Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

5  4 1 1 86. The domain is all real numbers: ( f, f)

d0
5  3 8 8
When multiplying both sides of an inequality by 87. f  x x3  2 x 2  4 on the interval  1,3
a negative, we must switch the direction of the Use MAXIMUM and MINIMUM on the graph
of y1 x3  2 x 2  4 .
x  3 , we cannot multiply both sides of the
inequality. Since we do not know the sign of

inequality by this quantity.

x5
83. Answers will vary. One example:
d0
x3

84. 16 x  9(0) 2 144

16 x 144
x 0
16(0)  9 y 2 144
2
9y 144
2 local maximum: f (0) 4
16y
y r4 local minimum: f (1.33) 2.81
The intercepts are: (9, 0), (0, 4), (0, 4)

85. f ( x) x 2  3x  2
f ( x  2) ( x  2) 2  3( x  2)  2
x 2  4 x  4  3x  6  2
x2  x  4
4. x 2  x  3 0
1 r 12  4 1 3
2 1
x
Section 4.5
1 r 1  12 1 r 13
f  1 2  1   1 2 1 3
2
1.

 3x  2  2 x  1 °­ 1  13 1  13 °½
2 2
2. 6 x 2  x  2 The solution set is ® ¾.
°¯ °¿
,
2 2
3. Using synthetic division:
3 3 5 0 4 5. a

f c
7
9 12 36 129 6.
3 4 12 43 125
Quotient: 3 x3  4 x 2  12 x  43
7. b

Remainder: 125 8. False; every polynomial function of degree 3

with real coefficients has at most three real zeros.
9. 0.
10. True

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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

11. f ( x) 4 x3  3 x 2  8 x  4; c 2 Thus, –4 is not a zero of f and x  4 is not a

f (2) 4(2)  3(2)  8(2)  4
3 2 factor of f .
32  12  16  4 8 z 0
Thus, 2 is not a zero of f and x  2 is not a 3 x 4  x3  3 x  1; c 
1
19. f ( x)
3
§ 1· § 1· § 1· § 1·
f ¨ ¸ 3¨  ¸  ¨  ¸  3¨  ¸ 1
factor of f . 4 3

12. f ( x)  4 x3  5 x 2  8; c 3 © 3¹ © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ © 3¹
f ( 3)  4( 3)  5( 3)  8  11 2 z 0
3 2 1 1

108  45  8 161 z 0
27 27
Thus, –3 is not a zero of f and x  3 is not a Thus,  is not a zero of f and x  is not a
1 1
3 3
factor of f .

f  x
factor of f.
4 x 4  15 x 2  4 ; c
2 x 4  x3  2 x  1; c
f  2 4  2   15  2   4
13. 2 1
64  60  4
20. f ( x)
4 2 2
§1· §1· §1· §1·
0
Thus, 2 is a zero of f and x  2 is a factor of f . f¨ ¸ 2 ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  2 ¨ ¸ 1
4 3

©2¹ © ¹ © ¹ ©2¹
3 x 4  6 x3  5 x  10; c
2 2

 11 0
14. f ( x) 2 1 1
f (2) 3(2)  6(2)  5(2)  10
4 3 8 8
48  48  10  10 0 Thus, is a zero of f and x  is a factor of f .
1 1
Thus, 2 is a zero of f and x  2 is a factor of f . 2 2

f  x
f  x
4 x 7  x3  x 2  2
2 x 6  18 x 4  x 2  9 ; c 3
21.

f  3 2  3  18  3   3  9
15.
6 4 2
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  4 x 7  x3  x 2  2 , there are

the polynomial, which is 7.
1458  1458  9  9 0
Thus, –3 is a zero of f and x  3 is a factor three variations in sign; thus, there are three
of f . positive real zeros or there is one positive real

3 x 6  82 x3  27; c 3
zero.

f x 4   x     x     x   2 ,
16. f ( x) Examining
f ( 3) 3( 3)  82( 3)  27
7 3 2
6 3

2187  2214  27 0 4 x 7  x3  x 2  2
Thus, –3 is a zero of f and x  3 is a factor there are two variations in sign; thus, there are
two negative real zeros or no negative real zeros.

f  x
of f .
5x4  2 x2  6 x  5
f  x x 6  16 x 4  x 2  16 ; c 4
22.

f  4   4 6  16  4 4   4 2  16
17.
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  5 x 4  2 x 2  6 x  5 , there is
the polynomial, which, is 4.
4096  4096  16  16 0
Thus, –4 is a zero of f and x  4 is a factor one variation in sign; thus, there is one positive
of f . real zero.

f x 5x  2x  6x  5 ,
Examining
4 x 6  64 x 4  x 2  15; c 4
4 2

4  4   64  4    4   15
18. f ( x)
f (4) 5x4  2 x2  6 x  5
6 4 2

16,384  16,384  16  15 1 z 0 there is one variation in sign; thus, there is one

negative real zero.

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

23. f  x 3 x5  4 x 4  2 27. f  x x 4  5 x3  2
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  3 x5  4 x 4  2 , there is one Examining f  x  x 4  5 x3  2 , there is one

the polynomial, which is 5. the polynomial, which is 4.

variation in sign; thus, there is one positive real variation in sign; thus, there is one positive real
zero. zero.

f x 3   x   4   x   2 , f x   x 4  5   x 3  2
Examining Examining
x 4  5 x3  2 ,
5 4

3x5  4 x 4  2 there is one variation in sign; thus, there is one

negative real zero.

f  x
there is no variation in sign; thus, there are no
 x4  x2  1
negative real zeros.

f  x
28.
24. 2 x  3x  x  1
6 2
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x   x 4  x 2  1 , there are two

The maximum number of zeros is the degree of the polynomial, which is 4.

Examining f  x  2 x 6  3 x 2  x  1 , there are

the polynomial, which is 6.
variations in sign; thus, there are two positive

Examining f   x   x  x 1
two variations in sign; thus, there are two real zeros or no positive real zeros.
4 2
positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
 x 4  x 2  1 , there are two variations in sign;
f x 2  x  3 x   x  1 ,
Examining
6 2
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
2 x6  3x 2  x  1 negative real zeros.

f  x x5  x 4  x3  x 2  x  1
there are two variations in sign; thus, there are
29.
two negative real zeros or no negative real zeros.

f  x  x3  x 2  x  1
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  x5  x 4  x3  x 2  x  1 ,
25. the polynomial, which is 5.
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x   x3  x 2  x  1 , there is one

the polynomial, which is 3. there are five variations in sign; thus, there are
five positive real zeros or three positive real
variation in sign; thus, there is one positive real zeros or there is one positive real zero.

f x   x 5    x 4    x 3    x 2    x   1
zero. Examining

f x  x  x  x 1 ,
Examining
 x5  x 4  x3  x 2  x  1
3 2

x3  x 2  x  1 there is no variation in sign; thus, there are no

negative real zeros.

f  x
there are two variations in sign; thus, there are
x5  x 4  x 2  x  1
two negative real zeros or no negative real zeros.

f  x
30.
26. 3x3  2 x 2  x  2 The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  x5  x 4  x 2  x  1 , there are

The maximum number of zeros is the degree of the polynomial, which is 5.

Examining f  x  3 x3  2 x 2  x  2 , there are

the polynomial, which is 3.
no variations in sign; thus, there are no positive
two variations in sign; thus, there are two real zeros.

f x   x 5    x 4    x 2    x   1 ,
positive real zeros or no positive real zeros. Examining

f x 3 x  2  x   x  2 ,
Examining
 x5  x 4  x 2  x  1
3 2

3 x3  2 x 2  x  2 there are three variations in sign; thus, there are

there is one variation in sign; thus, there is one three negative real zeros or there is one negative
negative real zero. real zero.

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

31. f  x x6  1 The possible rational zeros are:

r1, r2, r , r , r , r
p 1 1 2 1
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  x 6  1 , there is no variation

the polynomial, which is 6. q 2 3 3 6

38. f  x 4 x3  x 2  x  2
p must be a factor of 2: p r1, r2
Examining f   x    x 6  1
in sign; thus, there are no positive real zeros.
x 6  1 , there is
q must be a factor of –4: q r1, r2, r4
no variation in sign; thus, there are no negative
The possible rational zeros are:
r1, r2, r , r
real zeros.

f  x
p 1 1
32. x6  1 q 2 4

f ( x)  4 x3  x 2  x  6
The maximum number of zeros is the degree of

Examining f  x  x 6  1 , there is one variation

39.
r1, r 2, r3, r6
the polynomial, which is 6.

r1, r 2, r 4
p must be a factor of 6: p

Examining f   x  x
in sign; thus, there is one positive real zero. q must be a factor of –4: q
1 x 6  1 , there is The possible rational zeros are:
6

r1, r 2, r , r , r3, r , r , r6
p 1 1 3 3
one variation in sign; thus, there is one negative
real zero. q 2 4 2 4

f  x 3x 4  3x3  x 2  x  1 40. f ( x) 6 x 4  x 2  9
p must be a factor of 9: p r1, r 3, r9
33.
p must be a factor of 1: p r1
q must be a factor of 3: q r1, r3 q must be a factor of 6: q r1, r 2, r3, r6

r1, r
p 1 The possible rational zeros are:
r1, r , r , r , r3, r , r 9, r
The possible rational zeros are: p 1 1 1 3 9
q 3

f  x
q 2 3 6 2 2
x5  x 4  2 x 2  3
f ( x) 3 x5  x 2  2 x  18
34.
p must be a factor of 3: p r1, r3
41.

q must be a factor of 1: q r1
p must be a factor of 18:
p r1, r 2, r3, r6, r9, r18
The possible rational zeros are:
p
r1, r3 q must be a factor of 3: q r1, r3
q

f  x
The possible rational zeros are:
2 x5  x 4  x 2  1 r1, r , r2, r , r3, r6, r9 r 18
p 1 2
35.
p must be a factor of 1: p r1
q 3 3

q must be a factor of 2: q r1, r2 42. f ( x) 2 x5  x3  2 x 2  12

r1, r
p 1 p must be a factor of 12:
p r1, r 2, r 3, r4, r6, r12
The possible rational zeros are:
q 2
q must be a factor of 2: q r1, r2
36. f  x x5  6 x 2  9 x  3
p must be a factor of –3: p r1, r3
The possible rational zeros are:
r1, r 2, r 4, r , r3, r , r6, r12
q must be a factor of 1: q r1
p 1 3
q 2 2
r1, r3 f ( x)  6 x3  x 2  x  10
p
The possible rational zeros are: 43.
p must be a factor of 10: p r1, r 2, r5, r10
q

37. f  x 6 x4  x2  2 q must be a factor of –6: q r1, r2, r3, r6

p must be a factor of 2: p r1, r2
q must be a factor of 6: q r1, r2, r3, r6

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

The possible rational zeros are: Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there is
r1, r , r , r , r2, r , r5, r ,
f x   x 3  8   x 2  11  x   20 ,
p 1 1 1 2 5 one positive real zero.
q 2 3 6 3 2

r , r , r10, r
5 5 10  x3  8 x 2  11x  20
3 6 3 thus, there are two negative real zeros or no

f ( x) 6 x 4  2 x3  x 2  20
negative real zeros.
44.
p r1, r2, r4, r5, r10, r20
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
p must be a factor of 20:
p r1, r 2, r4, r5, r10, r20 q r1
q must be a factor of 6: q r1, r2, r3, r6
r1, r2, r4, r5, r10, r20
p
The possible rational zeros are:
r1, r 2, r , r , r , r , r4, r , r5, r ,
q
p 1 1 2 1 4 5

We try x  5 :
51
q 2 3 3 6 3 2 Step 4: Using synthetic division:

r , r , r10, r , r20, r 8 11  20
5 5 10 20

 5  15
3 6 3 3

f  x
20
45. x3  2 x 2  5 x  6 3 4
Since the remainder is 0, x  (5) x  5 is a
1 0
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.
factor. The other factor is the quotient:
x 2  3x  4 .
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there is

f x   x 3  2   x 2  5   x   6
 x  5  x 2  3x  4 
one positive real zero.

f  x
Thus,

 x3  2 x 2  5 x  6
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no  x  5 x  4  x  1
negative real zeros. The real zeros are –5, –4, and 1, each of
multiplicity 1.
p r1, r 2, r 3, r 6; q r1;
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
47. f ( x) 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1
r1, r 2, r 3, r 6
p
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.
q

We try x  3 :
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are

31
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

2 5 6 f x 2x  x  2x 1
no positive real zeros.
3 2

3 3 6 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1
1 1  2 0 thus, there are three negative real zeros or there
Since the remainder is 0, x  (3) x  3 is a
is one negative real zero.

p r1; q r1, r 2;
factor. The other factor is the quotient: Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
x2  x  2 .
Thus, f  x   x  3  x 2  x  2  p
r1, r
1

 x  3 x  1 x  2 
q 2

We try x  1 :
The real zeros are –3, –1, and 2, each of Step 4: Using synthetic division:
multiplicity 1.

