner surface of the lips may be found lacerated
from the pressure on the teeth. Nasal septum may be fractured from
pressure of the hand. These signs are very rare.
o Bruises and Abrasions on the cheeks and malar regions or on the lower
jaw, if there has been a struggle.
o Rarely, Fracture or dislocation of cervical vertebral may occur if the neck
has been forcibly wrenched in an attempt at smothering with the hand. If a
soft cloth has been used to block the mouth and nostrils, there will be no
signs of violence.
o Signs due to Asphyxia – Suffocation
 Eyes are open
 Eye alls are prominent
 Conjunctivae are congested
 Lips are livid
 Tongue is protruted
 Bloody froth comes out of the mouth and nostrils
 Internal – P.M.changes – Suffocation
o Mud or any other foreign matter may be found in the mouth, throat larynx
or trachea if suffocation caused by impacted of a foreign substance in the

135
 air passage. Foreign matter may also be found in the pharynx and
oesophagus.
o Mucous membrance of trachea is usually rightred, covered with bloody
froth and congested.
o Lungs are congested and emphysematous.
o Punctiform subplenral ecchymoses (Tardieu’s spots) are present at the
root, ase and lower margins of the lungs may be present in asphyxial
deaths from other causes. It is not characteristic of death by suffocation.
Punctiform subpleural ecchymoses are also found on the thymus
pericardium and along roots of the coronary vessels.
o Lungs may be found normal, if death has occurred quickely.
o Heart – Right side heart is full of dark fluid blood. Left side empty.
o Blood does not readily coagulate. Wounds caused after death may bleed.
o Brain – Generally congested
o Liver, spleen and kidneys – found congested
o

ANEMIA

 Anaemia – due to sudden and excessive haemorrhage from wounds of the large
blood vessels, (or) Internal organ such as lungs, spleen (or) from bursting of an
aneurysm or a varicose vein.
 Shock resulting from
o Sudden fright
o Sudden blows on the heart or on the epigastrium
o Drinking large quantity of cold water → when in a heated condition
extensive injuries to the spine or other parts of the body
o Sudden evacuation of the natural or pathological fluids from the body
o Sudden pressure
o Severe exposure to cold
 Asthenia due to deficient power of the heart muscle as in fatty degeneration of
the heart or aorta regurgitation or poisoning.
 Exhausting diseases
o Symptoms
 Mucous membrane - Pallor
 Eye – Dilated pupils, Dimness of vision
 Restlessness
 Air hunger Gasping respiration
 Nausea or vomiting
 Marked fall in Blood pressure due to reflex vasodilation

136
SYMPTOMS OF ANAEMIA

 Rapid pulse in Asthenia

 Pulse - Slow and Weak and Fluttering in Anaemia
 Slight delirium, insensibility and convulsions precede death
 In collapse, the animal retains consciousness though the condition attended with
failure of the heart’s action.

Post morterm

 Heart - Found to be contrated, chambers empty - when death due to anaemia

 Heart - Both charmers contain blood in case of death due to asthenia
 Lungs, brain and abdominal organs are found pale.

ASPHYXIA

 Asphyxia refers to an interference with the oxygen interchange in the lungs. It is

used in the broader sense of anoxia and tissue as phyxiation produced when the
oxygen and carbondioxide interchange between the blood in the capillaries and
tissues cells in all parts of the body is prevented.
 Death from asphyxia take place, when the respiratory function stops due to lack
of oxygen, before the heart ceases to act.

ETIOLOGY

 Mechanical obstruction in the respiratory tract by Foreign bodies, exudation,

tumours, anaphylactic bronchospasm, suffocation and drowning – blocks the
lumen of the respiratory tract from within.
o Spasm of glottis occur due to mechanical irritation and irritant gases,
forcible closure of mouth and nose by any means.
 Absence of sufficient oxygen at high altitudes. Presence of inert gases like carbon
monoxide in the atmosphere.
 Stoppage of movements of chest from exhaustion of the respiratory muscles due
to cold and debility.
o Paralysis of the respiratory muscles due to the diseases (or) injury of the
medulla (or) phrenic nerve (or) pneumogastric nerves.
o Mechanical pressure on the chest or abdomen
o Tonic spasm due to Tetanus or Strychnine poisoning
 Collaspe of the lungs due to
o Penetrating wounds of the thorax

137
 o Diseases – Pleurisy with effusion
o Empgema
o Pneumothrax
 Non-entrance of blood into the legs as in embolism plugging the pulmonary
artery.

STRANGULATION

 Is the closure of the air passages as a result of external pressure of the neck which
prevents the ingress or regress of air during respiration.

Symptoms of asphyxia

 Asphyxia is manifested by symptoms divided into 3 stages

o Dyspnoea
o Convulsions
o Exhaustion
 Dyspnoea: caused by the accumulation of carbondioxide in the blood due to
deficient oxygenation of the RBC’s carbondioxide stimulates the respiratory
centre in the medulla and respiration becomes deep, hurried and laboured. The
blood pressure rises and pulse become rapid. Animal bears an anxious look, eyes
prominent and Lips are livid.
 Convulsions: Expiratory muscles of respiration become more active with
spasmodic movements which are followed by convulsions of all the muscles of the
body. Owing to venous and capillary stagnation, the m.m are deeply congested
and cyanosed. Tongue is protruding consciousness is lost. The sphincters are
relaxed.
 Exhaustion: It is the 3 stage. Respiratory centre is paralysed. Muscles become
flaccid, completely insensibly, reflexes are lost, pupils are widely dilated.
o Blood pressure ↓ falls
o Respirations – prolonged sighing occur, at longer and longer interrals
until they cease altogether and death ensues.
o Pulse is scarcely perceptible. Heart beat continue for some minutes after
respiration has ceased.

Post Morterm appearance

 External
o Mucous membrane
 Pale in slow Asphyxia
 Distorted, congested & Blue in

138
  Sudden Asphyxia
o Tongue - Protruded
o Frothy and blood stained mucus at nostrils and from mouth
o Rigor mortis – commences slowly but may be rapid in some cases
 Internal
o Mucous membrane of the Trachea and Larynx - Cinnabar red and slight
frothy mucus
o Lungs
 Dark and purple in colour
 Gorged with dark venous blood
 On being cut, lung exlude frothy, dark fluid blood.
 Air sacs are distended or ruptured due to emphysema
o Heart - Right cavity of the heart filled with dark – coloured imperfectly
clotted blood and so in the pulmonary artery and the vena cava.
 Heart – The left side cavity, aorta and the pulmonary veins are
empty.
 In many cases, both sides of the heart are found to be full, if
examined soon after death but after rigor mortis has sent in, the
heart is found contracted and empty. The tension in the abdomen
presses on the inferior vena cava and drives the blood up into the
heart.
 Similarly, the lungs are found heavier with blood if examined
sometime after death, or the tension in the abdomen or contraction
of the heart muscle will drive more blood into the lungs,
irrespective of the cause of death.
o Brain – is congested and excess of serous fluid is found in the lateral
ventricles. Cranial sinuses are filled with dark – coloured blood.
o Abdominal organs are found congested.
o Petechial haemorrhages or ecchymoses are seen under serous membranes
of various organs due to rupture of capillaries caused by increased
pressure. Petechial haemorrhages are observed under visceral pleume,
pericardium, thymus meninges of the brain and spinal cord, conjunctiva,
epiglottis and under skin of the face and neck.

MODULE-21: VETERO - LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH

 Learning outcome
 Though sudden death in animals may be due to natural causes, it may also be
suspicious. This module focusses on Vetero-Legal aspects of death and manner of
death.

139
VETERO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH

 It may be defined as a complete and persistent cessation of respiration and

circulation called somatic death and death of the tissue , molecular death .
 Death is classified as somatic or systemic and molecular. Somatic and systemic
death is that state of the body in which there is complete loss of sensibility and
ability to move and complete cessation of the functions of the brain, heart and
lungs, the so-called 'tripod of life" , which maintain life and health. Molecular
death means the death of the tissues and cells individually, which takes place
some time after the stoppage ofthe vital functions, and is accompanied by cooling
of the body, the temperature of which is reduced to an equilibrium with the
external world.


Manner of Death

COMA

 Traumatic injury brain by accidental collision fall from height animal interaction
or a weapon.
 Cerebral haemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, tumours, abscess and other
inflammatory conditions of the brain. Spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage
observed in cows at parturition.
 Coenurus cerebralis – (Gid, Sturdy, Staggers) – Sheep and Cattle.
 Poisoning: Eg - bromides, carbon monoxide, zinc phosphide, barbiturates etc.
 Uremia and heat stroke.

CAUSES OF DEATH

 Natural (or)
 Accidental death

Three primary modes of death

 Coma
 Syncope
 Asphyxia

Death may occur due to the combined effects of coma and asphyxia.

140
Coma

 Loss of consciousness.
 May be partial or complete.
 May be transitory lasting for a few minutes or may continue for some days or
until the death takes place.


SYMPTOMS

 Sudden onset of unconscious.

 Dilatation of pupil.
 Unconscious with as without transient convulsions.
 Absence of papillary light reflexes.
 Slow and irregular respiration.
 Slow pulse.
 Bleeding form nose and ears.
 Involuntary passing of urine and faces.
 Hemiplegia or paralysis of individual cranial nerves.

SYNCOPE

 Circulatory failure
 Acute and progressive failure of the peripheral circulation is known as shock.
 Shock is “stagnant hypoxia”.
 Haemorrhagic shock
o Common cause of shock in animals. Upto 20% blood loss animal can
tolerate.
o Hypovalemic before reinfusion
o Normovalemic – after reinfusion
 Traumatic shock
o Depressed state of vital function that results from severe traumatic injury.
o Two kinds of traumatic shock
 Primary or immediate
 Secondary or delayed – due to loss of plasma occurred few hours
after injury.
 Primary shock
 Overwhelming of vital centres in the medulla by nerve
impulse originating in the injured area and conveyed
to CNS.

141
  Death with in few minutes from vasomotor collapse in
primary shock.
 Septic shock
o Fatal infection by pyogenic organisms following an injury if animal
survives immediate complication of shock and haemorrhage.
o Suppurative pathogenic bacteria.
 Rupture of intestines
 Injury to gastro intestinal tract
o Reticulo endothelial system of a shocked animal – not having capability of
detoxifying the bacterial toxins.
o Endotoxin produces peripheral circulatory failure (exact mechanism in not
known).
 Thermal shock
o Exposure to extreme degree of heat or cold,
o It is are characterized by progressive hypovalemia,
o Haemoconcentration and
o Circulatory failure.
 Anaphylactic shock
o Is an immunologic phenomenon.
o Occurred between sensitized body cells and specific antigens.

SYMPTOMS

 Coldness of the skin.

 Subnormal temperature.
 Rapid and shallow respiration.
 Pulse is faint while rate is high.
 Pale / cyanotic mucous membranes.
 Reduced amplitude of heart sounds.
 Dilated pupil and lacrimation.
 Muscular weakness and recumbency.
 Oliguria and increased thirst.
 Veins are difficult to rise.

POST MORTEM APPEARANCE

 Injury to skull.
 Brain and its membranes are congested.
 Blood in the cranial cavity.
 Right heart full and left empty.

142
  Tumour, cyst or abscess in the cranial cavity.

ANOXIA

 Interference with the oxygen interchange in lungs and at tissue level.

ETIOLOGY

 Either natural or traumatic causes.

Mechanic obstruction

 Nasal granuloma.
 Oedema of larynx.
 Acute cellulitis of the throat.
 Peripharyngeal cellulitis, and oedema.
 Laryngeal obstruction.
 Tumour / abscess etc
 Anaphylatic reactions following injection of foreign proteins or serum - fatal
asphyxia.
 Paralysis of respiratory nerves, muscles or respiratory centre form injury or
disease or poisoning.
 Disease of lungs or pulmonary circulation failure (lung disease, pleural effusion,
pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, collapse of the lung due to penetrating
wounds of thorax and circulatory disturbance of the lung.
 Strangulation in the closure of the air passages by eternal pressure on the neck
which prevents the ingress or egress of air during respiration. Crossing of the
halter of two bulbs tied close together.
 Inhalation of irrespirable gases eg. CO, Hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide,
nitrous oxide and chlorine.

SYMPTOMS

Four stages

 Dyspnoea - accumulation of CO2 in blood affect respiratory centre – Rapid &

shallow respiration, rapid pulse and cyanosis.
 Convulsions- clonic convulsion then tonic, ophisthotonus spasm, pupil dilated,
heart rate slows.
 Apnoea – unconsciousness.
 Final stage - respiratory paralysis heart may beat.
143
PM appearance

 Protruded tongue.
 Frothy blood stained fluid in nostrils.
 Congested conjuctiva.
 Laryngeal and tracheal mucosa congested.
 Lungs engorged and oedematous (frothy, dark, coloured blood, exudates).
 Petechial haemorhage of pleura, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and
sometime of brain.
 Cavities of right side heart are engorged with dark coloured, imperfectly clotted
blood.
 Left heart are comparatively empty.
 Congestion of abdominal viscera.
 Congested brain and excess serous fluid in the lateral ventricles.
 Cranial sinuses filled with dark – coloured blood.
 Blood dark in colour mostly fluid in the large veins.
 Microscopically lung tissue shows marked dilatation of both the capillaries and
veins.

PM APPEARANCE

 Signs of severe injuries.

 Generalized visceral congestion.
 Oedema of lungs.
 Dark red fluid blood.
 Petechial haemorrhages.

EXAMINATION OF BLOOD STAINS

Important in veterolegal cases

 Blood stains present or not / which species of animal the blood belongs. E.g.
Mammals, birds, fish or reptiles.
 Done by chemical examiner.
 Exact location of stains to be noted
 Stains form person and animals are best removed with a piece of filter paper
soaked in NS and allowed to contact and remove and dry it.
 Garments and weapons allowed to dry and wrapped and packed with out
unnecessary handling.
 Liquid stains are taken in test tubes with the help of dropper. Test tube placed in
Ice box.

144
  Blood soaked soil sent in glass container walls and flours – digging and sent in a
container.
 Stain can be scrapped up by knife.
o Physical
o Chemical
o Microscopical
o Spectroscopic
o Serological

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

 Foreign bodies like hairs and fibres.

 Colour, position, shape and size of blood stain and relationship with surrounding
to be recorded.
 Examined by naked eye or simple lens.

Various shapes of stains

 Blood streak – venous blood.

 Parts of blood of irregular shape – abundant haemorrhage.
 Circular stains – drop of blood falls on horizontal surface from a small height.
 Ova stains – drop of blood hitting vertical or oblique surfaces.
 Splashes or line shaped stain are usually- projection of arterial blood
 Smears – blood wiped off.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

Benzidine test

 Press piece filter paper over stain.

 Add few drops of 10% benzidine sol in glacial acetic acid.
 Add few drops of fresh, acti 3% hydrogen peroxide.
 Green or blue colour positive.
 Sensibility – 1: 200,000.
 Not specific for blood.
 Most oxidising agents like permanganate, chromates, bichromates etc.
 Give strong reaction with our addition of H2O2.
 Positive result big pas, secretion of throat and nose by plant juices, by
commercial formalin, fly excretion.

Phenolphthalein test

145
Solution preparation

 Phenolphthalein – 18 ml
 Sodium hydroxide- 20 pm
 Distilled water – 200ml
 Mix phenolphthalein and sodium hydroxide in distilled water and boil it under a
reflux condenser.
 Add 20gmof granulated Zinc (20 to 30 mesh) while boiling.
 Boiling continued until solution become colorless

Procedure

 1 to 2 ml of saline suspension of blood stain in a test tube.

 Boil it for ½ minutes to destroy any oxidases.
 Cool it and add 5 drops of phenolphthalein reagent and followed by some drops
of 3% H2O2.
 Pink colour develop in position cases.
 Colour lasts no longer the 3mts.
 Sensitivity 1: 1,000,000.
 Not specific for blood.
 Direct oxidising compound copper, potassium ferricyanide and nickel – positive
reaction.

Leucomalachite green test

Reagent

 Leucomalatitie green – 18 m
 Acetic acid- 100ml
 Distilled water – 150ml
 Add one drop of the reagent on the stained filter paper
 Lease it for 10 seconds
 one drop of H2O2
 Green colour develops – if blood.
 More sensitivity – not commonly used.

MODULE-22: EVIDENCE PROCEDURE IN COURTS

 Learning outcome
 This module is focusses on the details about the court, types of court, types of
magistrates, and evidence procedure in courts. In addition this module focusses

146
 on the slaughter methods, euthanasia, traditional slaughter methods, and
procedure of slaughter.

INDIAN COURTS

Types of courts in India

Two types

 Civil courts: which deals with the civil matters relating to the individual claims of
monetary transactions, property etc.
 Criminal courts: which deals with the crimes against animals etc.

Highest courts

 Highest judicial court at national level – Supreme court

 Highest judicial court at state level – High court

Supreme court

 Highest court in the country.

 Has powers of superintendence over all high courts.
 Law declared by Supreme Court, becomes the law of the country and is binding
on all courts and tribunals.
 Has got the authority to hear appeals against the judgments of high courts of the
states.

High court

 Highest judicial at state level.

 Got full control over the judicial institutions in the state.
 Got authority of hearing appeals against judgments passed by lower courts.
 Got powers of appointing and transfer of subordinates judges and judicials while
the executive magistrates are appointed by State Govt.

Criminal courts

 There are 3 classes of criminal courts in India

o The High Courts
o The Courts of Sessions
o The Courts of Magistrates

147
CLASSES OF MAGISTRATES

 Judicial magistrates of the first class present in every district as Chief Judicial
Magistrates for the purpose of general control in every district. Similarly in every
metropolitan area like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Chief Metropolitan
Magistrates acts as Judicial Magistrates of first class.
 The above two magistrates are appointed by High court. The High Court may also
appoint Special Judicial Magistrates and Special Metropolitan Magistrate for a
term not exceeding one year. The Judicial Magistrate of first class when placed in
change of a subdivision is known as the Sub- Divisional Judicial Magistrates.
 Judicial magistrate
 Chief judicial magistrates.
 Additional judicial magistrates.
 Judicial magistrates of the 1st class or of the 2nd class.
 Sub-divisional judicial magistrates.
 Special judicial magistrates.
 Chief metropolitan magistrates.
 Additional metropolitan magistrates.
 Special metropolitan magistrates.
 Executive magistrate
 District magistrates.
 Additional District magistrates.
 Special Executive magistrates.
 Sentence which High Courts and Sessions Judges may pass
o High Court may pass any sentence authorized by law.
o Session Judges or Additional Session Judges may pass any sentence
authorized by law; but any sentence of deaths passed by any such Judge
shall be subject to confirmation by the High Court.
o Assistant Session Judge may pass any sentence authorized by law expert a
sentence of death or imprisonment for life or of imprisonments for a term
exceeding ten years.

SENTENCE WHICH MAGISTRATES MAY PASS

 Chief Judicial Magistrate may pass any sentence authorized by law expect a
sentence of death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term not
exceeding seven years.
 Magistrates of the first class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 3 years or of fine not exceeding five thousands rupees or of both.

148
  Magistrates of the second class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term
not exceeding not one year or of five not exceeding one thousand rupees or of
both.
 Chief metropolitan magistrates shall have the power of the court of a chief
judicial magistrate.
 Metropolitan magistrate have the power of the court of a magistrate of the first
class.
 Executive magistrates may award such term of imprisonment in default of
payment of fine as authorized by law.

Subpoena / summons

 Is a document compelling the attendance of a witness in a court of law under a

penalty. When summons is served to the witness the must do so punctually.
 Non – compliance of witness in a criminal case may render him liable to fine or
imprisonment unless a reasonable excuse is forthcoming.

Oaths

 “Oaths” includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath, and any
declaration required or authorized by law to be made before a public servant or to
be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a court of justice or not.
 On the witness box, before your evidence is taken, you are to be “sworn”.
 i.e., you have to state an oath that the evidence you are going to give touching the
matter before the court shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but truth.
Then only your evidence is recorded by the judge.
 Perjury is willful utterance of falsehood under the oath. The witness liable to be
prosecuted for Perjury under section 193 of I.P.C. if he fails to state what he
known or believes to be true.

EVIDENCE

It has been defined in the Indian evidence Act (1872).

