Designation: D 4595 – 09

Standard Test Method for

Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip
Method1

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This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

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original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile D 579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens

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tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotex-
tiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered for Textiles3
fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics

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application.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions 3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n.—air maintained at
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6 2°C
(70 6 4°F).
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modulus, and breaking toughness.
3.2 breaking toughness, T, (FL−1), Jm−2, n.—for geotextiles,
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
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method are included. 3.2.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other the area under the force − elongation curve from the origin to
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking tough-
ness is calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width
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the specimen. This width, by contrast, is greater than the length

of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications of a specimen.
3.3 corresponding force, Fc, n.—the force associated with a
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have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the

gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those (Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
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fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile 3.4 geotechnical engineering, n.—the engineering applica-
behavior in the field and a standard comparison. tion of geotechnics.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.5 geotechnics, n.—the application of scientific methods
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safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- and use of knowledge of materials of the earth’s crust to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- solution of engineering problems.
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bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.5.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
2. Referenced Documents aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sci-
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2.1 ASTM Standards:2 ences.

D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles 3.6 geotextile, n.—any permeable textile material used with
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foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engi-

neering related material, as an integral part of a man-made
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on project, structure, or system.
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Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-

cal Properties.
3.7 initial tensile modulus, J i, (FL−1), Nm−1, n.—for geo-
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally textiles, the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 4595 – 05.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.

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 D 4595 – 09
to a change in strain (slope) of the initial portion of a force per can be calculated from machine scales, dials, recording charts,
unit width strain curve. or an interfaced computer.
3.8 offset tensile modulus, J o, (FL−1), Nm−1, n.—for geo-
5. Significance and Use
textiles, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to a
change in strain (slope) below the proportional limit point and 5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip
above the tangent point on the force − elongation curve. force − elongation properties of geotextiles provides design
3.9 proportional limit, n.—the greatest stress which a ma- parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example

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terial is capable of sustaining without any deviation from design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, rein-
proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). forced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When

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3.10 secant tensile modulus, Jsec (FL−1), Nm−1, n.—for strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alterna-
geotextiles, the ratio of change in force per unit width to a tive test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test
change in strain (slope) between two points on a force per unit Method D 4595 for the determination of the wide-width strip
width strain curve. tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance
3.11 tangent point, n.—for geotextiles, the first point of the testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles but caution is

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force − elongation curve at which a major decrease in slope advised since information about between-laboratory precision
occurs. is incomplete (Note 7). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1

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3.11.1 Discussion—The tangent point is determined by may be advisable.
drawing a tangent line passing through the zero axis and the 5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using Test Method D 4595 for

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proportional elastic limit. The point from the zero force axis
that the force − elongation curve first touches that tangent line acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
is the tangent point. the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
3.12 tensile modulus, J, (FL−1), Nm−1, n.—for geotextiles, there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
the ratio of the change in tensile force per unit width to a statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
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corresponding change in strain (slope). bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
3.13 tensile strength, n.—for geotextiles, the maximum specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
resistance to deformation developed for a specific material are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
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when subjected to tension by an external force. specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
3.13.1 Discussion—Tensile strength of geotextiles is the to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen and is laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
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expressed in force per unit width. unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its
3.14 tensile test, n.—in textiles, a test in which a textile
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cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the

material is stretched in one direction to determine the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
force − elongation characteristics, the breaking force, or the
the known bias.
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breaking elongation.
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some
3.15 wide-width strip tensile test, n.—for geotextiles, a
modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a
uniaxial tensile test in which the entire width of a 200-mm
given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamp-
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(8.0-in.) wide specimen is gripped in the clamps and the gage

ing adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or
length is 100 mm (4.0 in.).
geotextiles made from glass fibers to prevent them from
3.16 work-to-break, W, (LF), n.—in tensile testing, the total
slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
energy required to rupture a specimen.
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gripped in the clamps. Specimen clamping may be modified as