46. f  x x3  8 x 2  11x  20
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.

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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

1 2 1 2 1 We try x  :
1
2 1 3 2
2 1 3  2 2 1 2 1
1

x  1 is not a factor
2
1 0 1

We try x 
1 2 0 2 0

x is a factor and the quotient is 2 x 2  2 .

: 1
2

1 2

 
2 1 2 1
1 0 1
Thus,
f  x  2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 ¨ x  ¸ 2 x 2  2
§ 1·
2

© 2¹

 
2 0 2 0
§ 1· 2
.
x
1
is a factor and the quotient is 2 x 2  2 2¨ x  ¸ x 1
© 2¹
§ 1·
 
2
f ( x) 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 ¨ x  ¸ 2 x 2  2 Since x 2  1 0 has no real solutions, the only
© 2¹

 
1
§ 1·
real zero is x , of multiplicity 1.
2 ¨ x  ¸ x2  1
2
© 2¹
f  x 3 x3  6 x 2  15 x  30

 
Since x 2  1 0 has no real solutions, the only
49.
3 x3  2 x 2  5 x  10
real zero is x  , of multiplicity 1.
1
2 Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.
48. f  x 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there is

f ( x) 3( x)3  6( x) 2  15   x   30 ,

Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros. one positive real zero.

3 x3  6 x 2  15 x  30
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
three positive real zeros or there is one positive
real zero. thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
f ( x) 2( x)3  ( x) 2  2( x)  1
negative real zeros.

 2 x3  x 2  2 x  1
p r1, r2, r5, r10; q r1;
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
thus, there are no negative real zeros.
r1, r2, r5, r10
p

p r1 q r1, r 2
Step 3: Possible rational zeros: q

r1, r We try x  2 :
p 1 Step 4: Using synthetic division:

2 1 2  5  10
q 2

2
We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
0 10

1 2 1 2 1 1 0 5 0
Since the remainder is 0, x  2 is a factor. The
other factor is the quotient: x 2  5 .
2 1 3
2 1 3 2
x  1 is not a factor
We can find the remaining real zeros by solving
x2  5 0
x2 5
x r 5

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

Thus, f ( x)  
3  x  2  x  5 x  5 . The  p r1, r 2; q r1, r2;
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

real zeros are 2 , 5 , and  5 , each of

r , r1, r 2, r3
p 1
multiplicity 1.

f  x
q 2
2 x3  4 x 2  10 x  20

 
50.
We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
2 x  2 x  5 x  10
3 2

1 2 1  5 2 2
1 4 2
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.
2
2 1 4 2
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
0
x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
f ( x) 2( x)3  4( x) 2  10   x   20 ,
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.

2 x3  x 2  4 x  2 .
2 x3  4 x 2  10 x  20
2 x3  x 2  4 x  2 x 2  2 x  1  2  2 x  1
Factoring by grouping gives

 2 x  1  x 2  2 
thus, there is one negative real zeros.

p r1, r2, r5, r10; q r1;

Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

r1, r2, r5, r10

Set each of these factors equal to 0 and solve:
2x 1 0 x2  2 0
p

2 x 1
q
x2 2
We try x  2 : x  x r 2
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
1

2 1 2 5

 2 x  1 x  1  x   x  2 
2
10
0  10
Thus,
2

 2  x  2 
0 5
f ( x) 2

2 ¨ x  ¸  x  1 x 
§ 1·
1 0
Since the remainder is 0, x  2 is a factor. The
© 2¹
other factor is the quotient: x 2  5 .
The real zeros are  , 1, 2 , and  2 , each
We can find the remaining real zeros by solving 1
x2  5 0 2
of multiplicity 1
x2 5
r 5 2 x 4  x3  7 x 2  3x  3

  
52. f ( x)
2  x  2  x  5 x  5 . The
x
Thus, f ( x) Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros.

real zeros are 2, 5 , and  5 , each of Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are

f x 2  x   x  7  x  3 x  3
multiplicity 1. two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
4 3 2

f ( x) 2 x 4  x3  5 x 2  2 x  2
2 x 4  x3  7 x 2  3x  3
51.
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
negative real zeros.
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are

f x 2x  x  5x  2x  2 p r1, r 3; q r1, r2;

two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros. Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
4 3 2

2 x 4  x3  5 x 2  2 x  2 r , r1, r , r3
p 1 3
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no q 2 2
negative real zeros.

We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

1 2 1 7 3 We try x  1 on x3  3 x 2  4
11  3 0
3
2 6 3
1 4  4
1 4
2 1  6 3
1 4 4
0
x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
0
x  1 is a factor and the quotient is x 2  4 x  4 .
2 x3  x 2  6 x  3 .

2 x3  x 2  6 x  3 x 2  2 x  1  3  2 x  1 f  x  x  2  x  1  x 2  4 x  4 
Thus,
Factoring by grouping gives

 2 x  1  x 2  3  x  2  x  1 x  2 2
The real zeros are –2, –1, each of multiplicity 1,
Set each of these factors equal to 0 and solve:
2x 1 0 x2  3 0
and 2, of multiplicity 2.

2x 1 x2 3 54. f ( x) x 4  x3  3x 2  x  2
x
1 x r 3 Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros.

 2 x  1 x  1  x   
2
Thus, Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
3 x 3
f x   x 4    x 3  3   x 2    x   2
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.

 3  x  3 
f ( x)

2 ¨ x  ¸  x  1 x 
§ 1·
thus,
x 4  x3  3x 2  x  2
© 2¹
there are two negative real zeros or no negative
The real zeros are , 1 , 3 , and  3 , each
1 real zeros.
2

p r1, r 2; q r1;
of multiplicity 1. Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

53. f (x) x  x  6x  4x  8
r1, r 2
4 3 2
p
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. q

Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are

We try x  2 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

f x   x 4    x 3  6   x 2  4   x   8  21
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
1  3 1
2 2 2
2
x  x  6x  4x  8 2
1 1 1
4 3 2

thus, there are two negative real zeros or no 1 0

negative real zeros. x  2 is a factor and the quotient is
x3  x 2  x  1 .
p r1, r 2, r 4, r 8; q r1;
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

We try x  1 on x3  x 2  x  1
r1, r 2, r 4, r 8 11  1  1
p
1 2 1
1
q
1 2 1 0
We try x  2 : x  1 is a factor and the quotient is x 2  2 x  1 .
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

 21  1  6 4
 x  2  x  1  x 2  2 x  1
Thus,
2 6 0 8
8
f ( x)
1 3
 x  2  x  1 x  12
0 4 0
x  2 is a factor and the quotient is x  3 x  4 . 3 2
The real zeros are –2, –1, each of multiplicity 1,
and 1, of multiplicity 2.

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

f ( x) 3x 4  4 x3  7 x 2  8 x  2 f x 4   x   5   x   9   x   10   x   2
4 3 2
55.
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. 4 x 4  5 x3  9 x 2  10 x  2
thus, there are four negative real zeros or two
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are negative real zeros or no negative real zeros.

f x 3 x  4  x  7  x  8 x  2
no positive real zeros.
4 3 2

p r1, r 2; q r1, r2, r4;

Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
3x 4  4 x3  7 x 2  8 x  2
r , r , r1, r 2
thus, there are four negative real zeros or two p 1 1
negative real zeros or no negative real zeros. q 4 2

p r1, r 2; q r1, r3; We try x  1 :

Step 3: Possible rational zeros: Step 4: Using synthetic division:

1 4 5 9 10
r , r , r1, r 2
p 1 2 2
q 3 3  4 1  8  2
4 1 8 2 0
We try x  1 : x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

1 3 4 7 8 2 4 x3  x 2  8 x  2 .
 3 1  6  2
4 x3  x 2  8 x  2 x 2  4 x  1  2  4 x  1
Factoring by grouping gives

 4 x  1  x 2  2 
3 1 6 2 0
x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
3x3  x 2  6 x  2 . Set each of these factors equal to 0 and solve:
4x 1 0 x2  2 0
3 x3  x 2  6 x  2 x 2  3 x  1  2  3 x  1
Factoring by grouping gives
4 x 1
 3x  1  x 2  2 
x 2 2
x 
1 x r 2
4

 4 x  1 x  1  x 2  2 
Set each of these factors equal to 0 and solve: no real sol.
3x  1 0 x2  2 0 Thus,
3 x 1 x 2 2

 
f ( x)

4 ¨ x  ¸  x  1 x 2  2
x 
1 x r 2 § 1·
3 © 4¹

 3x  1 x  1  x 2  2 
no real sol.
The real zeros are  and 1 , each of
Thus, 1

 
f ( x) 4

3 ¨ x  ¸  x  1 x 2  2
§ 1·
multiplicity 1.

© 3¹ 57. x 4  x3  2 x 2  4 x  8 0

The real zeros are  and 1 , each of

of f  x  x 4  x3  2 x 2  4 x  8 .
1 The solutions of the equation are the zeros
3
multiplicity 1.
f (x) has at most 4 real zeros.
f ( x) 4 x 4  5 x3  9 x 2  10 x  2
Step 1:
56.
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
three positive real zeros or there is one positive

f x   x 4    x 3  2   x 2  4   x   8
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are real zero.
no positive real zeros.
x 4  x3  2 x 2  4 x  8
thus, there is one negative real zero.
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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

p r1, r 2, r 4, r 8; q r1; p r1, r 5; q r1, r 2

Step 3: Possible rational zeros: Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

r1, r 2, r 4, r 8 r1, r 5, r , r
p p 1 5
q q 2 2
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  :
11  1 2  4  8
5
2
1 2  4 8 5
2 3 3 5
1  2 4 8 0 2
x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
5 5 5

x3  2 x 2  4 x  8 .
2 2 2 0

x
5
We try x  2 on x  2 x  4 x  8
is a factor. The other factor is the

21  2
2
quotient: 2 x 2  2 x  2 . Thus,
3 2

4 8
2 0 8 §
©
5·
2¹

f ( x) ¨ x  ¸ 2 x 2  2 x  2 
§ 5·
 
1 0 4 0
x  2 is a factor and the quotient is x 2  4 . 2 ¨ x  ¸ x2  x  1
 x  1 x  2   x 2  4  .
© 2¹
Thus, f  x 
Since x 2  x  1 0 has no real solutions, the
Since x  4 0 has no real solutions, the ­5½
solution set is ^1, 2` .
solution set is ® ¾ .
2

¯2¿

58. 2 x3  3 x 2  2 x  3 0 60. 3 x3  4 x 2  7 x  2 0

f  x  3x3  4 x 2  7 x  2 .
Solve by factoring:
x 2 (2 x  3)  (2 x  3) 0
The solutions of the equation are the zeros of


(2 x  3) x 2  1  0 Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.