Two types of evidence

 Oral evidence
o All statements which the court permits or required to be made before it by
witness in relation to matters of fact under enquiry. Oral evidence in the
evidence of a witness who has seen, heard or perceived an event. Oral
evidence is more important than documentary.

149
  Documentary Evidence
o All documents produced for the inspection of the court. It includes
 Certificates,
 Vetero – legal reports,
 Examination of exhibits,
 Electronic records.
 Certificates
o Simple forms of evidence usually, certifying health, soundness, death etc.
of the animals.
o It should be carefully written with sense of responsibility for the opinion
expressed in them.
o It will not be accepted in the court of law unless issued by a qualified
veterinarian who has registered in the State Veterinary Council Act.
o Death certificate should contain identification of the animal and causes of
death.
o Certificates should be given promptly only after seeing the dead animal
himself.
 Vetero legal reports
o Documents prepared by veterinarian in obedience to demand by an
authorized police officer or a magistrate referred to chiefly in criminal
cases.
o It may be passed to the higher courts and placed in the hands of pleaders.
 Examination of Exhibits
o Articles weapons etc. sent for examination should be described fully to
facilitate their identification in the Court later on.
o They should be labelled and returned to the police officer or a magistrate
in a sealed cover.
o Articles to be sent to the Chemical Examiner should be kept in the custody
of veterinary officer.
 Electronic records
o Any information contained in electronic record which in printed on a
paper, stored, recorded in optical or magnetic media produced by a
computer shall be deemed to be also a document.

The evidence in recorded in the following manner:

 Examination – in - chief
o First examination of a witness by party who calls him. If the witness is
summoned by a private party, he is at first examined by the pleader of the
party.
o Cross – Examination:

150
 o Held by the counsel for the accused who tries to elicit facts.
o Leading questions are permissible.
 Leading questions
o Any question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or
expects to receive.
o Leading questions are not asked in an examination- in-chief or in a re-
examination except with the permission of the court.
o In cross examination, he may be asked any question which tends to test his
veracity.
o Discover who he is and what his position in life is shake his credit by
injuring his character. Although the answer to such question might tend to
directly or indirectly to incriminate him, or might expose or tend to
directly or indirectly to expose him to a penalty or forfeiture.
 Re-examination
o The counsel who conducts the examination- in- chief has the right of re-
examination of the written to explain any misunderstanding occurred
during cross-examination the adverse party may further cross examine
upon this matter.

 Question put by the judge

o The judge may also put questions inorder to discover or to obtain proper
proof of relevant facts or may order the production of any document or
thing.
o The witness may refresh his memory by referring to any writing made by
himself at the time of the transaction concerning.
o The witness may also refer to any such writing made by any other person,
and read by the witness within the time aforesaid.
o A witness may refresh his memory by reference to any document, he may,
with the permission of court.
o An expert may refresh his memory by reference to professional treatise.

WITNESSES

 There are two kinds

o Common witness
o Expert witness
 Common witness
o “Statement of facts” which an ordinary witness has actually observed.
o “Fact” is defined by the Indian Evidence Act.

151
  Anything capable of being perceived by the senses.
 Any mental condition of which any person in conscious.
 One fact is said to be relevant to another referred as relevance of facts.
 Expert witness
o Is one given by the person having professional knowledge / training is
capable of deducting opinions and interference form the facts observed by
himself or noticed by other when the court has to form an opinion upon a
point of foreign law or of science or art, as to that identify of handwriting
(or finger prints), the opinion upon that point of person specially skilled.
o Veterinary witness is an expert witness.

Hints for giving evidence

 Always prepare the facts of the case before going to Court by reference to your
original notes and consider what possible questions you may be asked and be
prepared with your answers.
 Speak slowly and distinctly.
 Avoid technical terms as far as possible.
 Answer question with a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ as far as possible.
 If you unable to answer any question say ‘I can not answer’.
 Do not lose your temper while cross examination by lawyer. They may put
question of an irritating nature.
 Quotations from books should be avoided.

Evidence

RULES FOR GIVING EVIDENCE

 The veterinary practitioner, when summoned to court as an expert witness, must

remember that he is there to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the
truth, and should, therefore, give his evidence irrespective as to whether it was
likely to lead to conviction or acquittal of the accused. His evidence should be
relevant, reliable and clear.
 He should speak slowly, distinctly and audibly to enable the judge and counsel to
hear him and to take notes of his evidence.
 He should use plain and simple language, avoiding all technicalities, as the bench
and the bar are not expected to be familiar with veterinary terms. It is no use
showing his erudition by using these terms; however, if he cannot help using any

152
 veterinary terms he should try to explain it in ordinary language as far as
possible.
 He should avoid long discussions, especially theoretical arguments. His answers
should be brief and precise, and in the form of "yes" or "no". However, by doing
so, if he finds that what he means to say is not understood he can explain his
answer after obtaining permission from the judge.
 If he does not know or remember any particular point, he should not hesitate to
say so and must not hazard a guess in a doubtful case; also he should never
assume the function of the judge or jury by giving an opinion on the merits of the
case.
 He should remember that the lawyer has practically unlimited license and
latitude in putting questions to the witness in cross-examination, and
consequently he should never lose his temper, but should appear cool and
dignified, even if questions of an irritable nature be put to him. However, he
should have no complaint against lawyers. They have great regard for him and
have shown the greatest amount of courtesy to him at the time of his deposition
in court.
 The veterinary witness may refresh his memory from his own report already
forwarded to the court, but should not do so from his private notes, unless they
agree word for word with the original, made at the time of, or immediately after,
the occurrence of the event, and were written by him or certified to be correct if
written by his assistant; besides, he should be prepared to have them put in as
exhibits if desired by the judge or counsel.
 He should not quote the opinion of other veterinarians or quote from text-books
regarding the case. He is supposed to express an opinion from his own know
ledge and experience.
 When counsel quotes a passage from a text-book and asks the witness whether he
agrees with it, he should, before replying, take the book, note the date of its
publication, read the paragraph and context, and then state whether he agrees or
not; for, counsel usually reads only that portion which is favourable to his case,
and the meaning may be completely altered when it is read in reference to
context. In spite of this precaution he should stick to his opinion ifit is still his
opinion, and ifhe finds that it differs from the one expressed in the book. To avoid
being surprised by such quotations, however, it is advisable to study all the
available literature on the subject before giving evidence in court.


VOLUNTEERING OF A STATEMENT

 It is said that a witness is not supposed to volunteer a statement in court, unless

called upon to do so. This may be true in the case of a lay witness, but it cannot be

153
 so in the case of a veterinary witness. Even though a veterinary witness is called
by one side to give evidence in court, he must not forget his duty towards the
opposite party-of honesty and fair dealing.
 He must also remember that the judge regards him not as a veterinary advocate
put forward by one side to establish the case but as an officer of justice helping
the court elicit the truth. It is, therefore, the duty of a veterinary witness to state
fairly all the veterinary facts bearing on the case without any reservation. Hence it
is proper for him to volunteer statements and suggest questions to court,
especially when he finds that there is danger of justice being miscarried owing to
the court having failed to elicit any important point.

PROFESSIONAL SECRETS

 Under Section 126 of the Indian Evidence Act, a lawyer can claim privilege and
will not at any time be permitted to disclose in court any communication made to
him in the course and for the purpose of his employment as such by his client
except with his express consent, but a veterinary witness cannot claim such
privilege as regards professional secrets obtained by him or communicated to
him by the owner of the animal under his care in the course of examination and
treatment. Nevertheless, he should, on no account, volunteer these secrets, but
should divulge them under protest to show his sense of moral duty, when pressed
by the court to do so. Non- compliance with the order of the court may render
him liable for contempt of court proceedings.

NEGLIGENCE

Liabilities under the law of courts are:

 Civil action - for damage.

 Consumer Protection Act - Private Veterinarian's liability under the Act for
rendering deficient service due to negligence. Government Veterinarians are
exempted from this Act as no considerable amount is charged for rendering
services.

MODULE-23: EUTHANASIA

 Learning outcome
 Euthanasia a method of mercy killing of animals in case the animal suffers from
incurable diseases or disorers. This module deals with different ways
of euthanasia and the need for a consent from the owner.

154
EUTHANASIA

 Euthanasia is the production of quiet, painless death in an animal for humane

reasons.
 It is performed for the hopeless cases, when the treatment would be in effective
and the animal is suffering severe pain.
 Owners, request to euthanize animals, if the animals have behaviour problems. It
the owners no longer wish to own the said animal.
 Veterinarians should not advocate or recommend euthanasia in any specific case.
They should present the alternatives and try to give the client, the facts upon
which to make a decision. The decision to euthanize an animal is the ultimate
responsibility of the owner.
 In addition to client relations and ethical problems which may occur in a case
terminating in euthanasia the veterinarian should consider the legal implications.
Prime importance is to obtain the consent of the rightful owner or authorized
agent in writing on a consent form. Failure to obtain owner and or insurer
permission invites a lawsuit.
 Veterinarian has a legal obligation to euthanize an animal.
 Owner retains all property rights to the animals body and may either remove it or
ask the veterinarian to dispose of.
 Before euthanasia is performed, it has to e ascertained that the animal involved
in indeed the one to be euthanized.
 Selection of the method of euthanasia is dependant upon the
o Species of the animal
o Available means of control of the animal
o Numbers of animals
o Economic considerations
o Wishes of the owner
 Selection-method of euthanasia points to be considered
o Method should produce death without pain
o Time to produce unconsciousness and death should be short
o Method should be reliable.
o Method should minimize undesirable psychological stress
o Method should be compatible with its purpose
o Should minimize the emotional effect upon observes and operators
o Should be economically feasible
o Should have a restricted environmental impact
o Should be safe for the personnel involved
 Need for euthanasia:- In hopeless cases, to alleviate pain and suffering of
animals.

155
  Pre requistic for euthanasia:- Consent of the owner, who has all the property
rights of the body of the animal.
 Points to be kept in mind while selecting the method of euthanasia
 The method should be Economical Reliable and Should produce death in a very
short period without causing pain to the animal.

Common methods of euthanasia

EUTHANASIA WITH INHALANTS

 Chloroform, ether, halothane and methoxyflurane. They are useful in the

euthanasia of young animals like pup and kittens when venipuncture is difficult.
 Carbonmonoxide: Carbonmonixide 6% is effectively used to euthanize small
animals like dogs and cats.
 Carondioxide: used to euthanize small laboratory animals such as mice, rat,
rabbit and poultry birds. A combination of CO2 (40%) and CO (3%) can also be
used for euthanasia.

EUTHANESIA WITH NON INHALANTS OR INJECTABLES

 Most of the agents in this entegory can be given i/v by intra-thoracic, intra-
cardinc or intra-peritoneal.
 Barbiturates: Sud. Phenobarbitone solni (200 mg/ml) at a dose rate of 1 ml/kg
b.wt can be used to euthaniasia the small animals.
 Chloral hydrate: Used to euthanize large animals at the dose rate of 2mg/10 kg
b.wt.
 Strychnine: Produces violent muscular contraction and produces a painful death.
 Magnesium sulphate: Saturated solution of Mag.sulphate is an inexpensive
method of euthanasia in both large and small animals.
 Potassium chloride: Sat.solution of potassium chloride can e used for
euthanizing the animals.

EUTHANASIA WITH PHYSICAL METHODS

 Electrocution: Is a feasible to electrodute individual animals which is relatively

humane.
 Shooting: Is a humane and rapid method of euthanatia ut it causes excessive
haemorrhage.

REQUEST FORM FOR EUTHANASIA

156
  Owner's Name………………………
 S/o………………………….
 R/o………………
 Animal………………….
 Breed………………
 Sex……….
 Age………..
 Colour and markings………………………
 I, the undersigned, do hereby certify that I am the owner (or duly authorized
agent of the owner ) of the animal described above, that I do hereby given to
Veterinary Surgeons/his representative ………………………………. Complete
authority to put to sleep the animal in whatever manner the said Veterinary
Surgeon / his representative shall deem fit and I do hereby undertake to put the
animal to sleep at my sole risk and by by these presents forever absolve the said
Veterinary Practitionerlhis representative from any and all liabilities for so
putting to sleep the said animal.
 I do also certify that the said animal has not bitten any person or animal during
the last fifteen days and to the best of my knowledge has not been exposed to
rabies.
 Date………………
 Signature of the owner

MODULE-24: CATTLE SLAUGHTER

 Learning outcome
 Slaughter is the term used to describe the killing and butchering of animals,
usually for food. Commonly it refers to killing and butchering of domestic
livestock (tame animals). This module deals with different ways of slaughtering.

CATTLE SLAUGHTER

Slaughter is the term used to describe the killing and butchering of animals, usually for
food. Commonly it refers to killing and butchering of domestic livestock (tame animals).

The animals most commonly slaughtered for food are cattle (for beef and veal), water
buffalo, sheep (for lamb and mutton), goats, pigs (for pork), horses (for horse meat),

157
and fowl, largely chickens, turkeys, and ducks and increasingly fish from the
aquaculture industry (fish farming).

Laws for ritual slaughter

Ritual slaughter of animals is also used for food production. Such slaughter is governed
by various laws, most notably:

 Shechita - Jewish laws of slaughtering animals

 Dhabihah - Islamic law of slaughtering animals

PREPARING LIVESTOCK FOR SLAUGHTER

 At the time of slaughter, animals should be healthy and physiologically normal.

Slaughter animals should be adequately rested. They should be rested, preferably
overnight, particularly if they have travelled for some times over long distances.
However, pigs and poultry are usually slaughtered on arrival as time and
distances travelled are relatively short and holding in pens is stressful for them.
Animals should be watered during holding and can be fed, if required. The
holding period allows for injured and victimised animals to be identified and for
sick animals to be quarantined.
 When ready for slaughter, animals should be driven to the stunning area in a
quiet and orderly manner without undue fuss and noise. Droving can be
facilitated using flat canvass straps , rolled plastic or paper, and in the case of
stubborn animals, prodders can be used occasionally. Animals should never be
beaten nor have their tails twisted. Animals should be led in single file into the
stunning area where they can be held in appropriate restraining device(s) before
stunning.

RESTRAINT DEVICES

It is very important that slaughter animals should be properly restrained before

stunning or bleeding. This is to ensure stability of the animal so that the stunning
operation can be carried out accurately and properly. Different types of restraints are
appropriate for different species:

Cattle

 A stunning box is the most common method of restraining cattle. The size of the
box should be just wide enough to prevent the animal from turning around, and
so be difficult to stun. The floor of the box should be non-slip. A simple neck

158
 crush used by farmers to restrain cattle for weighing is suitable for small-scale
operations. Restraining tame cattle outside the stunning box by securing the head
in a halter and then pulling the rope through a metal ring in a concrete floor is
effective. It is recommended that the operator should be positioned behind
protective steel bars.

RELIGIOUS OR RITUAL SLAUGHTER (HALAL AND KOSHER)

Most developed and many developing countries of the world require by law an animal to
be rendered unconscious before it is slaughtered. This is in order to ensure that the
animal does not suffer pain during slaughter. However, exceptions are made for the
Jewish (Kosher) and Muslim (Halal) slaughter of livestock. Here stunning generally is
not allowed and the animal is bled directly using a sharp knife to cut the throat and
sever the main blood vessels. This results in sudden and massive loss of blood with loss
of consciousness and death. However, many authorities consider that religious slaughter
can be very unsatisfactory and that the animal may not be rendered unconscious and
suffer considerable discomfort and pain in the slaughter process.

A number of factors must be given serious consideration before this type of slaughter is
acceptable:

 Animals that are slaughtered according to Kosher or Halal requirements should

be securely restrained, particularly the head and neck, before cutting the throat.
Movement results in a poor cut, bad bleeding, slow loss of consciousness (if at all)
and pain. This has serious implications for animal welfare. The knife that is used
to cut the throat and the carotid and jugular blood vessels must be razor sharp
and without blemishes and damage. This is to ensure a swift, smooth cut across
the throat behind the jaw and to ensure immediate and maximum gush of blood.
Poor bleeding causes slow loss of consciousness and reduces meat quality.
 Animals should not be shackled and hoisted before bleeding. This causes them
severe discomfort and stress. Hoisting should be done only after the animal has
lost consciousness Restraining equipment should be comfortable for the animal.
 Operator competence is of great importance in order to carry out satisfactory
religious slaughter, and the authorities should license all slaughter personnel. A
poor technique will result in great suffering and cruelty to the animal. Religious
slaughter should be carried out paying attention to detail and ensuring the
method, equipment and operators are correct. The slaughter process is slow.

The captive bolt gun is suitable for this stunning when using the mushroom shaped
head of the bolt. The mushroom gun is an improvement on the plain bolt, as this bolt
does not penetrate the brain and cause death. This should be more acceptable to the

159
religious authorities, and its use would encourage more humane slaughter amongst
Muslims in developing countries, thereby improving animal welfare.

Fortunately, many Muslim authorities accept some forms of pre-slaughter stunning.

Many Muslim authorities permit electric stunning of cattle, sheep and poultry, whose
meat is destined for Muslim communities, because the animals subjected to this
stunning method would recover if no bleeding was carried out. Electric stunning is also
the method of choice in meat exporting countries where stunning of slaughter animals is
required by law, for export to Muslim countries. Similarly, Muslim minorities in
countries with stringent animal welfare regulations are allowed to use Halal slaughter
methods, but in combination with electrical stunning.

Any kind of prestunning for livestock to be slaughtered according to the Jewish Kosher
method has not yet been accepted.

MODULE-25: LIABILITY AND INSURANCE

Learning outcome

This module focusses on the insurance aspects in animal husbandry practices. The
insurance acts, claims and details about insuring livestock are discussed in this module.

LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN INDIA

Objects of Livestock Insurance

 To guarantee the farmer and livestock owner , the compensation for loss due to
the death of the insured animal.
 To enable the livestock owner to repay the loan given to him for purchase of
animals to the bank .
 In case of permanent or total or disability of draught animals or the permanent
loss of quarters in milch cows, 75% of the insured value is paid to the animal
owner.
 To enable livestock owner to get fresh loans again for purchasing similar type of
animals.

Conditions for Insurance

160
  Livestock owners are required to fulfill the following conditions in regard to the
animals intended to be insured:
 Provide suitable housing accommodation having byres with sufficient space for
manger, watertroughs and suitable housing for poultry.
 Offer good and balanced feed to the animal(s).
 Animals must be free from ecto and endo-parasites and be treated periodically
for parasites.
 Animals must be protected against bacterial and viral diseases like anthrax,
blackquarter, haemorrhagic septicaemia and foot-and-mouth disease.

REQUIREMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK INSURANCE

 Health Certificate: It is obligatory on the part of the owner to produce a

certificate from a qualified veterinarian to the effect that his animal is healthy
and free from any disease. The owner is required to pay a fee for this certificate as
per prevailing rates or as prescribed by Government Insurance Company.
 Identification of Animals: The identification of the insured animal is of great
importance and must be done thoroughly and faithfully. Emphasis has to be
given to the breed, age, sex, body colour, shape of horns, height, identification
marks, (natural or acquired by branding, tattooing and tagging). Tagging must be
done by a veterinarian.
 The animal owner should note the ear tag number of his animal.
 If the ear tag falls or is lost due to tearing of ears while rubbing, the fallen tag
should be preserved and this must be reported to the bank or insurance company
in writing.
 When an insured animal dies its ear tag is valuable proof and must be preserved
carefully. While claiming compensation for the loss of a deceased insured animal
a piece of its ear along with tag must be submitted to the insurance company for
verification.
 Principle of No tag-No claim: Nowadays insurance companies have adopted the
principle of 'No tag-No claim' i.e. no claim is paid if the specific ear tag is not
submitted. Thus, timely retagging of the animal is very important whenever its
tag is lost or falls off.

INSURANCE POLICY

 Livestock can be insured through two types of policies

o proposal-cum policy and
o master policy agreement.