3.16.1 Discussion—For geotextiles, work-to-break is pro-
required at the discretion of the individual laboratory providing
portional to the area under the force − elongation curve from
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a representative tensile strength is obtained. In any event, the

the origin to the breaking point, and is commonly expressed in
procedure described in Section 10 of this test method for
joules (inch-pound-force).
obtaining wide-width strip tensile strength must be maintained.
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3.17 yield point, n.—the first point of the force − elongation 5.3 This test method is applicable for testing geotextiles
curve above the proportional (linear) section at which an either dry or wet. It is used with a constant rate of extension
increase in elongation occurs without a corresponding increase
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type tension apparatus.

in force. 5.4 The use of tensile strength test methods that restrict the
3.18 For terminology of other terms used in this test clamped width dimension to 50 mm (2 in.) or less, such as the
method, refer to Terminology D 123 and Terminology D 4439. ravel, cut strip, and grab test procedures, have been found less
suitable than this test method for determining design strength
4. Summary of Test Method parameters for some geotextiles. This is particularly the case
4.1 A relatively wide specimen is gripped across its entire for nonwoven geotextiles. The wide-width strip technique has
width in the clamps of a constant rate of extension (CRE) type been explored by the industry and is recommended in these
tensile testing machine operated at a prescribed rate of exten- cases for geotextile applications.
sion, applying a longitudinal force to the specimen until the 5.4.1 This test method may not be suited for some woven
specimen ruptures. Tensile strength, elongation, initial and fabrics used in geotextile applications that exhibit strengths
secant modulus, and breaking toughness of the test specimen approximately 100 kN/m or 600 lbf/in. due to clamping and

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 D 4595 – 09
equipment limitations. In those cases, 100-mm (4-in.) width NOTE 1—When roller clamps are used an external extensometer, per
specimens may be substituted for 200-mm (8-in.) width speci- Fig. 3, is often used to determine displacement. External extensometers or
mens. On those fabrics, the contraction effect cited in 1.4 is other external means of measurement are encouraged for all tests where
modulus is to be measured. In this case, the distance between the moving
minimal and, consequently, the standard comparison can con- feet of the extensometer determines the gage length for use in elongation
tinue to be made. calculations and not test speed. Please see Note 7.

6. Apparatus and Reagents 6.2.2 Size of Jaw Faces—Each clamp shall have jaw faces

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measuring wider than the width of the specimen, 200 mm (8
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant rate of extension
in.), and a minimum of 50-mm (2-in.) length in the direction of
(CRE) type of testing machine described in Specification D 76
the applied force.

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shall be used. When using the CRE type tensile tester, the
6.3 Area-Measuring Device—Use an integrating accessory
recorder must have adequate pen response to properly record
to the tensile testing machine or a planimeter.
the force—elongation curve as specified in Specification D 76.
6.4 Distilled Water and Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet
6.2 Clamps—The clamps shall be sufficiently wide to grip
specimens only.
the entire width of the sample and with appropriate clamping

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power to prevent slipping or crushing (damage).
6.2.1 Three basic clamp designs are shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, 7. Sampling

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Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5. These designs have been used in the 7.1 Lot Sample—For the lot sample, take rolls of geotextiles
laboratory and have provided reproducible tensile strengths. as directed in an applicable material specification, or as agreed
upon between the purchaser and the supplier.

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These clamps may be modified to provide greater ease and
speed of clamping. In any event, caution must be taken to NOTE 2—The extent of the sampling for wide-width strip tensile
ensure the type material and dimensions of the clamp are properties is generally defined in an applicable order or contract. Among
adequate for the user’s expected fabric strength.
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FIG. 1 Wedge Clamps

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 D 4595 – 09

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FIG. 2 Inserts for Wedge Clamps

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FIG. 3 Roller Clamps

to accept certification by the manufacturer that the material in question for the certification is, such as, historical data generated from material
meets the requirements agreed upon by the two parties, and what the basis manufactured under the same conditions.