3 Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
x

f x 3 x  4  x  7  x  2
2 two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
Since x 2  1 0 has no real solutions, the 3 2

­ 3½ 3 x3  4 x 2  7 x  2
solution set is ® ¾ .
¯ 2¿ thus, there is one negative real zero.

59. 2 x3  3 x 2  3 x  5 0
p r1, r 2; q r1, r 3
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

of f  x  2 x3  3 x 2  3 x  5 .
The solutions of the equation are the zeros
r1, r 2, r , r
p 1 2
q 3 3
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros. Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  :
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there is 2

f x 2  x  3 x  3 x  5
one positive real zero. 3

3 4 7
3 2
2
2 x3  3 x 2  3 x  5
2
4 2
3
2
3 6 3
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
negative real zeros. 0

x
2
is a factor. The other factor is the quotient
3

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

3 x 2  6 x  3 . Thus, 62. 3 x3  x 2  15 x  5 0
§ 2·

f ( x) ¨ x  ¸ 3x 2  6 x  3 
Solving by factoring:
© 3¹ x 2 (3 x  1)  5(3 x  1)

   
0
§ 2· (3 x  1) x  5
3 ¨ x  ¸ x2  2 x  1
 5  x  5 
2
0
© 3¹
(3 x  1) x  0
Using the quadratic formula to solve
x2  2 x  1 0 : ­ 1½
The solution set is ® 5, ¾.
 2 r 4  4(1)(1) ¯ 3¿
5,
x
63. x 4  2 x3  10 x 2  18 x  9 0
2(1)
2r 8
of f  x  x 4  2 x3  10 x 2  18 x  9
The solutions of the equation are the zeros
2
2r 2 2
1 r 2 Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros.
­ 2½
2
The solution set is ®1  2,  1  2, ¾ .
¯ 3¿
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
four positive real zeros or two positive real zeros

f x   x 4  2   x 3  10   x 2  18   x   9
or no positive real zeros.
61. 2 x3  11x 2  10 x  8 0
x 4  2 x3  10 x 2  18 x  9
of f  x  2 x3  11x 2  10 x  8 .
The solutions of the equation are the zeros
Thus, there are no negative real zeros.

p r1, r 3, r 9; q r1
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros. Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
r1, r 3, r 9
f x 2   x   11  x   10   x   8
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros. p
3 2 q

2 x3  11x 2  10 x  8
We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

11  2 10  18
thus, there is one negative real zero.

1 1 9 9
9
p r1, r 2, r 4, r 8; q r1, r 2
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:
1 1 9 9 0
r1, r 2, r 4, r 8, r x  1 is a factor and the quotient is
p 1

x3  x 2  9 x  9 .
q 2

We try x  4 : We try x  1 on x3  x 2  9 x  9
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

42  11 11 1 9  9
8  12  8
10 8
1 0 9
2 3 2 0 1 0 9 0
x  4 is a factor. The other factor is the x  1 is a factor and the quotient is x 2  9 . Thus,
quotient: 2 x 2  3 x  2 . Thus,  x  12  x 2  9  .
 x  4   2 x  3x  2 
f ( x)
Since x 2  9 0 has no real solutions, the
2

 x  4  2 x  1 x  2 
f ( x)
solution set is ^1` .
­ 1 ½
The solution set is ® , 2, 4 ¾ .
¯ 2 ¿ 64. x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  x  6 0

of f  x  x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  x  6 .
The solutions of the equation are the zeros

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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

We try x  1 :
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. Step 4: Using synthetic division:

1 2 3 6 4
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are

f x   x 4  4   x 3  2   x 2    x   6
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
2 5 11

x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  x  6
2 5 11 7
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no x  1 is not a factor
negative real zeros. We try x  12

p r1, r 2, r 3, r 6; q r1; 3 6 4
Step 3: Possible rational zeros: 1
2
2

r1, r 2, r 3, r 6
p 1 2 4
q 2 4 8 0
x

 
1
is a factor Thus,
We try x  3 : § 1·
Step 4: Using synthetic division: 2

 31 2 1 ¨ x  ¸ 2x  4x  8
© 2¹
2
f ( x)

 
3 3 3 6
4 6
§ 1·
2 ¨ x  ¸ x2  2 x  4
1 1 1 2 0 © 2¹
x  3 is a factor and the quotient is Since x 2  2 x  4 0 has no real solutions, the
x3  x 2  x  2 . ­1 ½
solution set is ® ¾ .
We try x  2 on x3  x 2  x  2 ¯2¿
 21 1 1
2 2 2
2
66. x3  x  x  1 0 Ÿ 3x3  2 x 2  8 x  3 0
2 2 8
1 1 1 0 3 3

x  2 is a factor and the quotient is x 2  x  1 .

 x  3 x  2   x 2  x  1 .
The solutions of the equation are the zeros of
f ( x) 3x3  2 x 2  8 x  3 .
Thus, f ( x)
Since x 2  x  1 0 has no real solutions , the
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros.

solution set is ^3, 2` .

Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
f ( x) 3( x)3  2( x) 2  8( x)  3 ,
65. x3  x  3x  2 0 Ÿ 2 x3  3x 2  6 x  4 0 3 x3  2 x 2  8 x  3
3 2
2
The solutions of the equation are the zeros of thus, there is one negative real zero.
f ( x) 2 x3  3x 2  6 x  4 .
p r1, r 3; q r1, r 3
Step 3: To find the possible rational zeros:

r1, r 3, r
Step 1: f (x) has at most 3 real zeros. p 1
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there is q 3
one positive real zero.
f ( x) 2( x)3  3( x) 2  6( x)  4
Step 4: Using synthetic division:

2 x3  3 x 2  6 x  4 We try x  :
1
3

 3 2 8
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
1
negative real zeros. 3
1 1  3
3
p r1, r 2, r4; q r1, r 2
Step 3: To find the possible rational zeros:
3 3 9 0
r1, r , r 2, r4
x
p 1
1
q 2 is a factor. The other factor is the
3

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

quotient: 3 x 2  3 x  9 . f ( x)  x  2  x  4  2 x  1 x  2 
 x  2 2  x  4  2 x  1
§ 1·
 
Thus,
f ( x) ¨ x  ¸ 3x 2  3x  9 ­ 1 ½
© 3¹ The solution set is ®4,  , 2 ¾ .

 
¯ 2 ¿
¨ x  ¸  3 x  x  3
§ 1·
© ¹
 3x  1  x 
2

68. 2 x 4  19 x3  57 x 2  64 x  20 0
3
2
 x3 The solutions of the equation are the zeros of
Since x 2  x  3 0 has no real solutions, the f ( x) 2 x 4  19 x3  57 x 2  64 x  20 .
­ 1½
solution set is ® ¾ . f (x) has at most 4 real zeros.
¯ 3¿
Step 1:
Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are
67. 2 x 4  x3  24 x 2  20 x  16 0
four positive real zeros or two positive real zeros

2   x   19   x   57   x   64   x   20
or no positive real zeros.
f ( x)
The solutions of the equation are the zeros of
f ( x) 2 x 4  x3  24 x 2  20 x  16 .
4 3 2

2 x 4  19 x3  57 x 2  64 x  20
Step 1: f (x) has at most 4 real zeros. Thus, there are no negative real zeros.

p r1, r 2, r4, r5, r10, r20; q r1, r 2;

Step 2: By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there are Step 3: To find the possible rational zeros:

2   x     x   24   x   20   x   16
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.
f ( x)
r1, r , r2, r4, r5, r , r10, r20
4 3 2
p 1 5
2 x 4  x3  24 x 2  20 x  16 q 2 2
thus, there are two negative real zeros or no
We try x  1 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
negative real zeros.
1 2  19 57  64 20
p r1, r 2, r4, r8, r16; q r1, r 2;
Step 3: To find the possible rational zeros:
2  17 40  24
r1, r , r2, r4, r8, r16 2  17 40  24  4
p 1

x  1 is not a factor
q 2

We try x  2 :
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  :
1
2 2 1  24 20 16 2
4 10  28  16 2  19 57  64
1
20
2 5  14  8 0 1 9 24  20
2

x  2 is a factor, and the other factor is the 2  18 48  40 0

quotient 2 x3  5 x 2  14 x  8 .
 
x
 x  2  2 x3  5 x 2  14 x  8 .
1
is a factor and the quotient is
Thus, f ( x) 2
2 x3  18 x 2  48 x  40 . Thus,

 
Now try x  4 as a factor of 2 x  5 x  14 x  8 .
§ 1·
3 2

4 2 5  14  8 f ( x) ¨ x  ¸ 2 x3  18 x 2  48 x  40
© 2¹

 
 8 12 8
§ 1·
2 3 2 0 2 ¨ x  ¸ x3  9 x 2  24 x  20
© 2¹
x  4 is a factor, and the other factor is the
Now try x – 2 as a factor of x3  9 x 2  24 x  20 .
quotient 2 x 2  3 x  2 . Thus,
 x  4   2 x 2  3x  2 
2 1  9 24  20
2 x3  5 x 2  14 x  8
2  14 20
 x  4  2 x  1 x  2  1  7 10 0

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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

x  2 is a factor, and the other factor is the

quotient x 2  7 x  10 . Thus,
x3  9 x 2  24 x  20  x  2   x 2  7 x  10 
 x  2  x  2  x  5
2 ¨ x  ¸  x  2   x  5
§ 1·
© 2¹
2
f ( x)

­1 ½
The solution set is ® , 2,5¾ .
¯2 ¿

69. f  x x 4  3x 2  4

1 2 2 6
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 1
2 1 2 1 2 0
1 1 1 2 2 6
2 1 2 1 2 0

For r = 2, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 2. For r = -2, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -2. The upper bound is 2 and the lower bound is -2.
70. x 4  5 x 2  36

4 4 40
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 40
3 1 3 4 12 0
1 1 1 4 4 40
2 1 2 1 2 40
3 1 3 4 12 0
For r = 3, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 3. For r = -3, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -3. The upper bound is 3 and the lower bound is -3.
71. x 4  x3  x  1
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 2 2 1 0

For r = 1, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 1. For r = -1, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -1. The upper bound is 1 and the lower bound is -1.

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

72. f  x x 4  x3  x  1
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 1 2 2 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0

For r = 1, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 1. For r = -1, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

73. f  x 
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -1. The upper bound is 1 and the lower bound is -1.
3 x 4  3 x3  5 x 2  27 x  36

5 14
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 3 0 22
2 3 3 1 29 22
1 3 6 1 26 62
2 3 9 13 1 38
3 3 12 31 66 162

For r = 2, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 2. For r = -3, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -3. The upper bound is 2 and the lower bound is -3.
74. 3 x 4  3 x3  x 2  12 x  12

7
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 3 6 5 5
2 3 9 17 22 56
1 3 0 1 11 23
2 3 3 5 22 56
For r = 2, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 2. For r = -2, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -2. The upper bound is 2 and the lower bound is -2.

f  x
§ 1·
4 x5  x 4  x3  x 2  2 x  2 4 ¨ x5  x 4  x3  x 2  x  ¸
1 1 1 1
© 2¹
75.
4 4 4 2
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 4 5 6 7 5 3
1 4 3 4 3 1 3
For r = 1, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 1. For r = -1, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -1. The upper bound is 1 and the lower bound is -1.
75. 4 x5  x 4  2 x3  2 x 2  x  1
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 4 3 5 3 4 3
1 4 5 7 9 10 11

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 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

For r = 1, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 1. For r = -1, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x  
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -1. The upper bound is 1 and the lower bound is -1.
77. 4 x5  5 x3  9 x 2  3 x  12  4 x5  5 x3  9 x 2  3 x  12

1 10 13 1
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 4 4
2 4 8 11 13 23 58
1 4 4 1 8 5 7
2 4 8 11 31 59 106
For r = 2, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 2. For r = -2, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative

f  x  
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -2. The upper bound is 2 and the lower bound is -2.
78.  x 4  3x3  4 x 2  2 x  9  x 4  3 x3  4 x 2  2 x  9

2
r coeff of q(x) remainder

1 1 2 4 5
2 1 1 2 6 3
3 1 0 4 14 33
1 1 4 8 6 3
2 1 5 14 26 43

For r = 3, the last row of synthetic division contains only numbers that are positive or 0, so we know there are no
zeros greater than 3. For r = -2, the last row of synthetic division results in alternating positive (or 0) and negative
(or 0) values, so we know that there are no zeros less than -2. The upper bound is 3 and the lower bound is -2.