Proposal-cum-Policy
161
  The owner is required to fill the proforma called "proposal-cum-policy with
receipt and veterinary certificate" after obtaining the health certificate. This
proforma may be filled by the authorised agent of the insurance company and by
a qualified veterinarian. The proforma contains information about:
o Owner - his name, address and occupation.
o Period of insurance, from .................................. to ..............................
o Particulars of animal-species, breed, sex, colour, age, identification marks,
height, purpose for which used, total number of calvings, date of last
calving, present market value and sum for which to be insured.
o Location of dairy farm
o Premium amount
o Cause of loss and number of animals lost during past three years.
o Special remarks if any.
 There is a declaration in this form by the owner stating that all information given
by him is true to the best of his knowledge and belief There is also a certificate by
a qualified veterinarian indicating that the animal mentioned is in good and
sound health, free from any vice, and has been vaccinated against prevailing
contagious diseases. The lower part of this form has a detachable receipt showing
that the premium amount has been received by an authorised agent of the
company. After payment of the premium and completion of the above formalities
the animal is deemed as insured from this date.

Master policy agreement

 Since financed animals have to be insured in large numbers and as a day-to-day

practice, a Master Policy Agreement is generally entered into by the DRDA or
various banks with an insurance company. Under this agreement the bank or the
DRDA agrees to insure all its finance cases through one particular insurance
company for an agreed period. Only one master policy is issued at the inception.
The various animals financed during the period of this policy agreement, which
may range from three to five years, are covered under the policy through
individual insurance certificates. Certificate books are provided to different banks
or DRDA by the company. Whenever a case is financed, they issue a certificate of
insurance giving all particulars and send it to the company along with the health
certificate and premium amount. The advantage here is that owner does not have
to wait for the insurance agent for insurance and also, under the agreement, the
animals are covered right from the date and place of purchase.

RATE OF PREMIUM

162
  The rate of premium varies from species to species and from company to
company. Usually the companies charge 5% of the insured amount in case of
cattle.

Non-Scheme animals

 5% of insured value.
 1% extra for crossbred.
 2% extra for exotic.
 4% in case of cattle belonging to organised dairy farms and cooperative societies.
 2.25% for livestock other than cattle financed under schemes. Generally scheme
animals are insured for three years or more. In such case, there is a long term
dicount of 25% on the total premium.


Insured value

 The amount of insurance depends upon the prevailing market rates of animals,
yield of milk, meat etc. However, certain insurance companies may fix a
maximum amount for various species of animals.

Owner's duties in case of sickness/accident of insured animal

 When the insured animal gets sick for one reason or the other, the owner must
inform the concerned insurance company in writing. He must arrange for proper
and timely treatment by a qualified veterinarian for early recovery. The treatment
of an insured animal by a quack or Veterinary Field Assistant, Stockman or
Compounder will not be accepted by an insurance company and will disqualify
the claim in the event of death of an insured animal. Qualified veterinarian
means a person holding a B.V.Sc./B.VSc.&A.H. degree from a
University/statutory body constituted by the State Government or as prescribed
by the Indian Veterinary Council Act of 1984.
 As soon as the accident occurs the owner must report to the nearest police station
and obtain a receipt for the same. This receipt is an important document to be
included in claim papers. A certificate from an attending qualified veterinarian
and the treatment chart indicating detailed treatment given to an insured animal
must be obtained and attached with the insurance claim papers.

HOW TO PROCEED FOR INSURANCE CLAIM

163
  In the event of the death of the insured animal the owner must proceed
systematically for making a claim. The following line of action is suggested:
o The owner must intimate in writing to the concerned insurance company
at once and get a receipt for this intimation.
o In case purchase of the animal has been financed by a bank he must
inform the bank concerned and get a receipt for the same.
o If the insured animal dies on a Sunday/Holiday, the message must be sent
telegraphically/personally to the Branch Manager. The receipt of the
telegram must be preserved as proof.
o The owner, after intimating the insurance company/bank, should wait for
on the spot verification to be conducted by the representative of the
insurance company and arrange for post-mortem.
o The carcass should be removed for post -mortem either by a Khadi
Gramodyog /locally available chamar with the instruction that post -
mortem will be conducted by a veterinarian and to collect a piece of the ear
having ear tag, which will be submitted to the insurance company.
 Sometimes insured animal dies at such a place where it is not possible to get the
post-mortem conducted by a qualified veterinarian. In such circumstances some
insurance companies accept a joint certificate issued by any two of the following:
o Village sarpanch.
o Manager of Milk Collection Centre.
o Officer of Cooperative Central Bank/ Supervisor of DRDA or its Inspector.
 Requirement of post-mortem has been waived in cases of animals financed under
government schemes and in such cases if the post-mortem examination has not
been conducted, then a death certificate signed jointly by any of the following two
persons will be sufficient:
o Attending veterinary doctor.
o Sarpanch/Pradhan.
o Official/Chairman of Milk Cooperative Society.
o Official of DRDA.
o Manager of a bank other than the financing bank or other village
cooperative.
 However, post-mortem examination is a must for animals other than the above.

CLAIM FORMS

 After the death of the insured animal the owner should approach the insurance
company and obtain the claim forms which include the following:
o Cattle/other livestock claim form: This form is to be filled by the owner.
Care must be taken to fill the form and the details given should not differ
from the particulars mentioned in the policy. It will be better if he consults

164
 his veterinarian and takes his help to fill up the form. In case of financed
cattle, the form has to be countersigned by the bank.
o Veterinary Death-cum- Valuation Certificate: This is the second form in
the claim papers and is to be filled by the attending veterinarian. It
incorporates the physical features, date of illness/death and value before
illness.
o Treatment chart: This is a date-wise account of the treatment given by a
veterinarian to the sick insured animal. The treatment given should
correspond to the symptoms noted and post-mortem findings. It is
required only for private or other non-scheme animals.
o Post-mortem report: The post-mortem report proforma is usually supplied
by the insurance companies. The attending veterinarian must carefully
mention the post-mortem findings in this form. It is advised that he
should consult a standard text-book of Pathology or Medicine prior to
writing the post-mortem report. He should mention identification marks
of the animal and its tag number as also whether the tag was duly fixed in
the ear or not.
o Photograph of deceased animal: The photograph of a dead insured animal
constitutes good evidence of its death iftaken correctly showing tag,
ifpossible, and other identification marks and salient features.
o Confirmation of the post-mortem: Some insurance companies require a
confirmation certificate from the attending veterinarian that he has really
conducted the post-mortem ofthe deceased insured animal. The text of the
certificate is given as below:

At the request of Sri .......................................... S/o

.................................................................................. .

Rio ............................................................. Village ................................................................

Tehsil. .... .

District.. .............................................................................................. .

I have actually conducted the post-mortem of ................................... (animal) on

............................................. (date) at ..................................... (time). The details of the
deceased animal were as follows:

Breed, sex, colour, horns, identification marks, tag no ................................. switch of tail,
height, age etc. This certificate is being issued in confirmation of my having conducted
the post-mortem of the said animal.

Date:
165
CLAIM DOCUMENTS

 The total claim documents required by insurance companies in urban and rural
areas are as follows:

In urban area

 Livestock claim form

 Veterinary certificate
 Treatment chart
 Post-mortem report
 Valuation certificate
 Photographs
 Post -mortem confirmation certificate
 Police report, if any.

In remote rural area

 Livestock claim form

 Two certificates signed by either
o Village Sarpanch
o Chairman, Co-operative Society
o Manager, Milk Collection Centre
o Officer of Cooperative Central Bank/Supervisor of DRDA or Inspector. In
case of animals financed under government schemes, in order to help
ignorant villagers in completing the various formalities for a cattle claim,
insurance companies have come up with a single page claim form which
incorporates all the certificates required from the owner, bank,
veterinarian and others. No other form is required to be filled.
 Panchnama
 Valuation certificate
 Police report, if any.
 The above documents, after completion, should be submitted to the insurance
company for necessary action for payment. Sometimes these documents are sent
through the financing bank which pursues the claim for payment.

VALUABLE ADVICE FOR LIVESTOCK OWNERS TO GET CLAIM

 Look after the insured animal well by proper feeding and management.
 Never shift the insured animal without intimating the insurance company in
writing.

166
  Never sell the insured animal or keep it away from the owner without informing
the insurance company.
 Never hide any fact or information regarding injury or death of the insured
animal.
 Never cause any injury to the insured animal nor show any disinterest or
slackness in the treatment of a sick insured animal.
 The treatment and post-mortem of an insured animal must be done by a qualified
veterinarian and not by para-veterinary staff, as this would disqualify the claim.
 In the event of the death of an insured animal immediately inform the insurance
company.
 Keep the ear tag along with a piece of the ear in your custody and submit it to the
insurance company.
 When an accident occurs never forget to report to the nearest police station.
 All the insurance claim forms must be completed in all respects and then
submitted. Incomplete forms cause unnecessary delay.

Repudiation of Insurance Claims

 There are many reasons for which claims are liable to be rejected / repudiated.
Some of these are:
 When there is difference in the identification of the animal as given by the owner
and as mentioned by a veterinarian in various claim papers.
 If the period of insurance expires prior to the death of the insured animal.
 When fraud is suspected.
 In cases where the treatment and post-mortem are not done by a qualified
veterinarian, with the exception indicated earlier in remote villages.
 When the insurance claims are not submitted in time, or the death intimation is
not given timely and the carcass is disposed of under suspicious circumstances,
the company entertains the claim with doubts.
 In case the insured animal dies due to contagious disease for which vaccination
can be done, the companies repudiate such claims. But under special
circumstances and on the certificate of a qualified veterinarian that the insured
animal died in spite of vaccination, the claims are paid.
 When there is change in location of animal and owner of an insured animal the
claim is rejected.
 Where more than one veterinarians are involved in the treatment and post -
mortem of an insured animal and there is no synchronization between the two,
the claim is likely to be rejected on technical grounds.

FEES OF THE VETERINARIAN

167
  The fee rate varies from State to State as per Veterinary Manuals. In most of the
States fee rates have not been revised as per price index and pose a serious legal
problem. Veterinarians can charge fees as per recommendations of the Veterinary
Manual or as per prevailing market rates for issuing health certificates and for
conducting post-mortems.

COMMON MALPRACTICES IN INSURANCE CLAIMS

 Insurance on ill animals: Sometimes animals in sick conditions are insured in

order to submit claims for obtaining benefits. Death of an insured animal soon
after its insurance may lead to suspicion. Such claims are detected and
disallowed.
 Willful killing of an insured animal: It has been observed that sometimes after
getting the desired lactation, the animals are killed by some unscrupulous
methods and claim is submitted for receiving benefit from the insurance.
 Claim for an uninsured animal: Sometimes a livestock owner uses a tag from an
insured animal to claim insurance on some other dead uninsured animal. This
can be detected and claim rejected.
 Insurance of old and unproductive animals: Many a time with the connivance of
more than one agency, old and unproductive animals are insured. These animals
die within the insurance period and claims are submitted for payment. A
technical probe can detect such frauds and claims of this nature are liable to be
disallowed.
 Tampering with ear tags: At the time of issuing health certificate the
veterinarian is required to certify that the tag has been fixed to the animal's ear.
Therefore, a veterinarian should get the tag fixed in his presence to avoid any
complications. Sometimes ineligible animals are insured by a an unscrupulous
owner and this brings liability upon the veterinarian. Sometimes ear tags are
fabricated by fraudulent owners who attach it to the ear of the dead animal. This
can be detected by very careful examination which will indicate that:
o Recently fixed tag will show scratches due to stone or hammer used for
fixing the tag.
o There would be some hair growth around the tag hole in the case of a
recent punch but this would be usually absent in an old tag hole.
o Sometimes the tag is new and does not correspond to the time when the
animal was insured.
o A fresh ear hole in which the tag has been put will not show the changes
usually seen in an old hole. Histopathology in such cases will reveal the
presence of fibrous connective tissue at the edge of the hole if the tag is put
during life time but it would be absent in case the tag is put after death or

168
 just before death.

MODULE-26: CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICS FOR

VETERINARIANS

 Learning outcome
 Veterinary Council of India is the authority in India for Veterinarians. It drafts
rules and regulations for veterinary profession in India. In addition it develops a
common curriculum for Veterinary Colleges all over India for UG and PG
education. In this module we are focusing on the common regulations for
veterinary practice and the code of conduct for Veterinarians.

PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY PROFESSIONAL CODE OF

CONDUCT AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

 To develop, improve and conserve the livestock resources.

 To prevent cruelty to animals.
 To provide protection against spread of diseases and relief to the suffering
animals.
 To impart sound, technical opinions in Vetero-legal cases.
 To create proper market for sale / purchase of animals and their products.
 To render services to the society for their economic uplift.

VETERINARY COUNCIL OF INDIA

 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 66 read with section 31 of Indian

Veterinary Council Act, 1984 (52 of 1984) the Veterinary Council of India, with
previous approval of the Central Government, hereby makes the following
regulations, namely:
 Short title and commencement
o These regulations may be called, the Veterinary Council of India (Standard
of Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Code of Ethics, for Veterinary
Practitioners) Regulations, 1992.
 Definitions
o “veterinarian” means a registered veterinary practitioner as defined in the
Act;
o “Act” means the Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984 (52 of 1984);
o “regulations” means the Standard of Professional Conduct, Etiquetie and

169
 o Code of Ethics Regulations. The definition limits its meaning to the terms
used within the said regulations;
o “patient” shall mean an animal, bird or a group of them being treated or
managed or advised to be treated or managed by a veterinarian;
o “client” means the legal owner of the patient or his representative or the
person or persons directly assigned responsibility of the patient;
o “profession” means veterinary profession covering all its branches,
namely,animal health, animal production and technology, and shall
include any sister
o profession wherein veterinary service is extended or is sought or is made
use of, namely, laboratory animal medicine, animal experimentation and
vaccine production.
 Declaration and oath by a veterinarian
o Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear
to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through
the protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, the
conservation of livestock resources, the promotion of public health, and
the advancement of knowledge in veterinary science.
o I shall practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping
with the principles of veterinary medical ethics.
o I accept as a lifelong obligation the continuous improvement of my
professional knowledge and competence.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

 Character of the veterinarian

o The primary object of the veterinary profession is to render service to
humanity by facilitating better animal production, ensuring veterinary
public health as also caring for the sick animals and alleviating their
suffering; financial reward is always a subordinate consideration.
o Whosoever chooses the profession assumes the obligation to conduct
oneself in accordance with the noble ideals of serving the dumb and mute
creatures. The veterinarian shall be an upright person and shall be sincere
and diligent in caring for the sick and managing the healthy animals.
He/She shall be modest, sober, and prompt in discharging his/her duties.
o He/She shall conduct himself/herself with propriety in his/her profession
and in all actions of his/her life.
 Standards of character and moral
o The veterinary profession expects from its members the highest level of
character and morals. Every veterinarian owes to the profession and the
public a duty to achieve such a level.

170
 Veterinarian’s responsibility
o A veterinarian shall merit the trust and confidence of his/her clients,
rendering their animals full measure of service with devotion.
 Advertising
o Solicitation of clients by a veterinarian directly or indirectly through an
advertisement in news papers, handbills etc. in a manner projecting
himself/herself to be in a position of superiority which he/she
himself/herself has not achieved, is unethical.
o A veterinarian practitioner is permitted formal announcement in press
about the following matters namely
 starting of his/her practice;
 change of type of practice;
 change of address;
 temporary absence from duty;
 resumption of practice;
 succeeding to another’s practice.
 He/She shall further not advertise through price lists or publicity materials of
manufacturing firms or traders with whom he/she may be connected in any
capacity, nor shall he/she publish cases, operations or letters of thanks from
patients in non-professional newspapers or journals.
 Fee for professional service
o A veterinarian engaged in practice / advisory service / consultancy, shall
limit the source of his/her income to the fee received for services rendered
to the client. Remuneration received for such services shall be in the form
and amount specifically announced to the client at the time the service is
rendered.
 Patent and copyrights
o A veterinarian may patent surgical instruments, appliances and medicine
or copyright applications of methods and procedure.
 Running an Open Shop: (Dispensing of drugs and appliances by veterinarians)
o A veterinarian shall not run an open shop for sale of medicine for
dispensing prescriptions by doctors other than himself.
 Rebates, gifts and commissions
o A veterinarian shall not give, or receive any gift, or commission from any
person for in consideration for the referring or procuring of, any client.

 Secret Remedies

171
 o The prescribing or dispensing by a veterinarian of secret medicines or
other secret remedial agents, of which he/she does not know the
composition or the manufacture, or promotion of their use, is unethical.
 Evasion of Legal Restrictions
o A veterinarian shall observe the laws of the country in regulating the
practice of veterinary medicine and will not assist others to evade such
laws.

DUTIES OF VETERINARIANS TO THEIR CLIENTS AND

PATIENTS

 Obligation to the patient

o Though a veterinarian is not bound to treat cases of each and every one
asking for his/her service, except in emergencies, he/she shall for the sake
of humanity and the noble tradition of the profession, not only be ever
ready to respond to the need of the sick and injured animals/birds, but
shall also be mindful of the high character of his/her mission and the
responsibility he/she incurs in the discharge of his/her professional
duties.
 Patient not to be neglected
o A veterinarian is free to choose whom he/she will serve, provided that
he/she shall respond to any request for his/her assistance in an emergency
or whenever temperate public opinion expects the service. Once having
undertaken a case, a veterinarian shall not neglect the patient nor shall
he/she withdraw from the case without giving notice to the client
sufficiently in advance, to allow him secure another professional
veterinarian.
 Termination of service
o A veterinarian shall withdraw his/her service under following valid
reasons:
 Where he/she finds another veterinarian in attendance.
 Where remedies/advice other than those prescribed hy him/her are
being used.
 Where his/her remedies/advice and instructions are refused.
 Where he/she feels that the illness or the need of his/her service is
an imposture and that he/she is being made a party to a false
pretence.
 Where a client is resorting to the use of intoxicating drugs, means of
quackery or witchcraft against medical advice; and
 Where complete information/history concerning the fact and a
client does not supply circumstances of the case.
172
 o The discovery that the malady is incurable / the client’s problems are
unsolvable, is no excuse to discontinue attendance by a veterinarian as
long as his/her client desire the service.
 Act of negligence
o No veterinarian shall willfully commit an act of negligence that may
deprive patient of the care that is absolutely necessary.
o A veterinarian is expected to show such diligence and skill in service as
would be expected of another veterinarian of similar qualifications,
experience and attainments.
o His/Her acts of commission or omission shall not be judged by any non-
veterinary standards, but as those expected from a veterinarian of his/her
training, standing and experience.
o A veterinarian shall use any drug prepared under standard
pharmacological principles and shall adopt all necessary preparations /
precautions, like sterilization and verification of doses as are normally
prescribed for that drug.
 Behaviour to patients
o The demeanour of a veterinarian towards his/her patient shall always be
kind, tender and full of patience. Every patient shall be treated with
attention, consideration and concentration.

 Visit
o Not withstanding the fact that a veterinarian is not bound to visit his/her
patient/client, he/she shall make it at the indicated hour, once he/she had
committed to do so.
 Prognosis
o A veterinarian shall neither exaggerate nor minimize the gravity of a
patient’s condition. He/she shall ensure that the legal owner of the patient
has such knowledge of the patient’s condition as will serve the best interest
of the patient and its owner (client).
o In case of dangerous manifestations, or when grave and highly
communicable diseases are encountered he shall not fail to inform the
client and those to whom the disease can be of potent danger.

DUTIES OF VETERINARIANS TO THE PROFESSION

 Upholding the honour of the profession: A veterinarian is expected to uphold the

dignity and honour of his profession.