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 D 4595 – 09

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FIG. 4 End View of Composite of Clamp, Insert, and Threaded Rod

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FIG. 5 Sanders Clamp

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7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample, take a laboratory sample, with those for the measurement of the
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full-width swatch approximately 1 m (40 in.) long in the machine direction tensile properties from different positions
machine direction from each roll in the lot sample. The sample across the geotextile width, and the specimens for the mea-
may be taken from the end portion of a roll provided there is surement of the cross-machine direction tensile properties from
no evidence it is distorted or different from other portions of different positions along the length of the geotextile. Take no
the roll. In cases of dispute, take a sample that will exclude specimens nearer the selvage or edge of the geotextile than
fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around 1/10 the width of the geotextile (see 8.2).
the core.
7.3 Test Specimens—For tests in the machine direction and 8. Test Specimen Preparation
the cross-machine direction, respectively, take from each 8.1 Number of Specimens:
swatch in the laboratory sample the number of specimens 8.1.1 Unless otherwise agreed upon, as when specified in an
directed in Section 8. Take specimens at random from the applicable material specification, take a number of specimens

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 D 4595 – 09
per fabric swatch such that the user may expect at the 95 % men, accurately perpendicular to the length dimension and
probability level that the test result is not more than 5.0 % of separated by 100 mm (4 in.) to designate the gage area (See
the average above or below the true average of the swatch for Note 7).
each, the machine and cross-machine direction, respectively. 8.2.2 For some woven geotextiles, it may be necessary to
Determine the number of specimens as follows: cut each specimen 210-mm (8.5-in.) wide and then remove an
8.1.1.1 Reliable Estimate of v—When there is a reliable equal number of yarns from each side to obtain the 200 mm
(8.0 in.) finished dimension. This helps maintain specimen

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estimate of v based upon extensive past records for similar
materials tested in the user’s laboratory as directed in the integrity during the test.
method, calculate the required number of specimens using Eq 8.2.3 The length of the specimen depends upon the type of

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1, as follows: clamps being used. It must be long enough to extend through
the full length of both clamps, as determined for the direction
n 5 ~tv/A!2 (1) of test.
8.2.4 When specimen integrity is not affected, the speci-
where:
mens may be initially cut to the finished width.

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n = number of specimens (rounded upward to a whole
8.2.5 When the wet tensile strength of the fabric is required
number),
v = reliable estimate of the coefficient of variation of in addition to the dry tensile strength, cut each test specimen at

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individual observations on similar materials in the least twice as long as is required for a standard test (see Note
user’s laboratory under conditions of single-operator 2). Number each specimen and then cut it crosswise into two

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precision, %, parts, one for determining the conditioned tensile strength and
t = the value of Student’s t for one-sided limits (see Table the other for determining the wet tensile strength; each portion
1), a 95 % probability level, and the degrees of shall bear the specimen number. In this manner, each paired
freedom associated with the estimate of v, and break is performed on test specimens containing the same
A = 5.0 % of the average, the value of the allowable yarns.
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variation. NOTE 3—For geotextiles which shrink excessively when wet, cut the
8.1.1.2 No Reliable Estimate of v—When there is no reli- test specimens for obtaining wet tensile strength longer in dimension than
that for dry tensile strength.
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able estimate of v for the user’s laboratory, Eq 1 should not be
used directly. Instead, specify the fixed number of six speci- 9. Conditioning
mens for each the machine direction and the cross-machine 9.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in the
direction tests. The number of specimens is calculated using
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atmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered to

v = 7.4 % of the average. This value for v is somewhat larger have been reached when the increase in mass of the specimen
than usually found in practice. When a reliable estimate of v for in successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h
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the user’s laboratory becomes available, Eq 1 will usually does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen. In general
require fewer than the fixed number of specimens. practice, the industry approaches equilibrium from the “as
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8.2 Test Specimen Size: received” side.

