PS5111-Power System Simulation Lab-I
Uploaded by
Lakshmi ZaharaPS5111-Power System Simulation Lab-I
Uploaded by
Lakshmi ZaharaPS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur
PS5111 – POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY I
M.E (POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING)
SEMESTER – I
LAB MANUAL / OBSERVATION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR:2018-2019
1
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
PS5111 – POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY I
SYLLABUS
1. Power flow analysis by Newton-Raphson method and Fast decoupled method
2. Transient stability analysis of single machine-infinite bus system using
classical machine model
3. Contingency analysis: Generator shift factors and line outage distribution factors
4. Economic dispatch using lambda-iteration method
5. Unit commitment: Priority-list schemes and dynamic programming
6. State Estimation
7. Analysis of switching surge using EMTP: Energisation of a long
distributed- parameter line
8. Analysis of switching surge using EMTP : Computation of transient recovery voltage
9. Simulation and Implementation of Voltage Source Inverter
10. Digital Over Current Relay Setting and Relay Coordination.
11. Co-ordination of over-current and distance relays for radial line protection
2
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
PS5111- POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY-I
CYCLE - I
1. Power flow analysis by Newton-Raphson method
2. Power flow analysis by Fast decoupled method
3. Transient stability analysis of single machine-infinite bus system using classical
machine model
4. Economic dispatch using lambda-iteration method
5. Contingency analysis: Generator shift factors and line outage distribution factors
6. Unit commitment: Priority-list schemes and dynamic programming
CYCLE - II
7. State Estimation
8. Analysis of switching surge using EMTP: Energisation of a long distributed-
parameter line
9. Analysis of switching surge using EMTP: Computation of transient recovery
voltage
10. Simulation and Implementation of Voltage source Inverter
11. Digital and over current relay setting and relay coordination
12. Co-ordination of over current and distance relay for radial line protection
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
13. Transient behaviour of Three-Phase Induction Machine during Starting
14. Small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus system with field
circuit, exciter and power system stabilizer
3
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
INDEX
Date of Name of the experiment Date of Staff Sign
S.No Experiment. submission.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
4
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exp.No: 1
Date:
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
Aim:
To develop Newton-Raphson (N-R) method for solving power flow equations. To
develop the expressions for the elements of Jacobian matrix. To demonstrate the iterative
process of N-R method using the given test system and to check the results with the
available load flow programs using MATLAB software.
Development of N-R Method:
Modeling Assumption
Bus generation and demands are modeled by complex power injections.
Lines and transformers are modeled by PI equivalent circuit.
Shunt compensators by shunt susceptance.
Statement of Practical Power Flow Problem
Given
The network configuration, complex bus power injection at all the buses except
slack bus and the complex bus voltages at the slack bus.
To Determine
To determine the complex bus voltages at all the buses except slack bus.
Hence only the (n-1) complex power equations are taken and iteratively solved to get the
(n-1) unknown complex voltages.
Operating Constraints
To maintain acceptable voltage profile it is necessary to maintain the voltage
magnitude of generator buses distributed throughout the system at values higher
than 1.0 per unit.
In practice “Voltage Control” is achieved by AVR’s and excitation system
available at each generating station. At these buses only P-injection and voltage
magnitude are specified and hence they are called P-V buses.
While solving power flow problem the voltage magnitude at the P-V buses are
required to be held at specified value provided the reactive power generation at
this bus is within the reactive limits QG max and QGmin.
Power Flow Model
Number the PQ buses first then the PV buses and the slack bus is the last bus.
Let
o NV be the number of PV bus
o NP be the number of P equations to find unknown (which is equal to
equations)
o NQ be the number of Q equations to find unknown (which is equal to
equations)
State vector (Dimension NP+NQ)
(1)
5
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Number of equations is equal to number of unknowns (NP+NQ). Select the
equations as follows
o Slack bus and known
o PV bus not known only P equation
o PQ bus and unknown both P and Q equation
At the kth bus the real and reactive power injections are given by
where (2)
where (3)
Where
where (4)
where (5)
The above equations can be compactly represented as
(6)
where (7)
Compact power flow equation has to be solved using N-R method to obtain the state
vector through iterative process. Once the solution is obtained the unknown real and
reactive injections and power flow in each line can be computed.
N-R algorithm
To solve
Let be the assumed solution.
Let be small and be the deviation from the correct solution then
(8)
Expanding vector function F by the taylor series around and truncating second and
higher order terms we get
=0 (9)
where is the iteration number
The above equation can be rearranged as
(10)
Substituting the value for from equations (2) and (3)
(11)
The above equation can be expressed as
(12)
Where
is the jacobian matrix , is the state correction matrix and is the
mismatch vector
The equation (12) can be detailed expressed as
6
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
(13)
Elements of Jacobian
In order to make to computations of Jacobian elements more efficient the
equations are modified as shown
(14)
Let , , and
The matrix and can be expressed in terms of and
The off diagonal elements of the above matrices are given by the equations (15) to (18)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
The diagonal elements of the matrices are given by the equations (19) to (22)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
The jacobian elements are functions of latest state vector and bus admittance matrix. The
jacobian matrix is real and has symmetric sparse structure, but asymmetric in value.
7
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Flowchart
Read Data: , , k=1,2 …N
k=1,2,…NP
, , where , tolerance
Set Flat Start ;
Compute Mismatch Vector ,
Yes
Is
No
Compute Jacobian matrix Compute Line Flow Line
Losses and Slack bus power
Compute Voltage Correction
Print Solution
Update state vector Stop
Set
Q limit check for P-V BUs
8
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Q Limit Check For P-V bus
A
Compute
Set
Do
Yes
Is
No
Yes
Is
No
Switch bus k to P-Q bus
Switch bus k to P-Q bus Is bus k is at P-Q bus status switch
back to P-V bus status change Change
Change
Set
9
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exercise:
Consider 3 bus system each has a line of a series impedance of 0.02+j0.02p.u and total
shunt admittance of j0.02pu.The specified capacity of buses are tabulated below
Controllable reactive power souce is available at bus 3 with a constraint 0≤QG≤1.5.Find
the total flow solution using NR method with power flow mismatch
Bus Real Load Reactive Real power Reactive Voltage
No Demand( PD ) load generation power Gen. specification
demand (PG) (QG)
(QD)
1 2.0 1.0 - - 1.0+j0
2 0 0 0.5 1.0 -
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 QG3? 1.04
PROGRAM
clc;
clear;
%line From to R+jX
ldata=[1 1 2 0.02+0.04i
2 1 3 0.01+0.03i
3 2 3 0.0125+0.025i];
%bus V d P Q Type
bdata=[1 1.05 0 0 0 0
2 1.00 0 -4 -2.5 2
3 1.04 0 2 0 1];
nbus=length(bdata(:,1));
nlines=length(ldata(:,1));
V=bdata(:,2);
d=bdata(:,3);
P=bdata(:,4);
Q=bdata(:,5);
type=bdata(:,6);
y=zeros(nbus);
for j=1:nlines;
l=ldata(j,2);
m=ldata(j,3);
y(l,l)=y(l,l)+(1/ldata(j,4))+ldata(j,5);
y(m,m)=y(m,m)+(1/ldata(j,4))+ldata(j,5);
y(l,m)=-(l/ldata(j,4));
y(m,l)=y(l,m);
end
Y=abs(y);
t=angle(y);
poweracc=10^-6;
DC=1;
iter=0;
while poweracc<max(abs(DC));
10
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
iter=iter+1;
disp('ITERATION');
disp(iter);
v=V.*(exp(complex(0,d)));
Pcal=real((v).*conj(y*v));
Qcal=imag((v).*conj(y*v));
DelP=P-Pcal;
DelQ=Q-Qcal;
DX=[DelP;DelQ];
for j=(1:nbus);
for k=(1:nbus);
J1(k,j)=-imag(conj(v(k))*v(j)*y(k,j));
J2(k,j)=real(conj(v(k))*v(j)*y(k,j))/V(j);
J3(k,j)=-real(conj(v(k))*v(j)*y(k,j));
J4(k,j)=-imag(conj(v(k))*v(j)*y(k,j))/V(j);
end
end;
for k=(1:nbus);
J1(k,k)=-Qcal(k)-imag(V(k)^2*y(k,k));
J2(k,k)=(Pcal(k)/V(k))+real(V(k)*y(k,k));
J3(k,k)=Pcal(k)-real(V(k)^2*y(k,k));
J4(k,k)=(Qcal(k)/V(k))-imag(V(k)*y(k,k));
end;
J=[J1 J2;
J3 J4];
K=[find(type==0);
find(type==0)+nbus;
find(type==1)+nbus];
DX(K)=[];
J(K,:)=[];
J(:,K)=[];
DC=J\DX;
d(2)=d(2)+(DC(1));
d(3)=d(3)+(DC(2));
V(2)=V(2)+(DC(3));
V,d
end;
i=1:nbus;
S(i)=v.*conj(y*v);
for a=1:nbus;
b=1:nbus;
LineCurrent(a,b)=-y(a,b)*(v(a)-v(b));
end;
for m=1:nbus;
for n=1:nbus;
PowerFlow(m,n)=v(m)*conj(LineCurrent(m,n));
end;
end;
11
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
for i=1:nbus;
for j=1:nbus;
Loss(i,j)=PowerFlow(i,j)+PowerFlow(j,i);
end;
end;
S,LineCurrent,PowerFlow,Loss
OUTPUT
Result:
Load flow for the given test system is carried out by Newton Raphson method and
the results have been verified by the MATLAB programs.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the need for load flow?
2. What is Voltage controlled bus?
3. How Q limits are considered for PV bus?
4. Compare NR method with other Power flow methods
5. What are the various buses in Power system?
12
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exp.No:2 Date:
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY FAST DECOUPLED METHOD
Aim:
To develop Fast Decoupled (FDPF) method for solving power flow equations. To
demonstrate the iterative process of FDPF method using the given test system and to
check the results with the MATLAB software
Development of FDPF Method:
FDPF improves the speed and reliability of convergence and to reduce storage
requirements.
Decoupling Process
There is a loose physical interactions between the real and reactive power flow in
the power system
Values of elements of sub matrix and are relatively small when compared
to the sub matrix and .
The first step in decoupling process is to neglect the coupling sub matrix
and .
(1)
(2)
(3)
Where
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
and where
(8)
Assumptions:
Physically justifiable assumptions can be made which are always valid
is very small and hence and
Invoking the following in (7) and (8)
(9)
(10)
Assuming all values of to be equal to and comparing the value of
with it is found and hence
(11)
13
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
and can be expressed in
matrix form as
(12)
(13)
in (12) and (13) is negative bus susceptance matrix.
Three step process to improve decoupling
o Divide the ith equation of (12) and (13) by thereby removing the L.H.S
terms to the denominator of the R.H.S terms.
o Remove the influence of Q-flow on the calculation of
By setting all the R.H.S terms to in (12)
By omitting shunt reactance’s and off nominal tap ratio from
in (12)
By neglecting series resistance while calculating in (12) which
makes it a D.C load flow matrix.
FDPF Method
Neglect the angle shifting effects of phase shifter in in (13). With all the above
modification the FDPF scheme becomes
(14)
(15)
and are real, sparse, symmetric constant matrix. They are computed and
factorized only once at the beginning of iterations and are not recomputed and
refactorized
Flowchart: Flowchart for the decoupled power flow is given below
14
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Read Data: Assume “Flat start” for ; ;
Compute: . Factorize and compute sensitivity factors
Compute mismatch vector
Is Yes
No
Compute and update
No Yes
Compute mismatch vector
Is Yes
No
Compute and update
No Yes
B
A Converged. Compute
PV bus adjustment and Print solution
Stop
15
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Compute
Set
Do
Yes
Is
No
No Yes
Is
Set
No
IS PV bus completed?