79. f  x  8 x 4  2 x 2  5 x  1; >0,1@ Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the

f (0) 1  0 and f (1) 10 ! 0
given interval.

The value of the function is positive at one 82. f ( x) 2 x3  6 x 2  8 x  2; > 5,  4@

f (5) 58  0 and f ( 4) 2 ! 0
endpoint and negative at the other. Since the
function is continuous, the Intermediate Value
Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the The value of the function is positive at one
given interval. endpoint and negative at the other. Since the

> 1, 0@
function is continuous, the Intermediate Value
80. f ( x) x 4  8 x3  x 2  2; Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the
f (1)  6  0 and f (0) 2 ! 0
given interval.

The value of the function is positive at one 83. f ( x) x5  3 x 4  2 x3  6 x 2  x  2; >1.7, 1.8@

f (1.7) 0.35627 ! 0 and f (1.8) –1.021  0
endpoint and negative at the other. Since the
function is continuous, the Intermediate Value
Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the The value of the function is positive at one
given interval. endpoint and negative at the other. Since the

> 3,  2@
function is continuous, the Intermediate Value
81. f ( x) 3 x3  10 x  9; Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the
f (3)  42  0 and f ( 2) 5 ! 0
given interval.

The value of the function is positive at one 84. f ( x) x5  x 4  7 x3  7 x 2  18 x  18; >1.4, 1.5@
 0.1754  0 and f (1.5) 1.4063 ! 0
endpoint and negative at the other. Since the
f (1.4)
function is continuous, the Intermediate Value

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

f 0 1; f  0.1 0.5192

f  0.1 0.5192; f  0.2 
The value of the function is positive at one
0.0672
endpoint and negative at the other. Since the

f  0.2  0.0672; f  0.3

function is continuous, the Intermediate Value
Theorem guarantees at least one zero in the 0.3848
given interval.
So f has a real zero on the interval [0.2,0.3].
85. x  8 x  x  2 1 d r d 0
Consider the function f  x 
4 3 2
0;
x 4  8 x3  x 2  2
Subdivide the interval [0.2,0.3] into 10 equal
subintervals:
Subdivide the interval [–1, 0] into 10 equal [0.2,0.21]; [0.21,0.22]; [0.22,0.23]; [0.23,0.24];
subintervals: [0.24,0.25]; [0.25,0.26];[0.26,0.27]; [0.27,0.28];

f  0.2  0.0672; f  0.21 | 0.02264

[–1, –0.9]; [–0.9, –0.8]; [–0.8, –0.7]; [–0.7, –0.6]; [0.28,0.29]; [0.29,0.3]

f  0.21 | 0.02264; f  0.22  | 0.0219

[–0.6, –0.5]; [–0.5, –0.4]; [–0.4, –0.3];

f  1 6; f  0.9  3.9859

[–0.3, –0.2]; [–0.2, –0.1]; [–0.1,0]

f  0.9  3.9859; f  0.8  2.3264

So f has a real zero on the interval [0.21,0.22],

f  0.8  2.3264; f  0.7  0.9939

therefore r 0.21 , correct to two decimal

f  0.7  0.9939; f  0.6 

places.

87. 3 x3  10 x  9  3 d r d 2
0.0416

Consider the function f  x 

0;
3 x3  10 x  9
So f has a real zero on the interval [–0.7, –0.6].

Subdivide the interval [–0.7, –0.6] into 10 equal Subdivide the interval [–3, –2] into 10 equal
subintervals: subintervals:
[–0.7, –0.69]; [–0.69, –0.68]; [–0.68, –0.67]; [–3, –2.9]; [–2.9, –2.8]; [–2.8, –2.7]; [–2.7, –2.6];
[–0.67, –0.66]; [–0.66, –0.65]; [–0.65, –0.64]; [–2.6, –2.5]; [–2.5, –2.4]; [–2.4, –2.3];

f  3 42; f  2.9  35.167

[–0.64, –0.63]; [–0.63, –0.62]; [–0.62, –0.61]; [–2.3, –2.2]; [–2.2, –2.1]; [–2.1, –2]

f  0.7  0.9939; f  0.69  | 0.8775 f  2.9  35.167; f  2.8 

[–0.61, –0.6]
28.856
f  0.69  | 0.8775; f  0.68  | 0.7640 f  2.8  28.856; f  2.7  23.049
f  0.68  | 0.7640; f  0.67  | 0.6535 f  2.7  23.049; f  2.6  17.728
f  0.67  | 0.6535; f  0.66  | 0.5458 f  2.6  17.728; f  2.5  12.875
f  0.66  | 0.5458; f  0.65  | 0.4410 f  2.5  12.875; f  2.4  8.472
f  0.65  | 0.4410; f  0.64  | 0.3390 f  2.4  8.472; f  2.3 4.501
f  0.64  | 0.3390; f  0.63 | 0.2397 f  2.3 4.501; f  2.2  0.944
f  0.63 | 0.2397; f  0.62  | 0.1433 f  2.2  0.944; f  2.1
f  0.62  | 0.1433; f  0.61 | 0.0495
2.217

f  0.61 | 0.0495; f  0.60  | 0.0416

So f has a real zero on the interval [–2.2, –2.1].

Subdivide the interval [–2.2, –2.1] into 10 equal

So f has a real zero on the interval
[–0.61, –0.6], therefore r 0.60 , correct to two
subintervals:
[–2.2, –2.19]; [–2.19, –2.18]; [–2.18, –2.17];
decimal places. [–2.17, –2.16]; [–2.16, –2.15]; [–2.15, –2.14];

86. 8 x 4  2 x 2  5 x  1 0; 0 d r d1
[–2.14, –2.13]; [–2.13, –2.12]; [–2.12, –2.11];

Consider the function f  x  8 x 4  2 x 2  5 x  1 f  2.2  0.944; f  2.19  | 0.6104

[–2.11, –2.1]

f  2.19  | 0.6104; f  2.18  | 0.2807

f  2.18  | 0.2807; f  2.17  | 0.0451
Subdivide the interval [0,1] into 10 equal
subintervals:
[0,0.1]; [0.1,0.2]; [0.2,0.3]; [0.3,0.4]; [0.4,0.5];
[0.5,0.6]; [0.6,0.7]; [0.7,0.8]; [0.8,0.9]; [0.9,1] So f has a real zero on the interval

354
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

2.17 , correct to
f  0  1; f  0.1 0.9898
[–2.18, –2.17], therefore r [0.5,0.6]; [0.6,0.7]; [0.7,0.8]; [0.8,0.9]; [0.9,1]

f  0.1 0.9898; f  0.2 

two decimal places.

88. 2 x3  6 x 2  8 x  2  5 d r d 4 0.9568

Consider the function f  x  f  0.2  0.9568; f  0.3 0.8938

0;
2 x3  6 x 2  8 x  2
f  0.3 0.8938; f  0.4  0.7888
f  0.4  0.7888; f  0.5 
Subdivide the interval [–5, –4] into 10 equal
subintervals: 0.625
f  0.5  0.625; f  0.6  0.3808
[–5, –4.9]; [–4.9, –4.8]; [–4.8, –4.7]; [–4.7, –4.6];

f  0.6  0.3808; f  0.7 

[–4.6, –4.5]; [–4.5, –4.4]; [–4.4, –4.3];
0.0298
f  5  58; f  4.9  50.038
[–4.3, –4.2]; [–4.2, –4.1]; [–4.1, –4]

f  0.7  0.0298; f  0.8 

f  4.9  50.038; f  4.8  42.544
0.4592

f  4.8  42.544; f  4.7  35.506

So f has a real zero on the interval [0.7,0.8].

f  4.7  35.506; f  4.6  28.912

Subdivide the interval [0.7,0.8] into 10 equal

f  4.6  28.912; f  4.5  22.75

subintervals:

f  4.5  22.75; f  4.4 

[0.7,0.71]; [0.71,0.72]; [0.72,0.73]; [0.73,0.74];
17.008 [0.74,0.75]; [0.75,0.76];[0.76,0.77]; [0.77,0.78];

f  4.4  17.008; f  4.3 11.674 f  0.7  0.298; f  0.71 | 0.0123

[0.78,0.79]; [0.79,0.8]

f  4.3 11.674; f  4.2  6.736

f  4.2  6.736; f  4.1
So f has a real zero on the interval [0.7,0.71],
2.182
f  4.1 2.182; f  4 
therefore r 0.70 , correct to two decimal
places.

f  x
2
x3  x 2  x  4
f 1 1; f  2  10
So f has a real zero on the interval [–4.1, –4]. 90.

Subdivide the interval [–4.1, –4] into 10 equal

subintervals: So f has a real zero on the interval [1,2].
[–4.1, –4.09]; [–4.09, –4.08]; [–4.08, –4.07]; Subdivide the interval [1,2] into 10 equal
[–4.07, –4.06]; [–4.06, –4.05]; [–4.05, –4.04]; subintervals:
[–4.04, –4.03]; [–4.03, –4.02]; [–4.02, –4.01]; [1,1.1]; [1.1,1.2]; [1.2,1.3]; [1.3,1.4]; [1.4,1.5];

f  4.1 2.182; f  4.09  | 1.7473 f 1 1; f 1.1 0.359

[–4.01, –4] [1.5,1.6]; [1.6,1.7]; [1.7,1.8]; [1.8,1.9]; [1.9,2]

f  4.09  | 1.7473; f  4.08  | 1.3162 f 1.1 0.359; f 1.2 

f  4.08  | 1.3162; f  4.07  | 0.8889
0.368

f  4.07  | 0.8889; f  4.06  | 0.4652

So f has a real zero on the interval [1.1,1.2].

f  4.06  | 0.4652; f  4.05  | 0.0453

Subdivide the interval [1.1,1.2] into 10 equal

f  4.05  | 0.4653; f  4.04  | 0.3711

subintervals:
[1.1,1.11]; [1.11,1.12]; [1.12,1.13]; [1.13,1.14];
[1.14,1.15]; [1.15,1.16];[1.16,1.17]; [1.17,1.18];

f 1.1 0.359; f 1.11 | 0.2903

So f has a real zero on the interval
[–4.05, –4.04], therefore r 4.04 , correct to
[1.18,1.19]; [1.19,1.2]

f 1.11 | 0.2903; f 1.12  | 0.2207

two decimal places.

f  x 2x  x 1
4 2
f 1.12  | 0.2207; f 1.13 | 0.1502
f 0 1; f 1 f 1.13 | 0.1502; f 1.14  | 0.0789
89.

f 1.14  | 0.0789; f 1.15  | 0.0066

2

f 1.15  | 0.0066; f 1.16  | 0.0665

So f has a real zero on the interval [0,1].
Subdivide the interval [0,1] into 10 equal
subintervals:
[0,0.1]; [0.1,0.2]; [0.2,0.3]; [0.3,0.4]; [0.4,0.5]; So f has a real zero on the interval [1.15,1.16],