8.2.1 Prepare each finished specimen 200-mm (8.0-in.) NOTE 4—It is recognized that in practice, geotextile materials are
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wide (excluding fringe when applicable, see 8.2.2) by at least frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been
200-mm (8.0-in.) long (see 8.2.2) with the length dimension reached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,
it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
being designated and accurately parallel to the direction for atmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before the
which the tensile strength is being measured. If necessary,
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specimens are tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable in

centrally, draw two lines running the full width of the speci- most cases. However, certain fibers may exhibit slow moisture equaliza-
tion rates from the “as received” wet side. When this is known, a
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preconditioning cycle, as described in Practice D 1776, may be agreed

TABLE 1 Values of Student’s t for One-Sided Limits and the upon between contractural parties.
95 % ProbabilityA 9.2 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
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df One-Sided df One-Sided df One-Sided immersed in water, maintained at a temperature of 21 6 2°C

1 6.314 11 1.796 22 1.717 (706 4°F). The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet-out
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2 2.920 12 1.782 24 1.711 the specimens thoroughly, as indicated by no significant

3 2.353 13 1.771 26 1.706 change in strength or elongation following a longer period of
4 2.132 14 1.761 28 1.701
5 2.015 15 1.753 30 1.697 immersion, and at least 2 min. To obtain thorough wetting, it
6 1.943 16 1.746 40 1.684 may be necessary or advisable to add not more than 0.05 % of
7 1.895 17 1.740 50 1.676
8 1.860 18 1.734 60 1.671
a nonionic neutral wetting agent to the water.
9 1.833 19 1.729 120 1.658
10 1.812 20 1.725 ` 1.645
10. Procedure
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Values in this table were calculated using Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 Users’
10.1 Conditioned Specimens—Test adequately conditioned
Library Programs 03848D, “One-Sided and Two-Sided Critical Values of Student’s specimens in the atmosphere for testing geotextiles.
t” and 00350D, “Improved Normal and Inverse Distribution.” For values at other 10.2 Wet Specimens—Test thoroughly wet specimens in the
than the 95 % probability level, see published tables of critical values of Student’s
t in any standard statistical text. Further use of this table is defined in Practice normal machine set-up within 20 min after removal from the
D 2905. water.

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 D 4595 – 09
10.3 Machine Set-Up Conditions—Adjust the distance be- of the modifications listed above are used, state the method of
tween the clamps at the start of the test at 100 6 3 mm (4 6 modification in the report.
0.1 in.). At least one clamp should be supported by a free 10.6 Measurement of Elongation—Measure the elongation
swivel or universal joint which will allow the clamp to rotate of the geotextile at any stated force by means of a suitable
in the plane of the fabric. Select the force range of the testing recording device at the same time as the tensile strength is
machine so the break occurs between 10 and 90 % of full-scale determined, unless otherwise agreed upon, as provided for in
force. Set the machine to a strain rate of 10 6 3 %/min. an applicable material specification. Measure the elongation to

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NOTE 5—It is recognized that some tensile tests on geotextiles are
three significant figures as shown in Fig X1.1.
conducted using a manually applied strain rate. In that case, approximately 10.6.1 A measured strain within the specimen can be

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a 2 %/min strain rate should be used. In any event, the strain rate described obtained from jaw to jaw measurements by gaging along the
in 10.3 is preferred. center axis between the jaws across the center 3 in. of the
10.4 Insertion of Specimen in Clamps—Mount the speci- specimen. These measurements can be made using a sealed
men centrally in the clamps. Do this by having the two lines, rule taped on a line on the upper end of the specimen, in the

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which were previously drawn 100 6 3 mm (4.0 6 0.1 in.) apart gage area, and recording the change in length as measured
across the width of the specimen positioned adjacent to the from a line spaced 3 in. below the upper line. In addition, the
inside edges of the upper and lower jaw. The specimen length center portion of the specimen can be gaged using LVDTs or

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in the machine direction and cross-machine direction tests, mechanical gages. By comparing, it can be determined if
respectively, must be parallel to the direction of application of slippage is occuring in the clamps.