Yes
B
bus does not find a place in Augment with a new row and column
corresponding to P-V bus, say the bus and the sensitivity is found as shown
(16)
(17)
16
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exercise
For the two bus test system perform two iterations of N-R method using flat start and
obtain . Using this solution determine the real and reactive power mismatches at bus
2. Compute the line flow (MW, Mvar) and line losses. Compute slack bus generation.
Verify your results with available MATLAB programs.
.
V1=1.02 p.u.
0.02+j0.06 p.u
50 MW + j30Mvar
150 MW + j90Mvar
1 j0.03 p.u j0.03 p.u 2
EXTRA PROBLEMS
Carry out a FDPF method for same two bus system with different specifications
given below
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
%Line From To R+jX Adm
ldata=[1 1 2 0.0+0.025i 0.0i
2 1 3 0.0+0.025i 0.0i
3 2 3 0.0+0.05i 0.0i];
%Bus V d P Q Type
bdata=[1 1.025 0 0 0 0
2 1.00 0 -4 -2 2
3 1.03 0 3 0 1];
nbus=length(bdata(:,1));nlines=length(ldata(:,1));
V=bdata(:,2);d=bdata(:,3);
type=bdata(:,6);P=bdata(:,4);Q=bdata(:,5);
y=zeros(nbus);
for j=1:nlines;
l=ldata(j,2);
m=ldata(j,3);
y(l,l)=y(l,l)+(1/ldata(j,4))+ldata(j,5);
y(m,m)=y(m,m)+(1/ldata(j,4))+ldata(j,5);
y(l,m)=-(1/ldata(j,4));y(m,1)=y(l,m);
end
17
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
BPr=imag(y);BPr(1,:)=[];BPr(:,1)=[];
INVBPr=inv(BPr);
BDPr=imag(y);K=[find(type==0);find(type==0)];
BDPr(K,:)=[];BDPr(:,K)=[];
INVBDPr=inv(BDPr);
Poweracc=0.0000025;
Deld=10;iter=0;
while Poweracc<abs(Deld);
iter=iter+1;
disp('iteration:');
disp(iter);
v=V.*(exp(complex(0,d)));
Pcal=real((v).*conj(y*v));
Qcal=imag((v).*conj(y*v));
DP=P-Pcal;DelP=DP;DelP(1)=[];
DQ=Q-Qcal;DelQ=DQ;DelQ(K)=[];
Deld=-INVBPr*DelP;DelV=-INVBDPr*DelQ;
d(2)=d(2)+(Deld(1)*V(2));d(3)=d(3)+(Deld(2)*V(3));
V(2)=V(2)+(DelV(1)*V(2));
iter,V,d
end;
i=1:nbus;
S(i)=v.*conj(y*v);
P(i)=real(S(i));Q(i)=imag(S(i));
for a=1:nbus;
for b=1:nbus;
Linecurrent(a,b)=-y(a,b)*(v(a)-v(b));
PowerFlow(a,b)=v(a)*conj(Linecurrent(a,b));
end;
end;
for i=1:nbus;
for j=1:nbus;
Loss(i,j)=PowerFlow(i,j)+PowerFlow(j,i);
end;
end;
V,d,S,PowerFlow,Linecurrent,Loss
OUTPUT
Piter Qiter
0 0 1 0.0 0.65 -
1 0 1 -2.2345 - 0.480400
1 1 0.9679 - 0.075759 -
2 1 - -1.965 - 0.006451
2 2 0.9675 - 0.008923 0.012617
18
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Result: FDPF for the given test system is carried out ant the results have been
verified by using MATLAB programs
Viva questions:
1. What is PQ decoupling?
2. What are the assumptions made in FDLF method?
3. What are the advantages of FDLF over NR method?
4. What are the applications of Load flow?
19
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Expt. No:3
Date:
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE-INFINITE BUS
SYSTEM USING CLASSICAL MACHINE MODEL
AIM:
To carry out transient stability analysis of an interconnected power system and
obtain the swing curves.
THEORY:
Transient stability of a power system is the ability of the system to maintain
synchronism among the generators when it is subjected to sudden, large transient
disturbance. The transient disturbance may be,
1. Sudden fault or short - circuit followed by opening of breakers
2. Sudden application or rejection of large load or sudden tripping of generators.
3. Switching operations
If the individual machine in a multi - machine power system are operating in steady - state
equilibrium and a disturbance of the kind mentioned above is imposed on the system, then
the system is said to be stable, if each machine oscillates around and ultimately settles to a
new equilibrium condition. This equilibrium condition is characterized by constant speed
of the machine.
Transient stability analysis is one of the essential simulation studies conducted by power
system engineers. The purpose of this is to find out the dynamic behaviour of the system
following a transient disturbance such as a fault on a high voltage line.
Critical clearing time has to be determined by conducting this study. This time is defined
as the maximum permissible fault clearing time for the system to remain stable under the
given conditions of disturbances. This involves the computation of swing curves by
solving the non - linear swing equation of the system using suitable numerical method.
Swing equation of multi - machine power system is,
H i1 d 2 d
1 1
D P P
f dt 2
i mi ai
dt
H i * MVA rating of i th generator
Hi
Base MVA for the given system
Hi = Inertia constant of ith generator in seconds based on its own rating.
I = the load angle of the ith machine in electrical radians.
Pmi' = per - unit mechanical power of the ith machine.
Pei' = per - unit electrical power of the ith machine.
Di = Damping factor of the ith machine.
f = nominal system frequency.
t = time in seconds.
20
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
In the above expressions, i vary from 1 to g, where g is the total number of synchronous
machines in the system.
Runge - Kutta Algorithm for Computation of Swing Curves:
Runge - Kutta method of fourth order is one of the best numerical method's used for the
purpose of solving the swing equation. The damping of the rotors must also be taken into
account to get the results in an accurate form.
According to this algorithm, the total transient period is typically of the order of one
second is divided into a large number of small intervals, each of t second duration.
During each t duration, the value of parameters K1, K2, K3, K4, and l1, l2, l3, l4, are
calculated. Thus, these parameters are used to determine the changes in I , i.
I( 0 ) = value of of the ith machine at the end of previous interval t .
f = nominal system frequency.
i = number of the machine.
f
I i 10 ( Pmi1 Pei1 (0) Di i )t
1
where,
Hi
HI' = per - unit inertia constant of the ith machine referred t the system base.
Pmi' = per - unit mechanical power of the ith generator.
Pei' = per - unit electrical power supplied by the ith generator.
i' (i (0) 2f 0 ) / 2f 0 = per - unit disturbance velocity of the ith machine
K 2i i (0) I i / 2 2f 0 ]t
I 2i 0
f
H i mi
' ' '
P Pei (0) D I ( I I I / 2 2f 0 t
Where,
Pei' ( 0 ) = electrical power of the ith generator calculated using i at the end of previous
t.
K 3i i (0) I 2 I / 2 2f 0 ]t
I 2i 0
f
H i mi
' '' '
P Pei (0) D I ( I I I / 2 2f 0 t
Where,
Pei'' (0) = electrical power of the ith generator calculated by using i ( 0 ) + K2 / 2
K 4i i (0) I 3I 2f 0 ]t
f
I 4i 0 ' Pmi Pei (0) DI ( I I 3I / 2 2f 0 t
Hi
' '' '
Where,
Pei'' ( 0 ) = electrical power of the ith generator calculated by using i ( 0 ) + K3
i ( new ) = i ( 0 ) + 1/ 6 * ( Ki + 2K2I + 2K3i + K4i )
I( new ) = I( 0 ) + 1/ 6 * ( li + 2l2i + 2l3i + l4i )
ALGORITHM:
1. Read inertia constant, machine transient reactance, tie - line reactance, voltages at
generator buses, bus powers, system frequency, type of fault.
2. Conduct load flow analysis.
3. Calculate the machine currents.
4. Calculate the voltage behind transient reactance E' is given by
E' = Vt + j It Xd
5. Assume mechanical powers are constant since governor action is not taken into
consideration.
21
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
6. The angle for E' is taken as initial value of and initial value of = 2fo .
7. Compute reduced YBUS for faulted and post faulted systems.
8. Calculate first estimates of phase angle K1 and speed l1
d
k1 | 0t i (0) 2f 0 t ----------- (1)
dt
d
I1 | 0t f 0 / H ( Pm Pe (0)) t ----------- (2)
'
dt
9. To calculate second estimate K2 and l2
K 2 ( (0) I 1 / 2) 2f 0 t ----------- (3)
I 2 f 0 / H Pm Pe1 (0) t ----------- (4)
10. To calculate third estimate K3 and l3
K 3 ( (0) I 2 / 2) 2f 0 t ----------- (5)
I 3 f 0 / H Pm Pe" (0) t ----------- (6)
11. To calculate fourth estimate K4 and l4
K 4 ( (0) I 3 / 2) 2f 0 t ----------- (7)
I 4 f 0 / H Pm Pe" (0) t ----------- (8)
12. Find the phase angle and speed at the end of the first interval
( t ) = ( t - 1 ) + 1/ 6 ( K1 + 2K2 + 2K3 + K4 ) ----------- ( 9 )
( t ) = ( t -1 ) + 1/ 6 ( l1 + 2l2 + 2l3 + l4 ) ----------- ( 10 )
13. Repeat from step (8) and calculate the phase angle and speed during the subsequent
time interval till t = 0.3seconds. All these calculations should be done using reduced Y BUS
matrix corresponding to faulted system.
14. Repeat the steps (8) to (12) for t =0.3seconds upto t = 1.0seconds by using reduced
YBUS matrix corresponding to faulted system.
15. Plot the swing curves and state the system is stable or not.
22
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
START
READ THE DATA
PERFROM LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
COMPUTE E AND δ GENERATOR
COMPUTE REDUCED YBUS.FOR FROMULATED SYSTEM AND POST
FALUT SYSTEM
t=0.01
CALCULATE 1ST2ND3RD &4TH ESTIMTE
OF ANGLEAND SPEED
FIND δ(t) AND ω(t)AT THE END OF INTREVAL
NO
t=t+ IS t|< tC
YES
FIND δ(t) AND ω(t)AT THE END OF INTREVAL
PRINTALL THE RESULTS AND
PLOT THE CURVE
STOP
23
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1) A 60 Hz Synchronous generator having inertia constant H= 5MJ/MVA and a direct
axis transient reactance Xd"= 0.3pu is connected to an infinite bus through a purely
resistive circuit. Reactance’s are marked on the diagram with a common base .The
generator is delivering real power Pe = 0.8pu and Q = 0.074pu to infinite bus at a voltage
of 1 pu.
(a) A temporary 3 phase fault occurs at sending end of the line at point F When the fault is
cleared both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and fault clearing time.
(b) A 3 phase fault occurs at middle of one line the fault is cleared and the faulted line is
isolated Determine the critical Clearing angle.
(c) The fault is cleared at 0.3 sec .Obtain the numerical solution of swing equation for 1
sec using modified Euler's method with step size d(t) = 0.01 sec. Obtain simulink model
for swing equation and simulate for Tc of 0.3 & 0.5 sec.