355
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

therefore r 1.15 , correct to two decimal therefore r 2.53 , correct to two decimal
places. places.

f  x 2 x 4  3x3  4 x 2  8
f  2 16; f  3 f  x
91.
3 x3  2 x 2  20
f  2 4; f  3
37 92.
So f has a real zero on the interval [2,3]. 43
Subdivide the interval [2,3] into 10 equal So f has a real zero on the interval [2,3].
subintervals: Subdivide the interval [2,3] into 10 equal
[2,2.1]; [2.1,2.2]; [2.2,2.3]; [2.3,2.4]; [2.4,2.5]; subintervals:

f  2  16; f  2.1 14.5268

[2.5,2.6]; [2.6,2.7]; [2.7,2.8]; [2.8,2.9]; [2.9,3] [2,2.1]; [2.1,2.2]; [2.2,2.3]; [2.3,2.4]; [2.4,2.5];

f  2.1 14.5268; f  2.2  f  2  4; f  2.1 1.037

[2.5,2.6]; [2.6,2.7]; [2.7,2.8]; [2.8,2.9]; [2.9,3]
12.4528
f  2.2  12.4528; f  2.3 9.6928 f  2.1 1.037; f  2.2 
f  2.3 9.6928; f  2.4 
2.264
6.1568 So f has a real zero on the interval [2.1,2.2].
f  2.4  6.1568; f  2.5  1.75
f  2.5  1.75; f  2.6 
Subdivide the interval [2.1,2.2] into 10 equal
subintervals:
3.6272 [2.1,2.11]; [2.11,2.12]; [2.12,2.13]; [2.13,2.14];
So f has a real zero on the interval [2.5,2.6]. [2.14,2.15]; [2.15,2.16];[2.16,2.17]; [2.17,2.18];

f  2.1 1.037; f  2.11 | 0.7224

[2.18,2.19]; [2.19,2.2]
Subdivide the interval [2.5,2.6] into 10 equal

f  2.11 | 0.7224; f  2.12  | 0.4044

subintervals:

f  2.12  | 0.4044; f  2.13 | 0.0830

[2.5,2.51]; [2.51,2.52]; [2.52,2.53]; [2.53,2.54];
[2.54,2.55]; [2.55,2.56];[2.56,2.57]; [2.57,2.58];

f  2.5  1.75; f  2.51 | 1.2576 f  2.13 | 0.0830; f  2.14  | 0.2418

[2.58,2.59]; [2.59,2.6]

f  2.51 | 1.2576; f  2.52  | 0.7555 So f has a real zero on the interval [2.13,2.14],
f  2.52  | 0.7555; f  2.53 | 0.2434
therefore r 2.13 , correct to two decimal

f  2.53 | 0.2434; f  2.54  | 0.2787

places.

So f has a real zero on the interval [2.53,2.54],

93. f ( x) x3  2 x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  1)( x  2)

Near 3 : f  x  |  x  3 3  1 3  2  10  x  3
x-intercepts: –3, –1, 2;

Near 1 : f  x  |  1  3 x  1 1  2  6  x  1
Near 2: f  x  |  2  3 2  1 x  2  15  x  2 
Plot the point  3, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.
Plot the point  1, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.

y-intercept: f  0  03  2  0   5  0   6 6 ;
2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –3, –1 and 2 since each zero has multiplicity 1.

Interval  f, 3  3, 1  1, 2   2, f 

Number Chosen –4 –2 0 3
Value of f –18 4 –6 24

356
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

 4, 18  2, 4   0, 6   3, 24 

Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

94. f ( x) x3  8 x 2  11x  20 ( x  5)( x  4)( x  1)

Near 5 : f  x  |  x  5  5  4  5  1 6  x  5 
x-intercepts: –5, –4, 1;

Near 4 : f  x  |  4  5  x  4  4  1 5  x  4 
Near 1: f  x  | 1  5 1  4  x  1 30  x  1
Plot the point  5, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.
Plot the point  4, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point 1, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.

y-intercept: f  0  03  8  0   11 0   20 20
2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –5, –4 and 1 since each zero has multiplicity 1.

Interval  f, 5  5, 4   4,1 1, f 

Number Chosen –6 –4.5 0 2
Value of f –14 1.375 –20 42

 6, 14   4.5,1.375  0, 20   2, 42 

Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

357
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

95. f  x
§
©
1·

2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 ¨ x  ¸ 2 x 2  2
2¹

1 ·§ § 1 · ·
: f  x | ¨ x  ¸¨ 2¨ ¸  2¸
§ 5§ 1·
¨x ¸
2

2 ¹ ¨© © 2 ¹ ¸
1 1
© ¹ 2© 2¹
x-intercept: ; Near
2 2
§1 ·
Plot the point ¨ , 0 ¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
©2 ¹
y-intercept: f  0  2  0   02  2  0   1 1
3

1
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = since the zero has multiplicity 1.
2
§ 1· §1 ·
¨ f, ¸ ¨ ,f¸
© 2¹ ©2 ¹
Interval

Number Chosen 0 1
Value of f –1 2

 0, 1 1, 2 
Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

96. f ( x)
§ 1·

2 x3  x 2  2 x  1 ¨ x  ¸ 2 x 2  2
© 2¹

x-intercept: 
1
2
1 ·§ § 1 · · 5§
Near  : f  x  | ¨ x  ¸ ¨ 2 ¨  ¸  2 ¸
§ 1·
¨x ¸
2

¨ ¸
1
2 © 2 ¹© © 2 ¹ ¹ 2© 2¹
§ 1 ·
Plot the point ¨  , 0 ¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
© 2 ¹

y-intercept: f  0  2  0   02  2  0   1 1
3

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = 

1
since the zero has multiplicity 1.
2

§ 1· § 1 ·
¨ f,  ¸ ¨ ,f¸
© 2¹ © 2 ¹
Interval

Number Chosen –1 0
Value of f –2 1

358
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

 1, 2   0,1
Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

97. f ( x) x4  x2  2  x  1 x  1  x 2  2 


Near 1 : f  x  |  x  1 1  1  1  2  6  x  1
x-intercepts: –1, 1

Near 1: f  x  | 1  1 x  1 12  2 6  x  1
Plot the point  1, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point 1, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.

y-intercept: f  0  04  02  2 2
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –1 and 1 since each zero has multiplicity 1.

Interval  f, 1  1,1 1, f 

Number Chosen –2 0 2
Value of f 18 –2 18

 2,18  0, 2   2,18
Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

359
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

98. f  x x 4  3x 2  4  x  2  x  2   x 2  1

Near 2 : f  x  |  x  2  2  2   2   1   20  x  2 
x-intercepts: –2, 2

Near 2: f  x  |  2  2  x  2  22  1 20  x  2 
Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.

y-intercept: f  0  04  3  0   4 4
2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –2 and 2 since each zero has multiplicity 1.

Interval  f, 2   2, 2   2, f 

Number Chosen –3 0 3
Value of f 50 –4 50

 3,50   0, 4   3,50 
Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

99. f  x 4 x4  7 x2  2  2 x  1 2 x  1  x 2  2 
x-intercepts:  ,
1 1
2 2
§ § 1 · ·§§ 1 · ·
Near  : f  x  |  2 x  1 ¨ 2 ¨  ¸  1¸ ¨ ¨  ¸  2 ¸   2 x  1
2

© © 2 ¹ ¹ ¨© © 2 ¹ ¸
1 9
2 ¹ 2

§ §1· · § § 1 ·2 ·
: f  x  | ¨ 2 ¨ ¸  1¸  2 x  1 ¨ ¨ ¸  2 ¸  2 x  1
¨© 2 ¹ ¸
1 9
© ©2¹ ¹ © ¹
Near
2 2
§ 1 ·
Plot the point ¨  , 0 ¸ and show a line with negative slope there.
© 2 ¹
§1 ·
Plot the point ¨ , 0 ¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
©2 ¹

y-intercept: f  0  4 0  7 0  2 2
4 2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = 

1 1
and since each zero has multiplicity 1.
2 2

360
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

§ 1· § 1 1· §1 ·
¨ f,  ¸ ¨ , ¸ ¨ ,f¸
© 2¹ © 2 2¹ ©2 ¹
Interval

Number Chosen –1 0 1
Value of f 9 –2 9

 1,9   0, 2  1,9 
Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

100. f  x 4 x 4  15 x 2  4  2 x  1 2 x  1  x 2  4 
x-intercepts:  ,
1 1
2 2
§ § 1 · ·§§ 1 · ·
Near  : f  x  |  2 x  1 ¨ 2 ¨  ¸  1¸ ¨ ¨  ¸  4 ¸   2 x  1
2

© © 2 ¹ ¹ ©¨ © 2 ¹ ¸
1 17
2 ¹ 2

§ §1· · § § 1 ·2 ·
: f  x  | ¨ 2 ¨ ¸  1¸  2 x  1 ¨ ¨ ¸  4 ¸  2 x  1
¨© 2 ¹ ¸
1 17
© ©2¹ ¹ © ¹
Near
2 2
§ 1 ·
Plot the point ¨  , 0 ¸ and show a line with negative slope there.
© 2 ¹
§1 ·
Plot the point ¨ , 0 ¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
©2 ¹

y-intercept: f  0  4  0   15  0   4 4
4 2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = 

1 1
and since each zero has multiplicity 1.
2 2

§ 1· § 1 1· §1 ·
¨ f,  ¸ ¨ , ¸ ¨ ,f¸
© 2¹ © 2 2¹ ©2 ¹
Interval

Number Chosen –1 0 1
Value of f 15 –4 15

 1,15  0, 4  1,15
Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

361
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

101. f ( x) x 4  x3  3x 2  x  2 ( x  2)( x  1)( x  1) 2

Near 2 : f  x  |  x  2  2  1 2  1 9  x  2 
x-intercepts: –2, –1, 1
2

Near 1 : f  x  |  1  2  x  1 1  1 4  x  1
2

Near 1: f  x  | 1  2 1  1 x  1 6  x  1
2 2

Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point  1, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.
Plot the point 1, 0  and show a parabola opening up there.

y-intercept: f  0  0 4  03  3  0   0  2
2
2
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –2 and –1 since each zero has multiplicity 1.
The graph of f touches the x-axis at x = 1 since the zero has multiplicity 2.

Interval  f, 2   2, 1  1,1 1, f 

Number Chosen –3 –1.5 0 2
Value of f 32 –1.5625 2 12

 3,32   1.5, 1.5625  0, 2   2,12 

Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

362
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

102. f ( x) x 4  x3  6 x 2  4 x  8 ( x  2)( x  1)( x  2) 2

Near 2 : f  x  |  x  2  2  1 2  2  16  x  2 
x-intercepts: –2, –1, 2
2

Near 1 : f  x  |  1  2  x  1 1  2  9  x  1
2

Near 2: f  x  |  2  2  2  1 x  2  12  x  2 
2 2

Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with negative slope there.
Plot the point  1, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.
Plot the point  2, 0  and show a parabola opening up there.

y-intercept: f  0  04  03  6  0   4  0   8 8
2

The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x = –2 and –1 since each zero has multiplicity 1.
The graph of f touches the x-axis at x = 2 since the zero has multiplicity 2.