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force.
10.5 Measurement of Tensile Strength—Start the tensile 11. Calculations
testing machine and the area measuring device, if used, and 11.1 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength of
continue running the test to rupture. Stop the machine and reset individual specimens; that is, the maximum force per unit
to the initial gage position. Record and report the test results to width to cause a specimen to rupture as read directly from the
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three significant figures for each direction separately (See Note
7). 2 (See Fig X1.1), as follows:
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10.5.1 If a specimen slips in the jaws, breaks at the edge of af 5 Ff / Ws (2)
or in the jaws, or if for any reason attributed to faulty operation
the result falls markedly below the average for the set of where:
af = tensile strength, N/m (lbf/in.) of width,
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specimens, discard the result and test another specimen.

Continue until the required number of acceptable breaks have Ff = observed breaking force, N (lbf), and
been obtained. Ws = specified specimen width, m (in.).
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10.5.2 The decision to discard the results of a break shall be 11.2 Elongation—Calculate the elongation of individual
based on observation of the specimen during the test and upon specimens, expressed as the percentage increase in length,
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the inherent variability of the fabric. In the absence of other based upon the initial nominal gage length of the specimen
criteria for rejecting a so-called jaw break, any break occurring using Eq 3 for XY type recorders, or Eq 4 for manual readings
within 5 mm (1⁄4 in.) of the jaws which results in a value below (ruler), as follows:
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20 % of the average of all the other breaks shall be discarded. ´p 5 ~E 3 R 3 100!/~C 3 Lg! (3)
No other break shall be discarded unless the test is known to be ´p 5 ~DL 3 100!/Lg (4)
faulty.
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10.5.3 It is difficult to determine the precise reason why where:

certain specimens break near the edge of the jaws. If a jaw ´p = elongation, %,
break is caused by damage to the specimen by the jaws, then E = distance along the zero force axis from the point the
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the results should be discarded. If, however, it is merely due to curve leaves the zero force axis to a point of
randomly distributed weak places, it is a perfectly legitimate corresponding force, mm (in.),
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result. In some cases, it may also be caused by a concentration R = testing speed rate, m/min (in./min),
C = recording chart speed, m/min (in./min),
of stress in the area adjacent to the jaws because they prevent
Lg = initial nominal gage length, mm (in.), and
the specimen from contracting in width as the force is applied.
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DL = the unit change in length from a zero force to the

In these cases, a break near the edge of the jaws is inevitable corresponding measured force, mm (in.).
and shall be accepted as a characteristic of the particular
method of test. NOTE 6—Some clamping arrangements may lead to slack in the
10.5.4 For instructions regarding the preparation of speci- specimen within the gage area. When this occurs, that increase of the
specimen length must be added and included as part of Lg, nominal gage
mens made from glass fiber to minimize damage in the jaws,
length.
see Specification D 579.
10.5.5 If a geotextile manifests any slippage in the jaws or 11.3 Tensile Modulus:
if more than 24 % of the specimens break at a point within 5 11.3.1 Initial Tensile Modulus—Determine the location and
mm (0.25 in.) of the edge of the jaw, then (1) the jaws may be draw a line tangent to the first straight portion of the
padded, (2) the geotextile may be coated under the jaw face force − elongation curve. At any point on this tangent line,
area, or (3) the surface of the jaw face may be modified. If any measure the force and the corresponding elongation with

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 D 4595 – 09
respect to the zero force axis. Calculate initial tensile modulus 11.4.3 When determining the breaking toughness of geotex-
in N/m (lbf/in.) of width using Eq 5. (See Fig X1.1), as follows: tiles that exhibit take up of slack caused by fabric weave,
Ji 5 ~F 3 100!/~´p 3 Ws! (5) crimp, or design, the area under the force − elongation curve
which precedes the initial modulus line represents the work to
where: remove this slack. Automatic-area-measuring equipment may
Ji = initial tensile modulus, N/m (lbf/in.) of width, or may not include this area in measuring breaking toughness,
F = determined force on the drawn tangent line, N (lbf), and therefore, such information should be reported along with