24
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
PROGRAM
clc;
clear;
h=0.005;
del0=21.64*pi/180;
omega0=1;
ti=0;
tf=0.5;
n=round((tf-ti)/h);
t(1)=ti;
del(1)=del0;
omega(1)=omega0;
tc=0.15;
for i=1:n
if(t(i)==ti)
status=0;
end
if(t(i)==tc)
status=1;
end
if (t(i)>ti && t(i)<tc)
status=2;
end
if (t(i)>tc)
status=3'
end
l1=h*swing(del(i),omega(i),status);
k1=h*omega(i);
l2=h*swing(del(i)+0.5*k1,omega(i)+0.5*l1,status); %R-K algorithm
k2=h*(omega(i)+0.5*l1);
l3=h*swing(del(i)+0.5*k2,omega(i)+0.5*l2,status);
k3=h*(omega(i)+0.5*l2);
l4=h*swing(del(i)+k3,omega(i)+l3,status);
k4=h*(omega(i)+l3);
k=(k1+2*(k2+k3)+k4)/6;
l=(l1+2*(l2+l3)+l4)/6;
omega(i+1)=omega(i)+1;
del(i+1)=del(i)+k;
t(i+1)=t(i)+h;
end
plot(t,del*180/pi);
grid on;
xlable('time----->');
ylable('del(degrees)------->');
title('Plot of del various time');
swing
swing(del,omega,status)
[diffomega]=swing(del,omega,status)
M=2.52/(pi*50);
Pm=0.9;
25
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Pmaxbf=2.44;
Pmaxdf=0.88;
Pmaxaf=2.00;
switch status
case 0
diffomega=((Pm-Pmaxbf*sin(del))+(Pm-Pmaxdf*sin(del)))/(2*M);
case 1
diffomega=((Pm-Pmaxdf*sin(del))+(Pm-Pmaxaf*sin(del)))/(2*M);
case 2
diffomega=(Pm-Pmaxdf*sin(del))/M;
case 3
diffomega=(Pm-Pmaxaf*sin(del))/M;
end
OUTPUT
enter the reactance between bus 1 and 20.6
enter the reactance between bus 2 and 30.4
enter the reactance between bus 1 and 30.8
enter the generated power40
enter the power demand130
enter the base100
xo =
0.4444 0.1778
0.1778 0.3111
del =
-0.0533
-0.3333
p =
0 0.4667 -0.0667
-0.4667 0 -0.8333
0.0667 0.8333 0
a =
0 0.4444 0.5556
-0.4444 0 0.4444
-0.5556 -0.4444 0
L12 = 1.0000
L23 = 1.0000
26
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
L13 = 1.0000
L23 = 0.5000
L12 = 1.0000
L13 = 1.0000
P12 = 0.2889
P13 = -0.2889
P23 = -1.0111
po =
0
-1.3000
xo =
0.4444 0.1778
0.1778 0.3111
del =
-0.2311
-0.4044
limp =
1.4000 0.6000 0.8000
0.6000 1.0000 0.4000
0.8000 0.4000 1.2000
p12 = 0.2889
P13 = -0.2889
P23 = -1.0111
RESULT:
The Transient stability analysis has been carried out and simulated on a given power
system network.
VIVA Questions
1. What is the need of transient stability analysis?
2. Specify the value of power angle for the power system to remain in stability?
3. Define Synchronous coefficient.
4. Define steady state stability/
5. Define critical clearing angle and time
27
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
EXP NO:4 DATE:
CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS: GENERATOR SHIFT FACTORS AND LINE
OUTAGE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS
AIM:
To write a program in MATLAB to perform contingency analysis of the given 3- bus
system and to calculate the distribution factors for various line outages.
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program.
STEP2: Get the various values of line reactance, generated power, power demand,
base MVA values.
STEP3: Calculate the B coefficient matrix.
STEP4: Determine the line flows for the three bus system.
STEP5: Calculate the generation shift factors using
Ali =
Xmi= mth element from from Δδ vector.
Xni = nth element from from Δδ vector.
xl = Line reactance for the line.
STEP6: Calculate the generation outages of various lines using
Ll,k =
STEP7: Calculate the new line flows after the various generation outages as
Pnm = Pnm(old)+ ali * p
STEP8: Conduct the DC load flow to check the generation values match the
calculated line flows.
Problem:
Calculate the generation shift factors, line outages, generator outages for the given circuit
diagram. Take base MVA as 100.
28
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
RESULT:
Thus the program to perform contingency analysis of the given 3- bus system and to
calculate the distribution factors for various line outages was completed.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the need for contingency analysis?
2. What are the various contingencies that occur in power system?
3. What is generator shift factor?
4. What is line outage distribution factor?
29
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
PROGRAM
clear all;
clc;
r1=input('enter the reactance between bus 1 and 2');
r2=input('enter the reactance between bus 2 and 3');
r3=input('enter the reactance between bus 1 and 3');
limp=[(r1+r3) r1 r3;r1 (r1+r2) r2;r3 r2 (r3+r2)];
pg=input('enter the generated power');
pd=input('enter the power demand');
b=input('enter the base');
bo=[(1/r1)+(1/r3) -(1/r1);-(1/r1) (1/r1)+(1/r2)];
bo;
xo=inv(bo)
p=[(pg/b) -(pd/b)];
po=transpose(p);
del=(xo*po)
%line flows
del(3)=0;
p=[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0];
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
if(i~=j)
p(i,j)=(del(i)-del(j))/limp(i,j);
end
end
end
p
%generation shift factors
a=[0 0 0;0 0 0;0 0 0];
xo(3)=0;
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
if(i~=j)
a(i,j)=(xo(i)-xo(j))/limp(i,j);
end
end
end
a
xo=inv(bo)
r1
r2
r3
L12=(xo(1,1)-xo(2,1))*r3/((r3-xo(1,1))*r1)
30
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
L23=(xo(2,1)*r3)/((r3-xo(1,1))*r2)
%outage of line 1-2
L13=(xo(1,1)-xo(1,2))*r1/((r1-((xo(1,1)-xo(1,2))-(xo(2,1)-xo(2,2))))*r3)
L23=-(xo(2,1)-xo(2,2))*r1/((r1-((xo(1,1)-xo(1,2))-(xo(2,1)-xo(2,2))))*r3)
%Outage of line 2-3
L12=(-(xo(1,2)-xo(2,2))*r2)/((r2-xo(2,2))*r1)
L13=(xo(1,2)*r2)/((r2-xo(2,2))*r3)
%The new line flows after outage of generator 1'
delp=-.4;
P12=p(1,2)+a(1,2)*delp
P13=p(1,3)+a(1,3)*delp
P23=p(2,3)+a(2,3)*delp
%'dc load flow'
po=[0;-1.3]
xo
del=xo*po
limp
p12=(del(1,1)-del(2,1))/limp(1,2)
P13=del(1,1)/limp(1,3)
P23=del(2,1)/limp(2,3)
31
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
OUTPUT
enter the reactance between bus 1 and 20.6
enter the reactance between bus 2 and 30.4
enter the reactance between bus 1 and 30.8
enter the generated power40
enter the power demand130
enter the base100
xo =
0.4444 0.1778
0.1778 0.3111
del =
-0.0533
-0.3333
p=
0 0.4667 -0.0667
-0.4667 0 -0.8333
0.0667 0.8333 0
a=
0 0.4444 0.5556
-0.4444 0 0.4444
-0.5556 -0.4444 0
xo =
0.4444 0.1778
0.1778 0.3111
r1 = 0.6000
r2 = 0.4000
r3 = 0.8000
L12 = 1.0000
L23 = 1.0000
L13 = 1.0000
L23 = 0.5000
L12 = 1.0000
L13 = 1.0000
P12 = 0.2889
P13 = -0.2889
P23 = -1.0111
po =
0
-1.3000
xo =
0.4444 0.1778
0.1778 0.3111
del =
-0.2311
-0.4044
limp =
1.4000 0.6000 0.8000
0.6000 1.0000 0.4000
0.8000 0.4000 1.2000
p12 = 0.2889
P13 = -0.2889
P23 = -1.0111
32
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Expt. No. :5 Date:
ECONOMIC DISPATCH USING LAMBDA-ITERATION METHOD
AIM : To compute the optimal economical scheduling of the generators with
& without considering the network losses for the given system
THEORY :
ECONOMIC DESPATCH WITHOUT LOSSES
Consider a system of N – generating units connected to a single bus bar
serving a received electrical load Pload. The input of each unit, Fi represents the
cost rate (Rs./Hr). The output of each unit Pi is the electrical power generated
by that particular unit. The total cost rate (FT) subject to the constraint that
the sum of the output powers must equal the reactive load.
Objective Function:Min FT F Pi
N
i 1 i
Where Fi =αi + βiPi + γiPi2
Subjected to the following constraints,
Equality Constraint,
N
PLOAD Pi , Where FT F1 F2 ............. FN
i 1
N – Number of generating units
Here the transmission losses are neglected
In Equality Constraint,
Pi, min Pi Pi, max
Pi, min_--- Minimum Power generation from plant i.
Pi, max -- Maximum Power generation from plant i.
33
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
N
Let PLOAD Pi 0
i 1
By making use of Lagrangian multiplier the auxiliary function is obtained as
N
L FT , i.e, L FT PLOAD Pi
i 1
Lagrangian Multiplier
differentiating L wrt Pi and equating to zero
L Fi Pi
(0 1) 0
Pi Pi
Fi
Pi
the condition for optimum operation is
F1 F2 F
.......................... N
P1 P2 PN
Fi
is the Incremental production cost of the unit i
Pi
ECONOMIC DESPATCH WITHOUT LOSSES
Consider a system of N – generating units connected to a single bus bar
serving a received electrical load Pload. The input of each unit, Fi represents the
cost rate (Rs./Hr). The output of each unit Pi is the electrical power generated
by that particular unit. The total cost rate (FT) subject to the constraint that
the sum of the output powers must equal the reactive load.
TRANSMSSION N/W
WITH LOSSES
PLOSS
34
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Objective Function Min FT F Pi
N
i 1 i
Subjected to the following constraints
Equality Constraint,
N
PLOAD PLOSS Pi
i 1
N – Number of generating units
PLOAD -Total load of the system
PLOSS -Total Network losses of the system.
In Equality Constraint,
Pi, min Pi Pi, max
Pi, min_--- Minimum Power generation from plant i.
Pi, max -- Maximum Power generation from plant i.
The Lagrangian function was formulated by adding the constraints to the
objective function by using lagrangian multiplier and is given below,
N
Let PLOAD PLOSS Pi
i 1
PLOSS is the total system loss
Making use of the Lagrangian multiplier, the auxiliary function is
L FT
N
L FT PLOAD PLOSS Pi
i 1
differentiating L wrt Pi and equating to zero
L Fi P P N P
( LOAD LOSS i ) 0
Pi Pi Pi Pi i 1 Pi
Fi P
0 LOSS 1 0
Pi Pi
Fi P
LOSS Coordination Equation
Pi P
i
PLOSS
= Incremental Transmission loss at plant i
Pi
= Incremental production cost (Rs/MWHr)
35
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
WITH OUT CONSIDERING LOSSES
1.Find the initial value of λ by using the formula given below,
λ=
2.Find the value of power output of all the generators by using the formula
given below
Pi =
3.Check the value of power residue .If it is zero then stop the iteration and
print the optimal schedule otherwise go to next step.
ΔP= Pload -
4.Calculate the change in λ and update the value of λ by using the equations
given below,
Δλ =
λ new= λ + Δλ
5.Go to step 2
WITH CONSIDERING LOSSES
1.Find the initial value of λ by using the formula given below,
λ=
2.Find the value of power output of all the generators by using the formula
given below
Pi =
3.Check the value of power residue .If it is zero then stop the iteration and
print the optimal schedule otherwise go to next step.
ΔP= Pload - +
4.Calculate the change in λ and update the value of λ by using the equations
given below,
Δλ =
λ new= λ + Δλ
5.Go to step 2
PROBLEM
36
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
1.The given cost function of the 3 Generating units are given below,
C1 = 561+7.92+0.001562P12 Rs/Hr
C2 = 310+7.85P2+0.00194P22 Rs/Hr
C3 = 78+7.97P3+0.00482P32 Rs/Hr
where P1, P2, P3 are in MW. The total system load is PD = 975MW. The MW
limits of the generating units are given below,
150 P1 600
100 P2 400
50 P3 200
The fuel cost of all the unit is 1 Rs/MBtu.The generating units contribute to
satisfy a load demand of 850 MW. The loss expression is given as
Ploss=0.00003P12 +0.0000982P22+0.00012P32 in MW.