173
 Membership of societies: For the advancement of his/her profession a
veterinarian may affiliate himself/herself with professional societies and
contribute his/her time means and energy to their progress, so that they may
represent and promote the ideals of the profession better.
 Safeguarding the profession: Every veterinarian shall laid in safeguarding the
profession against admission to it of those who are deficient in moral character or
education. He/she should not employ in connection with his/her professional
practice any unqualified personnel to treat or perform operation upon patients.
 Exposure of unethical conduct: Exposure of unethical conduct on the part of any
member of the profession shall be done without fear of favour. The incompetent
corrupt, dishonest or unethical conduct on the part of any member of the
profession shall be discouraged at any cost.
 Appointment of substitute: Whenever a veterinarian (hereinafter mentioned as
absent veterinarian) requests another veterinarian to attend to his/her
patient/clients during his/her temporary absence from practice professional
courtesy requires the acceptance of such an appointment by the latter, if
consistent with his/her other duties. The veterinarian under such appointment
shall give utmost consideration to the interest and reputation of the ‘absent’
veterinarian. He/she shall not charge either the patient or the absent veterinarian
or his/her service, except in case of special arrangement between them. All such
patients shall be restored to the care of the absent veterinarian upon his/her
return.
 Professional services of veterinarians to one another
o There is no rule that a veterinarian shall not charge another veterinarian
or a member of a sister profession for service rendered. But a veterinarian
shall consider it a pleasure and privilege to render gratuitous service to
his/her professional brethren, if they are in his/her vicinity, or to a
veterinary student.
o When a veterinarian is called from a distance to attend to a case of a fellow
veterinarian or a member of a sister profession, reimbursement shall be
made for traveling and other incidental expenses.
o A veterinarian called in any emergency to visit a patient under the care of
another veterinarian, shall when the emergency is over, retire in favour of
the latter; but shall be entitled to charge the client for his/her services.
o When a veterinarian is consulted at his/her own residence, it is not
binding on him/her to inquire if the patient has been under the care of
another veterinarian. But in the interests of the patient he/she shall, while
ascertaining history, go through the treatment followed if any. However, it
is unethical that his information be used to malign or instigate against,
directly or indirectly, the veterinarian who happened to attend on the
patient previously. When a veterinarian sees a patient at the request of

174
 another veterinarian, it shall be the duty of the first veterinarian to write a
letter to the veterinarian making the request stating his/her opinion of the
case with the modes, of treatment he/she thinks proper to be adopted.
 If a veterinarian is engaged to attend on a patient of dystocia or a similar distress
he/she shall do so Refusal to do so under excuse of another engagement is
unethical except when he/she is already engaged in similar or another serious
case (s).
 When a veterinarian engaged to attend a serious case is absent and another
veterinarian is sent for, the latter shall be entitled to legitimate fees; provided
that he/she shall secure the client’s consent to withdraw on arrival of the former
at a mutually consented or logical phase.
 When it becomes the duty of a veterinarian occupying an official position to see
and report on an illness or injury or any other professional problems concerning
a patient, he/she shall do so, but communicate to the veterinarian in attendance,
so as to give him/her an option to be present. The former shall avoid remarks on
the diagnosis or treatment that has been adopted. This does not prevent him/her
from discussion the matter with the later in isolation.

DUTIES OF PRACTITIONERS IN CONSULTATION

 Consultation shall be encouraged: In case of serious illness / doubtful or difficult

conditions, a veterinarian shall always request consultation; he/she shall also do
so in the case of major surgical interventions, out break of herd diseases,
poisoning, endemic or undiagnosible situations.
 Punctuality in consultations: Punctuality shall be observed by a veterinarian in
attending a consultation. If a consultant veterinarian does not arrive within
reasonable time, the consulting veterinarian shall be at liberty to see the patient;
provided that he/she shall leave his/her conclusion in writing in a closed
envelope. The same rule is applicable if the consulting veterinarian fails to turn
up in time.
 Patient referred to another veterinarian
o When a patient is referred to another veterinarian, a statement of the
history, observation, clinical and laboratory examination as well as the
tentative treatments undertaken shall be given.
o On receipt of the above statement the veterinarian receiving the referred
case shall communicate his/her opinion to the attending veterinarian and
either shall continue the treatment as per his/her opinion or return the
case along with his/her opinion communicated.
 Consultation for patient’s benefit: In every consultation, the benefit of the patient
shall be of prime importance. It should not be done with an ulterior motive of
evasion of responsibilities or on monetary considerations.

175
  Conduct of consultation
o In consultation there shall be not place for insincerity, rivalry or envy. All
due respect shall be shown to the veterinarian in charge of the case and no
statement or remark shall be made which would impair the confidence
reposed in him/her by the client. For this purpose no such discussion
shall, therefore, be made before the client.
o All statements to the client shall be made in the presence of consulting
veterinarian, except as otherwise agreed. Announcement to the client also
shall be made by the consulting veterinarian to the extent possible.
o Difference of opinion shall not be divulged, unless both feel that it would
be in the interest of the patient or dignity of the profession.
o It shall be open to the client to take further advice and the consulting
veterinarian with the consent of the client may consult yet another
veterinarian, the rules of ethics remaining the same.
 Cessation of consultation: Attendance of consulting veterinarian shall cease when
consultation is concluded; unless another appointment is arranged by the
attending veterinarian.
 Treatment after consultation
o No decision shall restrain the attending veterinarian from making such
subsequent variation in the treatment as any unexpected change or
development may demand; provided that at the next consultation, reasons
for variations are stated.
o The same privilege, with its obligations, belongs to the consultant when
sent for in an emergency during the absence of attending veterinarian. The
attending veterinarian may prescribe at any time; but the consultant only
in case of emergency or instant need. All treatments by both shall be stated
to each other.
 Consultant not to take charge of the case: When a consultant veterinarian is
called upon to be consulted, none but the rarest and most exceptional
circumstances shall justify the consultant taking charge of the case. He must not
do so merely on solicitation of the client of his representative.
 Bar on consulting non-registered veterinary practitioners: No veterinarian shall
have consultation with a veterinary practitioner who is not registered.

DUTIES OF VETERINARIANS TO THE PUBLIC

 Veterinarian as citizen
o Veterinarians as good citizens possessed of special training, shall advise
concerning the health and husbandry of the animals, in the localities
wherein they dwell. They shall play their part in enforcing the laws of the
community (not favouring any communal overtones or prejudices) and in

176
 substantiating the institutions that advance the interests of humanity.
They shall cooperate with the authorities in the humanity.
o They shall cooperate with the authorities in the observance and
enforcement of sanitary laws and the laws relating to drugs poisons and
pharmacy, made for the protection of health.
 Public health
o A veterinarian engaged in public health work shall enlighten the public
concerning quarantine regulations and measures for the prevention of
epizootic, zoonotic and food borne diseases and intoxications and
communicable diseases. At all times, the veterinarians shall notify the
respective authorities of every case of communicable diseases under their
care in accordance with the laws, rules and regulations of the authorities.
o When an epidemic prevails, the veterinarian shall continue his/her labour
without regard to the risk to his/her own health. He/She shall endeavour
to ensure hygienic handling of animal products and wastes thereof and
educate the public of food-borne diseases and intoxications.

 Livestock production and technology

o A veterinarian shall strive for the betterment of animal production
through timely advice / propaganda on scientific management involving
economically viable and hygienic housing, adoption of scientific breeding
schedule, disease prevention of routines, reproductive health monitoring,
hygienic and systematic care before, at and following parturition, care of
new born, hygienic collection of farm products and proper disposal of
animal products and wastes thereof.
o He/She should strive to educate the public and Para veterinary staff
personnel regarding timely insemination and aseptic handling during A.I.
and discourage the unscientific unhygienic inseminations.

DISCIPLINARY ACTION

 The Veterinary Council of India brings to the notice of the registered veterinary
practitioners the following
o In matters regarding offences and form of professional misconduct, which
may be brought before the appropriate Veterinary Council for disciplinary
action, in view of the authority conferred by section 31 of the Act, the
appropriate Veterinary Councils may award such punishment’s as deemed
necessary or may direct the removal altogether, or for a specific period,
from the register, the name of any registered veterinary practitioner, who

177
 has been convicted of any such offence. The appropriate Veterinary
Council may also direct that any name so removed shall be restored.
o It must be clearly understood that the instances of offences and of
professional misconduct, which are given, do not constitute a complete list
of the infamous acts which may be punished. Circumstances may and do
arise from time to time, in relation to which may occur questions of
professional misconduct, which do not come within any of these
categories. Every care should be taken that the code is not violation in
letter or spirit. In such instance, as in all others the Veterinary Council of
India and/or State Veterinary Council(s) has / have to consider and decide
upon the facts brought before the Veterinary Council of India and/or State
Veterinary Council(s).
 Professional Misconduct: The following actions shall constitute professional
misconduct
o Improper conduct with a patient or maintaining an improper association
with a client.
o Conviction by a Court of law of offences involving moral turpitude.
o Tampering with or falsely providing professional certificates, reports and
other documents. The registered veterinary practitioners are in certain
cases bound by law to give or may from time to time be called upon or
requested to give signed certificates, reports and other documents of
kindred character by courts, administrative offices, banks as part of
veterinary service. (See section 30 of the Act).
 Notwithstanding the existence of other similar and/or kindred
documents such documents shall include:
 A vaccination certificate for licensing of pets.
 A vaccination certificate for transport across border from one
state to another.
 A vaccination certificate for export of animals.
 A soundness certificate for a horse or health certificate for
cattle for the purpose of insurance, registration, etc.
 A certificate indicating results of test (diagnostic) like
tuberculin test.
 Post-mortem reports in vetro-legal cases, for purpose of
insurance claims etc.
 Trauma certificate indivating the extent and nature of
damage and/or deterioration, in vetero-legal cases involving
accidents, cruelty or vindication.
 Birth certificates required at times for purposes of insurance,
registrations, loans etc.

178
  A certificate indicating, reproductive defects, diseases and
other conditions rendering an animal uneconomic (fit for
culling).
 A certificate for euthanasia where treatment is unlikely to be
rewarding and; a certificate of performance of euthanasia.
 Quarantine clearance certificate for having cleared
quarantine at places of disembarkation of
animals/birds/livestock products.
 Any registered veterinary practitioner who shall be proved to have
signed or given under his/her name and authority any such
certificate, report or document of a kindred character which is
untrue, misleading or improperly relating to the several matters,
some of which are specified above, is liable to have his/her name
erased from the Indian Veterinary Practitioners’ Register.
 A registered veterinary practitioner shall maintain a Register of
Veterinary Medical Certificates giving full details of certificates
issued.
 When issuing such a certificate the identification mark of the
patient, name or number, if any, age and other details including
owner’s name and keep a copy of the Certificate for record with
him. The client’s signature and/or thumb impression and a
declaration that he is the genuine owner of the patient or is his
authorized representative shall invariably be obtained.
o Contravention of the provisions of law relating to drugs and regulations
made thereunder.
o Selling a drug or poison regulated by law to the public or his/her clients,
save as provided by that law.
o Performing, or enabling an unqualified person to perform, any illegal
operation for which there is no medical, surgical or psychological
indication.
o Affixing a signboard on a chemist’s shop or in places where the
veterinarian does not reside or work. This should not be construed to
mean announcement, boards or direction indicators.
o While displaying a board or a name plate, to write anything other than
his/her name, qualifications obtained from a University or a statutory
body, titles and names of his/her specialty if any (such name being the
content of his/her prescription papers), and the registration number.
o Before euthanasia or before performing an operation not obtaining in
writing the consent of the client.
o Using touts or agents for procuring patients.

179
  Disciplinary Committees: There shall be a Disciplinary Committee charged with
the duty of considering and determining:-
o (a) Any case of indiscipline referred to them by State Veterinary Council or
appeal by aggrieved registered veterinary practitioners.
o (b) Any other case of which the Disciplinary Committee has cognizance.
 The State Veterinary Council shall investigate, through Committee (s) / Sub
Committee (s) (by fact – finding and receiving complaints), regarding:
o (a) Registered veterinary practitioners being convicted of any criminal
offence which in the opinion of the committee renders unfit to practice
veterinary profession.
o (b) Any such veterinarian detected / judged to have been guilty of
disgraceful conduct in any professional respect.
o (c) Any person whose name is fraudulently entered in the register.
 The State Veterinary Council (s) shall on receipt of complaints regarding any
unregistered individual and individuals who while rendering minor veterinary
services described under sub-section (b) of section 30 of the Act, undertake
unsupervised treatment/veterinary service assuming himself/herself to be a
veterinarian, shall make necessary investigations and advise the concerned State
government to take appropriate action or shall themselves initiate action under
the law.

MODULE-27: DETECTION OF FRAUDS - DOPING,

ALTERNATION OF DESCRIPTION AND BISHOPING

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on the malpractices on and with animals and detection of
frauds like doping, alternation of description and bishoping.

DOPING

 Introduced by American trainers in 1903 Administration of drugs to act as a

stimulant before racing dates.
 Doping was defined as the administration to a horse a short time before race, of
certain substances capable of exciting the physical and nervous impulses of the
animal, before and during the race, by an artificial action produced on the nervo
muscular system.
 Doping originated from an old Dutch word, doop indicating any thick liquid used
as an lubricant or excitant

180
  Doping is defined as the administration to an animal of any substance, other than
a normal nutrient, for the purpose of affecting its speed, stamina, courage or
conduct in a race.
 Stimulants compounds used in horse racing an
o Caffeine Adrenaline Sympathine
o Strychinine Leptazol Methamphetamine groups
o Picrotoxin Amphetamine
o Cocaine
 Drugs used for impairing an animal’s performance Sedatives
o Chloral hydras Paraldehyde Strontium
o Barbiturates Bromides
o Morphine Camphor
o

VETERO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DOPING

 For determining whether or not a horse has given drugs should include
o Clinical examination before the race
o Demonstration of the chemical cleanliness of utensils used in sampling.
o Recovery of adequate volumes of samples fluids.
o Allowing the owner split samples of the fluids to e analysed or right to
have an approved analyst present at the official analysis.
o Use of tests, which distinguish drugs from alkaloids occurring naturally in
the body.
o Specific identification and precise determination of the amount of any
organic substances defected.
o Provision of signed and witnessed laboratory record protocols by the
analyst.

ALTERATION OF DESCRIPTION

 The description of the animal is altered in case it has been stolen or there are
signs which are unsound. Alteration of description is done in the following ways.
o Castration
o Clipping of mane and tail
o Docking
o Colouring of white patches by hair dye

BISHOPING

181
  Bishoping is the act of changing the appearance of equine teeth to make the horse
look younger. This process can involve such processes as filing down the
Galvayne's Groove or changing the shape or length of the teeth, or using silver
nitrate to artificially create cups. This dishonest practice does not reverse other
signs of age shown in enamel rings, the shape of the holes in the smooth-tabled
incisors to make new cups which were then blackened with wearing surface or the
angle of the incisors from the side.

MODULE-28: WOUNDS

 Learning outcome
 This module focusses on the wounds in animals. This module is related to vetero-
legal approach of wounds in animals and its types, depth, shape, how it's made,
diagnosing the causative agents, firearms and its applications in detail.

DEFINITION

 A wound is defined as a forcible breach in the continuity of the soft tissues of the
body including the skin, mucous membrane and cornea. Wounds from the
vetero-legal aspect may be classified as:
o Incised wounds
o Punctured wounds
o Lacerated wounds and
o Firearm wounds

INCISED WOUNDS

 An incised wound is produced by a sharp cutting object such as a knife, razor,

sword, gandasa (chopper), axe, or any object which has a sharp, cutting edge. An
incised wound is always broader than the edge of the weapon causing it owing to
the retraction of the divided tissues. It is somewhat spindle-shaped and gaping,
its superficial extent being greater than its depth.
 This gaping is greater in deep wounds when the muscle fibres have been cut
transversely or obliquely. Its edges are smooth, even, clean-cut, well defined and
usually everted. The edges may be inverted if a thin layer of muscular fibre is
closely united to the skin, as in the scrotum. They may be irregular in cases where
the skin is loose or the cutting edge of the weapon is blunt or heavy. Length of the
incised wound has no relation to the length of the cutting edge of the weapon. A
curved weapon, such as a scythe or sickle, first produces a stab or puncture and
then an incised wound; and sometimes the intervening skin may be left intact.

182
  While describing an incised wound it is always necessary to note its direction. At
commencement the wound is deep, and it gradually becomes shallower and tails
off towards the end, but no direction is noticeable if the weapon has not been
drawn while inflicting the wound.
 Haemorrhage in the case of incised wounds is usually much more than in other
wounds, as a clean-cut blood vessel bleeds considerably more, and bleeding may
be so severe as to cause death, especially if a main artery has been cut.

PUNCTURED WOUNDS (Stabs)

 These are termed ‘penetrating’ wounds when passing through the tissues. They
enter a cavity of the body, such as the thorax or abdomen. Such wounds are
produced by a piercing or stabbing object, such as a pin, needle, knife, scissors,
pickaxe, arrow, etc. A punctured wound caused by a sharp-pointed and cutting
object has clean-cut edges which are almost parallel but slightly curved towards
each other and have sharp angles at the two extremities. An object having one
cutting and one blunt edge will show a certain amount of bruising and raggedness
at one end of the wound.
 The wound is generally wedge-shaped, if it is produced by an object with a thick,
broad back and only one cutting edge and circular or slit-like opening if produced
by sharp-pointed and cylindrical or conical object. The aperture of a punctured
wound in the skin is usually smaller in length than the breadth of the weapon
used. It is sometimes larger as the weapon enlarges the wound, if it is withdrawn
with lateral movement.
 The depth of a punctured wound is much larger than its length or width, and may
be equal to or less than the length of the blade of the object causing it. In some
cases the depth may even be greater than the length of the blade owing to the fact
that the force of the blow may depress the tissues of the part struck, allowing the
point to reach the deeper tissues such as in the abdomen.
 There may be very little external haemorrhage and yet profuse haemorrhage may
take place internally owing to some vital organ having been penetrated.
 In the case of a perforating wound, there are two wounds, one, the wound of
entry and the other, the wound of exit. The wound of entry is usually larger with
inverted edges and the wound of exit is smaller and has everted edges. The edges
of the entrance wound may be found everted, when the weapon used is rough and
rusty.
 In some cases two or more punctures may be found in the soft parts with only
one external orifice. This shows that the object had been partially withdrawn
after it pierced the tissues, and thrust again in a new direction.
 Sometimes it is argued that a punctured wound may have been caused by a fall on
a sharp-pointed piece of an earthenware pot or broken glass. In that case the

183
 edges of the wound are irregular and more or less bruised, and fragments of such
article may be found embedded in the soft tissues.

LACERATED WOUNDS

 These are tears or splits produced by blows with blunt objects and missiles,
violent falls on sharp and hard projecting surfaces, by machinery and railway
accidents, by the wheels of a vehicle, by the claws, teeth or horns of animals and
by projecting nails. These wounds do not generally correspond in shape or size to
the object producing them. Their edges are torn, jagged, irregular and swollen or
contused. The tissues are torn and the skin around the seat of injury is
ecchymosed and the underlying bones are likely to be fractured, while the
internal organs may be injured.
 Foreign bodies such as earth, grease, machine oil, cinder, hair, fibres etc. are
frequently found in the wounds which are, therefore, predisposed to infection.
 When produced by a blunt weapon such as a club (lathi), crowbar, stone, etc., a
lacerated wound is usually accompanied by a considerable amount of bruising of
the surrounding and underlying tissues, and has everted and irregular edges.
When a heavy weight like a wheel of heavy or a truck passes over any of the
extremities it tears the skin and crushes the muscles and soft parts beneath it,
releasing considerable blood fat in them. Crush syndrome or fat embolism may
occasionally follow.
 The direction of shelving of the margins of a lacerated wound indicates the
direction of the blow applied to cause the wound.
 Hemorrhage in lacerated wounds is, as a rule, not extensive owing to the - that
the arteries are not cut evenly but are torn across irregularly so as facilitate
clotting of the blood. In lacerated wounds of the head, the oral arteries often
spurt as freely and forcefully as when cut cleanly.

FIREARM WOUNDS

 Types of firearms
o Shotguns - which fire a number of shots together, with barrels varying in
size from 22 to 30 bore are smooth inside and are commonly used to kill
birds and small animals. An average shotgun cartridge varies in size from
2 to 3 inches. Ordinarily shotguns are effective within a range of thirty to
forty yards.
o Rifled firearms - These are firearms which fire a single bullet and have one
barrel only. These have firing range of upto 1000 yards and can cause
serious or fatal injury to man or animals.