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´p = corresponding elongation with respect to the drawn the value observed for the breaking toughness.
tangent line and determined force, %, and 11.4.4 Calculate the breaking toughness or work-to-break

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Ws = specimen width, m (in.). per unit surface area for each specimen when using XY
11.3.2 Offset Tensile Modulus—Determine the location and recorders using Eq 8, or when using automatic area measuring
draw a line tangent to the force—elongation curve between the equipment using Eq 9, or when using manually obtained strain
tangent point and the proportional limit and through the zero measurements with a steel rule or dial gage using Eq 10:
force axis. Measure the force and the corresponding elongation

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Tu 5 ~Ac 3 S 3 R!/~Wc 3 C 3 As! (8)
with respect to the force axis. Calculate offset tensile modulus
Tu 5 ~V 3 S 3 R!/~Ic 3 As! (9)
using Eq 6 (See Fig X1.1 and X2.1), as follows:

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Ff
Tu 5 ( pdDL
0 (10)
Jo 5 ~F 3 100!/~´p 3 Ws! (6)
where:

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where:
Jo = offset tensile modulus, N/m (lbf/in.) of width, Tu = breaking toughness, J/m2 (in.·lbf/in.2),
F = determined force on the drawn tangent line, N (lbf), Ac = area under the force − elongation curve, m2 (in.2),
´p = corresponding elongation with respect to the drawn S = full scale force range, N (lbf),
tangent line and determined force, %, and R = testing speed rate, m/min. (in./min.),
Ws = specimen width, m (in.). Wc = recording chart width, m (in.),
IN R C = recording chart speed, m/min. (in./min.),
11.3.3 Secant Tensile Modulus—Determine the force for a As = area of the test specimen within the gage length, m2
specified elongation, ´2, usually 10 %, and label that point on (in.2), usually 0.200 m by 0.100 m (8 in. by 4 in.)
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the force − elongation curve as P2. Likewise, label a second (See Note 7),
point, P1 at a specified elongation, ´1, usually 0 % elongation. V = integrator reading,
Draw a straight line (secant) through both points P1 and P2 Ic = integrator constant,
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intersecting the zero force axis. The preferred values are 0 and Ff = observed breaking force, N (lbf),
10 % elongation, respectively, although other values may be DL = unit change in length from a zero force to the
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used, for example, when provided for in an applicable material corresponding measured force, mm (in.),
specification. Calculate secant tensile modulus using Eq 7 (See p = unit stress per area of test specimen within the gage
Fig X3.1), as follows: length, N/m2 (lbf/in.2), and
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0 = zero force.
Js 5 ~F 3 100!/~´p 3 Ws! (7)
11.5 Average Values—Calculate the average values for
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where: tensile strength, elongation, initial modulus, secant modulus,

Js = secant tensile modulus, N (lbf) between specified and breaking toughness of the observations for the individual
elongations per m (in.) of width, specimens tested to three significant figures.
F = determined force on the constructed line, N (lbf),
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´p = corresponding elongation with respect to the con- 12. Report

structed line and determined force, %, and 12.1 Report that the specimens were tested as directed in
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Ws = specimen width, m (in.).

Test Method D 4595. Describe the material or product sampled
11.4 Breaking Toughness: and the method of sampling used.
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11.4.1 When using the force − elongation curves, draw a 12.2 Report all of the following applicable items for both
line from the point of maximum force of each specimen the machine direction and cross direction of the material tested.
perpendicular to the elongation axis. Measure the area bounded 12.2.1 Average breaking force/unit width in N/m (lbf/in.) as
C