Write the program in C/ MATLAb to calculate the optimum dispatch
scheduling for the above problem
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter the number of generating units');
for i=1:n
disp('Enter the details for the unit');
disp(i);
a(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg^2');
b(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg');
pmin(i)=input('Enter the pmin value');
pmax(i)=input('Enter the pmax value');
end
pd=input('Enter the demand value');
lam=input('Enter the starting value of lambda');
delp=-1;
iteration=0;
q=input('Enter 1 for ED without losses & 2 for ED with losses');
if q==1
while delp~=0
pp=0;
x=0;
for i=1:n
p(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*a(i));
if p(i)<pmin(i)
p(i)=pmin(i);
end
if p(i)>pmax(i)
p(i)=pmax(i);
else
p(i)=p(i);
37
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
end
x=x+(1/(2*a(i)));
pp=pp+p(i);
end
delp=pd-pp;
dellam=delp/x;
lam=lam+dellam;
iteration=iteration+1;
if iteration==1000
break;
end
disp('iteration=');
disp(iteration);
disp('Power of the unit');
disp(p);
disp('Lambda=');
disp(lam);
end
else
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
B(i,j)=input('Enter the value');
end
end
while delp~=0
pp=0;
x=0;
ploss=0;
for i=1:n
p(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*(a(i)+(lam*B(i,i))));
if p(i)<pmin(i)
p(i)=pmin(i);
end
if p(i)>pmax(i)
p(i)=pmax(i);
else
p(i)=p(i);
end
pp=pp+p(i);
x=x+(a(i)+(B(i,i)*b(i)))/(2*(a(i)+(lam*B(i,i)))^2);
end
ploss=(p*B*transpose(p));
delp=ploss+pd-pp;
dellam=delp/x;
lam=lam+dellam;
iteration=iteration+1;
if iteration==1000
38
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
break;
end
disp('iteration=');
disp(iteration);
disp('Power of the unit');
disp(p);
disp('lambda');
disp(lam);
end
end
39
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
OUTPUT
OUTPUT:
WITH LOSSES:
Enter the number of generating units3
Enter the details for the unit 1
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.001562
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.92
Enter the pmin value 150
Enter the pmax value 600
Enter the details for the unit 2
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.00194
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.85
Enter the pmin value 100
Enter the pmax value 400
Enter the details for the unit 3
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.004823
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.97
Enter the pmin value 50
Enter the pmax value 200
Enter the demand value 850
Enter the starting value of lambda 7
Enter 1 for ED without losses & 2 for ED with losses 1
iteration= 999
Power of the unit
393.2055 334.6325 122.1619
Lambda= 9.1484
40
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
WITHOUT LOSSES:
Enter the number of generating units 3
Enter the details for the unit 1
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.001562
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.92
Enter the pmin value 150
Enter the pmax value 600
Enter the details for the unit 2
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.00194
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.85
Enter the pmin value 100
Enter the pmax value 400
Enter the details for the unit 3
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2 0.00482
Enter the coefficient of Pg 7.97
Enter the pmin value 50
Enter the pmax value 200
Enter the demand value 850
Enter the starting value of lambda 7
Enter 1 for ED without losses & 2 for ED with losses 2
Enter the value0.00003
Enter the value0
Enter the value0
Enter the value0
Enter the value0.00009
Enter the value0
Enter the value0
Enter the value0
Enter the value0.00012
iteration=99
Power of the unit
41
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
435.1984 299.9700 130.6606
lambda
9.5284
RESULT: The optimal economical scheduling of the generators with &
without losses are obtained for the given system.
VIVA Questions
1. What is Equal incremental cost?
2. What are the various constraints in ED Problem?
3. What is Power Balance constraint?
4. What is loss Coefficients in ED problem?
42
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Expt. No. :6 Date:
UNIT COMMITMENT: PRIORITY-LIST SCHEMES AND DYNAMIC
PROGRAMMING
AIM : To obtain the optimal Unit commitment schedule by priority listing
method for the given problem using MATLAB/C program
ALGORITHM:
Priority-List Method:
It consist of a simple shut-down rule obtained by an exhaustive enumeration of all unit
combinations at each load level or obtained by noting the full-load average production
cost of each unit The full-load average production cost is the net heat rate at full load
multiplied by the fuel cost .Various enhancements can be made to the priority-list scheme
by the grouping of units to ensure that various constraints are met.
Typical shut-down rules:
1. At each hour when load is dropping, determine whether dropping the next unit on
the list leaves sufficient generation to supply the load plus the spinning-reserve
requirements
2. If the supply is not sufficient, keep the unit committed.
3. Determine the number of hours before the unit is needed again.
4. If the time is less than the minimum shut-down time for the unit, keep it
committed.
5. Perform a cost comparison for the sum of the hourly production costs for the next
number of hours with the next unit to be dropped being committed and the sum of
the restart costs for the next unit based on the minimum cost of cooling the unit or
banking the unit ‘
THEORY:
Unit Commitment, further abbreviated as UC, refers to the strategic choice to be made in
order to determine which of the available power plants should be considered to supply
electricity. UC is not the same as dispatching. Dispatching consists of fitting a given set of
power plants into a certain electric demand. UC appoints the set of plants from which
dispatching can choose. The difference between both issues is time. In dispatching
decisions, there is no time to rapidly activate a power plant because the inertia of most
plants will not allow this. UC therefore prepares a set of plants and stipulates in which
time period they have to be on-line and ready for dispatching.
UC chooses plants taking into account a wide variety of parameters, technological
aspects (such as minimal operation point, minimum up and down time and transient
behavior) as well as economical considerations (such as start-up costs and operational
costs) and social elements (such as availability of staff and work-schemes). UC
optimization enables utilities to minimize electricity generation costs.
THREE EXISTING METHODS
43
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Many strategies have already been developed to tackle the UC economic optimization.
Brute Force Method: The most evident method is what we call brute force in which all
possible combinations of power plants to provide a given demand are calculated. The
possibilities conflicting with the boundary conditions are struck off the list. Finally, the
most economic of all remaining possibilities is withheld. This method is not only
scientifically clumsy but will also amount in the largest possible calculation time.
DP Method: Dynamic programming (DP) is a name used for methods in which a-priori
impossible or improbable possibilities are left out. This Method starts from a previously
determined optimal UC planning and gradually adds power plants to obtain optimal
solutions for higher demand.
Decomposition Method: In this method the main problem is decomposed into several sub-
problems that are easier to solve. In order to take into account uncertainties combine the
DP with fuzzy logic. The neural networks can be used to enable the model to learn from
previously made decisions. · It is possible to decompose UC into a master problem and
sub-problems that can be solved separately. The master problem is optimized (minimal
cost), linking the sub-problems by Lagrange multipliers.
Priority Listing Method: A very simple method is based on Priority Listing in which
power plants are logically ranked. Originally, the plants were ranked according to full
load cost. All plants are initially activated. Then they are shut down one at a time to check
whether or not the overall costs are reduced.
Next to these conservative methods, also some unconventional methods like genetic
algorithms can be used. This is a stochastic adaptive search based on "survival of the
fittest".
Exercise
Obtain the optimal Unit Commitment for the given generators using Priority list technique
Unit1:Pmin=150MW ;Pmax=600MW
Fuel Cost function H1=510+7.2P1+0.00142P12 MBtu/Hr
Unit2:Pmin=100MW ;Pmax=400MW
Fuel Cost function H2=310+7.85P2+0.00142P22 MBtu/Hr
Unit1:Pmin=150MW ;Pmax=600MW
Fuel Cost function H3=78+7.97P3+0.004822P32 MBtu/Hr
With
Fuel cost 1=1.1 R/MBtu
Fuel cost 2=1.0 R/MBtu
Fuel cost 3=1.2 R/MBtu
RESULT:
Thus the optimal unit commitment Schedule is obtained using priority listing method
Viva Questions:
1. What is Unit Commitment?
2. What are the various constraints in unit commitment?
3. Define spinning reserve constraint.
4. What are crew constraints?
5. What is priority listing?
44
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter the number of generating units');
for i=1:n
disp('Enter the details for unit');
disp(i);
a1(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg^2');
b1(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg');
c1(i)=input('Enter the coefficient ');
pmin(i)=input('Enter the Pmin value');
pmax(i)=input('Enter the Pmax value');
k(i)=input('Enter the fuel cost');
a(i)=(k(i)*a1(i));
b(i)=(k(i)*b1(i));
c(i)=(k(i)*c1(i));
end
for i=1:n
FLAPC(i)=(k(i)*(c1(i)+(b1(i)*pmax(i))+(a1(i)*pmax(i)^2)))/pmax(i);
end
FLAPC
for i=1:n
for j=i+1:n
if FLAPC(j)<FLAPC(i)
temp1=FLAPC(i);
FLAPC(i)=FLAPC(j);
FLAPC(j)=temp1;
temp2=pmin(i);
pmin(i)=pmin(j);
pmin(j)=temp2;
temp3=pmax(i);
pmax(i)=pmax(j);
pmax(j)=temp3;
temp4=a(i);
a(i)=a(j);
a(j)=temp4;
temp5=b(i);
b(i)=b(j);
b(j)=temp5;
temp7=c(i);
c(i)=c(j);
c(j)=temp7;
end
end
end
FLAPC
u=n;
for i=1:n
m1=0;
m2=0;
45
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
for k=1:u
m1=m1+pmin(k);
m2=m2+pmax(k);
end
u=u-1;
psmin(i)=m1;
psmax(i)=m2;
end
psmin
psmax
lam=input('Enter the initial value of lambda');
pd=input('Enter the Pd value');
u=n;
for i=1:n
if psmax(i)>pd
delp=-1;
iteration=0;
while delp~=0
pp=0;
x=0;
for i=1:u
p(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*a(i));
if p(i)<pmin(i)
p(i)=pmin(i);
end
if p(i)>pmax(i)
p(i)=pmax(i);
else
p(i)=p(i);
end
x=x+(1/(2*a(i)));
pp=pp+p(i);
end
for i=1:u
for j=i+1:u
if FLAPC(j)<FLAPC(i)
temp6=p(i);
p(i)=p(j);
p(j)=temp6;
end
end
end
for k=1:u
f(k)=(c(k)+(b(k)*p(k))+(a(k)*p(k)^2));
end
tot=0;
for k=1:u
tot=tot+f(k);
end
delp=pd-pp;
46
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
dellam=delp/x;
lam=lam+dellam;
if iteration==100
break;
end
iteration=iteration+1;
end
u=u-1;
end
disp('For the combination ');
disp(i);
disp('Total Fuel Cost=');
disp(tot);
disp('At the end of Iteration=');
disp(iteration);
disp('Power of the units');
disp(p);
disp('lambda=');
disp(lam);
p=zeros(1,n);
lam=0;
tot=0;
end
47
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
OUTPUT
Enter the number of generating units3
Enter the details for unit 1
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2=0.006
Enter the coefficient of Pg=7
Enter the constant coefficient=600
Enter the Pmin value=100
Enter the Pmax value=400
Enter the fuel cost=1.1
Enter the details for unit 2
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2=0.01
Enter the coefficient of Pg=8
Enter the constant coefficient=400
Enter the Pmin value=50
Enter the Pmax value=300
Enter the fuel cost=1.2
Enter the details for unit 3
Enter the coefficient of Pg^2=0.008
Enter the coefficient of Pg=6
Enter the constant coefficient=500
Enter the Pmin value=150
Enter the Pmax value=500
Enter the fuel cost=1
FLAPC = 11.9900 14.8000 11.0000
FLAPC = 11.0000 11.9900 14.8000
u= 3
psmin = 300 250 150
psmax = 1200 900 500
Enter the PD value 800
Enter the starting value of lambda 8
At the end of combination 3
iteration= 3
Power of the unit= 313.8298 335.1064 151.0638
lamda= 11.0213
Total cost= 8.6271e+003
48
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
EXP NO: 7 ate:
State Estimation
Aim:
To obtain the bests possible estimate of state of the power system for the given set
of measurement by weighted least squares method.
State Estimation BY WLSE method
State estimation plays a very important role in the monitoring and control of
modern power system. The main aim of this is to obtain the voltages and bus angles by
processing the available system data.
State estimation is defined as the data processing algorithm for converting
redundant meter reading and other available information into as estimate of the state of
electrical power system.