Interval  f, 2   2, 1  1, 2   2, f 

Number Chosen –3 –1.5 0 3
Value of f 50 –3.0625 8 20

 3,50   1.5, 3.0625  0,8  3, 20 

Location of Graph Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph 

103. f ( x) 4 x5  8 x 4  x  2 ( x  2)  2x 1  
2 x  1 2 x2  1 
x-intercepts: 
2 2
, ,2

    
2 2
§ ·§ § 2· · § § 2 ·2 ·
Near  : f  x  | ¨¨   2 ¸¸ ¨ 2 ¨¨  ¸¸  1¸¸ 2 x  1 ¨ 2 ¨¨ ¸  1¸ 24 2x 1
¨ ¨ © 2 ¸¹
2 2
© 2 ¹© © 2 ¹ ¹ ¸
2
© ¹
2

    
§ 2 · § § 2 · ·§ § 2 · ·
: f  x  | ¨¨  2 ¸¸ 2 x  1 ¨ 2 ¨¨ ¸  ¸ ¨ 2¨ ¸  ¸ 2 4 2x 1
2

¨ ¸ ¸ ¨ ¸
2
© 2 ¹ © © 2 ¹ ¹ ©¨ © 2 ¹ ¸

 
Near 1 1 2
¹
 
2

Near 2: f  x  |  x  2  2  2 1 2  2  1 2  2  1 63  x  2 
2

§ 2 ·
Plot the point ¨¨  , 0 ¸¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
© 2 ¹

363
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

§ 2 ·
Plot the point ¨¨ , 0 ¸¸ and show a line with negative slope there.
© 2 ¹
Plot the point  2, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.

y-intercept: f  0  4 0  8 0  0  2
5 4
2


2 2
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x ,x and x 2 since each zero has multiplicity 1.
2 2

§ 2· § 2 2· § 2 ·
¨¨ f,  ¸ ¨¨  ¸¸ ¨¨ , 2 ¸¸  2, f 
© 2 ¸¹ © 2 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
Interval ,

Number Chosen –1 0 1 3
Value of f –9 2 –3 323

 1, 9   0, 2  1, 3  3,323
Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

104. f ( x) 4 x5  12 x 4  x  3 ( x  3)  2x 1  
2 x  1 2 x2  1 
x-intercepts: 3, 

 
2 2

Near 3 : f  x  |  x  3 2  3  1 2  3  1 2  3  1 323  x  3
2 2
2

    
§ ·§ § 2· · § § 2· ·
Near  : f  x  | ¨¨   3 ¸¸ ¨ 2 ¨¨  ¸¸  1¸¸ ¨
2 x  1 2 ¨¨  ¸¸  1¸ 2 6 2x 1
2

¨
2 2
© 2 ¹© © 2 ¹ ¹ ¨ ¸
© ©
2 ¹
2
¹
2

    
§ 2 · § § 2 · ·§ § 2 · ·
: f  x ¨¨  3 ¸¸ 2 x  1 ¨ 2 ¨¨ ¸  ¸ ¨ 2¨ ¸  ¸ 2 6 2x 1
2

¨ ¸ ¸ ¨ ¸
2
© 2 ¹ © © 2 ¹ ¹ ¨© © 2 ¹ ¸
Near 1 1 2
¹
2

Plot the point  3, 0  and show a line with positive slope there.
§ 2 ·
Plot the point ¨¨  , 0 ¸¸ and show a line with negative slope there.
© 2 ¹
§ 2 ·
Plot the point ¨¨ , 0 ¸¸ and show a line with positive slope there.
© 2 ¹

364
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

y-intercept: f  0  4  0   12  0   0  3 3
5 4

 3 since each zero has multiplicity 1.

2 2
The graph of f crosses the x-axis at x ,x and x
2 2

§ 2· § 2 2· § 2 ·
 f, 3 ¨¨ 3,  ¸ ¨¨  ¸¸ ¨¨ , f ¸¸
© 2 ¸¹ © 2 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
Interval ,

Number Chosen –4 –2 0 1
Value of f –1023 63 –3 12

 4, 1023  2, 63  0, 3 1,12 

Location of Graph Below x-axis Above x-axis Below x-axis Above x-axis
Point on Graph

f ( x) 3 x3  16 x 2  3 x  10 will factor into

x  4 is a factor of f if f  4  0 .
105. 107. From the Remainder and Factor Theorems,
f ( x) ( x  1)(3 x  2)( x  5) . Solving
( x  1)(3 x  2)( x  5) 0 we get  4 3  k  4 2  k  4   32 0
64  16k  4k  32 0
1, x , x 5 . f ( x  3) would shift the
2
12k  96 0
x
3
graph left by three units and thus would shift the 12k 96
x 1  3 4
zeros left by three units. So the zeros would be
k 8

3 
x  2 is a factor of f if f  2  0 .
2 7 108. From the Remainder and Factor Theorems,
x

x 5  3 8
 2 4  k  2 3  k  2 2  1
3 3
0
106. f ( x) 4 x  11x  26 x  24 will factor into
3 2
16  8k  4k  1 0
f ( x) ( x  2)(4 x  3)( x  4) . Solving 12k  17 0
( x  2)(4 x  3)( x  4) 0 we get 12k 17

2, x , x 4 . f ( x  2) would shift the 

3 17
x k
4 12
graph right by two units and thus would shift the
109. From the Remainder theorem, we know that the
x 2  2 0
zeros right by two units. So the zeros would be
remainder is p.

2
3 11
x

x 42 6
4 4

365
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

f 1 9 1  1  (1) 2  8 2 1 5 2
26 11
5
9  1  1  8 2 6 2
1 1 3 1 0

f  x  x  2   x 2  3x  1 .
The remainder is –1. Thus,
x3  5 x 2  5 x  2
Solving x 2  3 x  1 0 ,
3 r 9  4 3 r 13
110. From the Remainder Theorem, we know that the

f  1 3  1   1   1  2  1 1
remainder is
17 9 5 x .
2 2
The sum of these two roots is
3  13 3  13 6
The remainder is 1.
111. We want to prove that x  c is a factor of  3 .
x n  c n , for any positive integer n. By the Factor
2 2 2

Theorem, x  c will be a factor of f  x  115. Let x be the length of a side of the original

provided f  c  0 . Here, f  x  x n  c n , so
cube. After removing the 4-inch slice, one

that f  c 
solid will be: ( x  4) x ˜ x .
dimension will be x - 4. The volume of the new
cn  cn 0 . Therefore, x  c is a
factor of x n  c n . ( x  4) x ˜ x 72
Solve the volume equation:

112. We want to prove that x  c is a factor of x3  4 x 2 72

x n  c n , if n t 1 is an odd integer. By the Factor x  4 x  72 0
Theorem, x  c will be a factor of f  x 
3 2

provided f  c  0 . Here, f  x  real zeros of f  x  x3  4 x 2  72 .

The solutions to this equation are the same as the
x n  c n , so
that f  c   c  n  c n c n  c n 0 if n t 1
By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, we know that there

is an odd integer. Therefore, x  c is a factor of p r1, r2, r3, r4, r6, r8, r9, r12, r18, r24, r36, r72
is one positive real zero.

x n  c n if n t 1 is an odd integer.
q r1
113. x3  5 x 2  7 x  2 0 has solution x 2 , so
x  2 is a factor of f  x  x3  5 x 2  7 x  2 .
The possible rational zeros are the same as the
values for p.
r1, r2, r3, r4, r6, r8, r9, r12, r18, r24, r36, r72
Using synthetic division 1
2 1 5 7 2 q
2 6 2
1 3 1
Using synthetic division:
6 1  4 0  72
0

f  x  x  2   x 2  3x  .
Thus,
x3  5 x 2  7 x  2
6 12 72
1 2 12 0
Solving x3  3 x  1 0 6 is a zero, so the length of the edge of the
3r 9 4 3r 5
original cube was 6 inches.
x
2 2 116. Let x be the length of a side of the original
3

changed to x  6, x  12, and x  4 . The volume

The sum of these two roots cube. The volume is x . The dimensions are
3 5 3 5 6

of the new solid will be (x  6)(x  12)(x  4) .
3.
2 2 2

114. x3  5 x 2  5 x  2 0 has solution x 2 , so

Solve the volume equation:

x  2 is a factor of f  x  x3  5 x 2  5 x  2 .
Using synthetic division
366
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.5: The Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function

( x  6)( x  12)( x  4)
x 
2 x3 By Descartes’ Rule of Signs, we know that there

 18 x  72 ( x  4)
are two positive real zeros or no positive real
2
2 x3
p r1, r2, r3, r4, r6, r8, r9, r12, r16, r18, r24,
zeros.
x3  14 x 2  288
r32, r36, r48, r72, r96, r144, r288
2 x3
x3  14 x 2  288 0 q r1

real zeros of f  x  x3  14 x 2  288 .

The solutions to this equation are the same as the
The possible rational zeros are the same as the
values for p:
r1, r2, r3, r4, r6, r8, r9, r12, r16, r18, r24,
p
q
r32, r36, r48, r72, r96, r144, r288

61 14
Using synthetic division:

6  48  288
0 288

1  8  48 0

x 2  8x  48 x  12 x  4 . The other
Therefore, 6 is a zero; the other factor is

zeros are 12 and –4. The length of the edge of

the original cube was 6 inches or 12 inches.

117. f  x x n  an 1 x n 1  an  2 x n  2  ...  a1 x  a0 ;
where an 1 , an  2 ,...a1 , a0 are integers. If r is a
real zero of f , then r is either rational or
irrational. We know that the rational roots of f
p
must be of the form where p is a divisor of
q
a0 and q is a divisor of 1. This means that

r1 . So if r is rational, then r rp .
p
q
q
Therefore, r is an integer or r is irrational.

be a root of the polynomial f  x  an x n  an 1 x n 1  an  2 x n  2  ...  a1 x  a0 where

p
118. Let
q
an , an 1 , an  2 ,...a1 , a0 are integers . Suppose also that p and q have no common factors other than 1 and – 1. Then
n 1 n2
§ p· § p· § p· § p· § p·
f¨ ¸ an ¨ ¸  an 1 ¨ ¸  an  2 ¨ ¸  ...  a1 ¨ ¸  a0
n

©q¹ © ¹ ©q¹ ©q¹ ©q¹

0
q

Ÿ
1
q n a np
n
 an 1 p n 1q  an  2 p n  2 q 2  ...  a1 pq n 1  a0 q n  0

Ÿ an p n  an 1 p n 1q  an  2 p n  2 q 2  ...  a1 pq n 1  a0 q n 0
Ÿ an p  an 1 p n n 1
q  an  2 p q  ...  a1 pq
n2 2 n 1
a0 q n

Because p is a factor of the left side of this equation, p must also be a factor of a0 q n . Since p is not a factor of q, p
must be a factor of a0 . Similarly, q must be a factor of an

367
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

119. f  x 9 x 4  3x 2  7 x  1 0 d r d 1

f  0  1; f 1 12
We begin with the interval [0,1].

Let mi = the midpoint of the interval being considered.

f  mn 
So mi 0.5

f  0.5 
n mn New interval
2.3125 ! 0
f  0.25 
1 0.5 [0,0.5]
0.5970 ! 0
f  0.125 
2 0.25 [0,0.25]
0.1696  0
f  0.1875 
3 0.125 [0.125,0.25]
0.21815  0
f  0.15625 
4 0.1875 [0.125,0.1875]

f  0.140625 
5 0.15625 0.02587 [0.125,0.15625]
0.07143  0
f  0.1484375 
6 0.140625 [0.140625,0.15625]
0.02266
f  0.15234375 
7 0.1484375 [0.1484375,0.15625]
0.00162815512 ! 0
f  0.150390625 
8 0.15234375 [0.1484375,0.1523475]
9 0.15234375 0.010513745 [0.150390625,0.1523475]
Since the endpoints of the new interval at Step 9 agree to three decimal places,
r = 0.152, correct to three decimal places.