by the curve, the perpendicular and the elongation axis by tensile strength.
means of an integrator or a planimeter, or cut out the area of the 12.2.2 Average elongation at specified force in percent.
chart under the force − elongation curve, weigh it, and calcu- 12.2.3 If requested, the average initial or secant modulus in
late the area under the curve using the weight of the unit area. N/m (lbf/in.). For secant modulus, state that portion of the
11.4.2 When determining breaking toughness of geotextiles force − elongation curve used to determine the modulus, that
using a manual gage (steel rule or dial) to measure the amount is, 0 to 10 % elongation, reported as 10 % secant modulus.
of strain at a given force, record the change in specimen length Other portions of the force − elongation curve can be reported
for at least ten corresponding force intervals. Approximately as requested.
equal force increments should be used throughout the applica- 12.2.4 If requested, the average breaking toughness (work-
tion of force having the final measurement taken at specimen to-break per unit surface area) in J/m2(in·lbf/in.2). Report the
rupture. method of calculation.

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 D 4595 – 09
12.2.5 If requested, the standard deviation, coefficient of procedure should be provided. The major problem encountered was
variation, or both, of any of the properties. definition of the origin (zero position) point on the force − elongation
12.2.6 If requested, include a force − elongation curve as curve. The following procedural interpretations with respect to this test
part of the report. method are suggested: (1) No bonding of the specimen should be provided
within the clamp face area for materials showing a breaking force of
12.2.7 Condition of specimen (dry or wet).
17500 N/m (100 lbf/in.) and under, unless shown to be necessary as agreed
12.2.8 Number of specimens tested in each direction.
upon between the purchaser and supplier, (2) Protection within the clamp
12.2.9 Make and model of testing machine.

D
faces should be provided, such as resin bonded tabs, for materials having
12.2.10 Size of jaw faces used. a breaking force in excess of 17500 N/m (100 lbf/in.), (3) A pretension
12.2.11 Type of padding used in jaws, modification of force should be provided having a minimum total applied force to the

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specimens gripped in the jaws, or modification of jaw faces, if specimen of 44.5 N (10 lbf) for materials exhibiting an ultimate breaking
used. force of 17500 N/m (100 lbf/in.) and under. For materials exhibiting a
12.2.12 Full scale force range used for testing. breaking force in excess of 17500 N/m (100 lbf/in.), a pretension force
12.2.13 Any modification of procedure (see 5.2). equal to 1.25 % of the expected breaking force should be applied, however
in no case should the total pretension force exceed 222 N (50 lbf). A low

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13. Precision and Bias (Note 7) 4 force range may be used to establish the point of the applied pretension
force on the force − elongation curve and then increased to the working
13.1 Precision—The precision of this test method of testing
force range selected for the material under test, (4) The gage length should

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wide width strip tensile properties is being established.
be determined relative to the zero base line on the extension axis and the
13.2 Bias—The true value of wide width strip tensile applied pretension force (zero position point), (5) The zero position point
properties of geotextiles can only be defined in terms of a

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should be used to determine the elongation, initial modulus, and secant
specific test method. Within this limitation, the procedures in modulus when applicable, (6) Roller clamps and other mechanical
Test Method D 4595 has no known bias. clamping mechanisms have been successfully used in conjunction with
external extensometers, however strain rates may be different compared to
NOTE 7—The wide width tensile task group of subcommittee D35.01
flat-faced clamps, (7) Extreme care should be used when loading
conducted a pilot interlaboratory test in 1985. This test indicated that
IN R
additional clarification to illustrate implied procedures within the test specimens in the clamps to insure vertical alignment of the specimen in
the direction of test. The task group is continuing further interlaboratory
testing. It is the intent of the task group to include the above mentioned
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4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may clarifications and subsequent changes as a result of improved technology
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D35-1002. in future issues of this test method.
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APPENDIXES
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(Nonmandatory Information)
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X1. EXTENSOMETERS