Real time measurement are collected in power system through SCADA system.
Typical data includes real and reactive line flows and real and reactive bus injections and
bus voltage magnitude. This telemetered data may contain errors. Theseerrors render the
outputuseless. It is for this reason that, power system state estimation techniques have
been developed.
A commonly used criterion is that of minimizing the sum of the squares of the
differences between estimated measurement quantities and actual measurement. This is
known as “weighted least squares” criterion. The mathematical model of state estimation
is based on the relation between the measurement variable and the state variable.
Let
[Z] = Set of measurements
[X] = The vector of state variables
[f(X] = The equation relating measurement
variables to the state variable
[e] = The measurement error vector
We have
[Z] = [f(x)+[e] →
(1)
The errors [e1,e2,….em]T are assumed to be independent random variable with
Gaussian distribution whose mean is zero. The variationmeasurement errorσiprovides an
indication of the certainity about the particular measurements. A large variance indicates
that the corresponding measurement accurate.
The objective function to be minimsed
→
(2)
Here m is the number of measurements
Minimise
J(x)={[f(x)-[Z]}T [W}[f(X/]-[Z]}
Linearsing equation (1) and simultaneously minimizing the objective
function (3), We get state correction vector as
[ΔX]={[H][W][H]-1[H][W]{[Z]-F9X)]}}
(4)
Where
49
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
[W]=Diagonal matrix which containweightage value of each measurement
[H]=Matrix of partial differential derivatives of measurement functions with respect to
state variables
The correction vector [ΔX] should be computed using the latest available system
state must be checked for convergence.
Algorithm:
Read all the relevant data
Initialize the state vector
Compute measurement function [f(x)] and Jocobian matrix [H] using latest known system
state variable
Check weather all the elements of [ΔX] are within the tolerance value, if so latest [X] is
the present system state or else go to next step.
Update the state vector
[X]=[X0]+[ΔX] and go to step 3
Line data
Line number Start Bus End bus Reactance in p.u
1 1 2 0.2
2 2 3 0.4
3 1 3 0.25
Measurement Data:
S.No Measurement Quanities Values (p.u) Weightages
1 P1 0.72 1.0
2 P1,2 0.68 1.0
3 P3,2 -0.405 0.1
4 P1,3 -0.04 0.2
Program:
num = 3;
ybus = ybusppg(num);
zdata = zdatas(num);
bpq = bbusppg(num);
nbus = max(max(zdata(:,4)),max(zdata(:,5)));
type = zdata(:,2);
z = zdata(:,3);
fbus = zdata(:,4);
tbus = zdata(:,5);
50
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Ri = diag(zdata(:,6));
V = ones(nbus,1);
del = zeros(nbus,1);
E = [del(2:end); V];
G = real(ybus);
B = imag(ybus);
vi = find(type == 1);
ppi = find(type == 2);
qi = find(type == 3);
pf = find(type == 4);
qf = find(type == 5);
nvi = length(vi);
npi = length(ppi);
nqi = length(qi);
npf = length(pf);
nqf = length(qf);
iter = 1;
tol = 5;
while(tol> 1e-4)
h1 = V(fbus(vi),1);
h2 = zeros(npi,1);
h3 = zeros(nqi,1);
h4 = zeros(npf,1);
h5 = zeros(nqf,1);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:nbus
h2(i) = h2(i) + V(m)*V(k)*(G(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)) + B(m,k)*sin(del(m)-
del(k)));
end
end
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:nbus
h3(i) = h3(i) + V(m)*V(k)*(G(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)) - B(m,k)*cos(del(m)-
del(k)));
end
end
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n = tbus(pf(i));
h4(i) = -V(m)^2*G(m,n) - V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) -
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n = tbus(qf(i));
h5(i) = -V(m)^2*(-B(m,n)+bpq(m,n)) - V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
51
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
h = [h1; h2; h3; h4; h5];
r = z - h;
H11 = zeros(nvi,nbus-1);
H12 = zeros(nvi,nbus);
for k = 1:nvi
for n = 1:nbus
if n == k
H12(k,n) = 1;
end
end
end
H21 = zeros(npi,nbus-1);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
for n = 1:nbus
H21(i,k) = H21(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
H21(i,k) = H21(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
H21(i,k) = V(m)* V(k+1)*(G(m,k+1)*sin(del(m)-del(k+1)) -
B(m,k+1)*cos(del(m)-del(k+1)));
end
end
end
H22 = zeros(npi,nbus);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus)
if k == m
for n = 1:nbus
H22(i,k) = H22(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
H22(i,k) = H22(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
H22(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)) + B(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)));
end
end
end
% H31 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..
H31 = zeros(nqi,nbus-1);
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
for n = 1:nbus
52
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
H31(i,k) = H31(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
H31(i,k) = H31(i,k) - V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
H31(i,k) = V(m)* V(k+1)*(-G(m,k+1)*cos(del(m)-del(k+1)) -
B(m,k+1)*sin(del(m)-del(k+1)));
end
end
end
H32 = zeros(nqi,nbus);
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus)
if k == m
for n = 1:nbus
H32(i,k) = H32(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
H32(i,k) = H32(i,k) - V(m)*B(m,m);
else
H32(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)) - B(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)));
end
end
end
H41 = zeros(npf,nbus-1);
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n = tbus(pf(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
H41(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
elseif k+1 == n
H41(i,k) = -V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
else
H41(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end
% H42 - Derivative of Real Power Flows with V..
H42 = zeros(npf,nbus);
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n = tbus(pf(i));
for k = 1:nbus
if k == m
H42(i,k) = -V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))) -
2*G(m,n)*V(m);
elseif k == n
H42(i,k) = -V(m)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
else
53
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
H42(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end
H51 = zeros(nqf,nbus-1);
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n = tbus(qf(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
H51(i,k) = -V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
elseif k+1 == n
H51(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
else
H51(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end
H52 = zeros(nqf,nbus);
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n = tbus(qf(i));
for k = 1:nbus
if k == m
H52(i,k) = -V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))) -
2*V(m)*(-B(m,n)+ bpq(m,n));
elseif k == n
H52(i,k) = -V(m)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
else
H52(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end
H = [H11 H12; H21 H22; H31 H32; H41 H42; H51 H52];
Gm = H'*inv(Ri)*H;
J = sum(inv(Ri)*r.^2);
dE = inv(Gm)*(H'*inv(Ri)*r);
E = E + dE;
del(2:end) = E(1:nbus-1);
V = E(nbus:end);
iter = iter + 1;
tol = max(abs(dE));
end
CvE = diag(inv(H'*inv(Ri)*H));
Del = 180/pi*del;
54
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
E2 = [V Del];
disp('-------- State Estimation ------------------');
disp('--------------------------');
disp('| Bus | V | Angle | ');
disp('| No | pu | Degree | ');
disp('--------------------------');
for m = 1:n
fprintf('%4g', m); fprintf(' %8.4f', V(m)); fprintf(' %8.4f', Del(m)); fprintf('\n');
end
disp('---------------------------------------------');
functionbbus = bbusppg(num)
linedata = linedatas(num);
fb = linedata(:,1);
tb = linedata(:,2);
b = linedata(:,5);
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));
nbranch = length(fb);
bbus = zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbranch
bbus(fb(k),tb(k)) = b(k);
bbus(tb(k),fb(k)) = bbus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
functionybus = ybusppg(num) % Returns ybus
linedata = linedatas(num);
fb = linedata(:,1);
tb = linedata(:,2);
r = linedata(:,3);
x = linedata(:,4);
b = linedata(:,5);
a = linedata(:,6);
z = r + i*x;
y = 1./z;
b = i*b;
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));
nbranch = length(fb);
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k))-y(k)/a(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
for m =1:nbus
for n =1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n)/(a(n)^2) + b(n);
elseiftb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
55
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
function [rho theta] = rect2pol(x)
rho = sqrt(real(x).^2 + imag(x).^2);
theta = atan(imag(x)./real(x));
functionrect = pol2rect(rho,theta)
rect = rho.*cos(theta) + j*rho.*sin(theta);
RESULT:
The state of the given system has estimated using weighted least square method
and the results are found to be correct
56
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exp.No:8 Date
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING SURGE USING PSCAD:
ENERGISATION OF A LOAD
AIM
To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomenon in power system
caused by switching and fault by using electromagnetic transient program [EMTP]
To become proficient in the image of EMTP to address problems in the areas of over
voltages protection and mitigation and insulation coordination of EHV systems.
Objective:
The study of transients due to energization of a long distributed parameters line from an
ideal 230kV source.
Software Required :
PSCAD
Theory:
Solution method for electromagnetic transient analysis Intentional and inadvertent
switching operations in EHV system initiate over voltages, which might obtain dangerous
value resulting in distinction of observation.
Accurate Computation of these over voltages is essential for proper sizing co ordination of
insulation of various equipments and specification of protection devices.
The Models of equipment must be detailed enough to reproduce actual condition
successfully an important aspect where a general purpose digital computers program
source are transient network analysis.
Any network which consists of inter connection of resistance, Inductance circuits
distributed parameters line and other certain elements can be solved.
Single Line Diagram :
Simulation:
57
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Result:
The study of transient due to energization of a long distributed parameter line has been
performed.
58
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Exp.No: 9 Date
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING SURGE USING PSCAD:
COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGE
AIM
To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomenon in power system
caused by switching and fault by using electromagnetic transient program [EMTP]
To become proficient in the image of EMTP to address problems in the areas of over
voltages protection and mitigation and insulation coordination of EHV systems.
Objective:
The study the transients Recovery Voltage (TRV) associated with a breaker for a 3 phase
fault.
Software Required :
PSCAD
Theory:
Solution method for electromagnetic transient analysis:
Intentional and inadvertent switching operations in EHV system initiate over voltages,
which might obtain dangerous value resulting in distinction of apparatus.
Accurate Computation of these over voltages is essential for proper sizing co ordination of
insulation of various equipments and specification of protection devices.
Meaningful design of EHV system is dependent on Modeling philosophy built in to a
computer program.
The Models of equipment must be detailed enough to reproduce actual condition
successfully an important aspect where a general purpose digital computers program
source over transient network.
The program emphasis a direct integration time domain technique. The Essence of this
method is discrimination of differential equation associated with network elements using
trapezoidal rate of integration and solution of the resulting difference equation for the
unknown voltages.
Any network which consists of interconnection of resistance, Inductance, Capacitance
single and multiphase circuits distributed parameters line and other certain elements can
be solved.
59
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Single Line Diagram:
Simulation :
Result:
The the transient recovery voltage in each phase for a 3 phase fault was obtained by
PSCAD.
60
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
EXP NO: 10 Date:
DESIGN OF VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER USING MATLAB
SIMULINK
AIM:
To design and study of voltage source inverter by using a MATLAB Simulink.
Theory:
DC to AC converters is known as converters. The function of an inverter is to
change a DC input voltage to a symmetric AC input voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency.
A variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input DC voltage is fixed and it
is not controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the gain of the
inverter, which is normally accomplished by pulse wudth modulation control within the
inverter. The inverter gain may be defined as the ratio of the AC output voltage to the DC
input voltage.
The output voltage waveform of the ideal inverter should be sinusoidal. However
,the waveform of practical inverters are non sinusoidal.
Inverters are widely used in industrial applications. The input may be battery etc.,
They are broadly classified as
1. Single phase inverters
2. Three phase inverters
Each type can use controlled turn ON and OFF devices. These inverters generally
use PWM control signal for producing an AC output voltage. An inverter called
voltage fed inverter, if input voltage remains constant and called current fed
inverters, if current remains constant.