120. f  x 2 x3  3x 2  6 x  7 123. f  x x 7  6 x5  x 4  x  2
By the Rational Zero Theorem, the only possible By the Rational Zero Theorem, the only possible
r1, r7, r , r . r1, r2 .
p 1 7 p
rational zeros are: rational zeros are:
q 2 2 q
1 2
Since is not in the list of possible rational Since is not in the list of possible rational
3 3
zeros, it is not a zero of f . zeros, it is not a zero of f .

f  x 4 x3  5 x 2  3 x  1 2 f  x  3  1 is the graph of
f  x  but shifted right 3 units [(-1,6)},
121. 124. The graph of y
By the Rational Zero Theorem, the only possible y

shifted up 1 unit [(-1,13)]. Thus, the point 1,3

r1, r , r .
p 1 1 stretched vertically by a factor of 2 [(-1,12)], and
rational zeros are:

becomes the point  1,13 .

q 2 4
1
Since is not in the list of possible rational

3( x 2  10 x)  4
3
zeros, it is not a zero of f . 125. f ( x)
3( x 2  10 x  25)  4  75
f  x 2 x 6  5 x 4  x3  x  1
3( x  5) 2  71
122.
By the Rational Zero Theorem, the only possible
r1, r . 126. y-intercepts: 3(0)  y 2
p 1
rational zeros are: 12
q 2 2
y 12
r 12 2 3, 2 3
3
Since is not in the list of possible rational y
5
zeros, it is not a zero of f (x) .

368
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.6: Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

x-intercepts: 3 x  (0) 2 12
i , the conjugate of i , is the remaining zero.
11. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,
3 x 12

  
i , the conjugate of i , and  2i , the conjugate
x 4 12. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

So the intercepts are: 0, 2 3 , 0, 2 3 ,  4, 0 of 2i , are the remaining zeros of f .

127. Increasing:  3, 2 and  5, f 

2  i , the conjugate of 2  i , and i , the
13. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

conjugate of i , are the remaining zeros of f .

i , the conjugate of i , is the remaining zero.

14. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

Section 4.6
i , the conjugate of i , 3  2i , the conjugate of
15. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,
1.  3  2i    3  5i  3  3  2i  5i 3  2i , and  2  i , the conjugate of  2  i , are

 3  2i  3  5i 
3i
9  15i  6i  10i 2
the remaining zeros of f .

9  21i  10  1
For 17–22, we will use an 1 as the lead coefficient of

1  21i
the polynomial. Also note that
 x   a  bi    x   a  bi     x  a   bi    x  a   bi 
2. The zeros of f  x  are the solutions to the
 x  a 2   bi 2
equation x 2  2 x  2 0.
x2  2 x  2 0
2  i , the conjugate of 2  i , and 3  i , the
16. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

conjugate of 3  i , are the remaining zeros.

2 r 22  4 1 2 
a 1, b 2, c 2

2 r 4 2 r 2i 17. Since 3  2i is a zero, its conjugate 3  2i is also

1 r i
2 1
x
2 2
The solution set is {1  i,  1  i} .
a zero of f .

( x  4)( x  4)  x  (3  2i )   x  (3  2i ) 

x   ( x  3)  2i   ( x  3)  2i 
f ( x)

 8 x  16
3. one

x  8 x  16  x  6 x  9  4i 
4. 3  4i
2

x  8 x  16  x  6 x  13 
2 2 2

5. True
6. False; would also need 3  5i
2 2

x 4  6 x 3  13 x 2  8 x 3  48 x 2
4  i , the conjugate of 4  i , is the remaining  104 x  16 x 2  96 x  208
7. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

x 4  14 x 3  77 x 2  200 x  208
zero of f .

3  i , the conjugate of 3  i , is the remaining

8. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

18. Since 1  2i and i are zeros, their conjugates

1  2i and i are also zeros of f .
zero of f .

2  i , the conjugate of 2  i , is the remaining

9. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

zero of f .

i , the conjugate of i , and 1  i , the conjugate

10. Since complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs,

of 1  i , are the remaining zeros of f .

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

( x  i )( x  (i ))  x  (1  2i )  x  (1  2i ) 
( x  i )( x  i )  ( x  1)  2i  ( x  1)  2i 
f ( x)

x  i2 x  2 x  1  4i 
x  1 x  2 x  5 
2 2 2

2 2

x 4  2 x3  5 x 2  1x 2  2 x  5
x 4  2 x3  6 x 2  2 x  5

19. Since i is a zero, its conjugate i is also a zero; since 4  i is a zero, its conjugate 4  i is also a zero; and since
2  i is a zero, its conjugate 2  i is also a zero of f .
( x  i )( x  i )  x  (4  i )   x  (4  i )   x  (2  i )   x  (2  i ) 

x   ( x  4)  i   ( x  4)  i   ( x  2)  i   ( x  2)  i 
f ( x)

 i2

x  1 x  8 x  16  i  x  4 x  4  i 
2

x  1 x  8 x  17  x  4 x  5 
2 2 2 2 2

x  8 x  17 x  x  8 x  17  x  4 x  5 
2 2 2

x  8 x  18 x  8 x  17  x  4 x  5 
4 3 2 2 2

4 3 2 2

x 6  4 x 5  5 x 4  8 x 5  32 x 4  40 x  18 x  72 x  90 x  8 x  32 x  40 x  17 x  68 x  85
3 4 3 2 3 2 2

x 6  12 x5  55 x 4  120 x3  139 x 2  108 x  85

20. Since i is a zero, its conjugate i is also a zero, 21. Since 1  i is a zero, its conjugate 1  i is also a
and since 1  i is a zero, its conjugate 1  i is
( x  1)3  x  (1  i )  x  (1  i ) 
zero of f .

x 
also a zero of f .

 3 x 2  3 x  1  ( x  1)  i  ( x  1)  i 
f ( x)
( x  2)( x  i )( x  i )  x  (1  i )  x  (1  i ) 

   ( x  1)  i  ( x  1)  i  x  3 x  1 x 
3
f ( x)
( x  2) x 2  i 2  3x 2  2x  1  i2
( x  2)  x  1 x  2 x  1  i  x  3 x  1 x 
3 2

 3x 2  2x  2

 x  2 x  x  2 x  2 x  2
2 2 2 3 2

x5  2 x 4  2 x3  3x 4  6 x3  6 x 2
3 2 2

x5  2 x 4  2 x3  2 x 4  4 x3  4 x 2  3x3  6 x 2  6 x  x 2  2 x  2
 x3  2 x 2  2 x  2 x 2  4 x  4 x5  5 x 4  11x3  13 x 2  8 x  2
x5  4 x 4  7 x3  8 x 2  6 x  4 22. Since i is a zero, its conjugate i is also a zero.
f ( x) ( x  3)( x  3)( x  i )  x  i 

x 
 6 x  9 x2  i2 
x  6 x  9  x 
2

2 2
1

x 4  x 2  6 x3  6 x  9 x 2  9
x 4  6 x3  10 x 2  6 x  9
23. Since 5i is a zero, its conjugate 5i is also a
zero of g . x  5 i and x  5 i are factors of g .

370
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.6: Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Thus, ( x  5 i )( x  5 i ) x 2  25 is a factor of g .
and  2 .
1
The remaining zeros are
Using division to find the other factor: 3

x3 The zeros of h are 3i,  3i,  2, .

1

x  25 x  3 x 2  25 x  75
3

26. Since  2i is a zero, its conjugate 2i is also a

2 3

 25 x
zero of f . x  2i and x  2i are factors of f .
x3
 75
Thus, ( x  2i )( x  2i ) x 2  4 is a factor of f .
3x 2
3x 2
 75 Using division to find the other factor:

x  3 is a factor, so the remaining zero is –3. 2 x2  5x  3

The zeros of g are –3, 5 i,  5 i .
x 2  4 2 x 4  5 x3  5 x 2  20 x  12
24. Since 2i is a zero, its conjugate  2i is also a 2 x4  8x2
zero of f . x  2i and x  2i are factors of f . 5 x3  3 x 2  20 x
Thus, ( x  2i )( x  2i ) x  4 is a factor of f .
 20 x
2
5 x3
 3x 2  12
Using division to find the other factor:

x4
 3x  12
x 2  4 x3  4 x 2  4 x  16
2

x3  4x 2 x 2  5 x  3 (2 x  1)( x  3)
 4 x2  16
and  3 .
 4x  16
1
2 The remaining zeros are
2

x  4 is a factor, so the remaining zero is 4. The zeros of f are 2i,  2i,  3, .

1

The zeros of f are 4, 2i,  2i .

2
27. Since 1  3i is a zero, its conjugate 1  3i is also
25. Since 3i is a zero, its conjugate  3i is also a a zero of f . x  (1  3 i ) and x  (1  3 i ) are
zero of h . x  3 i and x  3 i are factors of h . factors of f . Thus,
Thus, ( x  3i )( x  3i ) x 2  9 is a factor of h . ( x  (1  3i ))( x  (1  3i )) (( x  1)  3i )(( x  1)  3i ) is
Using division to find the other factor: a factor of f .
(( x  1)  3i )(( x  1)  3i ) x 2  2 x  1  9i 2
3x 2  5 x  2
x 2  9 3 x 4  5 x3  25 x 2  45 x  18 x 2  2 x  10

 27 x 2
Using division to find the other factor:
3x 4
x2  5x  6
5 x3  2 x 2  45 x
x 2  2 x  10 x 4  7 x3  14 x 2  38 x  60
 45 x
x 4  2 x3  10 x 2
5 x3
 2x  18
 5 x3  4 x 2  38 x
2

 2x  18
 5 x3  10 x 2  50 x
2

3x 2  5 x  2 (3 x  1)( x  2)  6 x 2  12 x  60
 6 x 2  12 x  60
x2  5x  6 ( x  1)( x  6)

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

3 2  3  23
The zeros of f are 1  3i, 1  3i,  1, 6 .
The remaining zeros are –1 and 6. 12
6 27  12
28. Since 3  2i is a zero, its conjugate 3  2i is also 9
a zero of h . x  (3  2i ) and x  (3  2i ) are
2 4 0
x  3 is a factor. The remaining factor is
factors of h . 2 x 2  9 x  4 (2 x  1)( x  4) .

( x  (3  2i ))( x  (3  2i )) (( x  3)  2i )(( x  3)  2i ) The zeros of g are 3i,  3i,  3,

Thus,
1
, 4.
x 2  6 x  9  4i 2
30. Since  4i is a zero, its conjugate 4i is also a
2

x 2  6 x  13 zero of h . x  4i and x  4i are factors of h .

Thus, ( x  4i )( x  4i ) x 2  16 is a factor of h .
is a factor of h .
Using division to find the other factor:
Using division to find the other factor:
x 2  3 x  10
3 x 3  2 x 2  33 x  22
x 2  6 x  13 x 4  9 x3  21x 2  21x  130
x 2  16 3 x 5  2 x 4  15 x 3  10 x 2  528 x  352
x  6 x  13 x
 48 x 3
4 3 2

 3 x  8 x  21x
3x5

2 x 4  33 x 3  10 x 2
3 2

 3 x  18 x  39 x
 32 x
3 2

 10 x 2  60 x  130
4 2
2x

 33 x 3  22 x 2  528 x
 10 x  60 x  130
 33 x 3  528 x
2

x  3 x  10 ( x  2)( x  5)
 22 x  352
2
2

The zeros of h are 3  2i, 3  2i,  2, 5 .  22 x  352

The remaining zeros are –2 and 5.
2

29. Since 3i is a zero, its conjugate  3i is also a 3 x3  2 x 2  33 x  22 x 2 (3 x  2)  11(3 x  2)

zero of g . x  3 i and x  3 i are factors of g .
(3 x  2)( x 2  11)
Thus, ( x  3 i )( x  3 i ) x  9 is a factor of g .
  
2

Using division to find the other factor: (3 x  2) x  11 x  11

2 x3  3 x 2  23 x  12 The remaining zeros are  , 11, and  11 .