X1.1 Three types of extensometers have been successfully confined testing but, provisions must be provided to protect
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used in testing geosynthetics. wires, etc. from influences due to the confinement.
X1.1.3 Remote extensometers (optical) use markers or other
X1.1.1 Direct reading extensometers are mounted directly
devices that are mounted directly on the geosynthetic and
on the geosynthetic. These extensometers typically consist of
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sensing units that are mounted independent of the geosynthetic

linear variable-differential transformer (LVDTs) units that read
and the markers or devices. These sensing units use electro-
strain directly as the material extends. These units place an
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magnetic radiation, such as light, to sense the distance between

additional force (weight) on the material undergoing testing
the markers. This type of extensometer may be inappropriate
and may have an effect on the force versus strain results. The
for use in confined tests.
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user should determine that this additional force is or is not

significant for the material being tested. Typically, this type of X1.2 Users must bear in mind that clamps, markers, or
extensometer cannot be used in confined testing. other physical attachments can damage materials undergoing
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X1.1.2 Semi-remote reading extensometers use clamps that testing. This damage can cause premature failure in geosyn-
are mounted directly on the geosynthetic. Wires, pulley sys- thetics. It is of paramount importance to design and use clamps,
tems, or other physical devices connect the clamps to LVDT markers, or other attachments in a manner that will not alter
units. This type of extensometer can be appropriate for test results by damaging the material undergoing testing.

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 D 4595 – 09

X2. INITIAL GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS

X2.1 In a typical force − elongation curve (Fig. X2.1), X2.1.1 The initial geotextile tensile modulus can be deter-

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IN R
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FIG. X2.1 Material with Hookean Region

there is usually a toe region AC that represents take up of slack, mined by dividing the force at any point along the line AG (or
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alignment, or seating of the specimen; it can also represent a its extension) by the elongation at the same point (measured
significant part of the elongation characteristic of the specimen. from point A, defined as zero strain).
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This region is considered when determining the initial geotex-

tile modulus.
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X3. OFFSET GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS

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X3.1 In the case of a geotextile exhibiting a region of X3.2 In the case of a geotextile that does not exhibit any
Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. X2.1), after the non-linear linear region (Fig. X3.1), a line is constructed tangent to the
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region, a continuation of the linear region of the curve is point on the force versus strain curve exhibiting the maximum
constructed through the zero-force axis. This intersection, point slope (i.e., point H8. ). This is extended to intersect the zero
B, is the zero elongation point from which elongation is
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force axis at point B8 . This intersection, point B8 , is the zero

measured. strain point from which strain is measured.
X3.1.1 The offset geotextile tensile modulus (Fig. X2.1) can
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X3.2.1 The offset geotextile tensile modulus can be deter-

be determined by dividing the force at any point along the line
mined by dividing the force at any point along line B8K8 (or its
BD (or its extension) by the strain at the same point (measured
extension) by the strain at the same point (measured from point
C

from point B, defined as zero strain). The point where line BD

B8, defined as zero strain).
first touches the force versus strain curve is the tangent point
(for example, C).

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 D 4595 – 09

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E C
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FIG. X3.1 Material with No Hookean Region
IN R
X4. SECANT GEOTEXTILE TENSILE MODULUS
P
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T H
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D P O
C

FIG. X4.1 Construction Line for Secant Modulus

X4.1 In a typical force versus strain curve (Fig. X4.1), a X4.1.2 Fig. X4.1 also presents a straight line constructed
straight line is constructed through the zero force axis, usually through any two specified points, where a secant modulus is to
at zero strain point A9 and a second point usually at 10 % strain, be calculated, point Q9 and point R9, other than zero and 10 %
point M9. Point A9 is the zero strain point from which strain is strain. In this case, the line is extended through the zero force
measured. axis at point B9. . This intersection is the zero strain point from
X4.1.1 The secant geotextile tensile modulus at the selected which strain is measured. The secant geotextile tensile modu-
strain level can be determined by dividing the force at any lus can be determined by dividing the force at any point along
point along line A9M9 (or its extension) by the strain at the lineQ9 R9 (or its extension) by the strain at the same point
same point (measured from point A9, defined as zero strain). (measured from point B9, defined as zero strain). If this latter

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 D 4595 – 09
method is used, for example to account for zero-force offset specified means for defining points Q9 and R9should be
due to the removal of slack, etc. in the geosynthetic, the identified in the testing report.

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IN R
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