184
 Firearms generally produce two wounds or apertures, viz., one of entrance and
the other of exit of the projectile. The wound of entrance is usually smaller than
the projectile because of the elasticity of the skin, and is round when the
projectile strikes the body at right angles and oval when it strikes obliquely.
When a wound of entrance is present, but not the wound of exit, it means that a
bullet is lodged in the body, except in those cases where the bullet has been
coughed up after entering the respiratory passages or lost in the stool after
entering the intestinal tract and also when a hard bullet coming in contact with a
bone is so deflected as to pass out through the same orifice by which it entered. If
a bullet is lodged in the body it must be taken out if death has occurred, and
forwarded to the Superintendent of Police in a sealed envelope containing its
description in the Veterinary Officer's handwriting as it forms evidence of the
greatest value. While searching for a bullet it must be borne in mind that it may
take a very erratic and circuitous course while passing through the body. In a case
where death has not occurred, the bullet should be located by means of X-ray, if
possible.
 The flame and the forceful expansion of the gases of explosion in the skin and
subcutaneous tissues usually cause a large entry wound, the edges of which are
ragged and everted. Wadding or debris may be found lodged in the wound with
the skin surrounding it being scorched and tattooed with particles of
unconsumed gunpowder. The entry wound of a revolver fired very near or in
contact with the skin is stellate or cruciform in shape instead of being circular.
When it is fired from beyond a distance of12 inches, there are no gunpowder
marks around the wound. If the revolver is fired close to the skin but held at an
angle, the smudging and tattooing is limited only to one side of the bullet hole.
The wound of exit is often larger than the wound of entrance, and its edges are
irregular and everted, but free from scorching and tattooing. The edges of both
the wounds of entrance and exit may be everted in fat animals due to protrusion
of fat into the wounds, and in decomposed bodies because of the expansible
action of the gases of putrefaction. The edges of the wound of exit may be very
ragged and torn, if the projectile was discharged at close quarters, had passed
through the bone or was deformed by striking elsewhere first (wound by recoil).
These characters of the wound are due to the wobble of the projectile, its
deformed condition, laceration of the skin by fragments of bone expelled from the
body along with the projectile or by the splintered pieces of the projectile itself.
 Large bullets cause greater damage to the internal organs than small ones. Round
bullets produce larger wounds than conical ones. They cause extensive laceration
of the tissues and comminuted fracture of the bones if 'hey strike the body at a
different angle and sometimes their course is arrested by coming in contact with
chains or other hard articles. Conical bullets produce much less laceration than

185
 round ones, and the rounds caused by them are punctured in appearance. Conical
bullets rarely split in the tissues, though round ones often do.
 Modern, steel-jacketed bullets used in army weapons have the shape of an
elongated cone and owing to their great velocity usually pass straight d directly
through the body without any deflection or deviation, and without causing much
damage. The wounds of entry and exit are almost circular and similar in
appearance, without any bruising or laceration of the surrounding parts. Such
wounds heal very rapidly. Even wounds caused by such bullets in the brain,
lungs, or intestines often run a perfectly normal course, and heal without any
difficulty. Expanding, grooved, dumdum bullets are very destructive and produce
extensive wounds with ragged margins.
 Fragments of shell are also destructive and cause extensive wounds. Irregular
missiles, such as pieces of stone, iron, kankar, beads of brass or nickel anklets or
wristlets, seeds etc. used in muzzle-loading guns produce several irregular,
lacerated wounds, and the exit wounds are larger than the entrance wounds. It is
possible for a single pellet or shot to cause death. Wadding or gunpowder may
cause laceration and may produce death by penetrating the internal organs of the
body, even if a blank cartridge is discharged close to the body.

VELOCITY OF PROJECTILE

 A bullet travelling at high velocity produces a clean, circular, punched-out

aperture or slit, as in a stabbing wound, and usually perforates the body.
 It is not deflected from its path by striking a bone, but may cause its
comminution or splintering. On the other hand, a bullet of low velocity causes
contusion and laceration of the margins of the wound of entrance. It is easily
deflected and deformed by striking some hard object, and often lodges in the
body.
 The track made by a bullet widens as it goes deeper. This is the reverse of a
punctured wound. If a bullet grazes a bone, it may produce a gutter, with or
without fracturing it, and may or may not give the direction or deflection of the
bullet.

DISTANCE OF FIREARM

 If a firearm is discharged very close to the body or in actual contact with it,
subcutaneous tissues over an area of two or three inches round the wound of
entrance are lacerated and the surrounding skin is usually scorched and
blackened by smoke and tattooed with unburnt grains of gunpowder.

186
  If the gunpowder is smokeless there will be no blackening of the skin, but there
may be a greyish or white deposit on the skin around the wound. No blackening
or scorching is found, if the firearm is discharged from a distance of more than
four feet.
 Moreover, these signs may be absent even when the weapon is pressed tightly
against the body, as the gases of the explosion and the flame, smoke and particles
of gunpowder will all follow the track of the bullet in the body. The effects
produced by small shot fired from a shotgun vary according to the distance of the
weapon from the body, and the choking device.
 A charge of small shot fired very close to, or within a few inches of, the body
enters in one mass like a single bullet, making a large irregular wound with
scorched and contused edges, and is followed by the discharge gases which
greatly lacerate and rupture the deeper tissues.
 Particles of unburnt powder expelled from the weapon behind the missile are
driven to some distance through the wound, and some of them are found
embedded in e wound and the surrounding skin which is also singed and
blackened by the flame and smoke of combustion.
 The exit wound of a close range shows greater damage to tissues than the
entrance wound, the margins everted, but there is no evidence of blackening or
singeing.
 At a distance of one to three feet small shot make a single aperture with irregular
and erated edges corresponding in size to the bore of the muzzle of the gun, as the
shots enter as one mass, but are scattered after entering the wound and cause
great damage to the internal tissues.
 The skin surrounding the wound is blackened, scorched and tattooed with
unconsumed grains of powder. On the other hand, at a distance of six feet the
central aperture surrounded in an area of about two inches in diameter by
separate openings made by a few pellets of the shot which spread out before
reaching mark.
 The skin surrounding the aperture is not blackened or scorched, but is tattooed to
some extent.
 At a distance of twelve feet the charge of shot spreads widely and enters the body
as individual pellets producing separate openings in an area of five to eight inches
in diameter, but without causing blackening, scorching or tattooing of the
surrounding skin. As the distance increases, the damage caused by a single pellet
diminishes, until at about 30 feet, it is only capable of penetrating the skin of an
animal.

TIME OF FIRING

187
  After recent discharge a black deposit of potassium sulphide mixed with carbon is
found in the barrel of the firearm, if black gunpowder was used. Up to five or six
hours this deposit forms a strongly alkaline solution when dissolved in distilled
water and emits an offensive odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. If the solution is
filtered, and the filtrate is treated with a solution of lead acetate, a black
precipitate of lead sulphide is formed. After exposure to air and moisture for a
few days the potassium sulphide becomes converted into thiosulphate,
thiocyanate and finally potassium sulphate, that gives a neutral solution with
distilled water that gives a white precipitate with lead acetate. Later, oxides of
iron (iron rust) with traces of iron sulphate are formed in the barrel.
 Smokeless nitro-powders leave a dark grey deposit in the barrel of a recently
discharged firearm. It does not change with the lapse of time, gives a neutral
solution with distilled water, and contains nitrites and nitrates, but not sulphides.
If chromate or bichromate powder is used, the residue in the barrel is usually of a
greenish tint.
 It should be borne in mind that the composition of the deposit will vary
considerably if the firearm was dirty at the time of its discharge, and a
veterinarian has no means to know its condition prior to discharge. Again, a
deposit would not be found if the weapon had been thoroughly cleansed after
discharge.

VETERO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF WOUNDS : EXAMINATION OF

THE INJURED ANIMAL

 The Veterinary Officer may be supplied by the Police Superintendent or The

Magistrate the following form which he is required to fill in after examining the
injured animal.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Nature of Size of On Simple, By Whether Remarks

injury each what grievous what the
ether cut, injury part of or weapon weapon
wound, in the dangerous was
bruise, inches, body dangerous
burn, that is inflicted or not
fracture or length,
dislocation breadth
and
depth

188
  The Veterinary Officer should be very careful in filling in this form. First of he
should write at the left hand top corner of the form identification of animal and
the name and number of the police constable accompanying it and should note
the mark or marks of identification to enable him to recognize the injured animal.
He should then note the exact time of the examination, viz. hour, date, month
and year, and proceed with the examination proper as below:

Nature of Injury

 While describing the injuries in columns 1, 2 and 3 of the form, the Veterinary
officer should carefully note their nature and number, the character of their
edges, their size as regards length, breadth and depth, the line of direction and
their situation. Presence of any extraneous material in the wound should be
carefully noted. If necessary, he should use a magnifying lens. All the injuries
should be measured with a tape-measure, and the exact measurements in inches
must be given. While mentioning the exact situations a reference to some bony
prominences or anatomical contours should be made.

Simple, Grievous or Dangerous Injury

 In column NO.4 it must be mentioned whether the injury is simple, grievous or

dangerous to life. A simple or slight injury is one which is neither extensive nor
serious, and which heals rapidly without leaving any permanent deformity or
disfiguration.
 Grievous injuries as described in Section 320, I.P.C., are as follows
o Emasculation.
o Permanent privation of the sight of either eye.
o Permanent privation of the hearing of either ear.
o Privation of any membrane or joint.
o Destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any membrane or
joint.
o Permanent disfiguration of the head or face.
o Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth.
o Any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be, during a
period of twenty days, in severe bodily pain, or unable to follow ordinary
pursuits.

KIND OF WEAPON & AGE OF INJURY

 In the fifth column the kind of weapon by which the injury was inflicted should
be mentioned. In the remarks column the age of injury should be noted.

189
Age of Injury

 The age of a bruise may be ascertained from the colour changes which its
ecchymosis undergoes. These changes start from eighteen to twenty- four hours
after its infliction. On histological examination at necropsy the
polymorphonuclear leucocytes in a haematoma begin to disintegrate after 3 to 5
hours, mostly they are fragmented within 21 hours and by 30 hours the
basophilic nuclear fragments have either undergone autolysis or have been
engulfed by the phagocytic monocytes.
 The age of a wound may be ascertained by observing stages of its healing process.
 A wound, which is not thoroughly aseptic and is, gaping owing to loss of tissue,
heals by the formation of granulation tissue.
 The vascular endothelium shows distinct proliferative changes, and vascular buds
are given off from the minute vessels at the periphery during twenty-four hours.
 A complete network of new capillary vessels is formed in thirty-six to forty hours.
 Spindle-shaped cells, which run at right angles to the vessels in the deeper parts
of the wound, are visible in forty-eight to fifty-six hours.
 Definite fibrils are seen running parallel to the long fibroblasts in three to six
days.
 The cellular structure and vessels are obliterated gradually, and are replaced by a
dense fibrous scar tissue in three to four weeks.
 Pus may appear in a septic wound in about thirty-six to forty-eight hours.
 In bone fracture the reparative process indicates its approximate time.
 Signs of inflammation and exudation of blood in the soft parts and around the
fractured ends - first to the third day.
 Soft provisional callus- fourth to the fifteenth day.
 Ossification of callus- fifteenth day to the fifth week. Complete absorption of
callus- six to eight weeks.
 Bone formation does not occur in comminuted fractures.
 In the case of dislocation of a joint, the time can be judged from the colour
changes of the bruise.
 When a tooth has been hit and has dropped out, bleeding from its socket may
continue for a few hours. The cavity of the socket usually fills up in seven to ten
days, and the alveolar process becomes quite smooth after fourteen days.

CAUSES OF DEATH FROM WOUNDS

 The causes of death from wounds may be immediate or direct and remote or
indirect.

Immediate or direct

190
  Haemorrhage
o It may be extemal or internal. External haemorrhage may produce marked
fall in blood pressure and consequent shock, causing death either rapidly,
if a large blood vessel, such as the carotid or femoral artery, has been
wounded, or slowly, if a number of small vessels have been injured.
Sudden loss of blood is more dangerous than the same quantity lost
slowly. The loss of one-third of the blood in the body is almost enough to
cause death. Internal haemorrhage may occur in penetrating and gunshot
wounds. It need not be profuse for a fatal result; for a small quantity of
haemorrhage in the brain or pericardium may prove rapidly fatal by
disturbing the functions of the brain or heart owing to mechanical
pressure on them. Blood flowing into the windpipe may cause death
mechanically by asphyxia Rupture of internal organs like spleen, liver,
lungs and heart usually causes fatal internal haemorrhage, only the
symptoms are often noticed after a few hours.
 Injury to a vital organ
o Severe injury to a vital organ, such as crushing of the brain, heart, lungs,
etc., is, as a rule, rapidly fatal.
o
 Shock
o Death may occur from shock without any visible injury due to paralysis of
the heart by a hit in the cardiac region. Death from shock occurs easily in
animals that are severely ill and weak, old and young.

Remote or indirect

 Inflammation of the internal organs, such as meningitis, cerebritis, pleurisy,

pneumonia, peritonitis, etc.
 Septic infection of a wound causing septicaemia, pyaemia or exhaustion from
prolonged suppuration.
 Gangrene or necrosis resulting from severe crushing of parts and tearing of the
blood vessels or crush syndrome.
 Thrombosis in veins and embolism.
 Infective diseases, such as erysipelas and tetanus, which may develop through the
entrance of the causal organism through a wound.
 Fat Embolism occurring after fracture of long bones and injury to fatty tissue.
 In injuries to the jugular, cephalic and femoral veins, air may be sucked in
because of the negative pressure during inspiration and intravenous injection
may cause death.
 Neglect of Injured Animal

191
  Result of Surgical Operation - If death follows a surgical operation performed for
the treatment of an injury caused by the offender, he shall be responsible for the
result, if it is proved that the death was inevitable even without the operation and
that the operation was thought necessary and was performed by a competent
surgeon with reasonable care and skill.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WOUNDS INFLICTED-DURING LIFE

AND AFTER DEATH

 There is more or less copious haemorrhage in all wounds. The effused blood is
forced into the tissue interspaces in the vicinity of the wounds, and is found
infiltrated into the cellular and muscular tissues.
 There is consequent staining of the edges of the wounds and the neighbouring
tissues, which cannot be removed by washing, but the staining caused by the
blood effused from post-mortem wounds is easily removed by washings.
 Inhaled blood will be found in the lungs and bronchi, if the area of haemorrhage
communicates with the bronchial tree. There will be clots of effused blood in the
wounds and tissues, and in the neighbourhood of the body.
 Clotting of the blood normally occurs in about four to ten minutes. There will also
be signs of spouting of arterial blood on the body, or in its vicinity. In a contusion
ecchymosis, absorption, changes in the colour and a swelling of the neighbouring
tissue will be present.
 On dissection coagulated blood will be found in the subcutaneous tissues.
Retraction of Edges of the Wound will be present if caused in life. Likewise Signs
of Inflammation and Reparative Processes will be present if made during life.

MODULE-29: TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS RULES, 1978

 Learning outcome
 Transport of animals in India is still a crude practice. This module focusses on
the transport of animals by road, train, air and by ship. In addition we are
discussing about the healthcare while transport. The laws and rules for transport
of animals were already discussed.

DEFINITION

 Rule 1: Short title

o These rules may be called the Transport of Animals Rules; 1978.
 Rule 2: Definitions
o In these rules unless the context otherwise requires

192
  Qualified veterinary surgeon means one who holds a diploma or a
degree of a recognised veterinary college;
 "Schedule" means a schedule appended to these rules.

TRANSPORT OF DOGS AND CATS

 Rule 3
o Rules 4 to 14 shall apply to the transport of dogs and cats of all breeds
whether by rail, road, inland waterway, sea or air.
 Rule 4
o A valid health certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that
the dogs and cats are in a fit condition to travel by a rail, road, inland
waterway, sea or air and are not showing any sign of infectious or
contagious disease including rabies, shall accompany each consignment
and the certificate shall be in the form specified in Schedule-A.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
 Rule 5: No dog or cat in an advanced stage of pregnancy shall be transported.
 Rule 6: Dogs or cats to be transported in the same container shall be of the same
species and breed. Unweaned puppies or kittens shall not be transported with
adult dogs or cats other than their darns. No female dog or cat in season (oestrus)
shall be transported with any male.
 Rule 7: Any dog or cat reported to be vicious or exhibiting a vicious disposition
shall be transported individually in a cage, muzzeled and labelled to give warning
to the handlers. In extreme cases, the dogs or cats shall be administered with
sedative drugs by a qualified veterinary surgeon.
 Rule 8
o When dogs or cats are to be transported for long distances
 They shall be fed and given water at least two hours prior to their
transport and shall not be packed for transport if they are hungry or
thirsty
 They should be exercised as late as possible before despatch;
 They shall be given adequate water for drinking every four hours in
summer or every six hours during winter;
 They shall be fed once in twelve hours in the case of adult dogs or
cats and they shall be fed once in four hours in the case of puppies
and kittens in accordance with the instructions of the consignors if
any;
 Adequate arrangements shall be made for their care and
management during the journey.

193
 o When the dogs or cats are to be transported by rail involving a journey of
more than six hours, an attendant shall accompany the dogs or cats to
supply them with food and water on the way and the attendant shall have
access to the dogs or cats for this purpose at all stations and no dog or cat
shall be exposed to the direct blast of air during such journey.
 Rule 9
o Where dogs or cats are to be transported for short distance byroad in a
public vehicle, the following precautions are to be taken namely
 they shall be put in a cage and the cage containing the dogs or cats
shall not be put on the roof of the vehicle but shall be put inside the
vehicle preferably near the end of the vehicle;
 the vehicle transporting the dogs or cats shall as far as possible
maintain constant speed, avoiding sudden stops and reducing
effects of shocks and jolts to the minimum;
 at least one attendant shall be present at all times during transit
who shall ensure that proper transit conditions are observed and
shall also replenish food and water whenever necessary.

 Rule 10
o Where dogs or cats are to be transported by air
 The cages shall be properly cleaned and disinfected before the dogs
or cats are put in the cages.
 Sufficient pady straw or saw dust or paper cuttings shall be
provided for cats in the cages as resting material.
 For international transport, the dogs or cats shall be kept in a
pressurized compartment with regulated temperature.
 Rule 11: The size and type of crates for transport of dogs and cats shall confirm
as clearly as may be to the size and type specified in Schedule-B and Schedule-C
respectively.
 Rule 12: All containers of dogs or cats shall be clearly labelled showing the
names, address and telephone number (if any) of the consignor.
 Rule 13: The consignee shall be informed about the train or transport arrival or
flight number and its time or arrival in advance.
 Rule 14: Consignment of dogs or cats to be transported by rail or road shall be
booked by the next passenger or main train or bus and should not be detained
after accepting the consignment for booking.

TRANSPORT OF MONKEYS

 Rule 15: Rules 16 to 23 shall apply to the transport of all types of monkeys from
the trapping area to the nearest rail-head.

194
 Rule 16
o A valid health certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that
the monkeys are in a fit condition to travel from the trapping area to the
nearest unit-head and are not showing any sign of infections or contagious
disease shall accompany each consignment.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
o The certificate shall be in a form specified in Schedule-D.
o
 Rule 17
o Monkeys from one trapping area shall not be allowed to mix with monkeys
from any other trapping area for preventing the dangers or cross-
infection.
o The time in transit from trapping area to the nearest rail-head shall be as
short as possible and factors causing stress to monkeys shall be reduced to
the minimum.
o If the travel time is longer than six hours provision shall be made to feed
and to give water to the monkeys en route.
o During transit, precautions shall be taken to protect the monkeys from
extreme weather conditions and monkeys that die en route shall be
removed at the earliest available opportunity.
 Rule 18: Monkeys that are not completely weaned, that is, under 1.8 kilogram in
weight, shall not be transported except when specifically permitted by the Central
Government.
 Rule 19
o Pregnant and nursing monkeys shall not be transported except when
specifically permitted by the Central Government.
o Pregnant and nursing monkeys as well as monkeys weighing more than 5
kilograms shall be transported in compartmented cages.
 Rule 20: All monkeys in the same cage shall be of the same species and of
approximately the same weight and size.
 Rule 21: Monkeys captured within their natural habitat shall be placed in new,
sterilized or thoroughly cleaned cages and subsequent transfer, if any, shall also
be in new, disinfected or thoroughly cleaned cages.
 Rule 22: Monkeys shall be transported from trapping area to the nearest rail-
head by the fastest means of transport available and the monkeys shall not be left
unattended at any time during the journey.
 Rule 23
o Monkeys shall be transported in suitable wooden or bamboo cages, so
constructed as not to allow the escape of the monkeys but permit sufficient
passage of air ventilation.