Circuit demonstration:
The system consists of three independent circuits illustrating various PWM
DC/DC and DC/AC inverters. All converters are controlled in open loop with the Discrete
PWM Generator block available in the Extras/Discrete Control Blocks library. The three
circuits use the same DC voltage (Vdc = 400V), carrier frequency (1080 Hz) and
modulation index (m = 0.8) . From top to bottom, the three circuits are:
1. DC/DC, two-quadrant converter (one-arm; two-switches) 2. DC/AC, half-bridge,
bipolar converter (one-arm; two-switches) 3. DC/AC, full-bridge, monopolar converter
(two-arms; four-switches)
61
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
CIRCUIT:
Continuous
+
v
powergui -
Pulse Pulse Pulse Voltage Measurement
Generator Generator1 Generator2 +
v
-
Voltage Measurement1
D
D
g
g
+
v
- Scope
Mosfet Mosfet1 Mosfet2 Voltage Measurement2
m
m
S
S
Terminator5 Terminator4 Terminator3
DC Voltage Source
Series RLC Branch
D
D
g
Pulse Pulse
Pulse
Mosfet3
Generator3 Mosfet4
Generator4 Mosfet5
Generator5
Series RLC Branch2
m
m
S
Series RLC Branch1
+
v
-
Terminator Terminator1 Terminator2 Voltage Measurement3
+
v
-
Voltage Measurement4
Scope1
+
v
-
Voltage Measurement5
OUTPUT:
62
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Demonstration
Run the simulation and observe the following two waveforms on the three Scope blocks:
current into the load (trace 1), voltage generated by the PWM inverter (trace 2).
Once the simulation is completed, open the Powergui and select "FFT Analysis" to
display the 0 - 5000 Hz frequency spectrum of signals saved in the three
"psb1phPWMx_str" structures. The FFT will be performed on a 2-cycle window starting
at t = 0.1 - 2/60 (last 2 cycles of recording). For each circuit, select Input labeled "V
inverter" . Click on "Display" and observe the frequency spectrum of last 2 cycles.
The fundamental component of V inverter (DC component in case of circuit 1) is
displayed above the spectrum window. Compare the magnitude of the fundamental or DC
component of the inverter voltage with the theoretical values given in the circuit.
Compare also the harmonic contents in the inverter voltage for the half-bridge and the
full-bridge DC/AC inverters.
The half-bridge inverter generates a bipolar voltage (-200V or +200V) . Harmonics occur
around the carrier frequency (1080 Hz +- k*60 Hz), with a maximum of 103% at 1080
Hz.
The full-bridge inverter generates a monopolar voltage varying between 0 and+400V for
one half cycle and then between 0 and -400V for the next half cycle. For the same DC
voltage and modulation index, the fundamental component magnitude is twice the value
obtained with the half-bridge. Harmonics generated by the full-bridge are lower and they
appear at double of the carrier frequency (maximum of 40% at 2*1080+-60 Hz) As a
result, the current obtained with the full-bridge is "cleaner".
If you now perform a FFT on the signal "Iload" you will notice that the THD of load
current is 7.3% for the half-bridge inverter as compared to only 2% for the full-bridge
inverter.
Result:
Thus the voltage source inverter was studied and designed.
63
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Ex.No;11 Date:
Digital Over Current Relay Setting and Relay Coordination
Aim:
In this laboratory you will use the PSCAD example case provided to study and verify the
following:
1. Settings of the Time Overcurrent Relays.
2. Verification of Primary, Backup Protection and their Coordination.
7. Effect of CT saturation on the operating times.
Introduction
The case provided shows a 230 kV substation feeding a 33 kV radial distribution network.
Coordinated over-current (inverse time) relays at the breakers B12, B23 and B34 are used
to discriminate the faults at different locations and provide backup protection.
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
230 kV Transformer 33 kV 33 kV 33 kV
230/ 33 kV
Feeder line( 15 km) Feeder line( 10 km)
B12 B23 B34
Generator
Fault Fault Fault
P+jQ P+jQ P+jQ
Figure 1: A radial distribution network.
You may recall that the settings of the time overcurrent relays are adjusted in such a way
that the breaker nearest to the fault is tripped in the shortest possible time, and then the
remaining breakers are tripped in succession using longer time delays, moving backwards
64
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
towards the source. We will use the following principle for coordinated operation of the
overcurrent relays:
For any relay X, backing up the next downstream relay Y, is that X must pick up
1) For one third of the minimum fault current seen by Y and
2) For the maximum fault current seen by Y but no sooner than 0.3 s after Y should
have picked up for that current.
All the relays in the PSCAD case provided use the IEC standard inverse current
characteristics and the curves are provided at the end of instruction sheet. As explained in
the class the inverse time relays can be adjusted by selecting two parameters- the pick-up
or the plug settings (tap settings) and the time dial settings (or time multiplier settings –
TMS).
The pick-up settings
The pick-up settings are used to define the pick up current of the relay. For example, the
tap settings of the electromechanical overcurrent relay that was discussed in the class was
1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0 A. We will use these discrete
values in the PSCAD simulation case provided as well. This way we can make a
comparison with the hand calculated values from the characteristic curves shown in the
graph paper. However, you should be aware of the fact that the modern relays are of the
digital type and the pick-up settings of IEC characteristics can be varied in a continuous
fashion.
Time dial settings
The time dial setting adjusts the time delay before the relay operates whenever the fault
current reaches a value equal to, or greater than, the relay current setting. In
electromechanical relays, the time delay is usually achieved by adjusting the physical
distance between the moving and fixed contacts, and is also specified as discrete settings.
In Figure 2, a time-dial setting of 0.1 produces the fastest operation of the relay, whereas
a setting of 1 produces the slowest operation for a given current. For digital relays,
similar to the pick-up settings, the time-dial settings can be used in a continuous fashion
but we will assume in this laboratory that the time multiplier settings are discrete.
65
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Settings of the Time Overcurrent Relays
Study and familiarize with the PSCAD simulation case provided.
Laboratory Exercise
1. Bypass all relays using the bypass switches on the control panel. Record the
maximum fault currents seen at the Bus 2, 3 and 4. Use the timed fault logic to
apply the fault at 2.0s for a period longer than the simulation run to record the
fault currents. Keep the fault resistance at 0.001 .
2. Again bypass all relays using the bypass switches on the control panel and this
time apply line-line and line-to-ground permanent fault at Bus 2, 3 and 4. Record
the fault currents seen by the relays for the two types and note the minimum value
(note that the minimum fault currents are obtained for line-line or line-ground
faults). Use the timed fault logic to apply the fault at 2.0s for a period longer than
the simulation run to record the fault currents. Keep the fault resistance at 0.001
.
3. Use the obtained fault currents to determine the appropriate CT ratios and the
relay settings for the three breakers (follow the method that was explained to you
in the class).
Verification of Primary, Backup Protection, and their
Coordination
Apply the settings that you just determined to the CT models and the overcurrent relay
models in the simulation.
Laboratory Exercise
1. Put all relays back into operation by reverting the position of the bypass switches.
Apply a solid permanent three-phase fault on Bus-4. Examine the fault current
values, primary relay operation and its operating time. Check whether the
operation of primary protection is as expected and according to your settings.
2. Repeat step 1 with fault resistance of 20 .
3. Repeat step 1 with A-B and A-G faults. Keep the fault resistance at 0.001 .
4. Remove the fault at Bus-4. Repeat step 1 for faults at Bus-3 and Bus-2.
5. Bypass the relay at breaker (B34) and apply a solid three-phase fault on Bus-4.
Examine whether the backup protection (B23) clears the fault. Record the
operating time of the backup relay and verify it with it with hand calculations
using the graph provided.
6. Bypass the relay at breaker (B23) and study the operation of backup protection
(relay at breaker B12) by applying a solid three-phase fault on Bus-3. Examine
whether the backup protection clears the fault. Record the operating time of the
backup relay.
66
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Effect of CT Saturation
In this part of the laboratory we will briefly investigate the effect of CT saturation on the
operating times of the overcurrent relays. CT saturation strongly depends on the fault
current levels, CT secondary burden and the presence of dc offset currents in the
waveform, size of the CT core.
Laboratory Exercise
1. Revert all relays back into operation. Change the burden of the CTs of relay at
B34 to 5 . Apply a solid three-phase fault at Bus-4. Observe the primary and
secondary currents of the CT at B34. Observe the relay operating time and
compare with the values obtained in Section 3. Comment on your observation.
2. Change the fault type to an asymmetrical type of fault (A-G). Apply the fault at
2.0s and record the relay operating time. Repeat the simulation now with fault
applied at 2.0042 s and compare the relay operating time with the previous case.
Comment on your observation – discuss with your instructor.
67
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Characteristic curves of type IEC standard inverse overcurrent relays.
Result:
68
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Ex.N0:12
CO-ORDINATION OF OVER-CURRENT AND DISTANCE RELAYS FOR
RADIAL LINE PROTECTION
AIM:
To analyse the relay coordination for radial line protection using ETAP 7.5.0.
THEORY:
Power system protection performs the function of fault detection and clearing as
soon as possible, isolating whenever possible only the faulted component or a minimal
set of components in any other case. Since the main protection system may fail (relay
fault or breaker fault), protections should act as backup either in the same station or in the
neighboring lines with time delay according to the selectivity requirement. The
determination of the time delays of all backup relays is known as coordination of the
protection system.
Coordination of protective relays is necessary to obtain selective tripping. The first rule
of protective relaying is that the relay should trip for a fault in its zone. The second rule is
that the relay should not trip for a fault outside its zone, except to back up a failed relay
or circuit breaker. To coordinate this backup protection with the primary relay
characteristic will ensure that the backup relay has sufficient time delay to allow the
primary relay (and its breaker) to clear the fault. Several methods have been proposed for
the coordination of over current relays.
69
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Single line diagram of radial distribution system
70
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
OC RELAY
71
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
72
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
73
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
74
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
75
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
76
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
77
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
GUIDELINES FOR RELAY SETTINGS
Relays for breakers on the primaries of CT transformers:
1. Pickup is typically chosen at approximately 140% of nominal CT transformer current
or higher if coordination considerations dictate that. Values up to600% are allowed by the
IEC, depending on system parameters and what other protective devices are used.
2. Instantaneous pickup is greater than or equal to 160% of short circuit current for
maximum fault downstream of the transformer to avoid tripping of the primary breaker
for an asymmetrical secondary fault.160% is used for larger transformers.
COORDINATION EVALUATION
ETAP’s STAR module was used to coordinate the time-current curves associated with
the P121-s protective relays. In this study, there is a maximum of three protective devices
needing to be coordinated at any given time. This occurs when a fault happens in any of
the feeders tied in with the ct transformers. Since all these feeders are identical, the
settings associated with the respective relays will also be identical. There are guidelines
in coordinating these devices. There must be adequate time for the relay to sense the
fault, transmit to the breaker, and open the breaker. If this does not occur in the
downstream device, then the upstream device must perform this function
78
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
SIMULATION OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Hence, analysis on the relay coordination for radial line protection using ETAP
7.5.0. has been executed.
79
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Viva Questions:
1. Explain the circuit of the experiment.
2. What is the function of semaphore indicator?
3. Why are the settings of the earth-fault relays lower than the settings of the
overcurrent relays?
4. Draw an a.c. circuit and d.c. control circuit for two overcurrent and one earth-
fault scheme of protection of a feeder used in practice. How does our
experimental scheme differ from that? Why?
5. What do you understand by time discrimination?
6. What do you understand by overshoot of a relay?
7. What is the significance of resetting time of a relays?
8. What do you understand by back-up protection? Explain remote back-up
protection.
9. How does the source impedance affect the choice of relay to be used in radial
feeder protection?
10. Why are the IDMT relays popular in practice?
11. What are the factors to be considered for deciding settings of phase relays and
ground relays?
80
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Ex. No:13 Date:
TRANSIENT BEHAVIOUR OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE
DURING STARTING
AIM:
To analyse the study of transient behaviour of three-phase induction machine
during starting using PSCAD
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Power system module of PSCAD
THEORY:
Three-phase induction machines are generally used as motors for many industrial
applications and all this is due to its simple construction and other advantages in contrast
to other machines. Popularity of these motors has resulted into a lot of research including
the transient behaviour of the machine.