2
x 2  9 2 x5  3 x 4  5 x3  15 x 2  207 x  108 3

 18 x3 The zeros of h are 4i,  4i,  11, 11,  .

2
2 x5

x  
 3x 4  23x3  15 x 2
3

x4  1  1 x2  1
3x 4  27 x 2
 
2
31. f ( x)

 23x3  12 x 2  207 x ( x  1)( x  1) x 2  1

 23x 3
 207 x The solutions of x  1 0 are x
2
ri.
The zeros are: 1, 1,  i, i .
 108
f  x  x  1 x  1 x  i  x  i 
12 x 2
 108

 
2
12 x

x3  1 ( x  1) x 2  x  1 The solutions
0
32. f ( x)
of x  x  1 0 are:
3 is a potential rational zero.
Using the Rational Root theorem, we see that 2

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.6: Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

1 r 12  4 11 1 r 3
Step 1: f ( x) has 3 complex zeros.

2 1
x
2 Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there are

  i and  
no positive real zeros.
1 3 1 3
f ( x) ( x)3  13( x) 2  57( x)  85 , thus,
i
2 2 2 2

The zeros are: 1,  

1 3
i,  
1 3
i.  x3  13 x 2  57 x  85

f  x   x  1 ¨ x  
§ 3 ·§ 3 ·
2 2 2 2 there are three negative real zeros or there is one
i ¸¨ x   i¸
¨ ¸ ¨ 2 2 ¸¹
1 1 negative real zero.
© 2 2 ¹©
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

33. f ( x) x3  8 x 2  25 x  26 p r1, r 5, r 17, r 85; q r1;

r1, r 5, r 17, r 85
p
Step 1: f ( x) has 3 complex zeros. q
Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there are Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  5 :
three positive real zeros or there is one
positive real zero.

f ( x) ( x)3  8( x) 2  25( x)  26 , thus, 5 1 13 57 85

 x  8 x  25 x  26
3 2  5  40  85
there are no negative real zeros. 1 8 17 0
Step 3: Possible rational zeros: x  5 is a factor. The other factor is the
p r1, r 2, r 13, r 26; q r1; quotient: x 2  8 x  17 .
p
r1, r 2, r 13, r 26 The solutions of x 2  8 x  17 0 are:

 8 r 82  4 117 
q
8 r  4
2 1
Step 4: Using synthetic division: x
We try x  2 :
2
 8 r 2i
4ri
2 1 8 25  26
The zeros are 5,  4  i,  4  i .
2
2  12
f  x  x  5 x  4  i  x  4  i 
26
6

x  
1 13 0

x  2 is a factor. The other factor is the 35. f ( x) x 4  13 x 2  36 2

 4 x2  9
quotient: x 2  6 x  13 . ( x  2i )( x  2i )( x  3i )( x  3i )

The solutions of x 2  6 x  13 0 are: The zeros are:  3 i,  2 i, 2 i, 3 i .

f  x  x  3i  x  2i  x  2i  x  3i 
( 6) r ( 6) 2  4(1)(13)

x  
x .
x4  5x2  4  4 x2  1
2(1)
6 r 16 6 r 4i
2
36. f ( x)
3 r 2i ( x  2i )( x  2i )( x  i )( x  i )
The zeros are 2, 3  2i, 3  2i .
2 2
The zeros are:  2i,  i, i, 2i .
f  x  x  2  x  3  2i  x  3  2i 
37. f ( x) x 4  3 x3  19 x 2  27 x  252
34. f ( x) x3  13 x 2  57 x  85

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Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

Step 1: f ( x) has 4 complex zeros. Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there are p r1, r 3, r 5, r 15, r 25, r 75; q r1;

r1, r 3, r 5, r 15, r 25, r 75

three positive real zeros or there is one positive p
real zero. q
f ( x) (  x )  3(  x )  19(  x )  27(  x )  252
4 3 2
Step 4: Using synthetic division:
x 4  3 x 3  19 x 2  27 x  252
We try x  3 :

3 1 50  75
Thus, there is 1 negative real zero.
2 22
Step 3: Possible rational zeros: 3 3  75 75
p r1, r 2, r 3, r 4, r 6, r 7, r 9, 1 1 25  25 0
r 12, r 14, r 18, r 21, r 28, r 36,
x  3 is a factor. The other factor is the
r 42, r 63, r 84, r 126, r 252;
quotient: x3  x 2  25 x  25 .
q r1;
x3  x 2  25 x  25 x 2 ( x  1)  25( x  1)

( x  1) x 2  25 
The possible rational zeros are the same as the
values of p .

Step 4: Using synthetic division: ( x  1)( x  5i )( x  5i )

We try x  7 : The zeros are 3, 1,  5 i, 5 i .

f  x  x  3 x  1 x  5i  x  5i 
7 1 3  19 27  252
7 28  63 252 2 x 4  x3  35 x 2  113 x  65
1 4  36
39. f ( x)
9 0

x  7 is a factor. The other factor is the

Step 1: f ( x) has 4 complex zeros.

quotient: Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there are

x3  4 x 2  9 x  36 x 2 ( x  4)  9( x  4)
two positive real zeros or no positive real zeros.

 
f ( x) 2(  x ) 4  (  x )3  35(  x ) 2  113(  x )  65
.
( x  4) x  9
2 x 4  x 3  35 x 2  113 x  65
2

( x  4)( x  3 i )( x  3 i )

The zeros are 7, 4,  3 i, 3 i .

Thus, there are two negative real zeros or no

f  x  x  7  x  4  x  3i  x  3i 
negative real zeros.
Step 3: Possible rational zeros:

38. f ( x) x 4  2 x3  22 x 2  50 x  75 p r1, r 5, r 13, r 65; q r1, r 2;

r1, r 5, r 13, r 65, r , r , r , r

p 1 5 13 65
Step 1: f ( x) has 4 complex zeros. q 2 2 2 2
Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there is 1 Step 4: Using synthetic division:
We try x  5 :
positive real zero.

f ( x) ( x) 4  2( x)3  22( x) 2  50( x)  75

1  35  113
x 4  2 x3  22 x 2  50 x  75
5 2 65
10 55 100  65
Thus, there are three negative real zeros or there 2 11 20  13 0
is one negative real zero.

374
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.6: Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

x  5 is a factor and the quotient is Step 4: Using synthetic division:

2 x  11x  20 x  13
3 2
We try x  4 :

We try x  on 2 x3  11x 2  20 x  13 : 4 3 1  9 159  52

1

 12 52  172
2
52
1
2 11 20  13 3  13 43  13 0

x  4 is a factor and the quotient is

2
1 6 13
2 12 26 0 3 x3  13 x 2  43 x  13 .

x We try x  on 3 x3  13 x 2  43 x  13 :
1 1
is a factor and the quotient is
2 3
2 x 2  12 x  26 .

 
3  13 43  13
1
2 x  12 x  26
2
2 x  6 x  13
2 3
1 4 13
 12
The solutions of x 2  6 x  13 0 are:
3 39 0

 6 r 62  4(1)(13) x
1
is a factor and the quotient is
x . 3
3 x 2  12 x  39 .
2(1)

 
 6 r 16  6 r 4i
3 r 2 i
2 2 3 x 2  12 x  39 3 x 2  4 x  13

,  3  2 i,  3  2 i . The solutions of x 2  4 x  13 0 are:

1
The zeros are 5,
( 4) r ( 4) 2  4(1)(13)
f  x 2  x  5  ¨ x  ¸  x  3  2i  x  3  2i 
2
§ 1·
© 2¹
x .
2(1)
4 r 36 4 r 6i
40. f ( x) 3 x 4  x3  9 x 2  159 x  52 2 r 3i
2 2

The zeros are  4, , 2  3 i, 2  3 i .

Step 1: f ( x) has 4 complex zeros. 1

f  x 3  x  4  ¨ x  ¸  x  2  3i  x  2  3i 
3
§ 1·
Step 2: By Descartes Rule of Signs, there are

© 3¹
three positive real zeros or there is one positive
real zero.

f ( x) 3(  x )  (  x )  9(  x )  159(  x )  52 2 x3  14 x 2  bx  3
4 3 2
41. f ( x)
3 x  x  9 x  159 x  52 0 2(2)3  14(2) 2  b(2)  3
4 3 2

0 16  26  2b  3
Thus, there is 1 negative real zero.
43
Step 3: Possible rational zeros: b
2
p r1, r 2, r 4, r 13, r 26, r 52; so
q r1, r 3; f ( x) 2 x3  14 x 2 
43
x3
r1, r 2, r 4, r 13, r 26, r 52,
p 2
q

r ,r ,r ,r ,r ,r
1 2 4 13 26 52
3 3 3 3 3 3
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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Polynomial and Rational Functions

g ( x) (3  i )3  (3  i ) 2 c  8(3  i )  30
 2r  2  4(1)(1)
2

0 (18  26i )  (8  6i )c  (24  8i )  30 b. x

0 18  26i  8  6ic  24  8i  30
2(1)

0 18  24  30  8c  26i  6ic  8i  2 r 2
c 3
2
2 2
x3  3 x 2  8 x  30   , 
2 2
g ( x) x
2 2 2 2

2  14 3
43 13

 2
f (1) and

g (1) 1  3  8  30 20
2 2
2r  4(1)(1)
2

§ 13 ·
( f ˜ g )(1) ¨© ¸¹ 20 130
x
2(1)
2 r 2
2

42. f ( x) ( x  (3  i ))( x  (3  i ))( x  2)( x  2)

( x  3  i )( x  3  i )( x  2)( x  2)
2
2 2 2
 
2
x 4  6 x3  6 x 2  24 x  40
x ,
2 2 2 2

a ( x 2  1)( x 2  4) 44. If the coefficients are real numbers and 2  i is a

zero, then 2  i would also be a zero. This
g ( x)
4 a (02  1)(02  4)
4
would then require a polynomial of degree 4.
a (1)(4)
1
45. Three zeros are given. If the coefficients are real
a
( x 2  1)( x 2  4)
numbers, then the complex zeros would also
g ( x) have their conjugates as zeros. This would mean
( x 4  5 x 2  4)
that there are 5 zeros, which would require a
polynomial of degree 5.
( f  g )( x) x 4  6 x3  6 x 2  24 x  40 46. If the coefficients are real numbers, then
 x  5x  4
4 2 complex zeros must appear in conjugate pairs.

6 x3  x 2  24 x  44
We have a conjugate pair and one real zero.
Thus, there is only one remaining zero, and it
( f  g )( x) 6  1  24  44 must be real because a complex zero would
25
require a pair of complex conjugates.
47. One of the remaining zeros must be 4  i , the
43. a. f ( x) x4  1 conjugate of 4  i . The third zero is a real
x4  2 x2  1  2 x2

 x  1  2 x
number. Thus, the fourth zero must also be a
real number in order to have a degree 4

 x  1  2 x x 
2 2 2
polynomial.

 1  2x (3  i ) 2  2(3  i )i  10

 x  2 x  1 x 2 x  1
2 2
48. a. f ( x)
(8  6i )  6i  2  10
2 2

0

b. f ( x) (3  i ) 2  2(3  i )i  10
(8  6i )  6i  2  10
12i  4 z 0

c. The coeffieients are not real numbers.

49.

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 4.6: Complex Zeros; Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

50. 3 x 5
3 x 25
x 22

51. (2 x  5)(3 x 2  x  4) (2 x)3 x 2  (2 x) x  (2 x)4

 5(3 x 2 )  5( x)  5( 4)
6 x 3  2 x 2  8 x  15 x 2  5 x  20
6 x 3  13 x 2  13 x  20
52. y 3x  2
m 3

2x  6 y 7
6y 2 x  7

 x
1 7
y
3 6

1
m
3


1
Since m1 , then the lines are
m2
perpendicular.

377
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