195
 o No nails, metallic projections or sharp edges shall be exposed on the
exterior or in the interior of the cages.
o Each cage shall be equipped with appropriate water and feed recept3cles
which are leak proof and capable ofbeing cleaned and refilled during
transit.
o The floor ofthe cages shall be made of bamboo reapers and the space
between each reaper shall range between 20 mm and30mm.
o To facilitate carriage of these cages, provision may be made for rope loops
at the four top ends.
o The weight of anyone loaded cage shall not exceed 45 kilograms.
o The following two sizes of cages shall be used.
 910 x 760 x 510 mm - to contain not more than twelve monkeys,
weighing between 1.8 and 3.00 kilograms each or ten monkeys
weighing between 3.1 and 5.0 kilograms each.
 710 x 710 x 510 mm - to contain not more than ten monkeys
weighing between 1.8 and 3.00 kilograms each or eight monkeys
weighing between 3.1 and 5.00 kilograms each.
o Provided that wooden cages as specified in Schedule-F to these rules may
also be used for carrying monkeys from the trapping area to the nearest
rail-head.
o The construction details of two types of cages shall be as given in
Schedule-E.
 Rule 24: Rules 25 to 32 shall apply to transport of monkeys from a rail-head to
another rail-head or from a rail-head to nearest airport.
 Rule 25
o Loading and unloading shall be carned out quickly and efficiently.
o Cages shall be stored in such a manner that ventilation is adequate and the
monkeys are not exposed to draught and direct heat or cold.
o Monkeys found dead shall be removed as quickly as possible for suitable
disposal.
 Rule 26: The transport cages shall be in accordance with specifications given in
Rule 28.
 Rule 27
o Due provision shall be made by the sender for a sufficient supply of food
and water for the journey.
o In case the journey is over six hours an attendant shall accompany the
monkeys to supply them food, water, and such other things, on route and
he shall have access to, the monkeys for feeding, giving water and
attention at all stations en route.
o The food and water containers shall be checked at least every six hours and
refilled, if necessary.

196
 o Monkeys shall not be disturbed during the night hours.
 Rule 28: Not more than one cage shall be placed over the other and gunny
packing shall be placed between two cages, when one is placed over the other.
 Rule 29: Monkeys shall be brought to the airport sufficiently early.
 Rule 30: Monkeys shall be provided with food and water immediately before
loading on the aircraft.
 Rule 31
o The cages shall be clearly labelled showing the name, address and
telephone number (if any) of the consignor and the consignee in bold red
letters.
o The consignee shall be informed about the train in which the consignment
of monkeys is being sent and its arrival time in advance.
o The consignment of monkeys to be transported shall be booked by the next
passenger or main train and should not be detained after the consignment
is accepted for booking.
 Rule 32
o A valid health certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that
the monkeys are in a fit condition to travel from the nearest rail-head to
another rail-head or from a rail-head to the nearest airport and are not
showing any signs of infectious or contagious disease shall accompany
each consignment.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
o The certificate shall be in a form specified in Schedule-D.
 Rule 33: Rules 34 to 45 shall apply in relation to the transport of monkeys by
air.
 Rule 34: The time in transit shall be as short as possible and factors causing
stress to monkeys shall be reduced to the minimum.
 Rule 35: Monkeys that are not completely weaned, that is, under 1.8 kilograms
in weight, shall not be transported except when specifically permitted by the
Central Government.
 Rule 36: Pregnant and nursing monkeys shall not be transported except when
specifically permitted by the Central Government. Pregnant and nursing
monkeys and monkeys weighing over 5 kilograms shall be transported in
specially designed individual cages.
 Rule 37: All monkeys in the same shall be of the same species and of
approximately the same weight and size.
 Rule 38
o In view of the dangers of infection, only monkeys of the same species shall
be transported in the same cabin or compartment of the aircraft.

197
 o Apparently sick or disabled monkeys exhibiting external injuries or
infested with parasites shall not be transported.
o Transport of other species of animals, birds, fish, food stuff or poisonous
materials, such as pesticides and insecticides, in the same cabin or
compartment shall not be permitted.
 Rule 39
o At no time during transit shall the monkeys be left unattended when
carried in a freighter aircraft.
o At least one attendant shall be present at all times when the aircraft is on
the ground.
 Rule 40
o Monkeys shall be transported in suitable wooden cages, so constructed as
not to allow the escape of the monkeys and shall allow sufficient passage of
air for ventilation; no nails, metallic projections or sharp edges shall be
exposed in the interior or on the exterior of such cages. Each cage shall be
equipped with water and food receptacles which shall be leak -proof and
be capable of being cleaned and refilled during transit. A suitable
absorbent material such as saw dust shall be kept in the dropping trays.
o The weight of anyone loaded cage shall not exceed 45 kilograms many
case.
o The following two sizes of cages shall be used:
 460 x 460 x 460 mm - to contain not more than ten monkeys
weighing from 1. 8 to 3.0 kilograms each or four monkeys weighing
from 3.1 to 5.0 kilograms each; and
 760 x 530 x 460 mm - to contain not more than ten monkeys
weighing from 1. 8 to 3.0 kilograms each or eight monkeys weighing
from 3.1 to 5.0 kilograms each.
o The construction details of the two types of cages shall be as given in
Schedule-F.
o The construction details of the two types of cages used for the transport of
pregnant and nursing monkeys shall be as given in Schedule-G.
 Rule 41
o The cages shall be clearly labelled showing the name, address and
telephone number (if any) of the consignor and the consignee in bold red
letters.
o The consignee shall be informed in advance about the flight number of the
freighter aircraft in which the consignment of monkeys is being sent and
its arrival time.
o The consignment of monkeys to be transported shall be booked by the next
flight of the freighter aircraft and should not be detained after the
consignment is accepted for booking.

198
  Rule 42
o A valid health certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that
the monkeys are fit to travel by air and are not showing any signs of
infectious or contagious disease shall accompany each consignment of
monkeys.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for shipment.
o The form of a certificate under sub-rule (1) be as given in Schedule-D.
 Rule 43
o The air shall be changed not less than twelve times per hour and draughts
shall be avoided and there shall be no dead pockets of air.
o Except when the monkeys are being fed and given water; they shall travel
in semi, darkness to make them quieter and less inclined to fight and thus
give them better opportunities of resting.
 Rule 44: The food and water containers shall be checked at every stop and
refilled; if necessary, and a sufficient stock of food shall be available on the
aircraft and at likely stopping places.
o Note: About 85 grams of food per monkey is required daily. Suitable foods
are dry cereal grains or gram. It is recommended that whole gram made
into biscuits or wheat meal bread should be fed. A minimum of 140 ml of
water shall be allowed for each monkey per day.
 Rule 45: An empty cage of the usual dimensions with its sides covered except 50
mm at the top to allow for ventilation shall be provided in the freighter aircraft
for housing the monkeys which fall sick or are injured during the journey.

TRANSPORT OF CATTLE

 Rule 46: Rules 47 to 56 shall apply to the transport by rail of cows, bulls,
bullocks, buffaloes, yaks and calves (hereinafter in these rules referred to as
cattle).
 Rule 47
o A valid certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that the
cattle are in a fit condition to travel by rail or road and are not suffering
from any infectious or contagious or parasitic diseases and that they have
been vaccinated against rinderpest and any other infectious or contagious
or parasitic diseases shall accompany each consignment.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
o The certificate shall be in the form specified in Schedule-E.
 Rule 48: Veterinary first -aid equipment shall accompany all batches of cattle.
 Rule 49

199
 o Each consignment shall bear a label showing in bold red letters the name,
address and telephone number (if any) of the consignor and consignee the
number and types of cattle being transported and quantity of rations and
food provided.
o The consignee shall be informed about the train or vehicle in which the
consignment of cattle is being sent and its arrival time in advance.
o The consignment of cattle shall be booked by the next train or vehicle and
shall not be detained after the consignment is accepted for booking.
 Rule 50: The average space provided per cattle in Railway wagon or vehicle shall
not be less than two square metres.
 Rule 51
o Suitable rope and platforms should be used for loading cattle from
vehicles.
o In case of railway wagon the dropped door of the wagon may be used as a
ramp when loading or unloading is done to the platform.
 Rule 52: Cattle shall be loaded after they are properly fed and given water.
 Rule 53: Cattle in advanced stage of pregnancy shall not be mixed with young
cattle in order to avoid stampede during transportation.
 Rule 54:
o Watering arrangements on route shall be made and sufficient quantities of
water shall be carried for emergency.
o Sufficient feed and fodder with adequate reserve shall be carried to last
during the journey.
o Adequate ventilation shall be ensured.
 Rule 55: When cattle is to be transported by rail:
o An ordinary goods wagon shall carry not more than ten adult cattle or
fifteen calves on broad gauge, not more than six adult cattle or ten calves
on metre guage, or not more than four adult cattle or six calves on narrow
gauge.
o Every wagon carrying cattle shall have at least one attendant.
o Cattle shall be loaded parallel to the rails, facing each other.
o Rations for padding, such as straw, shall be placed on the floor to avoid
injury if a cattle lies down and this shall not be less than 6cms thick.
o Rations for the journey shall be carried in the middle of the wagon.
o To provide adequate ventilation, upper door of one side of the wagon shall
be kept open properly fixed and the upper door of the wagon shall have
wire gauge closely welded mesh arrangements to prevent burning cindars
from the engines entering the wagon and leading to fire outbreak.
o Cattle wagons should be attached in the middle of the train.
o Cooking shall not be allowed in the wagons nor hurricane lamps without
chimneys.

200
 o Two breast bars shall be provided on each side of the wagon, one at height
of 60 to 80 cm and the other at 100 at 110 cm.
o Cattle-in-milk shall be milked at least twice a day and the calves shall be
given sufficient quantity of milk to drink.
o As far as possible, cattle may be moved during the nights only.
o During daytime, if possible, they should be unloaded, fed, given water and
rested and if in milk, milking shall be carried out.
 Rule 56: When cattle are to be transported by goods vehicle the following
precautions are to be taken namely:
o Specially fitted goods vehicles with a special type of tail board and padding
around the sides should be used;
o Ordinary goods vehicles shall be provided with anti-slipping material, such
as coir matting or wooden board on the floor and the superstructure, if
low, should be raised;
o No goods vehicle shall carry more than six cattle;
o Each goods vehicle shall be provided with one attendant.
o While transporting the cattle, the goods vehicle shall not be loaded with
any other merchandise; and
o To prevent cattle being frightened or injured, they should preferably face
the engine.

TRANSPORT OF EQUINES

 Rule 57: Rules 57 to 63 shall apply to the transport by rail, road, and sea of
horses, mules and donkeys (hereinafter in these rules referred to as 'equines').
 Rule 58
o A valid certificate by a qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that the
equines are in a fit condition to travel by rail; road or sea and are not
suffering from any infectious or contagious disease or diseases shall
accompany each consignment.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
o The certificates shall be in a form specified in Schedule-I.
 Rule 59
o Each consignment shall bear a label showing in bold red letters the name,
address and telephone number (if any) of the consignor and consignee the
number and type of equines being transported and quantity of rations and
food provided.
o The consignee shall be informed in advance about the train or vehicle or
ship in which the consignment of equines is being sent and its arrival time.

201
 o The consignment of equines to be transported shall be booked by the next
train or vehicle or ship and shall not be detained after the consignment is
accepted for booking.
 Rule 60
o Pregnant and young equines shall not be mixed with other animals.
o Different species of equines shall be kept separately.
o Equines shall be loaded after being fed and given water adequately,
watering arrangements shall be made en route and sufficient food carried
to last during the journey.
o Veterinary first-aid equipment shall accompany all batches of equines.
o Adequate ventilation shall be ensured.
o Suitable ramps and platforms, improvised where not available, shall be
used for loading and unloading equines.
 Rule 61: For the transport of equines by rail, the following precautions shall be
taken
o Equines shall be transported by passenger or mixed trains only;
o Ordinary goods wagon when used for transportation shall carry
o Not more than eight to ten horses or ten mules or ten donkeys on broad
gauge and not more than six horses or eight donkeys on metre-gauge;
o In extreme hot water weather, shall be sprinkled over the wagons
containing equines by the railway authorities to bring down temperature.
Ice slabs in specially made containers may be placed inside the wagon, if
recommended by a qualified veterinary surgeon;
o Every wagon shall have two attendants if the equines are more than two in
number;
o Equines shall be loaded parallel to the rails, facing each other;
o Material for padding, such as paddy straw, shall be placed on the floor to
avoid injury if an animal lies down and this shall not be less than 6 cm
thick;
o To provide adequate ventilation, upper door of the side of the wagon shall
be kept open and properly fixed and the upper door of the wagon shall
have wire gauge closely welded mesh arrangements to prevent burning
ciders from the engines entering the wagon and leading to fire breakout;
o Two breast bars shall be provided on each side of the wagon, one at a
height of 50 to 80 cm and the other at 110 cm.
 Rule 62: For the transport of equines by goods vehicles, the following
precautions shall be taken, namely:
o Specially fitted vehicles with a special type of tail-board and padding
around the sides shall be used;
o Ordinary goods vehicles shall be provided with anti-slipping material on
the floor and the super structure, if low, should be raised;

202
 o Bamboo poles of at least 8 cm diameter between each animal and two
stout batons at the back shall be provided to prevent the animal from
falling;
o To prevent horses from being frightened or injured their heads
o Should face left away from the passing traffic;
o Each vehicle shall not carry more than four to six equines; (f) each vehicle
shall be provided with one attendant;
o The vehicle shall be driven at a speed not more than 35 kilometres per
hour.
 Rule 63: For the transport of equines by sea the following precautions shall be
taken, namely:
o Horses may normally be accommodated in single stalls and mules in pens,
each pen holding four to five mules;
o Ample ventilation shall be ensured by keeping portholes and providing
permanent air trunks or electric blowers on all decks, and exhaust fans
shall be installed to blowout foul air;
o All standings shall be athwart the ship with heads facing inwards;
o To avoid distress specially during hot weather, the ship may go under way
immediately after embarking and disembarking shall be done as early as
possible after anchoring;
o Colts and fillies shall be kept on the exposed decks;
o A pharmacy and spare stalls for five per cent of equines shall be available;
o Passage between two rows of pens shall not be less than 1.5 metres.

TRANSPORT OF SHEEP AND GOATS

 Rule 64: Rules 65 to 75 shall apply to the transport of sheep and goats by rail or
road involving journeys of more than six hours.
 Rule 65
o A valid health certificate by qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that
the sheep and goats are in a fit condition to travel by rail or road and are
not suffering from infectious or contagious or parasitic disease shall
accompany each consignment.
o In the absence of such a certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
o The certificate shall be in a form specified in Schedule-J.
 Rule 66
o Each consignment shall bear a label showing in bold red letters the name,
address and telephone number (if any) of the consignor and consignee the
number and type of sheep or goats being transported and quantity of
rations and food provided.

203
 o The consignee shall be informed in advance about the train or vehicle in
which the consignment of sheep or goats are being sent and its arrival
time.
o The consignment of sheep or goats shall be booked by the next train or
vehicle and shall not be detained after the consignment is accepted for
booking.
 Rule 67
o First-aid equipment shall accompany the sheep or goats in transit.
o Suitable ramps shall be provided for loading and unloading the sheep or
goats.
o In the case of a railway wagon, when the loading or unloading is done on
the platform, the dropped door of the wagon shall be used as a ramp.
 Rule 68: Sheep and goats shall be transported separately; but if the lots are
small special partition shall be provided to separate them.
 Rule 69: Rams and male young stock shall not be mixed with female stock in the
same compartment.
 Rule 70: Sufficient food and fodder shall be carried to last during the journey
and watering facility shall be provided at regular intervals.
 Rule 71: Material for padding, such as straw, shall be placed on the floor to avoid
injury if an animal lies down, and this shall be not less than 5 cm. thick.
 Rule 72: The animals shall not be fettered unless there is a risk of their jumping
out and their legs shall not be tied down.
 Rule 73: The space required for a goat shall be the same as that for a wooled
sheep and the approximate space required for a sheep in a goods vehicle or a
railway wagon shall be as under:-

Approximate weight of animal in KG Space required in Sq mts.

Wooled Horned

Not more than 20 0.18 0.16

More than 20 but not more than 25 0.20 0.18

More than 25 but not more than 30 0.23 0.22

More than 30 0.28 0.26

Broad Metre Narrow

gauge gauge gauge

204
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Area of Area of wagon Area of Area of wagon

wagon wagon

Less than 21.1 Less than 12.5

21.1 Square Metres an d 12.5 Square Metres an d

Above Above

70 100 50 60 25

 Rule 74
o No railway wagon shall accommodate more than the following number
ofthe sheep or goats
o Adequate ventilation shall be provided in every wagon. Upper door of one
side of wagon shall be kept open and properly fixed and closely welded
mesh to prevent burning cinders form the engine.
 Rule 75
o Goods vehicle of capacity of 5 or 4.5 tons shall carry not more than forty
sheep or goats.
o Partitions at every 2 or 3 mts across width in large wagons.
o Separate panels for young ones.

1. SCHEDULE-A (SEE RULE 4)

Proforma for certificate of fitness to Travel-Dogs / Cats

This certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified Veterinary Surgeon.

Date and time of examination: ........................................................... .

Species of dogs/cats: ........................................................................ .

Number of cages: ........................... Number of dogs / cats ..................... .

Sex ....................................... Age ............................................... .

Breed and identification marks, if any ................................................. .

Transported from .............................. to ........................ via ...................... .

205
I hereby certify that I have read rules 8 to 14 in Chapter IT of the Transport of Animals
Rules, 1978.

 That, at the request of (consignor) ...................................................... I have

examined the above mentioned dogs/cats in their travelling cages not more than
12 hours before their departure.
 That each of the dogs/cats appeared to be in good health, free from signs of
injury, contagious and infectious disease including rabies and in a fit condition to
travel by railroad /inland waterway/sea/air.
 That the dogs/cats were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the
journey.
 That the dogs/cats have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine/s:
o Date of vaccination/s:

Signed .............................................. .

Address .............................................. .

Qualification …………………………..

Date ………………..

2. SCHEDULE - B (SEE RULE 11)

Size and Type of Crate for Transport of Dogs

 The design of the cage mentioned in rule 11 in Chapter II of the Transport of

Animals Rules, 1978 shall be as per the design as printed on page 7 of IS: 4746-
1968 published by the Indian Standards Insitution.

All dimensions in centimeters

By Rail/Road/Inland Water ways/Sea, By Air

Length A×1.5 A+C+10

Width A D+2+10

Height B+15 B+0

o Length - tip of nose to root of tail (A)

o Width - width across the shoulders (D)
206
 o Height - Tip of ears to toe while standing (B)
o Elbow size - Toe to tip of elbow (C)
 Note: Cages, Cartons or crates, used to transport dogs, shall be of such material
which will not tear or crumble. They shall be well constructed well ventilated and
designed to protect the health of dogs by giving them adequate space and safety.
It is essential that wire mesh should be nose and paw proof; suitable material is
that welded wire mesh of not less than 3mm with a spacing 12 x 12 mm.
Expanded metal and wire netting are unsuitable for this purpose. There would be
no protruding nails or unprotected edges of wire. Dogs Kennels in rail coaches
shall be so placed as to give protection to dogs from extremes of temperature and
disturbance from birds and by giving them adequate space for health and safety.

3. SCHEDULE (SEE RULE 11)

Size and Type of Crate for Transport of Cats

 The design of the cage mentioned in Rule 11 in Chapter II of Transport of Animals

Rules, 1978 shall be as per the design as printed on page 8 on SI : 4746-1968
published by the Indian Standards Institution.

All dimensions in Centimetres

By rail/road/inland water way/sea/air

Length Ax2 Ax2

Width A A

Height B + 15 B + 10

o Length - Tip of nose to root of tail (A)

o Width - Width across the shoulders (D)
o Height - Tip of ears to toe while standing (B)
o Elbow Size - Toe to tip of elbow (C)
 Note: Cages, cartons or crates, used to transport cats, shall be of such material
which will not tear or crumble. They shall be well constructed, well ventilated and
designed to protect the health of the cats by giving them adequate space and
safety. It is essential that wire mesh should be nose and paw proof; suitable
material is a welded wire mesh of not less 3 mm, with a spacing 12 x 12 nun.
Expanded metal wire netting are unsuitable for this purpose. There should be no
protruding nails or unprotected edges of wire. Cats Kennels in rail coaches shall

207
 be so placed as to give protection to cats from extremes of temperature and
disturbance from birds and by giving them adequate space for health and safety.