81
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
FIG 1: SLD OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS
1. Enter the component data.
82
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Motor
500 kVA Induction machine.
Wound rotor Type.
13.8 kV(L-L) 7.697 kV (Phase)
Irated = 0.02804 [kA]
Inertia = 0.7267 [s]
Stator resistance = 0.005 PU
Rotor Resistance = 0.008 PU
Short Line
Short line of 7.4 km
Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m
Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m
Use default values for the capacitances
Mechanical Load model
This block models the mechanical
characteristics of a typical load.
Mechanical Torque
*
W X2 0.8 TIN
Capacitor leg
Capacitor
800 KVars per phase
R_C1 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]
Note:
1. Use ‘typical’ data for the machine.
2. Plot the currents on either side of the transformer (ia and ib).
3. The input torque to the machine is equal to 80% of the square of the speed.
Derive this signal using control blocks. i.e
Tm 0.8 w 2
Use control blocks to implement the above equation.
The wound rotor machine is used.
The motor is started from zero speed.
The mechanical torque applied, Tm, is varied as a function of speed.
ie. Tm = Tload = k*w*w + b
w = speed
83
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
k,b = constants.
The machine accelerates if Te>Tm
At 3s, the mechanical torque is switched to 1.8 pu using a ‘controlled’ switch.
The machine goes through a transient state and settles at a new speed.
The start up characteristics depends on the external resistance, Rrotor,
connected to the rotor. This value can be changed using a 'slider'. Parameters
such as machine inertia, damping can also be changed inside the component
to study their impact on start up.
84
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Output
85
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Result :
This experiment was chosen with the intention of learning PSCAD and using it
effectively in obtaining transient behaviour of three-phase induction machine during
starting. Simulated results have been compared and verified with experimental results on
a test machine
86
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Ex. No:14 Date:
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE
BUS SYSTEM WITH FIELD CIRCUIT, EXCITER AND POWER SYSTEM
STABILIZER
AIM:
To write a MATLAB program for analyzing the small signal stability of a single machine
infinite bus system with field circuit, exciter and power system stabilizer.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Power system module of MATLAB.
THEORY:
Effect of Synchronous Machine Field Circuit Dynamics:
We now consider the system performance including the effect of field flux variations.
The amortisseur effects will be neglected and the field voltage will be assumed constant
(manual excitation control).
Synchronous machine equations:
As in the case of the classical generator model, the acceleration equations are
1 (1)
pΔωr = Tm - Te - K DΔωr
2H
pδ = ω0Δωr
where
Network equations:
The machine terminal and infinite bus voltages in terms of the d and q components are
Et = ed + jeq (2)
EB = EBd + jEBq
(3)
The network constraint equation for the system
Et = EB + RE + jXE It
(4)
e d + jeq = EBd + jEBq + R E + jX E i d + ji q
(5)
Resolving into d and q components gives
ed = R E i d - XE i q + EBd
(6)
eq = R E i q + XE i d + EBq
(7)
Where,
EBd = EBsinδ
(8)
EBq = EBcosδ
(9)
The expressions for id and iq in terms of the state variables ψ fd and δ is given by
Lads
XTq ψ fd - EBcosδ - R TEBsinδ
id = Lads + Lfd
D (10)
Lads
R T ψ fd - EBcosδ + XTdEBsinδ
iq = Lads + Lfd
D (11)
87
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
R T = Ra + R E (12)
XTq = XE + Laqs + L l = XE + Xqs
(13)
XTqd = XE + Lads + Ll = XE + Xds
(14)
2
D = R + XTq XTd
T
(15)
The reactance’s Lads and Laqs are saturated values. In per unit they are equal to the
corresponding inductances.
These equations are nonlinear and have to be linearized for small signal analysis.
Linearized system equations
Expressing equations (11) and (13) in terms of perturbed values, we may write
Δid = m1Δδ + m2Δψfd
(16)
Δi q = n1Δδ + n 2Δψ fd
(17)
EB XTqsinδ0 - R Tcosδ0
m1 =
D (18)
EB R Tsinδ0 + XTdcosδ0
n1 =
D
(19
)
XT¶q Lads
m2 =
D Lads + Lfd
RT Lads
n2 =
D Lads + Lfd
(20)
(21)
By linearizing ψad and ψaq, and substituting them in the above expressions and , we get
Δψfd
Δψ ad = Lads -Δi d +
Lfd
(22)
1
= - m2 Lads Δψfd - m1Lads Δδ
Lfd
(23)
Δψ aq = -Laqs Δi q
(24)
= -n 2 Laqs Δψ fd - n1Laqs Δδ
(25)
Linearizing ifd and substituting for ∆ψad from equation (19) gives
88
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Δψ fd - Δψ ad
Δi fd =
Lfd
(26)
1 Lads 1
= 1- + Lads Δψ fd + m1Lads Δδ
Lfd Lfd L fd
(27)
The linearized form of air gap torque Te is given by
ΔTe = ψ ad0 Δi q + i q0Δψ ad - ψ aq0Δi d - i d0Δψ aq
(28)
ΔTe = K1Δδ + K 2Δψfd
(29)
K 1 = n1 ψ ad0 + Laqs i d0 - m1 ψ aq0 + Ladsi q0
(30)
Lads
K 2 = n 2 ψ ad0 + Laqs i d0 - m 2 ψ aq0 + Lads i q0 + i q0
Lfd
(31)
The system equation in the desired final form :
Δωr a11 a12 a13 Δωr
Δδ = a 21 0 0 Δδ
Δψ fd 0 a 32 a 33 Δψ fd
(32)
Where,
K
a11 = - D
2H
(33)
K
a12 = - 1
2H
(34)
K
a13 = - 2
2H
(35)
a21 = ω0 = 2πf0
(36)
ωR
a 32 = 0 fd m1Lads
Lfd
(37)
ω R L
a33 = - 0 fd 1- ads + m 2Lads
Lfd Lfd
(38)
89
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
1
b11 =
2H
(39)
ω 0 R fd
b 32 =
Ladu
and ΔTm and ΔEfd depend on prime mover and excitation controls. With constant
mechanical input torque, ΔTm =0; with constant exciter output voltage, ΔEfd =0.
Summary of procedure for formulating the state matrix
(a)The following steady state operating conditions , machine parameters and network
parameters are given below:
Pt Qt Et R E XE
Ld Lq L l R a Lfd Asat Bsat Ψ Tl
Alternatively EB may be specified instead of Qt or Et
(b)The first step is to compute the initial steady state values of system variables:
It , power factor angle ,Total saturation factors Ksd and Ksq .
Xds = Lds = K sdLadu + Ll
(40)
Xqs = Lqs = K sq Laqu + L l
(41)
I t Xqscosj - I t R asinj
δi = tan -1
Et + I t R acosj + I t Xqssinj
(42)
ed0 = Et sinδi
(43)
eq0 = Et cosδi
(44)
id0 = Itsin δi + j
(45)
iq0 = Itcos δi + j
(46)
EBd0 = ed0 - R E i d0 + XEi q0
(47)
ω 0 R fd
a 32 = m1Lads
Lfd
(48)
90
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
E
δ 0 = tan -1 Bdo
EBq0
(49)
1/2
EB = E 2 + E2
Bdo Bqo
(50)
eq0 + R a i q0Lds i d0
i fd0 = ,
Lads
(51)
Efd0 = Ladu i fd0
(52)
ψad0 = Lads -id0 + ifd0
(53)
ψ aq0 = -Laqs i q0
(54)
(c)The next step is to compute incremental saturation factors and the corresponding
saturated values of Lads ,Laqs ,L’ads , and then
R T , XTq , XTd , D
m1 ,m2 ,n1 ,n2
K1 ,K 2
is calculated from the equations (11) and (14).
(d) Finally, compute the elements of matrix A.
Block diagram representation
Fig.1 shows the block diagram representation of the small signal performance of the
system .In this representation, the dynamic characteristics of the system are expressed in
terms of the so called K constants. The basis for the block diagram and the expressions
for the associated constant are developed .
91
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Fig.1-BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION WITH CONSTANT Efd
EFFECTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEM:
We will examine the effect of the excitation system on the small signal stability
performance of the single machine infinite bus system.
The input control signal to the excitation system is normally the generator terminal
voltage Et. In the generator model Et is not a state variable. Therefore, Et has to be
expressed in terms of the state variables Δ ωr, Δδ, and fd .
~
E May be expressed in complex form:
Et = ed + jeq (55)
Hence,
Et2 = ed2 + eq2 (56)
Applying a small perturbation, we may write
(Et0 + ΔEt )2 = (ed0 + Δed )2 + (eq0 + Δeq )2
(57)
By neglecting second order terms involving perturbed values , the above equation
reduces to
Et0ΔEt = ed0Δed + eq0 Δeq (58)
Therefore,
e e
ΔEt = d0 Δed + q0 Δeq (59)
Et0 Et0
In terms of the perturbed values, Equations
92
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Δed = -R a Δi d + Ll Δi q - Δψ aq
(60)
Δeq = -R a Δi q + Ll Δi d - Δψ ad
Use of Equations to eliminate Δi d , Δi q , Δψad and aq from the above equations in terms
of the state variables and substitution of the resulting expressions for ed and e q in
equation yield
ΔEt = K 5Δδ + K 6Δψfd (61)
Where
e e
K 5 = d0 [-R am1 + Lln1 + Laqsn1 ]+ q0 [-R an1 - L lm1 - L'adsm1 ] (62)
Et0 Et0
e e 1
K 6 = d0 [-R am 2 + Lln 2 + Laqsn 2 ]+ q0 [-R an 2 - Llm 2 + L'ads ( - m 2 )] (63)
Et0 Et0 Lfd
Fig.2 THYRISTOR EXCITATION SYSTEM WITH AVR
a 34 = -b 32 K A
a 41 = 0
K5
a 42 =
TR
K6
a 43 =
TR
1
a 44 = -
TR
(64)
The complete state space model for the power system , including the excitation system is
given by
93
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
Δωr a11 a12 a13 0 Δωr b1
Δδ = a 21 0 0 0 Δδ 0
+ ΔT
Δψ fd 0 a 32 a 33 a 34 Δψ fd 0 m
Δν1 0 a42 a43 a44 Δν1 0
(65)
Block diagram including the excitation system:
Fig 3- BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION WITH EXCITER AND AVR
POWER SYTEM STABILIZER:
The basic function of a power system stabilizer (PSS) is to add damping to the
generator rotor oscillations by controlling its excitation using auxiliary stabilizing
signal(s). To provide damping, the stabilizer must produce a component of electrical
torque in phase with the rotor speed deviations.
The theoretical basis for a PSS may be illustrated with the aid of the block
diagram shown below.
Since the purpose of a PSS is to introduce a damping torque component, a logical
signal to use for controlling generator excitation is the speed deviation Δ ωr.
If the exciter transfer function Gex(s) and the generator transfer function between
ΔEfd and ΔTe were pure gains, a direct feedback of Δωr would result in a damping torque
component. However, in practice both the generator and the exciter (depending on its
type) exhibit frequency dependent gain and phase characteristics. Therefore, the PSS
transfer function, GPSS(s), should have appropriate phase compensation circuits to
compensate for the phase lag between the exciter input and the electrical torque. In the
ideal case, with the phase characteristics of GPSS(S) being an exact inverse of the exciter
94
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
and generator phase characteristics to be compensated, the PSS would result in a pure
damping torque at all oscillating frequencies.
Fig 4- BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION WITH AVR AND PSS.
The PSS representation in figure shown below consists of three blocks: a
phase compensation block, a signal washout block, and a gain block.