4.SCHEDULE - D (SEE RULES 16 AND 32)

Proforma for certificate of fitness to Travel Monkeys

This certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified Veterinary Surgeon.

Date and time of examination: ............................................................. .

Species of Monkeys ......................................................................... .

Number of cages ............................................................................ .

Number of monkeys ....................................................................... .

Sex ............................................................. Age ......................... .

Breed and identification marks, if any ................................................. .

Transported from ........................... To .......................... via .............. .

I hereby certify that I have read rules 15 to 45 in Chapter II of the Transport of Animals
Rules, 1978.

 That, at the request of (consignor) ............................................................... I have

examined the above mentioned monkeys in their travelling cages not more than
12 hours before their departure.
 That each monkey appeared to be in a fit condition to travel from the trapping
area to the nearest rail-head/from the nearest rail-head to another rail-head from
the rail-head to the nearest airport/by air and is not showing any signs of
infectious or contagious diseases.
 That no monkeys appeared to be under 6 months of age and that no animal
appeared to be pregnant.
 That the monkeys were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the
journey.
 That the monkeys have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine/s:
o Date of vaccination/s:

Signed ........................................... .

208
Address ......................................... .

Qualifications ................................................ .

Date ............................... .

5. SCHEDULE - E [SEE RULE 23(5) (A) AND RULE 23(6)]

Size and Type of Crate for transport of Monkeys from Trapping area to nearest Rail-
head

 The construction details of two types of cages mentioned in Rule 22 (5) (a) in
Chapter III of the Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 shall be as per the
dimensions and design as printed on page 5 of ISI : 3699 (part- 1) -1966
published by Indian Standards Institution.

6. SCHEDULE - F [SEE RULE 40(4)]

Size and Type of Crate for Transport of Monkeys by Air

 The construction details of two types of cages mentioned in Rule 40(3)(a) and (b)
in Chapter III of the Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 shall be as per the
dimensions and design as printed on page 6 of SI : 3059-1965 published by
Indian Standards Institution.

7. SCHEDULE - G [SEE RULE 40(5)]

 Size and Type of Crate for Transport by Air of pregnant and Nursing Monkeys
and Monkeys weighing over 5 kg.
 The construction details of two types of cages mentioned in Rule 40(5) in Chapter
III of the Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 shall be as per the dimensions and
design as printed on page 7 of SI: 3059-1965 published by Indian Standards
Institution.

8. SCHEDULE - H (SEE RULE 47)

Proforma for certificate of fitness to Travel Cattle

This certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified Veterinary Surgeon.

209
Date and time of examination : ............................................. .

Species of cattle: ..................................................................... .

Number of Trucks/Railway Wagons .................................... .

Number of cattle ..................................................................... .

Sex .................................... Age .............................................. .

Breed and identification marks, if any ................................... .

Transported from ..................... To ................. via ................... .

I hereby certify that I have read rules 46 to 56 in Chapter IV of the Transport of Animals
Rules, 1978.

 That, at the request of (consignor) ................................................ I have examined

the abovementioned Cattle in the goods vehicle/ railway wagons not more than
12 hours before their departure.
 That each cattle appeared to be in a fit condition to travel by rail/ road and is not
showing any signs of infectious or contagious or parasitic disease and that it has
been vaccinated against rinderpest and any other infectious or contagious or
parasitic diseases (s).
 That the cattle were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the journey.
 That the cattle have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine :
o Date of vaccination:

Signed .............................................. .

Address ............................................. .

Qualification …………………………..

Date ………………….

9. SCHEDULE - I (SEE RULE 58)

Proforma for Certificate of fitness to Travel Equines

This Certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified Veterinary surgeon.

210
Date and time of examination : .............................................. .

Species of Equines : ............................................................... .

Number of Equines : ............................................................... .

Sex .......................................... Age ................................................... .

Breed and identification marks, if any ................................ .

Transported from .................... To ..................... Via ............. .

1 hereby certify that I have read rules 57 to 63 in Chapter V of the Transport of Animals
Rules, 1978.

 That, at the request of (consignor) ................................................. I have examined

the above mentioned equines not more than 12 hours before their departure.
 That each equine appeared to be in a fit condition to travel by rail! road/sea and
is not showing any signs of any infectious or contagious disease (s) and that it has
been vaccinated against any infectious or contagious disease (s)
 That the equines were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the journey.
 That the equines have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine (s) :
o Date of vaccination :

Signed ............................................. .

Address ..............................................

Qualification ……………….

Date ………………….

10. SCHEDULE - J (SEE RULE 65)

Proforma for certificate of fitness to Travel- Sheep and Goats

This certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified Veterinary Surgeon.

Date and time of examination: ........................................................... .

Species of Animals: ....................................................................... .

211
Number of Animals: ..................................... .

Sex ..................................... Age ............. .

I hereby certify that I have read rules 64 to 75 in Chapter VI of the Transport of Animals
Rules, 1978.

 That, at the request of (consignor) ............................................................... I have

examined the above mentioned animals not more than 12 hours before their
departure.
 That each animal appeared to be in a fit condition to travel by rail! road and is
not showing any signs of any infectious or contagious or parasitic disease(s) and
that it has been vaccinated against any infectious or contagious or parasitic
disease( s).
 That the animals were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the journey.
 That the animals have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine (s):
o Date of vaccination:

Signed .............................................. .

Address ............................................. .

Qualification …………………………

Date ……………………

TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS (AMENDMENT) RULES, 2001

NOTIFICATION

 S. O. 269 (E) whereas certain draft rules further to amend the Transport of
Animals Rules, 1978 were published as required by sub-section (1) of Section 38
of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (59 of 1960) under the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Social Justice &
Empowerment number S.O. 1164 (E) dated 26th December 2000 in the Gazette
of India. Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, sub Section (ii) dated the 27th
December, 2000 inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be
affected thereby, before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on
which copies of the Gazette containing the said notification are made available to
the public.

212
  And, whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the
1st January 2001.
 And, whereas no objection or suggestion has been received from the public in
respect of the said draft rules by the Central Government.
 Now, therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub section (i) and (ii) of
Section 38 of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 (59 of 1960), the
Central Government hereby makes the following rules further to amend the
Transport of Animals Rules 1978.

TRANSPORT OF POULTRY BY RAIL, ROAD AND AIR

 Rule 76: Definition - In this Chapter unless the context otherwise requires,
"Poultry" includes day old chicks and turkey poults, chickens, quails, guinea
fowls, ducks, geese and turkeys.
 Rule 77: General requirement in transport of poultry by rail, road or
air.
o These rules may be called the Transport of Animals (Amendment) Rules,
2001.
o They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official
Gazette .
o In the Transport of Animal Rules 1978 (hereinafter referred to as the said
rules), after chapter VI,. the following chapters shall be inserted, namely
o the container shall be properly cleaned and sterilised before the poultry is
placed in them.
o poultry shall not be exposed to the sunlight, rain and direct blast of air
during transport.
o poultry shall not be transported when the temperature exceeds 25 degree
Celsius or when the temperature falls below 15 degree Celsius.
 Rule 78: Day-old chicks and turkey poults
o In transport of day old chicks and poultry by rail, road and air
o chicks and poults shall be packed and dispatched immediately after
hatching and shall not be stored in boxes for any length of time, before
dispatch.
 Note: In the said transport endeavor shall be made by the consignor
or his agent so that consignments shall arrive at destination within
the shortest possible time after being taken out of the incubator.
Seventy two hours shall normally be regarded as the maximum
period to be taken from incubator to brooder in winter and 48
hours in summer
o chicks or poults shall not be fed or watered before and during
transportation.

213
 o every effort shall be made to ensure that chicks and poults arrive as
quickly as possible at the dispatching site
o personal attention shall be given by the consignor or the forwarding agent
to ensure that all consignments are kept out of direct sunlight, rain and
heat;
o care shall be taken to carry the boxes in a level position so that l hicks are
not in danger of falling over on to their backs. The putting up of other
merchandise over and around chick boxes shall be avoided.
 Rule 79: Poultry other than day-old chicks and turkey poults
o In transport of poultry other than day old chicks and turkey poult by rail,
road or air.
o the poultry to be transported shall be healthy and in good condition and
shall be examined and certified by a veterinary doctor for freedom from
infectious diseases and fitness to undertake the journey.
o poultry transported in the same container shall be of the same species and
of the same age group.
o poultry shall be properly fed and watered before it is placed in containers
for transportation and extra food and water shall be provided in suitable
troughs fixed in the containers.
o arrangements shall be made for watering and feeding during
transportation and during hot weather; watering shall be ensured every six
hours;
o male stock shall not be transported with female stock in the same
container.
 Rule 80: Road Travel
o In transport of poultry by road the container shall not be placed one on the
top of the other and shall be covered properly in order to provide light,
ventilation and to protect from rain, heat and cold air.
 Rule 81:Rail Travel
o In transport of poultry by rail
o in case the journey is for more than twelve hours, an attendant shall
accompany the consignment;
o poultry shall not be exposed to rain or direct blast of air;
o as far as possible poultry shall be transported in wagons having adequate
facilities for ventilation and no other merchandise which may result in
mortality of birds shall be loaded in the same wagon;
 Rule 82:Air travel
o In transport of poultry by air or for international transport the containers
carrying poultry shall be kept in pressurized compartments with regulated
temperature and the container shall preferably be kept near the door and
shall be unloaded immediately on arrival.

214
  Rule 83:Containers for transportation
o In transport of poultry by rain, road or air
o containers used to transport poultry shall be made of such material which
shall not collapse or crumble and they shall be well ventilated and
designed to protect the health of poultry by giving it adequate space and
safety.
o the containers shall be so designed as to render impossible for birds to
crowd into the comers during transportation, and to avoid the danger of
boxes being stocked so close together as to interfere with ventilation.
o all the containers shall be clearly labelled showing the name, address and
telephone number of the consignor and the consignee.
o the minimum floor space per bird and the dimension of the containers for
transporting poultry shall be specified in the Table below, namely:

S.No. Kind of Poultry Minimum Demension

Floor space Length Width Height Number in a

cm2 cm cm cm container

i. Month old chickens 75 60 30 18 24

ii. Three month old 230 55 50 35 12

chickens

iii. Adult sock 480 115 50 45 12

(excluding geese
and turkeys)

iv. Geese and turkeys 900 120 75 75 10 youngs

1300 75 35 75 2 growing

1900 55 35 75 1 grown up

v. Chicks - 60 45 12 80

vi. Poult - 60 45 12 60

 Rule 84
o Special requirement of containers for chicks and poultry In transport of
poultry by road, rail or air
o wire mesh or a net of any material shall not be used as bottom for the
containers.
o the containers shall be properly secured to avoid pilferage

215
 o the following instruction shall be printed on a label and fixed to the lid or
printed directly on sides, namely "Care in Transit".
o the consignee shall be informed about the train, transport or flight number
and its time of arrival well in advance.
o poultry shall not be transported continuously for more than 6 hours and
whole batch shall be inspected at every 6 hours interval
o the transportation shall not remain stationary for more than 30 min and
during this period, it shall be parked in shade and arrangement shall be
made for feeding and watering.
o all precautions against fire shall be taken and provision of fire
extinguishers in transport shall be provided.

TRANSPORT OF PIGS BY RAIL ON ROAD

In this chapter, unless context otherwise requires, "pigs" includes piglets, hogs, hoglets
and animals of pig family.

 Rule 86: Duration of travel

o Rules 87 to 95 shall apply to the transport of pigs by rail or road involving
journeys of more than six hours.
 Rule 87: Health Certificate
o A valid health certificate by a veterinary doctor to the effect that the pigs
are in a fit condition to travel by rail or road and are not suffering from
infectious or contagious or parasitic disease shall accompany each
consignment in the transport of pigs by rail or road.
o In the absence of a certificate under sub-rule (i), the carrier shall refuse to
accept the consignment for transport.
o The certificate under sub rule (I) shall be in a foI11'J specified in Schedule
K.
 Rule 88: Identification of consignor and consignee for the purpose of
this Chapter.
o each consignment shall bear a label showing in bold red letters the name,
address, and telephone number (if any) of the consignor and consignee,
the number and type of pigs being transported and quantity of
o rations and food provided to them. .
o the consignee shall be informed in advance about the train or vehicle in
which the consignment of pigs is being sent and its arrival time.
o the consignment of pigs shall be booked by the next train or vehicle and
shall not be detained after the consignment is accepted for booking.
 Rule 89: First aid
o In transport of pigs by rail or road.

216
 o first aid equipment shall accompany the pigs;
o suitable ramps shall be provided for loading and unloading the pigs;
o in the case of a railway wagons, when the loading or unloading is done on
the platform the dropped door of the wagon shall be used as a ramp.
 Rule 90: Group of pigs.
o In transport of pigs by rail or road, male young stock shall not be mixed
with female stock in the same compartment.
 Rule 91: Facility of food and water.
o In transport of pigs by rail or road, sufficient food and fodder shall be
carried to last during the journey and watering facility shall be provided at
regular intervals.
 Rule 92: Padding of floor during travel
o In transport of pigs by rail or road, material for padding, such as straw,
shall be placed on the floor to avoid injury if an animals lies down, and this
shall be not less than 5 cm thick.
 Rule 93: Ban on fettering.
o In transport of pigs by rail or road, the animals shall not be fettered unless
there is a risk of their jumping out and their legs shall not be tied down.
 Rule 94: Space requirement during rail travel
o In transport of pigs by rail
o no railway wagon shall accommodate more than the number of pigs as
specified in the Table below:

Broad gauge Metre gauge Narrow gauge

(1) (2) (3)

Area of Wagon Area of Wagon Area of Wagon Area of Wagon

Less than 21.1 More than 21.1 Less than 12.5 More than 12.5

squares Metres Square Metres Square Meter Square Meter

Number of Pigs Number of Pigs Number of Pigs Number of Pigs Not allowed

35 50 25 30

 adequate ventilation shall be provided in every wagon and the upper door of one
side of wagon shall be kept open and properly fixed and the upper door of the
wagon shall have wire gauge closely welded mesh arrangements to prevent
burning cinders from the engines entering the wagon and leading to fire
breakout.

217
  Rule 95: Space requirement during road travel
 In transport of pigs by road
o goods vehicles of capacityof5 or 4.5 tons, which are generally used for
transportation of animals, shall carry not more than twenty pigs.
o in the case of large goods vehicles and containers, partition shall be
provided at every two or three metres, across the width to prevent the
crowding and trapping of pigs.
o in the case of pigs under six weeks of age, separate panels shall be
provided.

MISCELLANEOUS

 Rule 96: Issues of certificate before transportation

o A valid certificate issued by an officer or any person or Animal Welfare
Organisation duly recognised and authorised for this purpose by the
Animal Welfare Board of India or the Central Government, shall be
procured by any person making transport of any animal before
transportation of such animal verifying that all the relevant Central and
State Acts rules and orders pertaining to the said animal including the
rules relating to transport of such animals have been duly complied with
and that the animals are not being transported for any purpose contrary to
the provision of any law.
o In the absence of such certificate, the carrier shall refuse to accept the
consignment for transport.
 Rule 97: Cancellation of permit or authorisation for transport
o In the event of contravention or non-compliance of any of the rules
contained in these rule for transport of animals, if it is pointed out in
writing by any officer or person or Animal Welfare Organisations
authorised for the purpose by the Animals Welfare Board of India or the
Central Government, then, any permit or authorisation issued for such
transport shall be immediately cancelled by the concerned authority and It
shall be the duty of the police to stop further transport even from the
intermediate station and proceed against the said offenders and deal With
the animals in accordance with law;
o The custody of the animals immediately after unloading from the rail
wagons, truck or any other vehicle shall be given to the authorised Animal
Welfare Organisation if available, till the competent authority or the
magistrate having jurisdiction decides about their care and upkeep.
 Rule 98: General conditions of transport
o Animals to be transported shall be healthy and in good condition and such
animals shall be examined by the veterinary doctor for freedom from

218
 infectious diseases and their fitness to undertake the journey; provided
that the nature and duration ofthe proposed journey shall be taken into
account while deciding upon fitness.
o An animal which is unfit for transport shall not be transported and the
animals who are new born, diseased, blind, emaciated, lame, fatigued or
having given birth during the preceding seventy two hours or likely to give
birth during transport shall not be transported.
o Very young animals shall not be mixed with other animals during
transport.
o Different classes of animals shall be kept separately during transport.
o Diseased animals, whenever transported for treatment, shall not be mixed
with other animals.
o Troublesome animals shall be given tranquilisers before loading for
transport.
o Animals shall be transported in their on-farm social groups (established at
least one week prior to journey).

SCHEDULE - K(SEE RULE 87 (3))

Proforma for certificate for fitness to travel Pigs

(This certificate should be completed and signed by a veterinary doctor) Date and time
of

Examination ____________________________________ of

Species of Animals _______________________________________

Number of Animals, ________________________________________

Sex _____________________________ Age ________________

I hereby certify that I have read Rules 86 to 95 in Chapter VIII of the Transport of
Animal Rules, 1978.

 That at the request of( consignor) 12 hours before their departure I examined the
above mentioned animals
 That each appeared to be in a fit condition to travel by rail/road/sea and is not
showing any signs of any infectious or contagious or parasitic disease (s) and that
it has been vaccinated against any infectious or contagious disease (s)
 That the animals were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the journey.

219
  That the animals have been vaccinated
o Types of vaccine (s)
o Date of vaccination

Signature ______________________

Address _______________________

Qualification _____________________

Date _________________________

TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS ON FOOT RULES, 2001

(S.O. 268 (E) (26th March, 2001)

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (1) and (2) of Section 38 of the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 the Central Government hereby makes the
following rules, namely:

 Short title and commencement: These rules may be called the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals (Transport of Animals on Foot). Rules 2001.
 Definitions: In these rules unless the context otherwise requires:(a) "animal"
means livestock and includes the following animals namely:
o cattle including cow bulls and bullock, buffalo bulls and bullock, cows,
buffaloes, mithuns, yaks and calves;
o equines including horses, ponies, mules and donkeys
o horse including stallions, geldings, brood mare, colts and fillies
o goat including adult goat, male or female of two years age and above
o buck including male goat
o kid-young goat below one year of age
o nanny-female goat
o sheep including adult sheep, male or female of two years age and above
o ewe-female sheep
o Iamb-young sheep below one year of age; (xi) ram-male sheep
o wether includes male Iamb that has been castrated before reaching sexual
maturity
o pig includes adult pig, male or female of one year of age or above
o piglet includes young pig below one year of age

220
 o veterinary doctor" means a person registered with the Veterinary Council
of India established under the Indian Veterinary Council Act,
1984(520f1984):
o "Schedule" means a schedule appended to these rules
 Application of the rules: These rules shall apply to transport of animals on foot
when the distance from the boundary of Village or town or city of the origin of
such transport to the last destination is 5 km or more than 5 km.
 Condition of health of animals transported on foot
o Every animal to be transported on foot shall be healthy and in good
condition for such transport.
o A certificate of a veterinary doctor in respect of each animal to be
transported to the effect that such animal is in a fit condition for such
transportation and is not suffering from any infectious, contagious or
parasitic diseases and that it has been vaccinated against any infectious,
contagious or parasitic diseases shall accompany such animal.
o The certificate under sub rule (1) shall be in the form as specified in the
First Schedule.
 Certain animals do not transport on foot: New born animals of which the navel
has not completely healed, diseased, blind, emaciated, lame, fatigued, or having
given birth during the preceding seventy two hours or likely to give birth during
transport shall not be transported on foot.
 Transport in on-farm social group: Animal shall-be transported in their on farm
social groups (established at least one week prior to journey)
 First aid equipment to accompany animals transported on foot: The owner of
the animals shall provide veterinary first aid equipment to be accompanied with
such animals while transported on foot.
 Certificate to be carried during transportation: In case the person transporting
the animals on foot is not the owner of the animals then such person shall carry a
certificate as specified in the Second Schedule during such transportation. .
 Watering arrangement during transportation of animals: The owner of the
animals shall make watering arrangement en route during transport of such
animals on foot.
 Feed and fodder arrangements during transportation of animals: Sufficient
feed and fodder with adequate reserve of such feed and fodder for the animals
shall be made available by their owner during their transport on foot.
 Prohibition of the use of whip, etc. during transportation of animals on foot
o No person shall use a whip or a stick in order to make the animals to walk
or to hasten the pace nor such person shall apply chillies or any such
substance to any part of body of the animals for this purpose during their
transportation on foot.

221
 o If any animal needs to be tied during transport on foot, it shall be tied by a
rope covered with suitable cushioning such as cloth around its leg and
such animal shall not be tied by its nose, all legs or any other part of the
body except by its neck.
o If more than one animal is to be tied adjacent to one another by a single
rope during their transport on foot, the space between any two of such
animals shall be minimum two feet and animals so tied shall be of similar
physical condition and strength and no more than two such animals shall
be tied adjacent to each other by a single rope.
 Certain prohibition on transport of animals on foot
o No person shall transport on foot an animal before sunrise or after sunset.
o No animal shall be transported on foot beyond the distance, time, rest
interval and temperature specified for such animal in the following Table:
o No animal shall be made to walk under conditions of heavy rain,
thunderstorms or extremely dry or sultry conditions during is transport on
foot.
 Transportation of animals in certain cases not permitted without shoes:
Animals whose hooves are not provided with shoes (as in the case of pack or
draught animal) shall not be transported on foot on hard cement, bitumen-coated
or metalled roads, steep gradients or hilly and rocky terrain, irrespective of
weather conditions (summer or winter).
 Power of Police to require the owner to take animal to nearest Magistrate
o If any police officer or any other person authorized on this behalf by the
Government or by the Animal Welfare Board of India has reason to believe
that an offence has been or is being committed in respect of an animal in
contravention of these rules he may require the owner or other person in
charges of such animal to take the animal to the nearest magistrate.
o If the owner or the person in charge of the animals referred to in sub rule
(I) refuses to comply with the demands of the police officer under that sub
rule, it shall be lawful for such police officer or such other persons to take
the animal to the nearest magistrate.

Species Maximum Maximum Period of Temperature

(Animal) distance no. of rest range Max.
covered/day/hour walking/day (interval) Min
of hours
Travelling)

Cattle 30 km/day 8 hours At every 12 deg. C to 30

(Cows) 2hours for deg.C
4 km/hr drinking

222
 and at
every 4 hrs
for feeding

Buffaloes 25 km/day 8 hours At every 2 12 deg. C to 30

hours for deg. C
3 km/hr drinking
ano at
every 4 hrs
for feeding

Cows and 16 km/day 6 hours At every 15 deg. C to 25

1½ hrs for deg.C
Buffaloes 2.5 km/hr drinking
Calves and at
every 3
hrs. for
feeding

Horses, 45 km/day 8 hours At every 3 12 deg. C to 30

Ponies, hrs for deg. C
6 km/hr drinking
Mules, and at
Donkeys every 6
hrs. for
feeding

Young 25 km/day 6 hours At every 15 deg. C to 25

ones 2hrs. for deg. C
(Foal) 4 km/hr drinking
and at
every 4
hrs. for
feeding

Goats and 30 km/day 8 hours At every 2 12 deg. C to 30

Sheep hrs. for deg. C
4 km/hr drinking
and at
every 4
hrs. for
feeding

223
 Kids and 16 km/day 6 hours At every 1 15 deg. C to 25
Lambs 1/2 hrs. for deg. C
2.5km/hr drinking
and at
every 3
hrs. for
feeding

Pigs 15 km/day 8 hours At every 1 12 deg. C to

Y2 hrs. for 25deg. C
2 km/hr drinking
and at
every 3
hrs. for
feeding

Piglets 10 krn/day 6 hours At every 1 15 deg. C to 25

Y2hrs. for deg. C
1.5 km/hr drinking
and at
every 3
hrs. for
feeding

Note: After being provided with water every animal shall be given a break of 20 minutes
before the commencement of the transport of the animal on foot and in case of feeding
the break shall be given for one hour before the commencement of the transport of the
animal on foot.

FIRST SCHEDULE (SEE RULE 4 (3))

Form for Certificate of fitness for transport of animals

This Certificate should be completed and signed by a qualified veterinary doctor

Date and time of examination _________________

Species __________________

Number of Trucks/railways Wagons _____________________

224
Number of Cattle __________________ Sex _____________

Age _________________ Identification ________________

Breed (giving characteristics): Area where it is found with status regarding general
resistance and heat tolerance

Individual Features of the animal :

Body colour __________________ Height ________________

Body weight (approx) _____________ Animal length ______________

Breadth (measured between pelvic bones) ____________________

Colour of the eyes _______________________________

Shape of the horns _____________________________

General conditions (like fleshy, bony projections) ____________

History of the animal, feed status, whether or not sign of anorexia/ diarrhoea
_______________________________________

Health Status:

 Record Body Temperature __________________________

 Examine eyes for bulging or protrusion of eyeball, blindness, corneal opacity and
specify _____________
 Condition of skin, (including signs of dehydration, injuries), check for presence of
warts on the skin _____________________ _
 Ears: Examine ears-( check for animal body response to hearing, check for any
infection, inflammation or secretion (a) excess of wax, blood or any fluid)
____________________________ _
 Examine sub maxillary area for swelling (for any abnormality or pain)
 Check for status of pregnancy of female animal if yes - which stage (1st, 2nd or
3rd stage) _____________
 Examine udder and teats and specify ______________
o Relative size of quarters ______________
o Check for signs of swelling/atrophy/fibrous ____________
o Induration on palpation of individual quarter and specify

225
 o Check teat canal for teat tumour or fibrosis of teat canal and specify
______________
 If female - check for sign of vaginal discharge on examination of the vulva and
specify _____________
 In male-check testicles-size, any sign of penis-injury, abrasions on the sheath,
discharges to be recorded __________________ _
 Sign of abdominal pain (check for gait or posture of the animal. check for signs of
abdominal distention, left flank to be checked for rumen examination (full,
empty, tympany) Examine mouth and specify
o Detail dentition _________________________
o Specify-evidence of tooth damage ________________ broken or worn
incisors.
 Respiratory system:
o Record respiration rate ___________________
o Auscultation & specify for signs of dyspnoea, respiratory distress and
specify _____________
 In cows possessing horns-check and specify:
o Shape of horns _______________________________
o Number of horn rings _________________________
o Any difference in the direction __________________
o Or appearance of two horns __________________
 Examine ribs for fracture and specify _____________
 Examine abdominal wall for presence of ventral or umbilical hernia and specify
_____________
 Examine limbs and joints for bony enlargements or synovial distensions &
specify, check for signs of lameness and specify.
 Any indications of the foot soreness, excessive wear of soles or
laminitis _____________
 Examine circulatory system:
 Specify pulse rate _____________________
 Check for presence of oedema of dependent portion or ascites and specify
______________________________
 Transported from __________________ to _______________ via
_____________

I hereby certify that I have read the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Transport of
Animals on Foot) Rules, 2001.

 That, at the request of (consignor) I have examined the above mentioned cattle in
the goods vehicle/railway wagons not more than 12 hours before their departure.

226
  That each cattle appeared to be in a fit condition to travel by rail! road and is not
showing any signs of infectious or contagious or parasitic disease and that it has
been vaccinated against rinderpest and any other infectious or contagious or
parasitic disease (s).
 That the cattle were adequately fed and watered for the purpose of the journey.
 That the cattle have been vaccinated.
o Type of vaccine _______________
o Date of vaccination ______________

Examine inter-digital space for any lesions, check and specify

Signed _______________

Address _______________

Qualifications ____________

SECOND SCHEDULE AUTHORIZATION CERTIFICATE (SEE RULE

8)

Name and age of the owner _______________

Father's name __________________

Address of the owner ________________

No. of animals for transport specifying species, age and sex of each
animal _____________

Name of person (s) transporting the animals ______________

Specify the place of origin and the place of last destination of such animals for transport
_____________

Attach a copy of the veterinary certificate granted under Rule 8

Details of feed, fodder and watering arrangements provided during transport of such
animals _____________

I do hereby declare that I am the owner of the afore-mentioned animals.

227
I have authorized Shri ________________ S/o ______________ R/o
__________________ to transport the said animals. I have read and Understood the
Transport of Animals on Foot Rules, 2001 and undertake that the said rules have been
and would be complied with during transport.

I do hereby state that the above information is true and correct.

To be filled in by the transporter

 I ---------------S/o---------------r/o -------------------------do hereby give my

consent to transport the afore-mentioned animals from the aforesaid place of
origin to the place of destination.
 I have read and understood the Transport of Animals on Foot Rules, 2001 and
undertake that the said Rules would be complied with during transport.

MODULE-30: COMMON FRAUDS IN THE SALE OF LIVESTOCK

AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS

 Learning outcome
 Sale of meat, milk and other products of animals to the public makes a big
commercial market. This makes the businessmen to go for adulteration of the
products. This module focusses on common rauds in the sale of livestock and
livestock products in detail.

FRAUDS IN THE SALE OF LIVESTOCK

 Alteration of description
o The description of the animal is altered in case it has been stolen or there
are signs which are unsound. Alteration of description is done in the
following ways.
 Castration of entire
 Clipping of mane and tail
 Docking
 Colouring of white patches by hair dye
 Bishoping
o By this method animals are made to appear younger. It is done by making
small holes in the table of incisors and filling them with some black
substance such as marking nut. Air is also blown under the skin of supra
orbital fossa of the animals. The chronic ulcers and fistulae are often
covered with coloured mud. Frauds in the sale of livestock are punishable
under Section 420 I.P.C.
228
 o I.P.C. Section 420 whoever cheats and thereby dishonestly induces the
person deceived to deliver any property to any person, or to make, alter or
destroy the whole or any part of a valuable security, or anything which is
signed or sealed, and which is capable of being converted into a valuable
security, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.
o Comment:- Simple cheating is punishable under section 417. But where
there is delivery or destruction of any property or alteration or destruction
of any valuable security resulting from the act of the person deceiving, this
section comes into operation.

Livestock products

FRAUDS IN THE SALE OF MILK

 The adulteration of milk is very common in India. There are various chemical
tests to detect these adulterations. (eg) Addition of water to milk – detected by
o Determination of specific gravity of milk by lactometer.
o Test for nitrate in milk: Normal milk does not contain nitrates but
ordinary water does. The presence of nitrates in the milk is a sure test of
adulteration of milk with water.

Routine methods in the adulteration of milk

Adulteration Method

Reduction of fat  By adding water

 By skimming of milk
 By skimming and watering

Addition of  This is done to increase the specific gravity and

thickening agents consistency of the milk.
 It is done by adding starch gelatin and cane sugar

Addition of  Sometimes colours are added to make milk more

colouring agent attractive
 The colours generally used are annatto and coal tar dyes.

Addition of  Preservatives like formalin, boric acid, hydrogen

229
 preservatives peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carenate are added
to retard the decomposition with an objective to
 Delay the curdling of milk
 Destroy the pathogenic bacteria

Accidental  Some adulterants are mixed accidentally in the milk

adulteration  (eg) urine or animal, dung, vegetable cells, dirty water.
 These agents give a foul smell.

FRAUDS IN THE SALE OF GHEE

Some of the methods of adulteration of ghee are by adding vegetable oils, hydrogenated
oils (seasame oil) or animal fat (Mutton or beef fat).

 By adding vegetable oils

o Ghee is adulterated with vegetable oils or hydrogenated oils. Vegetable fat
contains phytosteryl which is not present in ghee. Phytosteryl acetate test
is carried out to prove a sample of ghee has been adulterated with
vegetable oil or hydrogenated oils.
 By adding hydrogenated oils
o It is compulsory to add a definite quantity of seasame oil to all vegetable
ghee in India.
o Presence of seasame oil is supposedly pure ghee is a sure indication of
adulteration with vegetable ghee.
o Boudouin test is used to detect presence of seasame oil in ghee.
 By adding animal fats
o Ghee is adultered with mutton or beef fat.
o Adulteration of milk and milk products is punishable under I.P.C Section
272
o Selling of unfit food or drink is punishable under Section 273 I.P.C Section
272 whoever adulterates any article or food drink, so as to make such
article noxious as food or drink intending to sell such article as food or
drink or knowing it to e likely that the same will be sold as food or drink,
shall e punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which
may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand
rupees, or with both.

FRAUDS IN THE SALE OF MEAT

230
  Adulteration of meat involves substitution of costly or superior quality meat with
cheaper and inferior quality meat. The substitutions of meat generally practiced
are
o Beef for buffalo meat
o Mutton for goat meat
o Rabbit for chicken
 Since, meat adulteration is a fraudulent practice, which is objectionable on the
grounds of health, religion and economics, so identification of meat is very
important.

IDENTIFICATION OF MEATS

 The common methods used for the identification of meats of various species of
animals are as follows:
 To avoid sale of meat unfit for human consumption, proper ante mortem and
post mortem inspection should be carried out.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

 The muscles, fat and bones of different animals have different characteristics.
Hence, it is essential to know the physical character of different types of meats to
detection of fraud.
o Rigor Mortis: The onset time of rigor mortis varies in different species. So
by looking at the rigor mortis we can identify the type of the meat.
o Meat of dead animals: Animals which have died of natural causes show
fullness of blood vessels and the meat is dark red due to lack of proper
bleeding. Such carcasses undergo decomposition very quickly. So such
meat should not be allowed for human consumption.

Mutton

 Meat is dark red in colour

 Ammonical odour
 Muscle fibres is firm and dense in consistency
 Rich fat deposition in between groups of muscles
 Fat is not intermixed with muscles
 Fat is white in colour, hard and firm
 Bone marrow is slightly red

Goat meat

231
  Paler than mutton
 Muscles contain very little fat
 Goat meat odour resembles odour of buck

Pork

 Whitish grey in colour and in advanced age it becomes grey-red in colour

 Consistency is soft
 Fat is intermixed with muscles
 Fat is white and granulated
 Bone marrow is pink-red in colour
 Urine-like odour

Dog meat

 Fat is slightly intermixed with muscles

 Dark red in colour
 Fat is white in colour

Beef

 Saturated Red in colour with a brown tinge

 Fat is intermixed with muscles
 After chilling fat acquires a firm consistency

Milch cow

 Lighter in colour
 Coarse fibres
 Fat is yellow and less firm

Old cattle

 Yellow fat
 Bone marrow is pure white to reddish yellow

Veal

 Fine fibres
 Fat is not inter mixed with muscles
 Bone marrow is pink-red in colour

232
Horse meat

 Meat is dark red in colour

 When meat is exposed to air to becomes blackish in colour
 Fat is golden to dark yellow in colour
 Bone marrow is greasy

Poultry meat

 Muscular tissues are firm with fine fibres

 Fat is intermixed with muscles

Fish meat

 Meat is white in colour

 Entire muscular mass of each side comprises a single muscle plate
 Fat is finely distributed in the muscles
 Meat contains large quantity of water
 Apart from the physical examination of meat, examination of bones is also
helpful in determining adulteration.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

Following tests are used

Glycogen test

 Meat of horse contains more of glycogen that the meat of other animals.
 Pig’s liver contains a high percentage of glycogen. Glycogen test should be done
whenever a piece of liver is examined.
 Horse flesh is supposed to contain maximum glycogen 2.28 where as in normal
mammalian muscles it varies from 0.5 to 1%.


Tests based on fats of the animals

 Sometimes, the fat of horse is mixed with the fat of cattle and sheep. Fat of horse
is identified by the presence of 1 to 2 percent linolenic acid.
 In fat of other animals, the percentage of linolenic acid is not more than 0.1 per
cent.

233
Iodine value

 Iodine value is the amount of iodine absorbed by unsaturated fatty acids present
in the fat.

Species Iodine value

Horse 71 to 86

Ox 38 to 46

Sheep 35 to 46

Pig 50 to 70

Refractive Index

 The fat of different animals have different refractive index. For this purpose, the
fat of the animal is converted into liquid by heat and refractive index is estimated.
o Refractive index of horse fat is 35.5
o Refractive index of ox fat is not above 40
o Refractive index of pig fat is not above 51.9
 Some other chemical methods are now increasingly being applied in meat
inspection. These methods are specific and often the only means available for
detection of foreign proteins in the meat or meat products.

Serological tests employed for differentiation of flesh

 Immuno – precipitation test

 Electrophoretic methods
 Isoelectric focusing

Rigor Mortis time Refractive Index and Iodine value – various species

Species Rigor mortis Time (Min) Refractive index Iodine

value

Sheep 80 -- -- 35 to 46

Lamb 60 40 --

234
 Ox Pig 163 51.9 38 to 46

Horse 50 53.5 50 to 70

238 71 to 86
ANTEMORTEM INSPECTION OF MEAT

 Antemortem inspection should be carried out / made on the premises of the

slaughter house on the day of slaughter.
 Following categories of animals should be condemned
o Any animal suffering from high temperature (> 106ºF).
o All animals showing symptoms of rabies, scrapie, tetanus or anthrax.
o All animals showing symptoms of some disease condition that would cause
condemnation of carcass on postmortem inspection.
o Any animal found to be dead or in dying condition.
o Any animal used for research investigations.
o Any animal vaccinated against Anthrax in last 6 weeks.
o Hogs showing symptoms of hog cholera or swine erysipelas.
o Animals treated with some medicines whose residues are expected.
 If any animal on ante-mortem inspection is suspected of being affected with any
disease or condition that would cause condemnation of only part of the carcass
then on postmortem examination should be marked “suspect”.
 Following categories of animals should marked suspect
o Any animal seriously crippled.

POST MORTEM EXAMINATION OF MEAT

 A careful postmortem inspection of the carcass and the parts thereof should be
made at the time of slaughter.
 Whole carcass and its parts found to be healthy, wholesome and fit for human
consumption should be marked “Inspected” and passed.
 Each carcass or parts, which is found to e unhealthy and unfit for human food
should be marked “Inspected and condemned”.
 Carcasses of animals in a well nourished condition showing uncomplicated
localized lesions of actimomycosis, or actinobacillosis may be passed after the
infected organ or parts have been removed and condemned.
 As per the detailed list of the conditions on the basis of which the carcass is
completely condemned (Anthrax generalized T.B).
 Carcasses in following conditions should be condemned.
o Carcasses showing generalized pigmentary deposits.

235
 o Carcasses of animals affected with mange, scab in advanced stages.
o Carcasses showing any degree of icterus.
o All carcasses of animals so affected that consumption of the products
thereof may give rise to food poisoning (eg) Generalised inflammatory
conditions septicemia or gangrenous conditions -Abscess.
o Carcasses which give off pronounced odour of urine (or) of any medicinal
or chemical substance.
o Carcasses of all unborn and still born animal.
o Carcasses of those animals, the meat of which give appearance of water
soaked, flabby and tears easily.
o Carcasses infested with parasites transmissible to man.
o Carcasses of the animals affected with or showing lesions of any of the
following diseases should be condemned except when recovery has
occurred to the extent that only localized.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT OF VARIOUS SPECIES

Meat Colour Consistency Fat

Sheep Dark Firm & Dense Ammonical odour White fat deposition in
red between groups of muscles

Buffalo Dark Firm Pale white

red

Horse Dark Soft Golden to dark yellow

Flesh red

Dog Dark -- White fat is slightly

meat red intermixed with muscles

Beef Red Fairly firm Yellowish white fat is

intermixed with muscles

Camel Red Fairly firm Pale yellow

Goat Light very firm Pure white, muscles contain

red very little fat
Similar to Buck

Pork Light very soft White and granulated fat is

red intermixed with muscles
Urine like odour

236
Poultry White Firm Fat intermixed with muscles

Fish White Entire muscular mass of each side Fat is finely distributed in
meat comprises a single muscle plate muscles
ADULTERATION OF FOOD OR DRINK

 Adulteration of food or drink is punishable under Section 272 I.P.C

Section 272 I.P.C.

 Whoever adulterates any article of food or drink so as to make such article

noxious as food or drink, intending to sell such article as food or drink or
knowing it to be likely that the same will be sold as food or drink, shall be
punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to
six months or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees or with both.

Selling of unfit food or drink is punishable under Section 273 I.P.C

 Whoever sells or offers or expose for sale, as food or drink, any article which has
been rendered or has become noxious, or is in a state unfit for food or drink,
knowing or having reason to believe that the same is noxious as food or drink,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees or
with both.


237