Fig 5- THYRISTOR EXCITATION SYSTEM WITH AVR AND PSS
95
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
System state matrix including PSS
a 51 = K STABa11
a 52 = K STABa12
a 53 = K STABa13
1
a 55 = -
Tw
T1
a 61 = a 51
T2
T1
a 62 = a 52
T2
T1
a 63 = a 53
T2
T1 T
a 65 = a 55 + 1
T2 T2
ω 0 R fd (66)
a 36 = KA
L adu
The complete state space model, including the PSS, has the following form
Δωr a11 a12 a13 0 0 0 Δωr
Δδ a 21 0 0 0 0 0 Δδ
Δψ fd 0 a 32 a 33 a 34 0 a 36 Δψ fd
= (67)
Δν1 0 a42 a43 a44 0 0 Δν1
Δν a a52 a53 0 a55 0 Δν 2
2 51
Δν s a61 a62 a63 0 a65 a66 Δν s
96
PS5111-Power System Simulation Laboratory
RESULT:
A MATLAB program was written to analyze the small signal stability of single machine
infinite bus system with field circuit, exciter and power system stabilizer.
97
You might also like
- E01 33kV and 11 KV Lightning Arresters (1) - 2010No ratings yetE01 33kV and 11 KV Lightning Arresters (1) - 201012 pages
- Eee-Vii-computer Techniques in Power System Analysis (10ee71) - Question Paper100% (1)Eee-Vii-computer Techniques in Power System Analysis (10ee71) - Question Paper10 pages
- Simulation of Some Power System, Control System and Power Electronics Case Studies Using Matlab and PowerWorld SimulatorFrom EverandSimulation of Some Power System, Control System and Power Electronics Case Studies Using Matlab and PowerWorld SimulatorNo ratings yet
- Transient and Steady State Response SlideNo ratings yetTransient and Steady State Response Slide19 pages
- Loadflow Analysis of Wind Turbine Generating Systems - Project Report100% (1)Loadflow Analysis of Wind Turbine Generating Systems - Project Report35 pages
- Surge Impedance & Surge Impedance Loading: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, ItnuNo ratings yetSurge Impedance & Surge Impedance Loading: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, Itnu8 pages
- PowerFactory 2020 Product SpecificationNo ratings yetPowerFactory 2020 Product Specification12 pages
- EKS-0069 Rev 0 132 KV and 150 KV Underground AC Cable SystemsNo ratings yetEKS-0069 Rev 0 132 KV and 150 KV Underground AC Cable Systems7 pages
- Short Circuit Analysis of Ieee 14-Bus SystemNo ratings yetShort Circuit Analysis of Ieee 14-Bus System5 pages
- Lecture1-Review of Power System Networks, Complex Power, and Per Units100% (1)Lecture1-Review of Power System Networks, Complex Power, and Per Units29 pages
- Generation - Incorporating Electromagnetic Transient Studies Into The Generator Interconnection Process at ATC - 110420 PDFNo ratings yetGeneration - Incorporating Electromagnetic Transient Studies Into The Generator Interconnection Process at ATC - 110420 PDF32 pages
- Technical Specification For Composite Line Post Insulators: Ergon Energy Corporation LimitedNo ratings yetTechnical Specification For Composite Line Post Insulators: Ergon Energy Corporation Limited25 pages
- Short Circuit Fault Analysis of Electrical Power System Using MATLAB100% (3)Short Circuit Fault Analysis of Electrical Power System Using MATLAB12 pages
- Burden Calculation of 33kV Outgoing Feeder SK Vita-2 CT Secondary Circuit of at Jamalpur 132/33 KV Grid SubstationNo ratings yetBurden Calculation of 33kV Outgoing Feeder SK Vita-2 CT Secondary Circuit of at Jamalpur 132/33 KV Grid Substation3 pages
- Circuit Breaker Ratings - A Primer For Protection EngineersNo ratings yetCircuit Breaker Ratings - A Primer For Protection Engineers15 pages
- Short-Circuit Analysis of Industrial plant-IJAERDVO5IO346787 PDFNo ratings yetShort-Circuit Analysis of Industrial plant-IJAERDVO5IO346787 PDF9 pages
- A Low Order System Frequency Response ModelNo ratings yetA Low Order System Frequency Response Model10 pages
- Generator Model Extension For Higher Accuracy Simulation of Powe 2017No ratings yetGenerator Model Extension For Higher Accuracy Simulation of Powe 20177 pages
- Synopsis: "Hybrid Solar-Wind Charging Station For Electric Vehicle and Its Simulation"No ratings yetSynopsis: "Hybrid Solar-Wind Charging Station For Electric Vehicle and Its Simulation"9 pages
- Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement: Poles F NNo ratings yetSynchronous Machine Parameter Measurement: Poles F N9 pages
- 2018 April Power Systems Analysis - EE306-A - Ktu QbankNo ratings yet2018 April Power Systems Analysis - EE306-A - Ktu Qbank3 pages
- Eee-Vi-power System Analysis and Stability (10ee61) - Notes50% (2)Eee-Vi-power System Analysis and Stability (10ee61) - Notes119 pages
- Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset Technology On Temporary Fault or Remain Tripped Otherwise50% (2)Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset Technology On Temporary Fault or Remain Tripped Otherwise4 pages
- Analysis and Optimization of 132KV Grid Using ETAP PDFNo ratings yetAnalysis and Optimization of 132KV Grid Using ETAP PDF6 pages
- Electrical Power Distribution in ExperimentsNo ratings yetElectrical Power Distribution in Experiments52 pages
- Obt751 - Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Lecture - 2100% (1)Obt751 - Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Lecture - 228 pages
- Is.2705.4.1992 - Current Transformers, Part 4No ratings yetIs.2705.4.1992 - Current Transformers, Part 411 pages
- Lecture 11 - Load Flow of Radial Networks PDFNo ratings yetLecture 11 - Load Flow of Radial Networks PDF48 pages
- Instruction Guide Combiflex Crimping ToolNo ratings yetInstruction Guide Combiflex Crimping Tool2 pages
- Mathematical Modelling of Linear Induction Motor50% (2)Mathematical Modelling of Linear Induction Motor4 pages
- Standard Numbering For Small Wiring For Switch Gear and AssociatedNo ratings yetStandard Numbering For Small Wiring For Switch Gear and Associated4 pages
- A Guide For P.S. Design Project Spring 2014 PDFNo ratings yetA Guide For P.S. Design Project Spring 2014 PDF84 pages
- Transient Stability Analysis of Signal Machine Infinite Bus System Using Classical Machine ModelNo ratings yetTransient Stability Analysis of Signal Machine Infinite Bus System Using Classical Machine Model106 pages
- Exp - No: Date: Power Flow Analysis by Newton-Raphson Method AimNo ratings yetExp - No: Date: Power Flow Analysis by Newton-Raphson Method Aim72 pages
- Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering: CertificateNo ratings yetArulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering: Certificate1 page
- MOCK PAPER 1 Marking Scheme November Exam AASLNo ratings yetMOCK PAPER 1 Marking Scheme November Exam AASL32 pages
- Cell Line Profile: ECACC Catalogue No. 84113001No ratings yetCell Line Profile: ECACC Catalogue No. 841130012 pages
- Apollo and Lumina - Crystal Wind™ - ElohimNo ratings yetApollo and Lumina - Crystal Wind™ - Elohim7 pages
- Universidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia - UNAD Curso: INGLÉS B1+ Código: 9000No ratings yetUniversidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia - UNAD Curso: INGLÉS B1+ Código: 90006 pages
- Ch-2&3; particle and fiber board ppt (2)No ratings yetCh-2&3; particle and fiber board ppt (2)19 pages
- Learn STEM Online Course Learning Design Week 1No ratings yetLearn STEM Online Course Learning Design Week 118 pages
- CFD Modeling and Approaches For Calculating The Losses of A Subsea Pipeline Transporting HighPressurized FluidNo ratings yetCFD Modeling and Approaches For Calculating The Losses of A Subsea Pipeline Transporting HighPressurized Fluid7 pages
- Eee-Vii-computer Techniques in Power System Analysis (10ee71) - Question PaperEee-Vii-computer Techniques in Power System Analysis (10ee71) - Question Paper
- Simulation of Some Power System, Control System and Power Electronics Case Studies Using Matlab and PowerWorld SimulatorFrom EverandSimulation of Some Power System, Control System and Power Electronics Case Studies Using Matlab and PowerWorld Simulator
- Loadflow Analysis of Wind Turbine Generating Systems - Project ReportLoadflow Analysis of Wind Turbine Generating Systems - Project Report
- Surge Impedance & Surge Impedance Loading: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, ItnuSurge Impedance & Surge Impedance Loading: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, Itnu
- EKS-0069 Rev 0 132 KV and 150 KV Underground AC Cable SystemsEKS-0069 Rev 0 132 KV and 150 KV Underground AC Cable Systems
- Lecture1-Review of Power System Networks, Complex Power, and Per UnitsLecture1-Review of Power System Networks, Complex Power, and Per Units
- Generation - Incorporating Electromagnetic Transient Studies Into The Generator Interconnection Process at ATC - 110420 PDFGeneration - Incorporating Electromagnetic Transient Studies Into The Generator Interconnection Process at ATC - 110420 PDF
- Technical Specification For Composite Line Post Insulators: Ergon Energy Corporation LimitedTechnical Specification For Composite Line Post Insulators: Ergon Energy Corporation Limited
- Short Circuit Fault Analysis of Electrical Power System Using MATLABShort Circuit Fault Analysis of Electrical Power System Using MATLAB
- Burden Calculation of 33kV Outgoing Feeder SK Vita-2 CT Secondary Circuit of at Jamalpur 132/33 KV Grid SubstationBurden Calculation of 33kV Outgoing Feeder SK Vita-2 CT Secondary Circuit of at Jamalpur 132/33 KV Grid Substation
- Circuit Breaker Ratings - A Primer For Protection EngineersCircuit Breaker Ratings - A Primer For Protection Engineers
- Short-Circuit Analysis of Industrial plant-IJAERDVO5IO346787 PDFShort-Circuit Analysis of Industrial plant-IJAERDVO5IO346787 PDF
- Generator Model Extension For Higher Accuracy Simulation of Powe 2017Generator Model Extension For Higher Accuracy Simulation of Powe 2017
- Synopsis: "Hybrid Solar-Wind Charging Station For Electric Vehicle and Its Simulation"Synopsis: "Hybrid Solar-Wind Charging Station For Electric Vehicle and Its Simulation"
- Synchronous Machine Parameter Measurement: Poles F NSynchronous Machine Parameter Measurement: Poles F N
- 2018 April Power Systems Analysis - EE306-A - Ktu Qbank2018 April Power Systems Analysis - EE306-A - Ktu Qbank
- Eee-Vi-power System Analysis and Stability (10ee61) - NotesEee-Vi-power System Analysis and Stability (10ee61) - Notes
- Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset Technology On Temporary Fault or Remain Tripped OtherwiseThree Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset Technology On Temporary Fault or Remain Tripped Otherwise
- Analysis and Optimization of 132KV Grid Using ETAP PDFAnalysis and Optimization of 132KV Grid Using ETAP PDF
- Obt751 - Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Lecture - 2Obt751 - Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Lecture - 2
- Standard Numbering For Small Wiring For Switch Gear and AssociatedStandard Numbering For Small Wiring For Switch Gear and Associated
- Power System Wide-area Stability Analysis and ControlFrom EverandPower System Wide-area Stability Analysis and Control
- Computer Aided Design of Electrical MachinesFrom EverandComputer Aided Design of Electrical Machines
- Transient Stability Analysis of Signal Machine Infinite Bus System Using Classical Machine ModelTransient Stability Analysis of Signal Machine Infinite Bus System Using Classical Machine Model
- Exp - No: Date: Power Flow Analysis by Newton-Raphson Method AimExp - No: Date: Power Flow Analysis by Newton-Raphson Method Aim
- Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering: CertificateArulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering: Certificate
- Universidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia - UNAD Curso: INGLÉS B1+ Código: 9000Universidad Nacional Abierta y A Distancia - UNAD Curso: INGLÉS B1+ Código: 9000
- CFD Modeling and Approaches For Calculating The Losses of A Subsea Pipeline Transporting HighPressurized FluidCFD Modeling and Approaches For Calculating The Losses of A Subsea Pipeline Transporting HighPressurized Fluid